Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

CHNG 3: CC VN K THUT TRONG H THNG OFDM

3.1. Gii thiu chng.
Trong chng trc, chng ta tm hiu v h thng OFDM, tm hiu v
cc c tnh ca knh v tuyn v nhn thy rng cc h thng OFDM c th p
ng c vi nh hng ca hin tng a ng, fading phng, fading la chn
tn s bng cch chn thm vo khong thi bo v v truyn dn song song cc
sng mang con tc symbol thp. Bn cnh nhng thun li trn, cc h thng
OFDM cng c cc bt li. Ba tr ngi chnh ca h thng OFDM l: vn tn s
offset, vn ng b, cui cng l vn t s cng sut nh trung bnh PAPR
ln.
Trong h thng thng tin s, cc k t c m ho tri qua qu trnh iu
ch v c truyn trn cc knh hay b nh hng bi xuyn nhiu. pha thu,
thng thng th b gii iu ch xem nh bit tn s sng mang v a s cc b
gii m bit thi khong k t. Bi v qu trnh iu ch v xuyn nhiu knh
nn cc tham s tn s sng mang v thi khong k t khng cn chnh xc. Do
cn phi c lng v ng b chng. Nh vy, pha thu ngoi vic gii quyt s
gii m d liu( bn ngoi) cn phi gii quyt s ng b ho( bn trong).
Nh trnh by trong chng 1, ng b l mt trong nhng vn quan
trng trong h thng OFDM. Mt trong nhng hn ch ca h thng s dng
OFDM l kh nng d b nh hng bi li do ng b, c bit l ng b tn s
do lm mt tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang nhnh. gii iu ch v nhn bit
tn hiu OFDM chnh xc, yu cu cc sng mang nhnh phi c tnh trc giao. Khi
m ng b tn s ly mu bin i di 50 xung/pht(ppm) s t nh hng n
hot ng ca h thng. Cc khong dch tn s v thi gian k t c th gy ra
nhiu ICI, ISI v phi tm cch gim cc nhiu ny.
chng ny, chng ta s tm hiu v cc ni dung chnh ca vn ng b
trong h thng OFDM l: Cc li gy nn s mt ng b; vn nhn bit
khung; c lng v sa cha khong dch tn s; iu chnh sai s ly mu. Chng
27

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

ta s kho st cc loi ng b ng vi cc li l: ng b k t, ng b khi,

ng b tn s ly mu v ng b tn s sng mang. Cui cng, chng ta xt cc
k thut gim t s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh PAPR.
3.2. Tng quan v ng b trong h thng OFDM.
Nh trnh by trn, khi gi s rng cc ng h tn s ly mu pha pht
v pha thu l chnh xc th hai yu t chnh nh hng n s mt ng b khong
dch tn s sng mang v thi khong k t. Khong dch tn s sng mang gy nn
nhiu ICI, cn dch khong thi k t gy ra nhiu ISI. Trong h thng OFDM,
nhiu ICI tc ng n s mt ng b mnh hn nhiu ISI nn chnh xc tn s
sng mang yu cu nghim ngt hn thi khong k t. Trong h thng OFDM, qu
trnh ng b gm c ba bc: Nhn bit khung, c lng khong tn(pha), bm
ui pha. Nh m ta hnh 3.1

Nhn
bit
khung

c lng
khong
dch
tn s

FFT

Bm
ui
m

c lng
knh

Gii m

Hnh 3.1: Cc qu trnh ng b trong OFDM

Qu trnh nhn bit khung c thc hin bng cch s dng chui PN vi phn
min thi gian. c lng khong dch tn s, s dng mi tng quan trong
min thi gian ca cc k t pilot k nhau c lng phn thc ca khong dch tn
s, cn phn nguyn c tm bng cch s dng chui PN vi phn min tn s. S
dch pha do li c lng khong dch tn s cng nh pha c ti u bng cch
dng vng kho pha s(DPLL).
3.2.1 Nhn bit khung.
Nhn bit khung nhm tm ra ranh gii gia cc k t OFDM. a s cc s
nh thi hin c s dng s tng quan gia phn tn hiu OFDM c lp li
to ra mt s nh thi n nh. Nhng s nh vy khng th cho v tr nh thi
chnh xc, c bit l khi SNR thp. nhn bit khung chng ta s dng chui PN
28

