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SBASorr AVS Soren Svar, Bot SF wosFoH dkyS Soro Seow’ Sox Sdiw A&yoso8. sorox GD arvjyod® Atsrod Dwhoks aG ING errrexr DHdoerds. ar82 parts of speech (gra Sderrismen) VD woerto. All the words in English are divided into eight kinds according to their use and these kinds are called "Parts of Speech". 1. Noun (axbard8ain) 2. Pronoun (S&8sarseioo) 3. Adjective (DSxev%u) 4. Verb (8a) 5. Ad-verb (Sci Dees) 6. Prepostion (OA¥sg Sasso) 7. Conjunction (Sé20x$)o%0%09) 8. Interjection (rss Gsoargyear) TwTssio Abdul, boy, child, daughter, aS) 388 Somohoos Dey? Deoxpek Son0Gods SW, oor... Ant, bat, cat, dog, elephant, fox asd) RowHoh Sonosods Dey. x SSgpmoso Ramu is just sixteen years old. Ramu has no brothers and sisters. Ramu's birthday is on June 7th. Ramu's father is a farmer. Ramu helps Ramus father in Ramu's spare time. ara Ss DSorr Passer, Swipes oer Odsraorr eoenod. sag G99 SBS Dorr rcird. Ramu is just sixteen years old. He has no brothers and sisters. His birthday is on June 7th. His father is a farmer. He helps his father in his spare time. ® paragraph & G86 Ramu ©d a atoe He, His w® asarAodstéo e6Aob. DBxxeasio 1. Ramu is a boy. 2. Ramu is a clever boy. B Bods arepimox Med, Boss ares clever ws Keio wissiarr BHhossos. & Siisiw edscwrr docs Bqoass, ered Bak) toratints Benigtots. 1. Swathi is an innocent girl. What kind of? Innocent girl. bad (8c wos} D283? 49 (action or work). carry, drink, eat, play, read, walk, write aD DH) Sxvev? Bod ar¥psimexn SOEDqrsn. 1. Llitthe lamp i SSén% SOACDBO) Bar DIders0 Bde Daxeasn wSrPSD ? Edis D8hod SAPS. Rosy walks slowly. Rosly walks. How? Slowly. DSESS BSSo0 The book is on the table. (SS8in Sad Shs AHS) A preposition is a word used to show relation between two words in the sentence. Ex: In Bombay, at the station, from London, for sacrifice. 24 24 Hoe (85 J) sohse $08 5%) 24 how (SS 7) woh * 808 8°) 25Sanwa warp 28 Parts of speech $ 3088 Scare» Sra Conjunction (Sdneyaosio) SenpdotsiQire. Be strong and wise. (Goeé adjectives D Sexo) &2) conjunctions: 1. and = S:80% 2. or = 8S, Sor . but = 8 4. still = aoSx 5. yet = wondxse we 6. only = wonsay88 PISS SLorgsso HSS Serr ektys dor Koss erdsims Fens Sgtine ‘Interjection’ © Sto. Alas! She is dead. (@Gixs, eS) SNF onsG) Massavoera GSsven ePNoGdhoned M§osnt oxresoxoadg nouns (Tsarsssiwen) D Do Bers Sortwenrr Mdosseye. 1. Proper Noun (Ss§ Sar Sow TassS): Definition : A proper noun is the name of a particular person place or thing. ASgiisision: AS GAVE HES PO, Hoswwie PN Sor sigehse TPA Bows Sto © Hw GAwsnrr akes S¥ av Swys ds 28 Bosnse Botox. 489 Proper Noun @oerts. Ss5 PA) SAMwdsHe Svs e¥Sew Caplital Letter (BS e¥Ssv) [ercid. Ex: Raju, Lucy, Mr. Bush. Mrs. usha Narayan, Auntie, Dad, Mum, Uncle Tom. Asia, Africa, Austria, Athens. G Park Avenue, Wilson Street, Assembly Bhavan. Things : Aristocrat suitcase, Nescafe, Royal Gold Tea. Miscellaneous : Autumn, Christmas, Friday, October, the Hindu. 26 24 hone (35 J) sols 80h 56) 2. Common Noun 28 2a BS SSdwdsh Bobs 488 A, Soswsh wo So SWGSH PO Bors BH Boos wtbardsawss “Common Noun’ (Sirs Sor eB Psssrdsan) od Dw. Persons : captain, cricketer, girl, teacher, son, student. Places : village, town, city, country, river, ground, mountain. Things : blade, book, chair, machine, plate, slate, table Miscellaneous : bird, month, war, week, metal, gas. 3. Collective Noun (Siars868 webarsSiio) DSSS Gsoeain (Unit) wr SOKBoBS 23 SKY Spo dor Sho Sawoeraosinx ‘Collective Noun’ wort. 4, Material Noun (ad Sar Sarg (\SSs, mass) PHISSo) DBE Hots a8 Sngre PO, Morr wa (WSsorPrv9, TOMHP PA Sothsg sorsaine Dx Beos sSeiveks ‘Material or Mass Noun’ © ®%&. 5. Abstract Noun (thaws ressse): BAoGohined [KErosiass shoo Hsxys asfrosnt 2s SKYY Goody SyurSsin Sor rei Stored Id Sor RB Stored abstract noun w&o8. ARTICLES epee, eof ePaé 2,05,8 a, an, the ox Sart XLtiiww Kos. 589 @Q8S) ‘Articles’ wotrtd, DY SSAA Berio CASH DS eriod® S8 Sarnsw LABosed. a * 4 S808) aArAotHS dor Sots. eS an 6 the Da : ed 28 36 sera OD Bt. wowed B09 Sarvs Weuwrssine snot siairhotot. . 24 Mowe ($5 Z) a. fa 80H 85) aeo A boy © &db: aS weds (sda SSeyyx) A Gul © A(5)5: aS eros A pen Odos : aS Seaiw A chaires BE t a8 8) Serie a Sd 2 KS, 2 BS OD aiHbowt. o6 Host. vB dS woartn Sra. @5(an) eSrr 28:38 kro Sera wd Baye. wowed 889 Sear Porky Phardsswo swoth adarhowe. 699 ASptivr SIArAssIas Benrroowsin. Golf E¥SSnod* 3,3,0,6,0 a,¢,i,o,uen Sod SH Socks. FE SODS SarSea 2,¢,1,0,u SHV ©,0,8,2,,0io OD Seor HSzo SSNEN Haowysn. af 0 SOGows dySad sso SSGrAotSodimks, Bar whardS Siw ©, d, 3, 2, 6 Syvoos* (POSHS © Biiw Anot v5 aiairAod sox. & an ant SS sod ° as Dx an egg 65 OA : aS (oe an ink bottle eS g05 ad : a8 Rorwg an owl eS BE aS Og Mra an umbrella eS eoBGer : aS Pear & Dot wQsd) Hera wd Sipo Sch. HH SGD asahad assed (Indefinite Articles) woért. Sera OD Bypszipe ‘6’ (The) d BSGrAoHY. “8 (The) SSGrAsnd* cree Acbsosinen Nos. ard LNtio Shard BeowoPsssye. as38 SsySos wr Sstabsins® SQ) PESwor arcing Sty\S*o4. DS Je? Sdodind vB BS Sompecthsin 085A OSH sargeato aot aeS, sword archos waoa,G Scopes wanose dow ei S6h od PHS Sddwow HS saysex% Bertani. PIAQIN siawrAod Diy Dh arp orcine SeyHomrsio. Ort & 808 BOs Soro AdyHant. aD Bent xoor SOD mors SUrO8 adBpowiod. Ss Go Dorr SrSxo Savod. It, he, she, boy, girl, table, chair,ok, fruit, an, a, is are, they, we you etc... Benrhd? ky Noymaws aofiss® arky Doywrds aver Sor DQG. Ss Boch eros aryy Noysasin Haida Soren Srty rer Sorrr HoewoB. Ex: She is a girl & S&F ONG) od av ads. (She= e& is= 66 a=a¥ girl= OS) wa AHS 2k OS SE Cd oS rE ANG © Stysir dabei. ss ars WebrNsins AGG Siyvir HabsS%H. oF civcio’. S, & on ond Noheisin 8H edbs Eo aan ait Igo Sx Begyeox ae a If go Si Sh Soovd Hdb eS eo ah Wegouptoit sdsn od SS Speen aSS © 35 Itisachair ©8 28 6). . 8 Feswom Ar wos Arw LHD soBo jeraboé. 28 24 Hob (SS E) sofise Hoh S5 24 Hob (35 3) oh 80h 55 23They are boys. It is a wall We are boys Tt is a book They are girls It is a pen, Ibis a fruit It is a pencil (Ort SHS BBB NOrr SHS SdH & auySmod* Sovirsns'od. ) 1. 3 5 Son’, @ 6 Sond) 2.5 6 Sond (ads w& Son) 3 de Kh G 8 58) 4. at) © Grd (eS SF © [syred) 5. ath) we rd (a &ES eo rd) 6. a 3 aS (eeS SE @ aS) 7. 3) © DS (eS GE © BS) 8. ath © DHS (aS && © BMS) VERB San Aywssw: Deews, HOR, SOASwohoks Ben®y srbok “Boban” wD Lt. Functions of the Verb (Sc 28eQox Ske): HarSesorr Sc enh Sto Axo wd : 1. $% ais SO (Action done by the subject): $8 O&> daims® Ben. Ex: 1, That boy lent me his book 2858 BH BBS Sie (Action done to the subject): S8% Oa BOAS Benspm. Ex: 1. The hippopotamus was shot by some one. 3) $8 DD SOAaDoBS Benge. Ex: 1. We have a scooter. GOS - SSSnen: 2 STE daVon. 