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Abstract: Citrus peel essential oils have an impressive range of food and medicinal uses. In the present study
we investigated the variation in the yield and chemical composition of the essential oils isolated from fresh,
ambient-, and oven-dried peels of three Citrus species namely Citrus reticulata (C. reticulata), Citrus sinensis
(C. sinensis) and Citrus paradisii (C. paradisii). The hydro-distilled essential oil content from fresh-, ambient-,
and oven-dried peels of C. reticulata, C. sinensis and C. paradisii ranged from 0.30-0.50, 0.24-1.07 and 0.200.40 g/100 g, respectively. The maximum amount of the oil was determined in oven-dried while the minimum
in fresh peel samples. Using GC and GC/MS, a total of 16-27, 17-24 and 18-40 chemical constituents were
identified in the peel essential oils of C. reticulate, C. sinensis and C. paradisii, respectively. The content of
limonene, the most prevalent chemical constituent, detected in these essential oils, ranged from 64.1-71.1%
(C. reticulata), 66.8-80.9% (C. sinensis) and 50.8-65.5% (C. paradisii). The yield and content of most of the
chemical components including limonene (the principal chemical compound detected) of the tested essential
oils varied significantly (p < 0.05) with respect to drying treatments and species employed.
Keywords: Limonene, drying conditions, peel oils, GC-MS, monoterpene hydrocarbons, Citrus
Introduction
The genus Citrus, belonging to the Rutaceae or
Rue family, comprises of about 140 genera and 1,300
species. Citrus sinensis (Orange), Citrus paradisi
(Grapefruit), Citrus limon (Lemon), Citrus reticulata
(tangerine), Citrus grandis (shaddock), Citrus
aurantium (sour orange), Citrus medica (Citron), and
Citrus aurantifolia (lime) are some important fruits
of genus Citrus (Singh et al., 1983; Anwar et al.,
2008). Citrus are well known as one of the worlds
major fruit crops that are produced in many countries
with tropical or subtropical climate. Brazil, USA,
Japan, China, Mexico, Pakistan, and countries of the
Mediterranean region, are the major Citrus producers.
Worldwide, Citrus production is estimated to be at
levels as high as 105 million metric tons (MMT)
per annum, Brazil being the largest producer with
contribution of 19.2 MMT followed by the United
States. Pakistan with an annual production ca. 1.76
MMT of Citrus fruits stands among the ten top Citrus
producing countries of the world (Mahmood, 2005
and Khan, 2005).
Citrus fruits and their by-products are of high
economic and medicinal value because of their
multiple uses, such as in the food industry, cosmetics
and folk medicine (Silalahi, 2002; Saidani et al.,
*Corresponding author.
Email: fqanwar@yahoo.com
1276 Kamal, G. M., Anwar, F., Hussain, A. I., Sarri, N. and Ashraf, M. Y.
Compounds identification
The identification of the oil constituents was based
on the comparison of their retention indices relative
to (C9-C24) n-alkanes either with those of published
data or with authentic compounds. Compounds were
also identified using their MS data compared to those
from the NIST mass spectral library and published
mass spectra (Adam, 2001).
Physical analysis
The refractive index and density of the Citrus peel
essential oils were determined following standard
methods (Guenther, 1964). A digital refractometer
RX-7000 (Atago Co. Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) was used
Statistical Analysis
All determinations were made in triplicates and
the data is reported as mean SD for (n = 1 x 3).
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was carried out using
software STATISTICA 5.5 (Stat Soft Inc, Tulsa, Ok,
Yield and chemical composition of Citrus essential oils as affected by drying pretreatment of peels
1277
1278 Kamal, G. M., Anwar, F., Hussain, A. I., Sarri, N. and Ashraf, M. Y.
Parameters
Yield (g 100g-1)
0.30
0.01a
Airdried
0.48
0.02b
0.834
0.02a
0.835
0.02a
Ovendried
0.50
0.02b
0.836
0.02a
1.4596
0.03a
1.4622
0.04a
1.4622
0.03ba
Fresh
Citrus sinensis
Citrus paradisii
0.24
0.01a
Airdried
0.50
0.02b
Ovendried
1.07
0.04c
0.20
0.01a
0.30
0.01b
Ovendried
0.40
0.01c
0.815
0.02a
0.816
0.02a
0.816
0.02a
0.831
0.02a
0.833
0.02a
0.834
0.03a
1.4631
0.03a
1.4636
0.04ba
1.4637
0.03a
1.4634
0.03a
1.4627
0.04a
1.4635
0.04a
Fresh
Results are mean S.D. of three samples of each species analyzed individually in triplicate.
Different letters in superscripts indicate a significant (P < 0.05) difference among drying conditions.
