IHTaG. WAN “PIT “14d Qsnoy Buyysyqng jeuoneussquy “yy; | 2 ug | meyiaeug ‘S's + NOILIGS HLUNOS 2002-008 $] 12d se poyjaw) a}e1g j]WIT 4g SZYNLINULS T7aLS JO NDISIOx Contents inthe Plane Perpendicular to the Plane of Group of Bolts 5.20 Shear Cepaity of HSEG Bolts 3.21 Tension Resistance of HSFG Bolts tion Formula for Combined Shear and Tension vantages of Welded Connections pes Important Specifications for Welding Design Sueses in Welds ection in Design Stresses for Long Joints Eccentic Connection —Plane of Moment andthe Plane of Welds the Same mbned Axial and Shear Suess 'Bxcentic Comnection-Moment at Right Anges tothe Plane of Weld esign of Tension Members 1 Design Strength of a Tension Member 52 Design Procedure 53 Tension Member Spice 54 Lag Angles ‘Compression Members aire en — Strength ‘Tables for Design Stress (65. Shapes of Compression Members Contents 6.6. Design of Compression Members Plastic Moment Canrying Capacity ofa Section sification of Cross-Sections ly Supported Beam Shear Strength of a Laterally Supported Beam Deflection Limits lied Meio forthe Desig of nae Pain Design of Grillage Beams 85. Design of Small Moment Resistant Connections 86. Design of Large Moment Connections Design of Welded Beam Connections ‘Framed Connections ‘Welded Unstiffened Seat Connection 93, Stiffened Welded Seat Connections 94 Moment Resistant Welded Connectionsat apomsoeSursoxda poe woyonnsuoo wy soeds Stats Tews s yuauyS mons aso om ‘Sms Bj wok sous un sod oan YI sey “| Pu J0MNO JoAO [ars Jo soeeApe ayy, S3UNLONULS T33LS 40 SZOVANVAGYSIC GNV SIOVINVAGY ZL enw samionns fos wounao9 24a Smo, ‘¥UL semanas soy-ommoo om Bonnet osm st 20 sm od suans YBN seq ee SaUNLONULS 13515 NOWWOD LL “poem fuouso® 5 ff atazO0o pu [pt Jo dononasto> asco sams IU PIs 1 2:94 Jo sou sary ‘ans ep wessaud om so Apoq ure Ye42MoH{ Pam az wmmmuye 09 ‘}a.eUe9 paslopas proves ‘Heweo ‘Souq ‘Se HORS SoHSASE 4H ERE Moe panos? om 0} spel mn ujuna oy, ‘posn jou syeuoqeur Saag Aesomoain oy ames omy pu pune 2 oy Sees pannysuen am uo Super ape ey NOILINGOYLNI LA Design of Stel Structures ofovng in conton ine 7 pal sructaes can be seigtenéd a any Inter time, if necessary. It needs just welding ad- aa ton ana i etn ym are te sites quickly. 6 Ijin are taken care itis he best water and gas resistant struct, Hence canbe used for raking water tanks also 7. Material i reusable. ‘The disadvantages of see! structures are: 1 This susceptible to corrosion. | 2. Maintenance cost shih, since it needs painting to prevent corrosion 5. Steel members are cost. 1.3: TYPES OF STEEL i manganese, sul- Steel is an alloy of iron and carbon. Apart from carbon by adding small percentage of manganese, aaa st crue nel coppet seal ropes can be inpared iron ana vase of alscan be produced. Te effet of different chemical constituents on tel are generally s follows: 6) tnaase unt oerbn an manganese mpart higher ene strength and els pro eersva wer daa which ismore dicta weld. Fanaa ara apr: bond 006 percent inpans bene, fos wedi “P tyand ge seg " ne it ap omoron existance propery fo elt improves resistance o