1. Main or Principle Verbs (@grS Ecsoex) 2. Auxiliary or helping Verbs (sa*aes Gates) 30 24 Kobe (SS J) sohis 80K $8) LS Boe? ER Bdiodsind a Oda Aeins® BS vdedr wdsod 48 (GA sS00(1364) VERB - TENSE 80ir -soaw Spoken English & Tense edo Srortgs SSrSKorhs se weoddnis [Karr StyS soci, TENSE - KINDS (68anen) Present Tense ((B@otS SS) srssresion I.Past Tense (3 Sy) srssrosin IIL. Future Tense (356 SSy) SIE sreosin I. PRSESNT TENSE (S&SrS sven): & Tense Sido atoibdeey JNO Bemswod. Example : We buy a television today (Qdb adios 2 BONxS end) Soe Dé T.V. Poswansin II. PAST TENSE (gésrewin) : S@ Tense 26Axfons 399 MBN Benwehod. Example : We bought a scooter yesterday (db aS 2 Himyp5 2YSS) Dy Shi Hey Sasso III. FUTURE TENSE (2%38 so%x) : & Tense Swxyoc athisah 420 M800 Benipsood. Example : We will go Mumbai tomorrow (db OS A Swomd ewsrd*) Bw abit swomon Seohansw. 24 Kobe (S65 &) sok Soh 56) 3168 BES wroxmox Lopt Issvewrr DSeoSSexY x. 1. Indefinite (simple) Tenses. 3, Perfect Tenses. 2. Continuous Tenses. 4. Perfect Continous Tenses & Déorr Verb S& Soo 3x4 = 12 68anen Kos. Present tense 1. Simple present tense ; I go to school (Sx @&8 BAAHt6o%>) 2. Present continous tense : I am going to school (Sx a&& ace Hank) aifpe athroaw axe. 3. Present perfect tense : I have gone to school (S% a&8 SR dmoGA) aGAS HOE aiijod SonoddwayS & sosws BdarAohD, 4. Present perfect Continuous tense : I have been going to school Past tense: Sx w&8 Dpisr Hos (GBS6E® SdosH w SO BNE ateroiir HossSx) 1, simple past tense : I went to school (x a&8 3B) 2. Past Continuous tense : I was going to school @ a&8 Beyer sary) 3. Past perfect tense : | had gone to school x» a&8 Ban Ho3D) 4. Past perfect continuous tense : I had been going to school (SH O88 Basix o03D) Future tense : 1. I shall go to school @x» a88 SxyeoxXo) 2. I shall be going to school > a&8 AAHxSr HotoxX) 3. 1 shall have gone to school (x 2&8 BH anos coote) 4. I shall have been going to school (8% 2&8 RAVie aod woth) DS DS60OS Sy ORE’ HowbSOS O Sodithainé® Weisiore SmePESBS errorr BOciw%. atabo8S hOFQ wsyo% O PoSsnry rahe, webwet VabByowioB. Ss OBsiwrr Sw daxsst - Bot Hoegorr aofizpss Stowe. 32 24 Kobe? (35 E) woh 80h 58) DS Baphxyy Echos Goth Ssrevrr Mg@oort. 1. Strong verbs 2. Weak verbs . STRONG AND WEAK VERBS Gpob 06 HS 38) SoS PSswor dito dieses oD O sosinse Soapags® & DSdnrp Sor SSoivroswrr Siw aiarhor erairor Hows. SSS LoSo ABSOd ero Auk sesso SErp Howie. B H6Sws* (SobS Keo 12 trvismox soo weigcbSo Bersn. sag & Eddox SHIP ASEPAD Echo Urdinos HNsw Hegriorr SHS sod HHA. 2d Sra dt Avo Grviiwen SQ oO Strong verb oer sthour (Sct 2566 edd, rdE* 28d Ate carworr srssrahsyao ar82 Weak verb woerts. Sot & Strong verb & errbrr we%gabso BabSeah Hotnod. STRONG VERBS be was been being a Se dS dono eat ate eaten eating wes ae BBS aS of draw drew drawn drawing eS ee Gs (ono bite bit bitten biting BS aS a5 B8oh chide chid chidden chidding id a6 aes 260h do did done doing a aé as eronohi 24 MowE (35 B) sof H8oh 56) 33*fall fell fallen falling as 2S PES Soh forbear forbore forborne forbearing sbd5 505 S556) $5860K forget forgot forgotten _ forgetting HERS pores S6re5 SEASOR forswear forswore forsworn _ forswearing $845 $5845 BERG, «SE EOOA freeze froze frozen freezing &s ee eS 20K ride rode riden riding BE BE eas B&oR arise arose arisen arising eps ots eSB5 eBéoh awake awoke awoken awoking ©a8 oss oses @s*8oR bear bore borne bearing a6 aS SHY B60h beget begot begotten begetting Ones dred OrBS DASA rise rose risen rising 35 es Bad Beoh foreknow foreknew foreknown foreknowing Sst HSS BESS —-BESFonofi 34 24 Mob (35 S) ach Soh 58) : Lo Soe! * sousnela eHdY Bey HAS KaydirGS*A (PoE Dols GOSS ye E28 47 RE FSdmen SoH WEAK VERBS & (S06 aD AcrSorr HHSerd8 GaBorso& burn burnt burnt burning lead led led leading speed sped sped speeding knell knelt knelt kneeling ight lit lit lighting lose lost lost loosing sit sat sat sitting wind wound wound winding heave hove hove heaving smell smelt smelt smelling deal dealt dealt dealing dig dug dug digging bring brought brought bringing pay paid paid paying sell sold sold selling find found found finding bend bent bent bending mean meant meant meaning dream dreamt dreamt dreaming leave left left leaving smell smelt smelt smelling teach taught taught teaching 24 tobe (35 ) aol Hoh 55) 35 4SA Soren oh srodnodts 2 SrSkns? sod Bake Grdven | beat beat beaten burst burst burst cut cut cut hurt hurt hurt rid rid rid set set set shut shut shut split split split thrust thrust thrust PREPOSITIONS OE 5 SScwen softy Sogritaé® Prepositions Hs arer Gsisop So SQa, SHE HI MOO Dssorr GS AsgeiHss. wd Qoorw oh woberianse are snd BSS SrkwSt Neo Somotisinx Bevygsd. Please meet me at 3 p.m, on Sunday {8 D5 & wi 4 B.cdh oS 45S Schdios Sky ehardaw Sdboswo 4 Kowwks Lewsey, & PHAIHS iors? ooyyy adayed, aesyssps Siphon, DEB Gihahvwod wots, se srepinerd Soop Smvbeiv, There is a cow in the field GEE a F ad & §S) © Posing 2s ws Sot. He is fond of sweets br &E SroE wh Age) S808 yew wo sgsw. Ss HAH, HaDosod 1. Pres (a LS5) at, by, for, form, in, of,m off, on, our, through, till, to with, up.... 2. S*0sPoti OS Lixy a, by Swxyroardsa Sages Sox DHS BALE) Houiy Dgssyy exspeweotdt. wd - 36 24 Fob (SS S) sof AySoh 56 _ without etc. about, above, across, amidst, among, amongst, around, before, behind, beside, below, between, beyond, inside, outside, within, 3. GEASS Had OPeyy assgs* SrBS So Seocrcosin) according to,a long with, away from, because of, by means of, by reason of, by way of, in case of, in course of, in favour of, in order to, in place of, on account of. etc..... WORDS FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS That book about computers is very interesting There is a crow on the branch above you Do this problem ac according to the wa way you have been shown The little boy ran across the street To day bus after bus passed by without stopping Don't lean against the wall Divide this cake among you She threw a stone at the fierce dog Iwalked before her The child is hiding behind the tree. You are not allowed to hit below the waist in boxing I saw a boy standing beside me Besides his relatives he invited his friends also. He divided the money between Raju and me. The cake was cut by my sisiter with a knife Sentries guarded the camp during the night The girl cried for help but no use Our school is one kilometre distance from the Railway Station. She is in the kitchen She was waiting inside the cinema Put the pencil into the box Keep off the grass A week consists of seven days The cap is on his head He hit the ball over the boundary She has been reading since 5'O clock Is she realted to you The dog is under the table She cut the bread with a knife. You must pay me back the money within one year. 24 hob (S5 &) ach Soh 55) 37HS Buh! Siotine o8 BE Beeso fo 40 S8r ehOrsd ward NOUN - GENDER mPovarssaw - Dosaw NEHo Sra Sex GotwoB. ABwow\ Bost. wavs Gender DSH SAHoH HBain MHow SO%Q08 SHS Gender, Sex ox Hore Sots xpeyss PSxw soewob. axe, bag, chair ex» Scrox Sex doe md Gender doéxo8. (Oorisiwven - Swen) : HRD Ssdyg Sh OGhos a0 Dorisinzo ag wenth SSanewrr DFBowrt. wd : 1) Masculine Gender : Hose, Sod sSaiw ass eotaroine ax) SAI Bens seisio Ex: actor, boy, cock, dog, father, uncle. 