Fresh
Air-dried
RI
Fresh
% composition
Air dried
Oven dried
939
976
980
991
1031
1040
1062
1.27 0.03a
0.40 0.02
3.27 0.04a
69.9 1.30b
-
1.62 0.03b
0.49 0.01
4.05 0.05b
64.1 1.20a
0.28 0.04
0.23 0.006
1.67 0.03b
4.02 0.01b
71.1 1.42c
-
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
1005
--1088
1097
--1123
1153
1191
--1195
1207
1229
1228
1243
-------
0.60 0.02
1.10 0.08a
0.42 0.01
0.78 0.02c
1.51 0.02
2.33 0.18a
1.29 0.04
0.80 0.04a
1.36 0.02
-
1.06 0.03a
0.95 0.19b
2.00 0.05b
0.52 0.01
0.45 0.01a
1.10 0.02
7.71 0.2c
0.47 0.04a
1.64 0.2a
2.32 0.2b
1.15 0.19a
0.55 0.01a
2.56 0.08c
0.58 0.01b
0.95 0.02
5.80 0.19b
1.20 0.02b
0.62 0.04b
1.65 0.08a
0.87 0.09a
a, b
b
a, b
a, b, c
b
a, b
a, b, c
a, b, c
b
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
b
b
b
1347
1369
--1389
1418
1489
1491
1483
1524
0.89 0.06
0.36 0.04
0.84 0.04b
1.39 0.08
1.07 0.06b
0.48 0.02b
1.16 0.08
-
0.48 0.03
0.37 0.03a
0.30 0.03a
0.36 0.02a
0.88 0.06
a, b, c
a, b, c
b
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
1411
1549
1630
1658
1695
1713
-----
0.42 0.04a
0.35 0.03a
0.67 0.05
1.14 0.08
0.93 0.33a
3.95 0.15b
99.98
0.54 0.03b
0.73 0.08b
1.08 0.04
0.46 0.04
5.00 0.25c
0.30 0.11a
99.50
0.65 0.04c
0.89 0.06c
2.76 0.14b
97.25
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
b
b
Mode of
identification
Results are standard deviation of three different samples of each species analyzed individually in triplicate. Different letters in superscripts indicate a significant (P < 0.05)
difference among drying conditions.
a= identification based on retention indices; b= identification based on comparison of mass spectra; c= identification based on co-injection with authentic compounds
*
compounds are listed in order of retention times on HP-5MS column
*
major portion (75.78-91.00%) of the fresh, ambientdried and oven-dried C. sinensis peel essential oils.
Oxygenated monoterpenes, mainly comprising of
linalool and isophorone with amounts varying from
1.52-2.10% and 1.09-2.92%, respectively constituted
5.78-18.49% of the oils. Sesquiterpenoides and
oxygenated sesquiterpenes constituted 0.41-1.90%
and 1.32-5.70% of the oils of C. sinensis. -Sinensal
(0.83 and 0.33) and -sinensal (0.49 and 0.35) were
the two major components in the fresh and oven-dried
C. sinensis peel essential oils, respectively while
these compounds were not detected in the essential
oil from ambient-dried peel sample.
In case of C. paradisii, the total number
Yield and chemical composition of Citrus essential oils as affected by drying pretreatment of peels
1279
RI
Monoterpene Hydrocarbons
-pinene
939
Sabinene
976
-phyllandrene
1003
-myrcene
991
3
1011
-carene
Limonene
1031
Z--ocimene
1040
4-carene
1022
1,3,8-p-menthatriene
--Oxygenated Monoterpene Hydrocarbons
Linalool Oxide
1088
Linalool
1097
tras-p-2,8-menthadien-1-ol
1123
Limonene oxide
1136
-terpinenol
1195
Decanal
1207
Z-carveol
1229
Citronellol
1228
d-carvone
1243
Isophorone
--4-vinyl guaiacol
--Piperitenone
--Eugenol
1358
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons
-cubebene
1347
Valencene
1491
-cadinene
1524
Oxygenated Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons
3-furanacetic acid
-sinensal
1695
-sinensal
--Nikkol
--Total
Fresh
% composition
Air dried
Oven dried
Mode of
identification
1.65 0.12a
0.37 0.03a
4.19 0.24b
1.03 0.09b
80.91.50c
0.34 0.02
0.85 0.04b
1.69 0.09b
1.77 0.13a
0.46 0.05
3.76 0.13a
0.78 0.04a
72.7 2.40b
0.61 0.05a
1.21 0.05a
2.48 0.14b
0.62 0.09b
4.41 0.14b
0.82 0.05a
66.82.60a
0.70 0.05a
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
b
1.52 0.08a
0.76 0.08
1.02 0.08b
0.68 0.06a
0.71 0.05a
1.09 0.07a
-
0.48 0.04a
2.10 0.12b
0.79 0.05a
2.34 0.14a
0.71 0.04a
2.38 0.13b
1.24 0.06b
1.31 0.08b
1.27 0.08a
-
1.12 0.09b
1.60 0.08a
1.07 0.09b
3.10 0.13b
4.53 0.21c
1.60 0.09c
0.39 0.02
2.92 0.12c
1.21 0.09a
0.42 0.04
0.53 0.03
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b
b
b
b
a, b, c
0.70 0.06
1.20 0.09c
-
0.41 0.04a
-
0.63 0.07b
0.32 0.02
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
0.83 0.07b
0.49 0.04b
100.00
5.70 0.23
100.00
3.00 0.13
0.33 0.03a
0.35 0.04a
99.99
a, b
a, b, c
b
b
Values are standard deviation of two different experiments. Different letters in superscripts indicate a significant (P < 0.05) difference among drying conditions.