igh emperaue ai : Sig empea anyof cope aso incense te resistant cordon ighly varying chil comoston various types of sels ae manufactured to be used 2s Oo acne shes, sips, relfoeement for RCC, rivets, bls, nus and for welding, inthis chapter any steal tel {Fe gel sed forthe moet ofr Sel aewors eine ct ‘Structural steel may be mainly classified as mi ‘The structural steel ns are used to form, Introduction 3 increasing the carbon content, Standards of high tensile lity steels which are recommended by IS 2007 are ID and E450 (Fe 590)E. As per IS 800-2007, the structural struction, coming under the purview shall conform to IS 2062 i.e, to weld- Structural steel other than those specified under mild ste! and high tensile steel conforming to weldable quality may also be used provided thatthe permissible stresses and other design provisions are suitably ‘modified and the stel table for the type of fabrication adopted Steel (ordinary quality supported by mill test result may be permitted to be used for unim= portant member, W perties such as ductility and weldability do not affect te performance requirements ofthe structure asa whole, ‘In this book mild stet (structural stel-standard quality) and high tensile steel of weldable quality (con- forming 1 1S 2062) are considered fr the design. 1.4 PROPERTIES OF STRUCTURAL STEEL ‘The properties of steel required for engineering design may be classified as Physical Properties Mechanical Properties. Properties: Imespectve of its grade physical properties of stecl may be taken as given 2.2.4 of IS 800-2007) ‘mass of stel, p = 7850 kg/m G= 0.769 x 10° Nim yermal expansion, a = 12x 10°C. Gi) Mechanical Properties: The following are the important mechanical properties in the design: (@) Yield suessf, (8) The tensile or ultimate stress f,.Posonsedoid vou sous asp uf spdop aumes aq 0} 20018 are ySrom nos9pP EIU ajqetfeAe ae suonaas ou0 Bt pe (eee) mpd Aq pamorog Baoj9 Ky uo oy sna om Aq PotaBisap ae SuonDoS 3534] ueog woH225+ fan w sos [1 aL, ‘AHSI~sumaq {102} pmpueis wpa (2) ‘EMST- sueog ouey-opi4 PrEPURS werpUT (P) ‘EINSL—Suog uMIPOWY prepaEs MEIPAT (2) Ist ~sweog 871 pxIpINS weIPU(@) ‘FSI — sureoq soFane prepueys werpu (P) ‘mIpUT uy pamper are suonDos-| jars porfr Jo Sous oay SayNoToS om, WoR99s-| 19935 Pajoy 1s"L “suonoos jas poqior snows Jo sonsadosd oxqowoo8 puw wySuoy anout sod yBiom ‘suoisuounp FouIMOU aal8 $2190) [95 s oponpauy -wo[a ps ae paminaynarssuopoos os poanjo edt EA sos yoedy 5 wao1r ae swonoos fey Yong pabe ae spo Jf wa oH we sos ay 18 OH “aap 3 wou ae suONas pals HOS “OND ao nyse AOE ae SUEIN Pas HAS PP a [peed ore suonass pays Aue “omaurey [aois a0 2% ea -29s panbos as psi parabas ap of samy oon Se 2257 Po} pw saa wT ‘p8u pu saz ‘sadeys prepare Jo suon295 oa1g “edeys pauinbootu ou paw i ou TEM! ‘yBny Sian spoon Joos oom ‘os wo seo 2q youNED az pre adeys Aue Jo wor} [pans 312009 ° Tearyongso 1p Jo sopsadard yoqueysou SOA LOOT aca so]dunes vo sist aston SupanpuoD Ay peuunzrep are Soqodondsoyno etn ‘Ssouyo0} yo} °F -ssomyinon yON ue yiSu2] ane prepurs wo woreBoop sdewoed wmixeu as ©) sauntonursj201§ fo toy o‘ Design of tel Souctres 450 ISHB 450 @ 0.907 kNim. ee 22 ra Rolled ste! channel sections are designated by the series to which they belong, followed by depth (in smi) and weight (in KN). eg, ISMC 300 @ 0.351 kNin polled Steel Angle Sections JT tailed into the following tw series: (q) lntina Standard Equal Angle ISA (@) Indian Standard Unequal Angle ~ ISA. Figur 13 shows typical etions Introduction 7 T 1 He 4 Long Leg 4 | tes al = i di ua | a i angle, (b) Rolled steel unequal angle. Figure 13 of equal and unequal angles are same. Rolled stel equal and unequal angles are des- ies name ISA followed by length and thickness of legs eg: 1.5.4 Rolled Steel Following five seri ‘Standazd Normal Tee bers — ISNT. ‘Standard Heavy flanged Tee bars - ISHT ‘Standard Special Legged Tee bars -ISSL (@) Indian Standard Light Tee bars ~ISUT (©) Indian Standard Junior Tee bars—ISIT. ‘A typical Te section is shown in Fig. 14 ‘These rolled steel sections are designated by the series to which they belong followed by depth and weight per metre length. e.g: ISNT 60 @ 53.Nim ‘As per IS 808-1984, the following Tsections have also been adopted:‘$1 -Big m amoys se suopaos dn anqyo sso deur 0 bonaae 1 prepuns 9 Ku uns weg ‘fda Jog uoxp Jo woNEUIQWOD ‘¥s0 suonnas aygeteae 20 P 9 pos ans fo Jo Saguou ay 29H ‘sos pur sods E20 uy pas of pamoxynumu sang :adbys pun 96 “| ‘sn81s9q| ONDSUIOD “y ssompray wnuMUT “¢ ‘Suppo -Z deus pur azig “] sop [pass op ut pagmbat am suopsopiuoo yeroads Burwoqoy 241 NDISaq 741 NI SNOLLVEGISNOD TWIDZdS 9°1 “tu 9f Semon Joe PpURS LEAT 2pyH UT 9g SUEOWO] IST Og so seuponn pus ast san2] 49 pamonos ppt Aa poeuisop are Ay “um $2 x 052.188 south pur tppE Aq pamoy ON eM patou 39 Kw sup pow ‘petgaee oe suonoos sou. “souyoRN Poe MPLA 49 poMCjTOS LSS Se PrEasop st Sduns aaNs Payoy e's'L “90001 $8 sono pu pps By Aa pomopoy Tas Aa orEssop ame ‘9057 ‘00z2 ‘000% “OSCt ‘Ort ‘00 ‘06 “08 “ott ‘0¢9 ‘095 ‘00s ‘ose ‘oor ‘Sse ‘OzE ‘ose “sz 6 oyompomyy ‘uu 98 “LL "E995 ‘0S ‘SOF ‘VE ‘ZEBU‘St'ZZ ‘07 a] q@HRAe are Sossamon 3u:a0} mop os yruoyoos amp paw sedi ¢ seq oqna wa gp # “2}darexs 20 wuarapip ove a2 snsaond THOR. "taeoq po v1 Seon om 99241 SSBUERD RW CORT Fa aot aq, AEH A IN ‘youre ‘sossoja sop ove a30up 2218 yoea UT “Saz1s tog yeuTaION oY Aq pone=P sagnP91S PANU 9°5°L oust 91 OUST pe 3p :8'9 syoq anenbs jo 2689 UF MPLA OPIS 9 28 POL panotey DssI PE seq puna: osneo wr srorep Ag pono OST Aa perenaHp am mA 9 Pe eerpay (4) “DssI~ sweq anes PATS: ‘Oust —s79 pomog HEPES HP (®) ‘sous om 2 cepa 2828 PH omaeenorey monet ea 2215 POU SSL wones fis pao. wT aan a -saumonurg pots fo wBtsoqsnes the cite ofthe section of a member is governed by the shape ofthe other member and the aan es the to members. 5s sectional area ofa steel member there are chances of lateral buckling which creates steel member consists of a numberof thin plates, the stability ofeach partis to lose Eee for buckling phenomenon, codes specify that part of sections be taken as bbe considered. To sunt ineffective. es sic: Cem esp canst i ansin my roti ag pecetage reson neve sen, Hence Le icc tense manos fre a aes following minimum thickness is to be used: fectly exposed vo wea te following asf cleing and pining 6 Sif cleaning nd painting ~ 8 mm. oo doo rl er scons hes ado ome ht (©) Tae shone 5 800-2007, has dropped the specification for minimum hikes. 