2) Feminie Gender: Mxygoé*, Stood xo, 49 ads wow eoxnd® Ray SthPOD Sens Ssciv. Ex: actress, girl, hen, bitch, mother, woman, aunt. 3) common Gender : eé@r SiGe Ror Bensy Boss8 Sagar SQocsSéy BB) Noun. Ex: Friend, student, child, thief 4) Neuter Gender : 6 io emtooxs NYonosintarod DQSS SYS Bers Noun Gok, Dorian Ex: axe, book, chair, pen, slate, table 38 24 ob (35 Z) aohs 80K 55) PRONOUN (FOR NOUN) ' HOsweopaw Noun (wiser d8an lS nthe &sGrhose S6divdse Pronoun (Strain) © De. A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun or non-phrase to avoid its repetition. 1 / ; Ex: I, we, you, he, she, it, they, me, mine, myself, us, our, ours, ourselves, who, which, etc. Pronoun - Kinds (Stravsw - S8Snen): Pronoun 9 806 gsr DSaosseyw. ©D : 1. Personal Pronouns (ss8N& Sar HwsPGS Sogersoiioen) 2. Interrogative Pronouns (eyHom0s SHywraosinen) 3. Relative pronouns (Soa0% 6s b> Homose Stgersvsine) 4. demonstrative Pronouns (Q62E5S EE MSPSewrHys Sgrrssinen) Reflexive Pronouns (sai Sous Sor HBHorSS HGyorabsinen) 6. Emphatic or Emphasizing pronouns (4)g°SS Sar avsos SSyweiinen) 7. Reciprocal Pronouns (wSsay88 Stgrssne) 8. Indefinite pronouns (696% Ex CARAS Jar wd Styarseinen) 9. Distributive pronouns (GEsFGS Dgawdys Syrsdsives) w 10. Possessive Pronouns (2 DesyUS SUgwraosinen) 1, Personal Pronouns (a:88S Sor QoAYS Soprssdver) Definitoin : Personal Pronouns are those which stand for the person speaking, spoken to or spoken of. DSLSSSo: Smegtoidosy PIS reO, DtIsPOS Po Sor OeyEF (SYS) GX S08 rd otSe8 Pronouns "Personal Pronouns" dD Bo. 24 Hob (35 B) sols Soh 56) 3aEx: Lam hungry @x> @SOFO dap) Note: Here 'I’ is the person speaking. We watched the film on T.V (Adio 8.9.6 SDSxr Sears) 2) Interrogative Pronouns (GTSov0g Sdprm Sven) SB ABSA 600 Senseo. Ex: You are a far-sighted man. "You": The Pronoun "you" may be used in singular or plural contexts, Ex: You are yourself to blame. You are yourselves to blame. 3) Relative pronouns (Somod SHS ST SomoHPgy SSprssnen) He, she, it, they en. 39 Q86° Sar GS oxy 00 Sor wD MBO] Bend. wirr Q56d Sor GA 600 SG osiads® Senseo. (the person spoken of) Ex: He is looking at the statue. She is washing the dishes. It has been found in the park. They returned at sunset. Note: L)Ist 6a IInd persons &*9 Pronouns Sot Doren (Sex difference) St, 2) IInd person 6*xs%) "Thou" ex Singular Pronoun - 2 Srawexs 8400 poetry Ex Ad[losimed x SrSab SSGrAxyayw. 3) IlIrd person & HX) He wx Pronoun DA Srspoxs soiar8D LSdia Howth xctxox Senxyox Saeed. 4) rd person & xox She wx Pronoun a Sra ox » BPSD Hain ws Hoh woshsoxd, Utew Snir PID BeowgoH SHGPAR, 5) rd person & 9%) Itwx Pronoun wd Srerox B50 BD Syivors, Dovitio Bad Ser wos wo SD FQ ROMHO BenHok SSGrARW. 6) Illrd person & why They © Pronoun oA traox He, She, it ex Singular pronouns S& 40 24 Hob (SS G) sohse Soh 85) plural rr AsErARe. 7) They Sain 0 GrSeons them, their, theirs, themselves © 65 Sosithsweot eoGrAa. a) Everybody, somebody So¢3 Indefinite pronouns Soy / : Everybody should have their (his/her) records with them . Somebody has parked (his/her) jeep in front of my drive. Subject Pronouns : I You He, She, It 2) Inrerrogative Pronouns (Gen8S Stgwseioven): Geheo Aaimos asi@rNse Pronouns O ‘Inrerrogative a Pronouns’ #0ePts. : Definition: An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun that is used to ask a question. Ex: what, who, whom, who, which _ 3) Relative Pronouns (Somom ds ROywraosooven): DGpSSsw : Both aviarkpiwess Serioriv, doch arsgvine*A Noun 4& 9 dor Pronoun S& red atbenrr aiaieAoc Stiswst Relative Pronoun 2 ®t. Definition : Relative Pronoun is one which refers to some noun or pronoun going before and also joins two clauses like a conjunctin. Ex: who, whom, whose, which, what, that, but, as I have come for my uncle who lives in this village. He sold the house which his father had built. 5) Reflexive Pronouns (ys Sorgs Sdgnrcosioes): RGSS : SY ARS SY And, SOSAwe Sah Sothox Ber SiGrAoks Pronouns® Reflexive Pronouns #oerbs. Definition: A Reflexive pronoun shows that the action done by the subject turns back upon the subject. Ex: myself, ourselves, thyself, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, th_-aselves. 24 Hob (3° B) ay QyBoh 5) a1*The carpenter hurt himself, while mending the bench. Tavailed myself of the opportunity. This ring was given me by my boss himself. He has made himself very unpopular. 6) Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronouns (QPOs Hoge): RG gwiszivo : 2868 QSEeSovx Diwhowh% esarAod Nound Emphatic or Emphasizing Pronouns woert. Definition : An Emphasizing pronoun is one used for the sake of emphasis. Ex: She herself said so. He himself did it. Reflexive use 1) He hurt himself. 2) We hid it ourselves. 3) I did it myself. 3) I myself did it. 4) She dressed herself. 4) She herself dressed. 5) He bought it himself 5) He himself bought it. 7) Reciprocal Pronouns (wr yaryys SSgarsoiven): ASgwSsio : aSOFSH HSH Sain aS HOD athywrty wowow 68@erfAox Pronound ‘Reciprocal Pronouns’ wert. Definition : A Reciprocal Pronoun denotes a mutual action. Ex: The two sisters hated each other. The girls in the hall helped one another in the examination. 8) Indifinite Pronouns (@ASSPSS Soywrsosiver): AyWsse : SH Hera GD AOxAeiorP Bsyys, SS 28th, 26° 288 © CNSHewrr Ban. Definition : An Indefinite pronoun refers to persons or things in general way but not to anyone in particular. Ex: Nobody is prepared to ruin his own career. Somebody has taken my calculator. All are drowned int he river. Emphatic use 1) He himself hurt it. 2) We ourselves hid it. Some say she was drowned intentinally. Nobody knows what happened yesterday evening. 9) Distributive Pronouns (SessYS Sigwssoes): DGgSSsho : .SYWHO 600 Sesh Bens Nound Pronouns wotrts. Definition : A Distributive Pronoun is one which refers to persons or things one at atime. Ex: Each of the boys gets a prize Either of these roads leads to the park. Neither of the statements is correct. 