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

min thi gian c m ho vi phn . Nh c im t tng quan, chui PN cho

php tm ra v tr nh thi chnh xc. Chui PN c pht nh l mt phn ca
phn u gi OFDM. Ti pha thu, cc mu tnh hiu thu c s c lin quan vi
chui bit. Khi chui PN pht ng b vi chui PN thu c th suy ra ranh gii
gia cc k t OFDM bng vic quan st nh tng quan.
Trong knh a ng, nhiu nh tng quan PN c quan st ph thuc vo
tr a ng(c o trong chu k ly mu tn hiu). nh tng quan ln nht
xut hin ti nh nng lng ca tr a ng. V tr ca nh tng quan ln nht
ny dng nh v ranh gii k hiu OFDM. Mt im mu cht l do nhn bit
khung c thc hin trc khi c lng khong dch tn s nn sai lch pha
khng c b gia cc mu tn hiu do khong dch tn s s ph v tnh tng
quan ca chui PN. iu ny dn n s phn phi nh tng quan ging dng sin.
Khi khng c c lng khong dch tn s, iu ch vi phn c s dng, ngha
l chui PN c th c iu ch vi phn trn nhng mu tn hiu ln cn. Ti pha
thu, tn hiu c gii m vi phn v c tnh tng quan vi chui PN bit.
Metric nh thi kt qu c biu din nh sau:
M (g)

N c 1

y( g i) y

( g i 1)d (i )

(3.1)

i 0

y y(i) l tn hiu thu, d(i) l chui PN, N c l di chui PN; g c th

c xem nh mt khong dch ca s trt, M(g) l Metric nh thi phc.
Gii thut nhn bit nh s dng mt b m c kch thc c nh lu kt
qu tnh ton tm thi l cc gi tr |M(g)|. S nhn bit khung thnh cng khi: 1phn t trung tm ca b m ln nht v 2- t l ca cc gi tr phn t trung tm
v trung bnh b m vt qu ngng nht nh.
3.2.2. c lng khong dch tn s.
Khong dch tn s gy ra do s sai khc tn s gia pha pht v pha thu.
Khong dch tn s l vn c bit trong h thng OFDM a sng mang so vi
h thng n sng mang. BER tng khng ng k, ln khong dch tn s
29

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

phi trong khong 1% ca khong cch sng mang, iu ny s khng kh thi khi
h thng OFDM s dng cc b dao ng thch anh cht lng thp m khng p
dng bt k k thut b khong dch tn s no.
c lng khong dch tn s s dng hai k t OFDM dn ng trong
k t th hai bng vi k t th nht dch sang tri T k(vi Tk l di tin t lp
CP). Cc mu tn hiu cch nhau khong thi gian T( l di k t FFT) l
ging ht nhau ngoi tr tha s pha e-j2(fcT) do khong dch tn s.
Khong dch tn s c phn thnh phn nguyn v phn thp phn:
f cT A

(3.2)

y A phn nguyn v (1 / 2;1 / 2) . phn thp phn c c lng

bng cch tnh tng quan gia cc mu tnh hiu cch nhau mt khong thi gian
T. Phn nguyn c tm thng qua chui PN c m ho vi phn thng qua cc
sng mang nhnh ln cn ca hai k t dn ng.
3.2.2.1. c lng phn thp phn.
Khi khng c nhiu ISI, cc mu tn hiu thu c biu din nh sau:
y (l ) s (l )exp(j2 2T

l
) z (l )
N

(3.3)
y l l ch s mu( min thi gian); y(l) l mu tn hiu thu; N l tng s
sng mang nhnh; z(l) l mu nhiu. V thi gian mu tn hiu s(l) c biu din
nh sau
s (l )