4. Need for Designf Cmmections: A tel designs not complet if the following connections ae not designed: ven various standard sect a) Connecns we vai io ‘Connentionsbtneen various members (ike for a member , column, foundation et.) ofthe structure. Introduction u ‘The following three types of connections are commonly used: (@) Riveted Connections (@) Bolted Connections (©) Welded Connections However now-a-days riveted connection is being given up. 1S 800-2007 recommends use of welded connection, But bolted connections ae required when various components are fabricated separately and are assembled atthe site to get required structure. 1.7 LOADS Various loads expected to act on a structure may be classified as given below: (@) Erection Loads (ER) (0) Accidental Loads (AL) (8) Secondary Effeets, (@) Dead Loads: Dead loads include the ing weight of roofs, floors, floor fnishes, Permanent construction. For example, in a build- cohumns, footing, architectural finishing materi- by estimating the quantity of each material ight of various materials in a structure are given in sample, under the heading “brick masonry’ ithas four ‘pes like common clay bricks, engineering bricks, glazed bricks and pressed bricks. Under the heading plain concrete there are 10 groups. The commonly used values are listed in Table 1.2, {tis tobe noted that under dead load self weight ofthe strcture being designed also shouldbe included. Since, without design, the self weight is not known, this is estimated from reference to similar other ‘Table 1.2 Unit weight of important building materials{1 ge ur poyuaoud are sood sous uo pasopisuco oq 01 Speo}24F] ;PoMSse 29 0} axe sonjen aq) ue avounKsess220U ‘a2 Pow Sones son a9 2m YH £1 24 W ows ae Songenyumuodat 9 3 a0 as apnea ae masy roma raonmeo j= a “Aysooumyuns 328 0} posops00 29 JOU prnoys tIO9 IN UBISap 24110} paIOPIEIOD 39 01 St BAND IO san gona ono 24, "spe0] porenuzou00 Jo von sod stom pe poinguastp Amoym tpod 30} pare Loe n -s2nu 24 01 2e saamans 2 “spe0] porEnwa9EeD se Hom se Poo] porngunsipAyuuoyKun sox 2p0o aL nisr ee a vee me serps upyng quent tialy vase “er s8qpimq evga, nase . sBupingyeooneonp ney sen ‘soos yd par suoos sof ss.09 seoq ssog Boqfop-sSampg fenuopsry (2) add :uoneoyisse|a Kouedna0e Suso},0j 2430} speo] Jo snyea am sani poo at. “ “vam 2004530 anou azenbs 20} ponuasad ae sonyea asa, Boring om jo-a9n papaya aq uodn spasd>P i -L861-(2 wed) 59 ST HY WAS ae pounese 0401 sonea MUTE a “Sap ap Spey Je 20 wae 3 “ous ap porns Kens 29 0 axe spoo] as aman 30 Byam pur spen SP 2401 Jo ngaM ‘suoxsd amp Jo wom om a Buping Nise una wpe ‘soos fy sre !speo| pasodan se spe0] Suumosoy amp sos 1007-008 SI “PPT pasod ‘us9pau oy Atessooou panos you 5} ‘Saunonus Jo Aayofes 40g poutnbos sj uBisopas‘Jonueisgns sy soustayyp ax “Snyea pareumisa yun