10) Possessive Pronouns (ah DeisuyUS Sdgerseoen): AgiSiSshs : oS SeYHAvs. Ownership d Beawo ssGrAod Pronoun 2 'Possessive Pronoun’ @oérd. Definition : A Possessive Pronoun is one used to denote the possession or ownership of a thing. Ex: This pen is mine. (not my pen) These books are ours, (not our books) ‘That necklace is hers. (not her necklace) That is my hat, it costs sixty rupess. SH Hott woot ‘Iv arkpswSoth Subject rr rr Sar Object rm rd Sor aSGrhotath. espe ©& D Noun Sh otheorr ASEPROSaKtD, wothdos 6 Person& Sod exisrdo Seb. SE ©6 Impersonal Pronoun rm Sewsatoebod. Ex: It is very lucky that I have not eaten any of the poisoned food. KOK: Ibex LUxo0 Impersonal Pronoun rr siGrhosabss PAS “GB” GO md Tor “CPND” GD MPD e¥siw Ure. wossos TPAD Rysitoeboe 2S phrase © PO Sor 28 clause D PN od BYS SSBrAosizio adrbsod. 1) "It" is a Third Personal Pronoun, denoting neuter Gender. Ex: It is my scooter. 2) When "it" does not refer to any person or thing, it is called Impersonal Pronoun. Ex: Here is your staples; take it away. 3) For animals unless we clearly wish to speak of them as male or female. Ex: She loves her cat and cannot be without it. 4) Fora youns child, if we do not wish to refer to the sex. Ex: When I saw the child, it was crying. 42 24 Hobe ($5 F) soli &)80h 5°) 24 Mote! (25 AB) seyep 2808 & 43 ise ©} ;9% B-7 68 BY BORE Joyso SHE, POM QS MOS FosrSegd wo THE ADJECTIVES aadAjwAWED Phorissn Go Siyrsosin) Gok, ee Dvero% Bay HSsmad Adjective ooerGO Sov Bevsrvoayw. Ex: 1. Ramya is a beautiful girl. 2. He has a little knowledge in computer Science. 3. Idon't have any pens. Kinds of Adjectives : Brmne Es Shvo Any hoswow, Wavow, Sowow Sexxy DBsieatmow “erY¥ DExieaxines” ©2 Cobre. Ex: He is a good boy. You are a smart girl. She is a foolish lady. 2. Quantitative Adjectives (SdSrerg¥ Isesne) The Adjectives that tell the quantity of a thing taken are known as Adjectives of quantity. Ex: She has not much money in her account. He did not eat any rice. All students have completed the work. 3. Demonstrative Adjectives (OBESE Dssersoer) Soot Bxodss Daye, xospeorrd Sor SmHIrd VBsore Box. Ex: Do you know this girl? a4 24 How (85 3) aofse H8oh 55) Never make such a mistake again. Those toys are Lucy's. 4. Numeral Adjectives (Soars88 Déaninen) DosHoO Ssthen Gor Skihen ANG, arto Sor OD O Ciosnd* Bi)S? Bent PD “HoanpYS Dexieosiwen’ woerss. (68 Adjective % SQ) rw Grsawen soeron. Positive Comparative Superlative Clever Cleverer Cleverest Tall Taller Tallest Short Shorter Shortest Small Smaller Smallest Sweet Sweeter Sweetest Kind Kinder Kindest Great Greater Greatest Brave Braver Bravest Happy Happier Happiest Old Elder Eldest Merry Merrier Merriest Fat Fatter Fattest Good Better Best Little Less or Lesser Least Much More Most Many More Most Beautiful more Beautiful most Beautiful Difficult more Difficult most Difficult Courageous more Courageous — most Courageous Bold bolder boldest Red Redder Reddest Fine Finer Finest White whiter Whitest cheap Cheaper Cheapest Easy Easier Easiest Heavy Heavier Heaviest Kind Kinder Kindest 24 ond? (55 E) sofis 80K 5°) > 45“ADVERBS Soir ABAjwawen DSSS: Sab Eokiyrd, DEimisy Avtynd dor HOAw¥ Sate Daxesiin Bakyrd eftiws DID Bhp Seieiww "Adverb(Ecie DAxescin "oero. Ext 1. You are driving rapidly. 2. Radha is a very clever girl. Kinds of Adverbs Adverbs are 7 types (1) Adverbs of place, (2) Adverbs of time, (3) Adverbs of manner, (4) Adverbs of quantity, (5) Adverbs of reason, (6) adverbs of quantity, (7) Adverbs of affirmation and negation. 1)Adverbs of place (gems Srdors Sdir Siamsnen) here, there, everywhere, within, backward (2) Adverbs of time (resaws Srdow Sailr DIdaine) When , now, late, age, lately, soon, daily, already, never, formarly etc. (3) Adverbs of manner (2¢iin Ser GBD Srdorwd Edir Wamsnew) clearly, breavely, soundly, sadly etc. (4) Adverbs of frequency (208 Sows wd Srdows Bar DAssoev) Often, twice, seldom, once, frequently, always again etc. (5) Adverbs of reason (Péminw Srdow gar Jaasnen) hence, therefore etc. (6) Adverbs of quantity (Sdaraimwi Srdow Soir DasSnen) Fully, too, very, pretty, partly, quite, enough etc. £6 oh! Bdovine wa DY TS &:5 20255 AYEIAIAP'Y cEPBE Wssans Sahen) 2S Main verb G»8z tense, voice, mood v&2 Senses asarise Scoot "Auxiliary Verbs" eoerts. a Saqrsorr Sot Seren, 1) Primary Auxiliary Verbs 2) Modal Auxiliary Verbs 1) Primary Auxiliary Verbs : sot6* am, is, are, was, were wx be traren, have, has, had wx rdeen, have exo Graven, do, does, did wifo do Srare a0. 2) Modal Auxiliary Verbs : s0t6* shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought (to), dare, need, used (to) e»5D aaron. Uses of Primary Auxiliary Verbs Be 1) Auxiliary Verb re 589 Continuous tense & es@rAaets. 1. Tam waiting. for you. (Bx ASFKo Atwotirde dayXo) 2. They swimming in the canal. (at wens Sacheoayyo) 2) 85 Passive Voice x ABSedos SHEAR. Ex; 1. Twas offered a chair by him. 2. Good news is expected. 2) Main Verb r Linking Verb rr 6i@rAme. Ex: 1. That is a weighing machine. 2. We are very happy. 46 24 Kobe? (SS J) aol &Soh 55) 24 Hoe (55 F) of H80h 6) 47*Have SrSSnen Auxiliary Verb r 1) Perfect Tenses Sot SiGrAawo. Ex: 1. 2. T have taken your pen. I had heard of this before. 2) Obligation & Beno. Ex: 1. 2. I have to go now. Do you have to get up early? Priniciple Verb r SOAdimotioes wx ezine Ex: 1. 2. Do you have a pen? They are having a party for their friends. Do érésveo Auxiliary Verb 1) Gay Sy pina aH Seox Ex: 1. Late it. Did you eat it? 2) Negative ar¥gimexs Soirtodctek Ex: ti. He came yesterday. He did not come yesterday. 3) SS, Bape Ex: 1. I saw her yesterday. I did see her yesterday. Main Verbrr Main Verb SOAdiwote wx fine Ex: 1. You do this sum. © & Sx Saiwsio) Auxiliary Verb r Negative, Interrogative, Emphatic sentences 9 dtySedeo%. Ex: 1. 2. 48 I did not go there yesterday. . Does he go there regularly? 24 Kobe ($5 B) aofise &)80h §°6) 2) Question Tags Sot Ex: 1. You smoke, don't you? Modal Auxiliary Verbs af 13 Asgon. 3D S800 Auxiliary Verbs PS SODArow. 1. shall 2. should 3. will 4. would 5. can 6. could 7. may 8. might 9. must 10. oughtto 11. need 12. dare 13. used to 1, Shall 49 past tense 6350 should. Usage of shall: 1. Shall © Ist person & S@rAoOS Simple Futurity (Sirs HALE Soin )N Senyr. Ex: Ishall take tomorrow (Si 8% Smo%oerca) Shall I go there? (Si esiyito SFr?) 2. Shall © Und, Ilrd person & SSaxrA0MS Coloured Future > Command (eg), Determination (5 O$cbo), Certainity (BXAMG), Promise (@resin), Threat (A509 Benda. Ex: You shall pay the five tomorrow (Q% BH edSrar BQomrd) You shall apologise for your rude behaviour (© 9 sotoxo BSGSH Sirvies S0°D) Should: a& shall Gx) past tense Svs wonsir Seqrseoorr BSArAODSSYS. Usage of should: 1. Obligation (erases, SGsig0)ko Senseo Ex: You should go now. (9 ast Se) We should respect our teachers. (2% 856)9 soSo FSDoD) 1. Request (wagyis iio Bensyoos Ex: I should like to ask you one question. 