N 1

U (k ).C (k ).exp(j2 2 N )
N

(3.4)

l 0

Trong k l ch s sng mang nhnh, u(k) l d liu c iu ch trn sng

mang nhnh, c(k) l p ng tn s sng mang nhnh.
Tnh tng quan gia cc mu cch nhau mt khong T(ngha l xt N mu)
ta c:
30

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

N 1

J y (l ). y * (l N )
l 0

(3.5)
V phn thp phn ca khong dch tn s c c lng nh sau:

^ 1
arg J *
2

(3.6)

Nu SNR cao v b qua mi xuyn nhiu trong (3.5), J c th c khai trin

v sp xp thnh phn tn hiu v phn nhiu Gaussian. Biu thc nh ngha phn
thp phn:
^

(3.7)

Khi lch chun ca li c tnh nh sau:

E[ 2 ]

1
N .SNR

(3.8)

T (3.7) c th tnh xp x gim SNR do khong dch tn s trong h thng

OFDM kt hp kt qu vi (3.8) v gi thit c lng phn nguyn lun ng,
s gim SNR sau c lng v b khong dch tn s c biu din nh sau:
D (dB)

10
1
12. ln 10 N

(3.9)

iu ny khng ng k trong h thng c gi tr N ln

3.2.2.2. c lng phn nguyn.
i vi c lng phn nguyn: 2N mu tn hiu lin tip ca k hiu FOE di
l phn thp phn u tin c b:
Gi s s c lng phn thp phn l hon ho, cc mu tn hiu c b c
th c tch thnh hai k hiu FFT:

y1 y ' (0),..., y ' ( N 1) s z1

31

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

y 2 y ' ( N ),..., y ' (2 N 1) s z 2

Trong trng hp ny vector c cc thnh phn : s (l )e j 2A N

l [0, N ) .V

hai k hiu FFT c cng vector tn hiu , mt s k hiu FFT mi c th c to ra

bng cch cng chng vi nhau tng SNR ln gn 3dB, ngha l:
y y1 y 2 2s z1 z 2

thun tin, trong phn sau chng ta dng y/2 v nhiu cng t l theo .
Khi FFT cho y/2 c biu din:
Y (n)

N 1

s(l )e
N l 0

j 2A

l
N

j 2 .n Nl
z (l ) e

U (k )C ( k ) k mod( n A. N ) Z (n)

(3.10)
Mt chui PN c m ho vi phn qua cc sng mang nhnh ln cn c
lng xoay vng phn nguyn A. Gii m vi phn cc Y(n) ri tnh tng quan gia
kt qu vi cc phin bn xoay vng ca chui PN ta s tm c mt nh bin
duy nht xc nh A.
3.3. Cc vn ng b trong h thng OFDM.
ng b l mt trong nhng vn ang rt c quan tm trong k thut
OFDM bi n c ngha quyt nh n kh nng ci thin cc nhc im ca
OFDM. Chng hn, nu khng m bo s ng b v tn s sng mang th s dn
n nguy c mt tnh trc giao gia cc sng mang nhnh, khin h thng OFDM
mt i cc u im c trng nh s trc giao ny.Trong h thng OFDM, ngi ta
xt n ba loi ng b khc nhau l : ng b k t (symbol synchronization),ng
b tn s sng mang(carrier frequency synchronization),v ng b tn s ly mu
(sampling frequency synchronization).
3.3.1. ng b tn s trong h thng OFDM.