a= identification based on retention indices; b= identification based on comparison of mass spectra; c= identification based on co-injection with authentic compounds
*
compounds are listed in order of retention times on HP-5MS column
1280 Kamal, G. M., Anwar, F., Hussain, A. I., Sarri, N. and Ashraf, M. Y.
Fresh
% composition
Air dried
Oven dried
939
976
991
1062
1031
1.19 0.06a
0.52 0.04
3.51 0.13a
0.91 0.02
50.8 1.02a
1.26 0.05a
3.57 0.10a
53.8 1.25b
1.50 0.08b
3.60 0.11a
65.5 1.45c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
1088
1097
1123
1136
1153
1179
--1191
1195
1207
1229
1228
1207
--1243
1256
----1368
----1380
2.29 0.12a
1.07 0.07a
0.63 0.03a
0.87 0.06
0.83 0.24b
0.78 0.05a
0.88 0.06
0.75 0.06
2.29 0.13a
1.50 0.14a
1.78 0.07b
0.64 0.07a
0.44 0.04
1.22 0.08
0.33 0.05a
0.66 0.03
0.16 0.07
0.55 0.04b
6.52 0.36c
1.55 0.08b
0.67 0.05a
0.80 0.21a
1.33 0.07a
2.50 0.11a
3.65 0.25b
1.48 0.06a
0.65 0.04a
0.67 0.04b
1.34 0.9b
0.69 0.06c
4.03 0.25b
1.04 0.05a
1.18 0.08b
2.68 0.13b
7.87 0.26c
1.87 0.08
1.29 0.09
0.59 0.03a
0.79 0..04a
0.40 0.04a
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b,
b
a, b, c
a, b
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
b
a, b, c
a, b, c
b
a, b
a, b
b
b
a, b
1376
1389
1418
1489
----1518
--1472
0.79 0.04b
0.81 0.04b
1.73 0.06b
0.83 0.06a
3.36 0.18
0.39 0.02
1.25 0.08b
0.67 0.05a
0.79 0.03b
0.56 0.04a
1.66 0.05b
0.79 0.04a
1.34 0.09b
0.65 0.06
0.71 0.06a
0.39 0.02a
1.37 0.01a
0.83 0.06a
-
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
b
b
a, b, c
b
a, b, c
1412
1549
1565
1583
1695
1697
-------
0.31 0.02
0.52 0.04a
0.32 0.03a
0.56 0.04
0.51 0.04
3.84 0.11b
0.19 0.01
0.42 0.03
8.47 0.25b
99.56
0.56 0.06a
0.55 0.04b
0.70 0.09a
10.90 0.24c
99.69
4.37 0.23a
99.28
a, b, c
a, b
a, b
a, b, c
a, b, c
a, b, c
b
b
b
RI
Monoterpene Hydrocarbons
-pinene
Sabinene
-myrcene
-terpinene
Limonene
Oxygenated Monoterpene Hydrocarbons
Linalool oxide
Linalool
trans-p-2,8-menthadien-1-ol
Limonene oxide
Citronellal
4-terpineol
4-carvon menthenol
-terpineol
-terpinenol
Decanal
Z-carveol
Citronellol
E-carveol
Isophorone
d-carvone
Geraniol
Citral
4-vinyl guaiacol
Carvyl acetate
Eugenol
Geranyl butyrate
Geranyl acetate
Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons
-copaene
-cubebene
-caryophyllene
Germacarene D
Valencene
-panasinsen
-cadinene
-gurjunene
-gurjunene
Oxygenated Sesquiterpene Hydrocarbons
Dodecanal
Elemol
Nerolidol
-caryophyllene oxide
-sinensal
Farnesol
-sinensal
Santolina epoxide
Nootkatone
Total
Mode of
identification
Values are standard deviation of two different experiments. Different letters in superscripts indicate a significant (P < 0.05).
a= identification based on retention indices; b= identification based on comparison of mass spectra; c= identification based on co-injection with authentic compounds
*
compounds are listed in order of retention times on HP-5MS column
Yield and chemical composition of Citrus essential oils as affected by drying pretreatment of peels
1281
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