24 ob (35 S) aohse Hoh &B 49Will: Uses of Will (Will) eiaxrAoch Soditsnen) q Ex: 1. a@ IInd %6a% Ilrd Person Pronouns & Sa Nouns & | I eannor answer the:qhestion. SH © GH earen siGar. aortas SAGES wosiwky HDQoO. ¥ exm8 (Permission) 2 S*tre% Ex: He will leave for his native place. a 2. (SSK SS HyVerNS Severe) Ex: You shall get ready before I come. (Rx SB) Snoesd dH 34 warW) 2. Ind person & #wor Polite Request 2 Sa» Polite Invitation Can I borrow your scooter? & HmyoE wtih saear? Could: aSairAoe Sotitsinen 1. KSo&D Pmyso (Abilityin the past) © Benxyeos Q Bevwexo. Ex: Ex: Will you lend me twenty rupees please? (Polite request) (Sco8% 20 Grier sip ako?) 15 Sone SabwAys* Sx Aciyo ode DSNOAPAS. 3. Willd Ist person & SSBrADS (a) serpssiw (Promise) (b) 2. ex%B (Permission) 2 BensyeeX BHOo% (Threat) (c) RUAYadsin (Determination) (d) eGzjo Ex: (Intention) (ce) Ssy8 (Willingness) 2 Beye, Ex: I will help you every month. (Promise) T will teach you a bitter lesson. (Threat) I will not accept your proposal. (Intention) Would: Uses of Will (Would) asaixrAoxe Sodidysinen) I could lift a bag of rice when I was 15. Could I accompnay her to college? SSE8 Sh sat Storr Beyer? May : 488 Past tense ‘Might’. May 2 &S@rAoc Bosse sien 1. ORSS (Request) 2 Benak a6 will So6cio past tense Grsain. wouldd ai@rhot Sostyiwen Ex: 1. (Suggesion) ox Polite Request (So~ssardss SHjIS) OF May I have your match box, please? Baye. SOLED OAR adr? Ex: Would you accompany her to college? 2. eX58 (Permission) 9 Stoeo% Sain owt Daiwa, SSd8 eth Storr Stra? Ex: May I come in, sir? 2. atPgSai 1 , Baigerspes (Offered Senso, estyssin (Invitation), axistrsyeo (Offerlod Bend: So G08 ee Ex: Would you care to start with me? Qh PS socserds aQgidersr? Can: 688 Past tense ‘could’, can) BSArAocs Sos§yiwen 1, SSozss (Ability) 9 Besspos You may go out. DH achert SeySeiy, Might: aiceAocs Koeityswen 1. @apGs5 (Request) 9 Benxyeok 50 24 Hobe (35 Z) aohs & 80% 56) we —“—‘—CSCsSCSCSCS 24 tioue (35 Z) aohis Hoh 55) at aEx: Might I use your pen for a while? Soi BH 8 Seo rhs san? 2. SossSeio (Possibility) S Sensex Ex: He might not be in Hyderabad at all. SS BrdoreriS BOCES ty), Must : saiG@rhoch Sotitysinen 1, eas (Obligation) 2 Benxeox Ex: You must go there today itself. AD SYS & Sa Sed. 2. eSh8s (Necessity) 2 Bewxpoxe Ex: ‘You must go there quickly as wRse SHS Sire Sey Ought to: eiairhot Socstysiwen 1. S8iigiioo (duty) 2 Benzyerx Ex: You ought to help your parents. AH A SQHGolthok AvPabdsard. Need : aiG@rhodh Sodstjtines 1. eSS5S (Need) 2 Benspoe Ex: Yo need go there. AD wit SHSediwes. Dare : &i@rAow Sosyyswves 1. Bthox Krdoevess Ex: Dare she go there alone? wah wii cowdrr SE) Giso sow? 52 24 Hood? (55 J) sof S80 $°6) DS Buse? Bp Sdioding wd BS Komodo HOUR Cay fe Sth s*d 6 BOS ARNE Blood CONJUNCTIONS (Connecting Words) ASeddsw: Goch aS S8awSH BoB HdSsiwox wd, Phrases 2 TPO, Clauses 9 PO Sar srSpsooxs PO Seok) Sreo% conjunction (Swede) ©D Dw. Definition: A conjunction is a word used to join together two similar words, phrases, clauses or sentences. Ex: 1. Raju and Ramya are friends, 2. Meet me at the park or at the club. 3. Icould not come because it was raining heavily. kinds of Conjunctions (SSwdy aso - 5¥Sne2) Conjunctions 2 8D AGsGox Acooss o 3 S¥sweorr DSostio wBAch. wD: 1) Co-ordinating Conjuctins 2) Corrolative conjunctions 3) Subordinating Conjuctions 1) Co-ordinating Cojunctions: 1) and Our friends came and seperated the fighters. 2) but He is poor but honest. 3) or Do or die 4) yer He is very poor yet cheerful. 5) so He was weak , so he could not walk with us. 6) for He did not come to school, for he was ill. 7) still Hi deceived her still'she believed him. 24 How (SS 3) wofis 80h 55) 53a2) Corrolative conjunctions : 1) both and He is both rich and generous. 2) either or That fellow either fled or’ hid somewhere. He applied neither for permission 3) neither ... nor nor for leave. 4) Whether... or Tell me whether you accompany me or stay here. 5) not only... but also He not only scolded his wife, but also beat her. INTERJECTION - @@{02,68a0 HASHES Seo. GSISHS Sar KohSarSsmod Berg SES SHS HSeiook "interjection" © HS. An Interjection is: word or a sound which expresses an emotion (a strong and sudder feeling) or excitement. Examples: 1) DersSxa (Grief) %& Sevyso : Alas! Ah, Oh!, Alack! 2) es¥Sgeio (Surprise) & Senyso : Oh!, What, Ah!, Ha! 3) S068 (Approval) & 3exgHA : Bravo! 4) S08Ase (Joy) & Bevgse: Ohl, Hal, ha! 5) Daeciso (Triumpth) s Seo: Hurry! 6) Sen%y (Call) S% S28 SxySd: Helloo!, HO!, behold! 7) SodsrSmis Gegas: ssGrsswsd : Humph!, Hem!, Hum! 8) CSRS, Dod, FSSow Sp SSedos sSars5G52; Poohl, rut- tut!, Bash!, Fie!, Pshaw! Lo! Hush! gee!, Yeah!, Yippee! Sansa. SOME EXAMPLES : Oh! waht a thing to happen ! Alas ! What will the poor man do now ? Hush ! Don't say anything to anyone Hurrah! We have won Hark ! There the bell goes. 54 24 howd (55 Z) mois &S0% 5°) 2 LS Be? Gsossns 8 BY Swrego He 88 68e0 ODIPEN wears COMPLIMENTS - 6608, sohs Sopscrcsos hersokeo Biyoo Sror errr Sexrbé* SHO. SoSOogE ab 2.8 oriinrd BspS Sem. HorSeoorr ss Compliments 2 'Congratulations' sotrém. od derodd Hobo Byers, d Sorityos® der arerd* HSE errPS BOR dotwob. axjped Bey SHS Seco! Congratulations @qrSeoorrS 36 plural) e)Sods Congratulations on passing the exam POPAVTEAD SS SRoh 6 drys SESS ond KoStySorr dersroge Wish you a happy new year DG ain 3D Eh Soy onadE MPSS HosesyS hersrogeo sofweé® aX dexcdMood Wish you... © Shard Sq) Sosthtnk af isn © Sb, dws ao. SEs e, sbxs THesoo, HS er sersroser, 46D QMikres sersrotfes, OdE SchSo vod. Wish you good luck RB dr 16 of Hdfo adrrd May you prosper 3 ci SHE HOSS SRV ! May happy returns of the day A 3 GG) oh 6 A & HSsechen Sor wrarO 24 Kobe (SE B) ao S808 5°) 55 aMay you have the best of both the worlds 2 oie 5 8 3G wh s5 8 56g) RSL TG’ DoS GagsyS GOSo oHoryrg Hearty felicitation on your birthday BG BOLHAD ©5 ainss a§E Fence) Dgsorar dersrogen Congratulation on your increment SorpiySasy wS aos5 Bo[8ab0t5 dot SSo DOASOtHE @DSotssen Wish you all the best aR dh oF 6 ag So 5 DechSoso sared SHoSMayr. We felicitate him on his election db VORB SPH oS SS DSSS ALSarsotht ws w)SoBorro He felicitate me on the birth of my daughter & PORES d v5 & 0§ wh H woh Erb Hsors ww Hersrogen BAA. Please remember me to your brother/sister/uncle BE OS006 O to dws& (258/R85 ood a SiiayS Posyatayd foshy/SBen/irakysO fererand/ DEPHA OBAssey Bayo’. Please convey my regards/compliments to your mother/father DE 88s B OPE. 3/ SoYTOM) &s> KoSE vo6E/ 355 & SSYPOS/ TAYTOS & Sdayre ©) Bos. My compliments to you/your wife gb SoRAo) éo cin/dios5 BH NW/Lo GOES Larsrogen LS Spt Gsosins wo BY gsoa aobea SES MEETING AND PARTING DHon Sosoo-now® SwS*soo Good Morning ! ME SrO\0h Its my pleasure ath & Bes I'm glad to see you aS mB en Lai» ScharyWeoo! Sero! BB PH SoS ho Ddyom SOLKSocht wr rer Sos®jorr 608 Very well, thank you, and how about you? 36 35 Gof chr, wob HF oS do Soe wos, Be say? It's been a long time since we met BOS 2 ero BS mrersao Shards SOSesw QS) He aS Ok. see you again/o.k.we'll meet again 8.3, Sai IAS/ £8 86 Hob Seocpsn Sch OS SoS PS God bless you mE 35 aio Must you go/leave now DY chr A/ D5 F Hw ebsgBororrs BQ) Borer? 