32

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

Trong k thut ng b tn s chng ta quan tm n li tn s v thc hin

c lng tn s.Li tn s l s chnh lch tn s gy ra bi sai khc gi hai b
to dao ng bn pht v bn thu, dch tn Doppler v nhiu pha do knh khng
tuyn tnh. Hai nh hng li tn s gy ra l suy gim bin tn hiu (do tn hiu
c dng hm Sin) c ly mu khng phi ti nh v to ra xuyn nhiu knh ICI
gia cc knh nhnh do mt tnh trc giao ca cc sng mang nhnh. ng b tn
s trong h thng OFDM gm c ng b tn s ly mu v ng b tn s sng
mang[1].
3.3.1.1.ng b tn s ly mu.
Ti bn thu, tn hiu lin tc theo thi gian thu c ly mu theo ng h bn
thu, v vy s xut hin s bt ng b gia ng h bn pht v bn thu. Ngi ta
a ra hai phng php khc phc s bt ng b ny. Phng php th nht l
s dng b dao ng iu khin bng in p (Voltage Controlled Oscillator-VCO).
Phng php th hai c gi l : ly mu khng ng b; trong phng php ny,
cc tn s ly mu vn c gi nguyn nhng tn hiu c x l s sau khi ly
mu m bo s ng b.
3.3.1.2. ng b tn s sng mang.
Trong ng b tn s sng mang, hai vn chnh c quan tm n l : li
tn s (frequency error) v thc hin c lng tn s[1].
Li tn s
Li tn s c to ra do s khc bit v tn s gia hai b to dao ng bn
pht v bn thu, do dch tn Doppler, hoc do nhiu pha xut hin khi knh
truyn khng tuyn tnh. Hai nh hng do li tn s gy ra l : suy gim bin
tn hiu thu c (v tn hiu khng c ly mu ti nh ca mi sng mang hnh
sin) v to ra nhiu xuyn knh ICI (v cc sng mang b mt tnh trc giao).
c lng tn s

33

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

Tng t nh k thut ng b k t, thc hin ng b tn s, c th s

dng tn hiu pilot hoc s dng tin t lp. Trong k thut s dng tn hiu pilot,
mt s sng mang c s dng truyn nhng tn hiu pilot (thng l cc chui
gi nhiu). S dng nhng k t bit trc v pha v bin s gip ta c
lng c quay pha do li tn s gy ra. tng chnh xc cho b c
lng , ngi ta s dng thm cc vng kha pha (Phase Lock Loop-PLL). Mt vn
cn c quan tm n l mi quan h gia ng b k t v ng b tn s
sng mang . gim nh hng ca s mt ng b tn s sng mang th c th
gim s lng sng mang , tng khong cch gia hai sng mang cnh nhau. Nhng
khi gim s sng mang th phi gim chu k ca mi k t trn mi sng mang, dn
n vic ng b k t rt kh khn v phi cht ch hn. iu chng t hai vn
ng b trn c quan h cht ch ln nhau, cn phi c s dung ha hp l h
thng t c cc ch tiu k thut ra.
3.3.2. ng b k t trong h thng OFDM.
ng b k t nhm xc nh chnh xc thi im bt u mt k t OFDM.
Hin nay, vi k thut s dng tin t lp (CP) th ng b k t c thc hin
mt cch d dng hn. Hai yu t cn c ch khi thc hin ng b k t l li
thi gian (timing error) v nhiu pha sng mang (carrier phase noise).
Li thi gian
Li thi gian gy ra s sai lch thi im bt u mt k t OFDM. Nu li
thi gian nh sao cho p ng xung ca knh vn cn nm trong chiu di
khong tin t lp (CP) th h thng vn m bo s trc giao gia cc sng mang.
Trong trng hp ny th thi gian tr ca mt k t c xem nh l dch pha
ca knh truyn v dch pha ny c xc nh nh k thut c lng knh.
Trong trng hp ngc li, nu chiu di ca CP nh hn li thi gian th h thng
s xut hin li ISI. C hai phng php thc hin ng b thi gian, l :
ng b thi gian da vo tn hiu pilot v ng b thi gian da vo tin t lp.