56 24 Kone (35 G) aofis HSoh 56) 24 Howé® (35 2) woh Boh 55) 57aHave a pleasant journey q SS 2 Reo aby (Sdirco tporr atororrs . May good luck be with you ' & OE o& OS a I was there, but I returned/came back last week » 58 35, oi 6055 SS asS or OS S0Gr&0, Bovistar BA Say SAHo Mthyoo S60errs The heard a lot about you B'S HD erdS OTS cin shahyor 60D arer Dayso& Hoar, 6Hpos sroen SLSie OES DN roeodE®, Sdotras', Gs", ags'no§ SAD aziphotrsio Sor! word addy O eteodissar wisn 2008 Sosesine SYPaAssys. SHSS Sons aqyoh) 768 4609 Baverain, “Doo @xS8e” so and so sGriw Sos PE Sars, SSAS dy 28S Scpsd Sw so8DSA ochendorin. wHS sow Be erSsOh arty are) Henonsns’ St Orr. WSS airxin, Tioch& Dardo sp8o Sarsw. Thank you, but I fear I may not come Goss, atS © db5 wo a ae5 SS SayO BDort, avs 06, SO wedar I won't be able to do as you wish © S§ 0 dnd tm dirS die OR Sov SOxey Sx dasesdisay, Sorry for refusing your gift 6 SE CSyeoh cinsB AG do SHED Bos’sso St Sh wHS'So LS Bb? Sdovsind v8 BY F6) OE BS SASS HH) (U.S.A) 2PEPSG AAdeF HDHD Sows soo Ledisi gost Swot S86 hersrogen, whSotiien Anderbard 608 Betdtoaysn, Hos SQ DeAS GUSREr, GramyQ, rar ord SES0rD. Sosa Sthairod® Heston SSSod 448 der aotwod® So Bent¥er! SEY SPS ores’ ev adahger, ‘over Sostao’ RNSr arrow Bayombayipe ar sro’ HOsr over erthoG @8 SoS*korr Daversin. Se Ohorr Ls Hos ad Soe *spyo BarSw. BO sofihs® dew KEIRA goss siroch Dyphaysio Sop! SoG SPH DeePs SLSRSr werd Mersos Kor SA SSoHen Sayan. ©D de soerchoS eGmlarso! DoS BN xeBA0G’ ‘aos wmrjcho DYEar 6ocr!, Dod Wo, ‘sos FoHoGDS FOB GardS Soo Sty aren! ad So New, SSSod Srben. Condolences, condole, #3 armen DSBar SOSFonsape Lszin BQ SorsHoserds oS Srhev. & Sores @%o:~‘an expression of grief’; 'to express pain or grief at the distress or misfortune of another; to express sympathy to one in grief; WAS oS gric® SwrsQostto w SoSo archers. "They went to condole with her on her husband's death’. a*%o e3o YU BonXothSo sSoxo SwrPsQyoskerOs Swyw ©2 w$o Sxyod. HXso sos Swod SApwhaysin Sor SoSdoHos rer expressions do&rds. worth Swmges Sar SQ) expressions 58 24 Kobe (55 Z) woh bySoh 5) 24 obd! (S85 4) a0 Y. © 808 58) 594(Bahai) aosron. S82 Sothre Seward. derog Hodepsind Der Htoeins BDabAaine® Baxad over aajotmds Séerdn, Tam so sorry wcirsy 8 ah PH er rire Hos. How tragic o Eres Dod argPsxto Tam sorry to here this sad news © dir& a6 ty SrahS 85 PE MAYS aerod HorG8 argirrshos, How cruel (any happening) oe Sass I lament over/the loss/the death & Sdod £55 8 wh/ 6 25 Si SAPIS/SyBE cree cheqyore Go. Isympathise with you regarding this sad event © HosBs OF aw OrrGoh OS PE KSoeF Se Gogo SbS0S* Spke wos Bho, 0mm, sersposorr JOSbO Soys HPIsSorm adsax eSwo, oygsrr srersso, # politeness & D2) Seven Sar, 8D Der express Said? sedrsey Scr! Sscommanding sentences der soerGe crrpain. & spss TEI G08 Fo DIG" Sed? GHES waren tre do8. “eaR'8So 08 weZdoiito, Phodito, whsto Sod Agorr srercidio, HF S08 bod SPthoyven, Sst Ooygow, chasivd BNareyxo, Shit $6 Godards* Srepasty, 6 Sree? BSSo Seravdzo. SMSey om0O. Sod sor, Bygeow ager ae b§so Brower. ©8 SK —rtoo Sem, oor shoo a8 Hoye esbzsto 60 24 ob (5 2) ach 80h S68) SO) Ba Swoc Dedeo Seyuod arar! Todo & sito SHAS Begs BSrererSioS 08? DE G0twoB? LrRSartow we coated Sasa OD wxhotert.. 268 Stars SES art Sear Dens ase. BF DS sMor® adarts SzraorS BSSo Serowayes. eaphouitio eSTS DSH ware soo MwywSwob. dapa* DNSSOS* wasysyen By Shen, sso Historyé® Kehood were danger Sogo Sepsinorh Serre Btoibh soewoB. LoS ‘eg’ ©0B cere Berend BPs exhwod Saps* seo SSG. ‘wg! oS B60E GOS SSo AAP HGS. w SHS ehsiter sod Doxmgs efo Tared SE. Sptanor, wero order cossey, rer commanding rr Srér@ FPo& Sotssiety), sP9 ‘imperative sentences’ 0B “DGEESDS arsyey’ ©) who. oD SRE aotdeyy, Srgyes FSO dodtSayy, ovens sos oy, weiss8 dor Davi! 2.4y'Please'’, ‘Kindly’ ex Ergrss Sore Tee zy ‘Please do this' wo8 SESS ‘Do this’ oS ee. SN aSyf SoSsoos & DAKov20 MotjosbS'ar®. ‘Please’ GS Sos SPowas Sow IQSod avers OR) PAcwucdsoyin oH. aS Gorereo circpsiw:— ‘Please shut Up’ GARDE OS. KO e¥o's thirds Psiyo8. © sporyts SS HSSD srt, wote8) snot erark) (MsroSsEx, Come here 85> day& aero! Listen O88 Dao Go straight FF (owed BAY Bey Let me go BE ay AP Skyy Scoew 24 How (35 J) ache H8oh 55) 61Mind your own business ok ce$6 45 Dass Keep a close watch on him 85 2 5 OS wS OS > PES Bot Srms8ok GSB) Sots ENB HosoS Close the discussion SS G OSSK5 aS 88) sdabod Smoking, drinking is prohibited BOA, BoBoA sed GOBE __ BRB ofbarheines SxS hst00 Stxgo Observe the procedure wats 6 Rab Baim SKae® Saino Don't be late again &§ 2 8S aps Sab) 2086 woxgo Babys BELIEVING &2,v%0me Don't you believe it BS ci ODS aS It's impossibel Dad8 dot BNO Seyor? ad soarhand 8 B69 3D T have full confidence in him © 2S HS SSH2H) aS SS 8D Sots TH HO SSySo/ Deyo aos. It's only a rumour H% Buse? GsosinE o& BE swdso BOSHS LS Loajo AGrirosno sohHsaj@ der odin§ oar,D ‘Exclamatory' 608 Sn0thrr shiSo @8o Bears ard Sor ‘KYrr wbSe00', BSAdw0’ wo Sios*s, Gass’, Hos oss sre @bSi0. Surprise 9 (Sg tjo) SOA0d SrHoxsiro. 'How beautiful ‘What a pity’ @diry arSo rod} lady' DOS wotsghS wairyow. expressions @xsire. wold) Sood avfroda sired, Tyra, Ho*bSrrPO LSD, estos Sossoron. 285 SF Bot Srbeo 3 graP, SSSaow. ‘say! ‘Dosarbos' ‘os 49 FHs! ‘a! 9 Besos? oko hh grr) GSSo0SG aoffsod® sro S8Sowsey), English S* ers GSeSo%) 'How', ‘What’ os Hdimos’s SnsePsran. Marvellous! Sr B55! aia! By God's grace! Bre's A! BHdI SobSow! How terrible! 3” Boendl dod Yasosdo! ath) 29 d troS ©6 a8 S808 Smad P ” : Beautiful! Should/can we trust this stranger axel 20s ¥ootiéo! SERS 5S 85 & 2. BERS Hdd ( BS (Row & FS HBB Really! SSyStoovscyyr? Sash! worn! How disgusting! a5xRofl 5, a! ——* 62 24 Kobé (35.2) ois H8oh $8) 24 Home (S5 &) aos H80h 5°) 63How sad! oe wG! Wonderful! SoKbHAl Excellent! 23,085} Fine! Ps! Shameful! ADA Lovely! ab! How hot! Se SS] What a plesant day/ ard D Redd G/ evening/taste! SBN0A/HR! What a peace of work ar 2 45 oS Sb is man! SE Ds! Many happy returns of the day Bd DO SH 66) oh @ al wer Derbonsorws Mnavo! SmSol! erroal DQ,W! ox! D0 Doc! AOSD ODE ew/Pos0Go/Hd! BOL, DoF sey seyH! aerod Hghre wS¥o ward! Welcome Sir! BES 6) Riso, PISAwexs! What an idea! PS SPS addi! Dod FPS) SS SH! 64 24 Hob (35 &) achss 80h $5) DS Jw? Bsesos*O ©8 Oy pottsn ROCs EIGHTEENTH HOUR SFadeh IQHI,th OSKs-@ Sogremen ase Tour SQ)sxpeo General hotel room Sxa%oersin werobepe 6A Homie aks soins 6S as08 Oa as Sooo GSASSAH0B. Ges Gaireren Thowpes oXosa WHOS, Hhw BOaLD erst Sree (we Sosfg communication & 28) English smsab. : Good morning, Madam MExrd0A, Avs! SmoR, Ades : Good morning, Sir ! What can I do for you ? MEsrdoh, 56 | a5 85 © Kr H5 cic? SMR SE! SSN rar? : Lwould like to have an accommodation aw 66 BS tm SScieS Iewedas Wh SHB SSL : Sure sir, would you like to have single or double? soy5 45, AG cio SE &» 5 Hod 5 Gods? SAHorr 46, Sok Ro Bro sraver, Gad Sro Saree? : Single room, please Ron tr, SS Sdn, Ron tS asgod : A.C or non - A.C sir? 9.2 65 WS - 9.2.96? 2.2 Gre SS wS - O% trsr 26? 24 tobe (5 J) ache Sy80h $5, 65 I” ey Tourist Receptionist Tourist Receptionist Tourist ReceptionistTourist Receptionist : Non-A.C with telephone facility, please. W5-3.8 OE GOH'S Boos, SF PS-2.H Grd BOHS PEt aoder cava Bago. : We have an excellent room in third floor dda $5 dirS IBS ted ad SF HE DPSS SoSQS* hod Sh ay +6. Tourist : [want the room fully ventilated and with a view over the city a rod & brs Hb SOWSHE wok ME D Sy A565 Bad, are (PO Se) Goin SAGO Sréard; Senod SrSo Bagod. Receptionist : All the rooms are ventilated well, but to have view over the city I will provide an another room in the first floor instead of the room mentioned earlier S55 GrSy 6 So8SHE SS, of em HS tm 2 Sy £56 5 bed © OS BBE OSHS Ur 35 5 OH SES BORE oh Grd DAF oGavH. OQ) Srdven erry PO Skeow. wand SXto Leh des Saremnts So¥ dk Sn cose? ro sakiin Swochrr dk sadeisy Groth acbenrr. Tourist : Thank you, madam ! May I have a look at it qrotry bE | sb wo 65 2 eG 2 oF Sparen | STSHO Sr& srisiar? Receptionist : Sure Sir, Boy. M6 45, Sd... SHHow 66, adh... Boy : Yes, Madam GSB, Ses Saige ares 66 24 Hobe ($5 3) woh S$0K 5°) Receptionist Boy Receptionist Tourist Receptionis’ Tourist Receptionist Tourist Receptionist : Show this gentleman room no 108 and here is the key... BE OB woS SSeS tr& So. 108 wok SeahS wd a & 1083 Sowd Srk waigrrd; Srhor, DA wreren, : Ok ! Madam. Please come with me sir ! £8 abaSo | $F SH) 05 D SE! OOH Dts | Gav mS 508 45. : How is the room sir? SF SS 6 Ord HE? trderrvotiod? : It's go, I will take it. 3) 06, w OE SE asd. artooB, Sk Sxaoers, Then please fill this form BS RE HE OS HH wond & Fo Dosis Could you guide me how to fill this? BSE cin AE > SPH BT OH ? Sad der gro daiwa? Sara? : Sure sir, please write your name here. Soy6 45, QS BE SwdE SH Brahh SQ How, Sods SyHosys wratod : Then 3s, Sdors : Write your profession and permanent address over here, and write the purpose of your visit to this town here. BE GesE HAS ©o& SHSo05 OEE L565 rab. S08 BS 6 SHH oh dns6 2805 eo 5 PS Sass Be HB Hock elim skys ercbo8. aose Soto St BBR, DorhS*io SayS* rarod. 24 ome (55 B) Soh S808 5° 67Tourist Receptionist Tourist Receptionist Tourist Receptionist Tourist Receptionist 68 : Ok ! take it : Please wait a minute sir, you have to sign in o} : But | will stay here only for two days. : Well, how much should I have to pay now ? : It's only Rs. 900/- sir : Here you are. : Thank you sir, we hope you will ejnjoy your stay a8! SE od (alo wonod | SxxS*08. register and you have to pay three days rent advance. BE Sowed D MNS HE, din 65 eo DS aS OSG) 8206 wok din SS tw G G5 odd aid ooh, 2S Pabsio 5, da6 SAg5s* Hod¥o dh 3 Foe 68 wryhy Srvod® saryW) Sotn06, aS o OF Q sraE £9 HE to GB. SD SIS Bot Sad soers. : Even then we keep three days rent as advance sir, the balance will be returned to you by the time you vacate. BSS BS Add &5 |B G5 Boss airs word 46 6 BBB) OE | GHHE tw dio BS BH cw S86 wonssy S$ chim 3 Sere 6B eoryiy Sods ax SB DAOSS Soto arb Thowpe os BOA odeio 36, F HS HE o So bP? eon, ay Sos Gan) SEO? st £8 Rs. 900/- 45 900 Grarchen Sr(sasod. Soh cio 5 Badr &xS50& here. wroting 05, Db S85 ain DF Doerdh dias Q trad. até aX Skdoceh Gxyrdséneod. Hoss SoS orm somal Stootmarsin. 24 Tobe (55 G) eohs &80h SB), 9% Bw? Sots ob BY ANsio e0kS GoBS,, SeR PS aQen SPDs SYHHytH OSHTB Hoenraa ASEDSOS® soso shopping Bd Sopoien crer S5xorr smgoeran. eero Korinyed* 2S age tosra0d 26AS Ss Sogrsico KeDoSos. Sales girl : Good evening, sir. AGE +» ME HABLA Customer : Good evening Sh5 -: OE SeBNOM Sales girl ; What would you like to have, sir? BGyrE : at AB cin BS tm SS, 487 Sxd0 ward 5? Customer ; I would like to have some shirts, please. SQSE sm OE BE em HE SS HG), OF wre Rey) sero. Sales girl : Cottons or synthetics, sir? BPs : SPOR) 25 Hos) 45? soSa 58 oder, 55 Customer : Cottons for casual wear, please. S836 2 SPOS) $5 sydd 35, &8 SOS SayOSorr Pos moe Sales girl: Sure sir, over here, if you don't mind. We have an excellent range of shirts in cotton casuals. These checks are new arrivals. 24 fob (SS B) aofise Hoh 55) 69 a06, £55 Brah5, ah din Goth of, Od 8H GPS O80 Tod wh BG) aS woS syed), AG’ BS; oS Sry wBSH, wot atndo8 26, Let etgosdo E899 SoS wesg§ 7 BG) Sr GAS er Bayon. & Ae) ARQ) SSrr Soom, Customer : I don't like chekes, I always like to wear stripes. S65 © Got) BE B&), a wSS5 BE en 35 BS WE Kihod axe dott. too’ wx ago. Sales girl Would you like to wear half sleeves or full sleeves sure 66 die BE bo BrabhE HS HS) 6 HS |S, 457 Soto de dthen Far Perowror SS aptdsen Psy Shower? Customer : Half sleeves, please #5 &5), Ss HRiHe Bey, Sado sewos. Sales girl Have a look at these, sir 5 Dd ew& 06 bS, HE DSO aso cswviod 46. Customer : Please, bring me that blue one with yellow stripes DS Bohs SE op aS 25 68 Ba © aR AG SiH PIS 608 w8 Brod. Sales girl Well, that is generally for college students, but..... BS, SH wed ad0) H5 cSE apGoeh, a86..... @ axe SSS Spon wrdarts 9... Customer : Could you take it out, please? OE cin GB aS 25, 5? Hass ©8 Sx Sor? Sales girl Here you are, sir Srab6 oi @6, 46 Barros Customer ; How much does it cost? SF SE dd a oH? d08 89 bt? 70 24 Kobe (55 3) sof Soh 5) Sales girl Customer : Sales girl That's three hundred and fifty six rupees and we have a special discount 10% less on cottons as summer offer. Sh G PoE wo H$ 28) HLS woG Odd H5 2 WR BeOS Sh 10% BH GS wos) aired SAYS ex. @8 356 Sraraben, 34D e5 Bots 10% Adyotw axyayan. Well, I would like to try it on? 35, © HE BS e GB sh os? Sx aNBO Sh srxtooers. Sure sir, go straight and turn right, you will find the dressing room. Sog6 85, HF Row woG o8) 5 aim OF HoE 6 (GRyOA Sedo, SHHow 45, SSP SHHESHY BOAS [GAjoM Gro SNHRQS. (After some time...) (6§5 %5) Bo......) Gos VHS Shard...) Customer : Sales girl Customer : Sales girl Customer : Ok, please