34

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

Phng php ng b thi gian da vo tn hiu pilot c p dng cho cc h

thng OFDM m tn hiu c truyn i bng k thut iu tn. Trong phng
php ny, bn pht s m ha mt s tn hiu bit trc thng tin v pha v bin
trn mt s sng mang ph. Phng php ny sau c iu chnh s
dng cho c h thng OFDM m tn hiu truyn i c truyn theo k thut iu
bin. Thut ton ng b thi gian s dng tn hiu pilot gm 3 bc l : nhn bit
cng sut (power detection), ng b th (coarse synchronization)v ng b tinh
(fine synchronization).
Nhiu pha sng mang
Nhiu pha sng mang l hin tng khng n nh v pha ca cc sng mang
do s khng n nh ca b to dao ng bn pht v bn thu.
3.3.2.1. ng b k t da trn k hiu pilot.
Phng php ny c gii thiu ln u vo nm 1993 cho cc h thng
thng tin OFDM/FM, tc cc h thng s dng OFDM c truyn di dng iu
tn. Theo , my pht s s dng m ho mt s knh nhnh vi tn s v bin
bit trc. Sau ny, k thut c iu chnh c th s dng cho truyn dn tn
hiu OFDM iu ch bin .
Thut ton ng b gm ba bc: Nhn bit cng sut(Power detection), ng
b th (coarse synchronization), ng b tinh (fine synchronization).Nhim v ca
nhn bit cng sut l xc nh xem tn hiu truyn c phi l OFDM hay khng
bng cch d cng sut thu v so snh vi mc ngng.
Bc ng b th, tn hiu s c ng b ban u vi chnh xc kh thp
l mt na khong thi gian ly mu. Mc d chnh xc trong bc ny l khng
cao, song n s lm n gin thut ton d tm ng b trong bc tip theo.
thc hin ng b th, ngi ta tnh tng quan gia tn hiu thu v bn sao ca tn
hiu pht(c xc nh trc) ri tm nh tng quan. Tn sut c lng cc
im phi gp bn ln tc tnh hiu m bo tnh chnh xc trong c lng
nh tng quan.
35

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

bc ng b tinh, do thi gian ng b chnh xc nh hn 0,5 mu tn hiu

nn k c nh hng ca li ng b, p ng xung knh chc chn nm trong thi
khong ca CP (v thi khong ca CP phi ln hn thi khong p ng xung knh
t nht l mt mu). V vy li pha sng mang cc knh nhnh chc chn l do li
thi gian gy nn. Li ny c th c c lng bng cch s dng hi quy tuyn
tnh. Sau , tn hiu ti cc knh pilot s c cn bng. Cc k t pilot c chn
vo tn hiu OFDM theo mt trt t hp l. Thng thng k t pilot c chn vo
phn u tin ca gi OFDM nh hnh 3.2 :
PRBS PRBS OFDM_1 OFDM_2
K t pilot

...

OFDM_N

Trailer

khi OFDM

a- Knh fading phng tn s

Chn di bo v/tin t lp
PRBS PRBS

OFDM_1

OFDM_2

K t pilot

.........

OFDM_N

Trailer

khi OFDM

b_ Knh fading chn lc tn s

Hnh 3.2: Pilot trong gi OFDM

3.3.2.2. ng b k t da vo CP.
Phng php ny ch yu da trn tng c bn l xt hiu hai mu tn hiu
thu cch nhau N bc:
d(m) = r(m) r(m+N) vi N l s sng mang nhnh. N cng bng s im ly
mu tng ng vi phn c ch ca k t OFDM (khng k c CP), khi :
Nu r(m) v r(m+N) tng ng vi cc mu tn hiu pht nm trong thi
khong ca cng mt k t OFDM, chng phi l bn sao ca nhau nn cng sut
ca d(m) thp.

36

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

Nu r(m) v r(m+N) khng tng ng vi cc mu tn hiu pht nm trong

thi khong ca cng mt k t OFDM, d(m) l hiu ca hai bin ngu nhin khng
tng quan. Cng sut trung bnh ca d(m) trong trng hp ny bng hai ln cng
sut trung bnh ca k t OFDM.
Nu s dng mt ca s trt c rng ng bng thi khong ca CP ( tc
l im cui ca ca s trng vi im bt u ca k t OFDM) th ca s ny
trng vi thnh phn CP ca k t OFDM s c mt cc tiu v cng sut trung
bnh ca cc mu d(m) trong ca s ny. Do , c th c lng c thi im
bt u ca k t OFDM, ng b thi gian s c thc hin.
3.3.2.3 ng b khung k t da trn m ng b khung (FSC : Frame
synchronization Code).
ng b khung k t nhm nhn bit v tr bt u ca khung k t tm thy
v tr chnh xc ca ca s FFT.Nhng thut ton ng b khung k t truyn thng
(dng k t pilot, dng CP, ...) th da vo s quan h gia khong bo v GI v
phn sau ca k t. Nhng cc thut ton ny khng th pht hin chnh xc v tr
bt u ca k t do nhiu ISI trong knh fading a ng.
Cu trc khung c th c chia thnh vng m ng b khung FSC cho ng
b khung k t v vng d liu cho truyn dn k hiu OFDM nh hnh 3.3
127

96

FSC GI

512

96

512

S0

GI

S1

ng b khung

GI Sm

D liu pht

Hmh 3.3: Mt kiu cu trc khung k t OFDM

C th biu din tn hiu khung OFDM nh sau:
S Frame (t ) S FSC (t ) S data (t TFSC )

(3.11)

Trong : TFSC l thi khong tn hiu FSC

37

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

Ti pha pht, chui cc mu dng s c pht gm c chui C A(n) ca FSC

v cc mu khng c GI qua FFT, biu din nh sau:

s ( n) C A ( n)

m .k
j 2
1 N 1

N
S m ( n ) N X m ( k )e
k 0

n 1,2, ... , C L

: FSC

k 0,1, ..., N - 1 : data

(3.12)
y, CL l di bt ca FSC, v cc mu C A(n) c ng dng trc tip
s(n) l v tr bt u khung, s m(n) l chui cc mu ca k hiu OFDM th m trong
min tn s v N l s sng mang nhnh.
Tn hiu FSC l mt chui tun t cc mu, s(n)=CA(n) vi n=1,2,...,CL, c
to thnh t vector FSC C(n)={C(1),C(2),...,C(CL)} gm c CL gi tr nh phn. i
vi m C(n) m c gi tr 1, chng ta thc hin o cc tnh lun phin to ra
tn hiu ba mc CA(n). Cho v d: C(n)={1,0,0,1,1,1,0,1} th CA(n)={1,0,0,1,-1,1,1,0,1}. Bng th tc ny, c th duy tr s gi tr 1 v -1 bng nhau ti pha pht
hn ch khong dch DC v duy tr mt mc c nh cho di ng.
Hnh 3.4 trnh by cu trc ng b khung k t OFDM gm: B nhn bit
cng sut, b nhn bit bit 0/1, CL thanh ghi dch, b cng Module-2 c gim
bt, b tng v b nhn bit nh.
u vo
mu

I2+Q2

Th1
01

2 3

....

CL

Tng

0 1
0 1 -1
1 -1 1

Th2

Nhn bit
nh

....

CL

Nhn
bit bt
u
khung

Hnh 3.4. B ng b khung k t dng FSC

38

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

Thut ton ng b khung k t nh FSC gm c cc bc: Nhn bit FSC,

xc nh cc mc ngng ti u Th1 v Th2 tng cng xc sut nhn bit v tr
u khung k t.