pack it for me 6.3, 25 2x5 a5 $5 D £8, SdbSa a Sy8 dabod. Here is your bill sir. You can collect the packet at the counter after paying the bill. SrahS se& ciwSE AT SE. din BS 88§ & arse ot & FowE eH5 Bovoh 6 aE. ab DS AAAS 86, SnHFosbE* Cay BOOS SySSe woes sey, Thank you, madam. Bye. pokes, Sse. B. Good-bye sir, please visit again E-8 HE, SF O25 ofS EB X65, BOA Sobdao& Sure oy Sayhow 24 ose (35 G) afi $08 5° 71,$98 Burge? Bdosing v8 By dzsn feo words Ged OMB, SUMOS' WEA SOIHG,t OSSEW Bowrdies Patient: Good evening, Doctor. BRS : ME SDVIH, oss. aA 1 SchaBo, w¥Erres, Doctor : Good evening, please be seated. oes GE GedD0A, SS O ABE. Stop : SthaySo, sshd. Patient : Thank you. Toses SSqden Doctor : What's your Trouble? are) As oend? & od a8? Patient: I haven't been feeling well for two days. © x00 JS HOOK 3d 5 ex GH. Sot Sorenrr merirgo Horr See. Doctor : Tell me, what exactly your problem is? BE d, a5 Arps ainsS Ero ws ? De ar DM pA sorv Bxjo8? Patient : I have been suffering from indigestion for a long time. © 385 OS SHOR Gk aSASuS $6 D ero BH, Sh errno Hod wdost erSsitoeoaes. Doctor : Any more problems? 2S BrG (BBS)? BOS? Deoar erGenaaie? 72 24 Nob (SS &) aohse & Soh 56) Patient Doctor Patient Doctor Patient Doctor : Yes Doctor, I don't feel like eating anything. I feel pain in stomach lately. And tiredness while work. O85 SY, @ Go $6 BE sof AdGOA. w $5 2 Dons aS KeoS 85. wo& BESS BS SO;oh. ES wgorrty, Dd STodhoiio Se. PQS’ Payer BOS 06 shes, A Wrr CORB xiclo Swer atorosdspo. : All right. Let me check your pulse. Give me your wrist, please. There's nothing wrong with the pulse. Let me check up your blood pressure. B.P. is also normal. Have you had any fever. e065, BS BE dios SE). ASS hoSE 68, SS, 35 S&S SBR woh DES Sd). BS Sb BE Oh ainsi gE BAS. 0.5, GF oS4) WHS 5 cio HE 25 $6. worl, 2b SA oevidsgod. So Boxy ser ato’. TSE So Do St. ds o& (HE BE Baex. OO Sow Koes CYS. Se hos ASPSar ado Soro? : No doctor, But I have had a bad taste in mouth since I have been sick. S wb, oh © 285 SE OD oyG GE aS sPS OH o <85 AS BE. BH WYP, 2A wayHAsxySxood Se Storr coeno8. : O.K as wrth : Thope there is nothing serious Doctor. © 885 dE cS SG0R Seah mys. DY wey OQo rsrootrm ory6. : No, Nothing serious, I am prescribing an Antacid syrup which has to be taken 2 spoons before each meal, and the capsule twice aday for 3 days. 24 oe (SF 3) an 5%, E8oh 5) 73Patient Doctor Patient Doctor Patient Doctor S, S@0R L60b%, w@ diro WRPoh airS crowRs! HOS OS HE ew D EBS 2 4m 8) SHE HS WS: woG 3 spied BS od 66 8 EH. ©%) BY aeha sre. dow dx 28 HUH sd. GSS Hoth Snot 2 Boren rod. sripgS Sere Tors SPSS arth Steven arciod. : Shall I attend my regular job, Doctor? BE 2 OBE BrogoG ard, og5? ax a HS yoss Sthser, wX5? : Why not, just take it easy gentleman, you will recover soon. BPs, af OF aed sed BOSSEPE cin OS OSSE HS. SRP Bese, dodo Bort DiyS*Sod Hire Senooert. : What about my regular food doctor? wd OFS B Oryob HE wX5? Basa 3 HHS ex85 Dhabo Sod wESret? : Avoid spicy food, Drink milk and have milk products as much as you can. sSaronk BILGE, oS Md, eo& LS sd) E6g) CirS SoS dirs ci 88. Boireren Shodod. dren, So Sormen asyys Sias'od. : Ok Doctor, Good bye! 83 wX5, 06 5! wot HES Po, SEI! : Bye! 3 BTA. DS Bb? BSotind 8 BY dep 45 (Posse sods (8,000 sq. mls) Gob, PHHS,H SHSS9,6 som, Djaoawen Personal letters (araexipeo Paper & ® erhod® GES% station, Date @rairD wod Ais Dwardr letter SE8H rh, wa Soir. asp station Soars » (Comma) a0n°8. Date Sthars - (Full stop) aod SGorS salutation wo8 SoS SoSo letter aS 580 wey Sotwo8, oar: My dear Dad (@oSBS TayrPd)) My dear uncle, (@obWs arcron/svsvaiye) Dear brother, (Haogos BWesiwosx) My dear daughter Subhagya, (obgos Hr sperrGe) My dear Pradeep (WahQs BASS) Sars Body of the letter raid. wod So O DxairQ, S850 YP BOLE ciroihotmayar oy rar. Leave taking @08 fox SiiyS sto OSE aserd smAodoyped db Wavgos dy [pabghs Hxwreoe Yours loving son 2a [aco SWABS eosirtoe Yours loving daughter 2» [axa (HorSS Hird Yours friendly b> Hw 585 Affectionately yours, friendly yours anéBs Deorv Seer Yours affectionately Yours affectionate son PrabSey, ser eres Gots dots Sos¥o dubsed soewod. ak dd Puayo So S7 Personal letters % asys ayrnsn. 74 * 24 ob& (SSB) ach H8oh FH) 24 Hows (SSB) w * 808 5°) 75,do (HBO BHD SoHow SAN (Erin S$Bo Vijayawada, 11-07-2002. Dear Venu, How do you do? Hope you receive this letter in good spirits and fine health. It's quite a long time, we both have met. How did you write your examinations? I invite you to our place for this summer vaction. Our friends are also expecting you, here in these holidays. We are planning to have a picnic along with you in these holidays. Write a reply about your visit to here, so that I could pick you up at Railway station. Yours loving friend, Prabhakar. Address ; Mr. Venu Gopal A. S/o. Raghuramaiah, 22.23/3-4, Brodipet, GUNTUR o Sh858 Tor b wGs68 dw Sab woingys oga SSP wGsrS8 leave letter der submit dairO wSS ayiped too. 2S Vijag, 8-2 To 8-8-2002. The Branch Manager, XYZ co., Ltd., Vijayawada-10. Respected Sir, As Iam having an important personal work, Iam unable to attend the office. Hence I request that | may be granted leave for three days from today. i.e from 13-8-02 to 15-8-02. Thank you Sir, Faithfully yours, RamaRao. B, Sales Executive. 76 24 Hob ($5 S) sof 80h 5°) 2, Sister marriage ES) exdeQ008 6 days leave apply Sasso. Vijag,. 8-8-2002. From Raghuram. v., unior Accountant, ABC ltd., Vijayawada. To The Accounts Manager, ABC co., Itd., Vijayawada. Sir, We are going to attend our sister's marriage held at Vijayawada on 9th of this month. Being the elder brother I have to attend and see the arrangments a little bit earlier. Hence in this account I request you to grant five days leave from today ie from 20-8-02 to 24-8-02. I also request you to grant permission to leave over the station. Thanking you Sir, Very faithfully yours, RaghuRam. V. Application for a correspondent clerk's post To ® 1/11-A/116-FG, Rayapuram, Chennai, 25th July, 02. Sir, Having seen your advertisement in todays Hindu for an experienced correspondent clerk, I beg to offer my service for the appointment. Lhave had over twelve years of office work experience, having been employed by Messrs. Harty and co. of Chennai for five years, and having for the last four years served as correspondence clerk to Messrs, Rama and Co, Chennai, in whose service still Iam. I beg to enclose copies of testimonials from my former as well as my present employers, and to refer you to them for any further information you may wish to have regarding me. Hoping that my application will be favourably considered. 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