3.3.3. nh hng ca sai li ng b n ch tiu cht lng ca h thng

OFDM.
Ngi ta thng nh gi nh hng ca sai li ng b da trn vic xc nh
suy gim ca t s cng sut tn hiu trn nhiu SNR. Ta c th a ra mt s
nhn xt sau[1]:
-ng b tn s sng mang gia my pht v my thu nh hng n
ch tiu cht lng h thng nhiu nht (k c knh fading ln knh AWGN). Suy
hao SNR [dB] t l thun vi bnh phng sai lch tn s sng mang.
- lch ca nhiu pha sng mang t l thun vi s lng sng
mang. V vy, suy hao SNR [dB] theo nhiu pha tng ln khi tng s lng sng
mang.
- Suy hao SNR [dB] theo li ng b tn s ly mu ph thuc vo
bnh phng ca ch s sng mang v bnh phng dch tn s ly mu tng
i.
- nh hng ca li thi gian s b trit tiu nu dch thi gian
nh sao cho n khng lm p ng xung ca knh vt ra ngoi khong ca CP.
3.4. T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR).
T s cng sut nh trn cng sut trung bnh l mt trong nhng hn ch c
bn ca tn hiu OFDM. Khi t s ny cao, vic s dng b khuych i cng sut
s khng t hiu sut cao v phi dnh d tr cng sut trnh nhiu phi tuyn.
Nh vy, gim PAPR l yu cu quan trng ca h thng s dng OFDM.
PAPR ca mt k t OFDM l t s gia gi tr ln nht ca bnh phng mt
mu n l trn min thi gian vi gi tr trung bnh bnh phng ca mu ny[1]:

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Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

max

Xm

PAPR= m 0,1,... N 1
2
Xm

(3.33)

PAPR biu din di bin ca cc mu to ra bn my pht tn hiu OFDM.

Ni cch khc, PAPR biu din khong cch n gc ca k t trong khng gian tn
hiu
1

V d: H thng nh phn 0,1: PAPR= 0.5(0 1) 2

H thng iu ch pha M mc(M-PSK) : do cc k t trong khng gian tn
hiu ch khc nhau v pha trong khi ln bng nhau nn PAPR=1.PAPR qu ln
s to ra nhiu bt li nh lm tng phc tp ca b bin i D/A, A/D v lm
gim hiu qu ca b cng sut cao tn. Mt vi k thut c a ra nhm gim
PAPR.Ta c th chia chng ra lm 3 loi nh sau :
Th nht l k thut lm mo tn hiu.Cc k thut ny gim bin nh ch
n gin bng cch lm mo tn hiu OFDM ti xung quanh nh ca tn hiu.Cc
k thut ny gm c clipping, peak windowing v peak cancellation.
Th hai l cc k thut m ho (coding technique) s dng b m ho sa sai
c bit nhm loi ra nhng symbol OFDM c PAPR cao.
Th ba l nhng k thut da trn vic ngu nhin ho mi symbol OFDM vi
cc chui gi ngu nhin khc nhau v la chn cc chui c t l PAPR nh nht.
3.5. Kt lun.
Trong chng ny chng ta trnh by cc phng php ng b cho h
thng OFDM. ng b k t k t cng ng ngha vi ng b thi gian v n
khc phc li thi gian, y l vn c nhiu phng php c nghin cu v p
dng. Vn kh khn nht trong ng b tn s cng nh ng b ni chung l
ng b tn s sng mang. C nhiu phng php c lng tn s sng mang,
nhng y chng ta ch trnh by mt s phng php tiu biu. Vic xt n cc

40

Chng 3 : Cc vn k thut trong h thng OFDM..

nh hng ca sai li ng b n ch tiu cht lng h thng OFDM s gip

chng ta nhn bit vai tr ca cc loi ng b v thc hin ng b c hiu qu
nht.T s PAPR ca mt tn hiu OFDM ln s gy nn cc thnh phn tn s bc
cao sau khi khuch i do cc b khuch i hot ng vng phi tuyn. Vic sn
sinh ra thnh phn tn s bc cao s gy nn nhiu xuyn iu ch, l mt iu
khng mong mun. T s PAPR cao l mt bt li ln ca h thng OFDM. Vic
gim c t s PAPR trong h thng OFDM l mt iu rt ng quan tm. Nhng
cho n nay, vic tm ra mt phng thc gim PAPR tht s ph hp vn cn b
ng v l ti nghin cu ca nhiu nh khoa hc trn th gii.
Chng ta tm hiu cc k thut nh ng b,t s PAPR cng nh cc nh
hng ca knh v tuyn n truyn dn tn hiu trong h thng OFDM,trong
chng tip theo chng ta p dng cc k thut vo trong truyn hnh s qung
b mt t DVB_T.

41