pasedasco pre poyenoT™ 99 Au 1 uBisop oy Bunoqdwios 1oyy “souayndye ised wo paseg aejnutig peoutdua &q 10 samioas ‘avoplsioo 9 oF Peo] aay MUTT Ds ouonpamuy saunsonas ers fo wStsoq a € 8Table 1.4 Live loads on various types of coof SLNe. Type of Root Flat loping © carved root with slnges up 0208 cing degrees (@) Access provided @ (©) Access not provided excep for Sloping roof with slope geste than TO degrees @ Curved oof with ope of ine bined by joining singing poiat to the erowa withthe Dorion), geste han 1 degrees oyssasdi 9 0q At ‘Paap jpeons94 29 1 pe}20] 390} spn m5 pasa 52015 Pot ea, GHA pa Jo dea ww aos 14, anes pan seo open maps Re, (9 : mojo uaa st suyss0ud om jo ond st mionns wo peo] pave Sueno 30 simap six) Saprece 30 toe om toda spasdap 20} pam 2,0 oh “Bunning occa PAM Jo euodoo (enoztog om Kq Pode 2910 94K, spre puiy (9) 371 099 a ow se 5296 84 SPW G99 te ou HEHE SN See et re soe wt syste NT ‘Sepensnieg poe sadeed uo speo} razon ST age, a oponpeay ee ‘aoe pia psy quo 78 05 () 0 1 2 0) peo yrdn poanqusip Apion wise 0 pouthsop B09} so pa 6/8 wonepoR TY 420 40} 30 [wos Aq Pourexe amssaud omy “apeut 99 Kom inp, oystaoxd (sed ywowo ‘me ors oun jo seam gen yee POL sp Jo Wouta]2s 0} ued saz -wontrapi09 or oko sto on aeons HE ‘Pue sautat wo 20105 puts 2tp SuBOpIsUOd IN 6) 0/60 puma fen HI Sse ai “ampnns ap Jo uontoo] om uodn Suspuodap tz gy pus ¢ doompq se Ft : pimore yop 20 Jo sa 2, rc or 90 sn ee 1a spoo| gag 0 eo} a4 Prono so usop 2m ur pasopisuca 29 a 29 ec “PN P90] 91 90 40 MoUs or np peo} Ie 9305 paudsep 99 PrN 001 ERP posi o OUS! Po, 8 (F Zaye amar ae clee oe moos ee i su Je a i ray ge nee ad IT 1097} MEP Wo 30 (7H) NOURyY aoMIySTGeISg KpmS SoqoUECAY pu. eae pa 99 Aeu suofdos waszyp20jsonjen sou, “susp oBesane sy} pus fepaousoateynane: = -spon jo yop uma 2 Jo wopequns yo ae eo pando amy oe pe oe 5503) = uv nesopnateiS = 77 "3001 30 wane wey 30 pon MOUS = S a ” sunonas 120s fo wSisoaDesign of Steel Structures i ively sl races fr which aay be uber of ies ofesinportanc ndtv coum Tig ee rr provera sale rca te len i ane For xa non itl yd and bE 0 eS gtr istoaet stain guidelines to take care of the following accidental operand colision ssposios and ‘he probaly of ecuence of sch loads may be quite less but if toes the consoqunss ae seve, Introduction 19 (i) Incr ax Coxisions: Common sources of impacts are + Vehicles + Dropped object from cranes ifs etc. . if failures fragments. ives codal requirements for internal gas explosions, The last type of explosion given idered in designing air raid shelters. lring fre should be considered. To find thermal effect during fire any one ofthe following methods may be used: + Time temperature curve and required fie resistance (minutes) ot + Energy balance method. (8) Secondary Effects: The following types of secondary effects should be looked int the design: fesigner has to look into various loads likely to act during the life ofthe structure, He as to look Thus de ‘tothe following codes: ‘ode of practice fr structural safety of buildings. Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures. Standard specifications and code of practice for road bridges‘tarp orenbope any pros (2) “uogonnsaoo s2ye put Zoumnp suoneuUoyop ‘eyes Jo asap aweradoxde we qh 241 Popa 4 Baump KuoyoeysteseuzopOd Im poudisop Buioq ‘imanays oq eM} 06 sHoquuott oq} Jo step uoR22uU9 pue az odeys aproop 0} sf UBisep Jo ute ony AHdOSOUHd NDISZG O1L “(29 coat 10H aoupi0.08 0 pos oq oF 5 Au MAK houy eUouK(p) ‘Pauajel 9q Kew L002-008 S1J0 € aMXSUUY strep Jompmy sO. “wouepunos EK WoRrEAIA] (14) soquodond yousyeus enon Buraonoy oq mosoe ov aye [TNS IsKouR oy, “soUTE, Jo sso Jo moraeyaq Temoe ap fapousAfyEIND9R OF MALOYS 09 ro sTSATENE ap aptAnnd no pa4IED 94 eur stséjoue yess pooueape we ‘suransox yee ty I oumE & 104 aq 01 SOVES YU SNOUEA 2, ‘ar soaemoyd prods am pga 5800 0 ona a fy poo orem a 71 savas awit 27 en “ssdao0aeuonsodaxi 0) pope 29 proys sop ape yu ie supa a0 “woddns 201 Samp 200 9 suds 09 30 vonoamp om pasoyoue anna 99 pno4s 0 Joo ease ‘nonoarp tee Ae, 'm Supra xp monamp pornqznsp 99 prog Spey avozuoy 810 oI oO] ‘ends 29 0430 akoge 00g a pear PE Pep FT 2 3038s 2p 04 pnb aatny asus Busta 30 aygede> aq pros soyds aun TY “aunjeo aif tt wossaudo> ype nue a Jo ased ooo (8) ‘ Ton 8 ©} poysofqns 20403 af1su9) poroodx> (0) ores ‘ yoxe 291 Soe poy PH noqs suopa09 Seino am asde00 revonsodaxip pone aL ame Bor ™ a ‘pus aunjeu auaueubed yo peo} posodtat|jrg 10 Kresodway sour £0 Peot pep am sama ‘4 yenbo peo} e 22pun “1 sojoq 10 oAoge Joypia [2x2] SuruIofpe U0 pure JoAoy TET) 7 ap asour Jt ‘avewonsodosdstp parapisuos st asdoyi°> LL “aangnus ejnped 2p 0} yoEA2a4 Se Np -so0xd uowansysuoo pus ampasaid Bunreep pue Buea “use ojquuns Buso04 (0) “pEezE an a UH seunionas pays fo wsiseqDesign of Steel Structures 30 Principles of Limit Site Design 31 ‘Table 2.2 Partial saery factors for materials 7p, (at eee eee feed cee aang renee te a eet aa en E ee Tenant 2.4 DESIGN STRENGTH sng sent value of a materi for design, the following uncertainties should be accounted: nose (ots ofuntivourbl deviation of materi eng fom the characte ve e ‘unfavourable variation of member sizes. age ca aon Caan 1100-2007, recommends reduction inthe strength of materials by a partial safety factor ty se wich is defined 85 2.5 DEFLECTION LIMITS Detein ii i caus eto ecified from the consideration that excess deformations do not cause damag ee to be checked to adverse bu realistic combination of service loads and their fishing | ‘arrangement. Elastic analysis may be usd to find deflection. Design load for this purpose is the same 8s characteristic load (i.e. partial Safety factor y= 1.0) except when apart from DL, LL, CL and some ‘more imposed loads are considered (Refer Table 2.1). ‘The deflection limits specified by 1S 800:2007 areas shown in Table 2.3 [Refer next page) 2.6 OTHER SERVICEABILITY LIMITS ‘Apart from deflection requirement, the design should also satisty the following serviceability limits: such cases there are possibilities of resonance, 1S 800-2007 gives a set of guidelines to take care of vibration limits in its Annex C.“spy (pa110) wisp pe spooy ansU=EIEGD (3) roa Apps ened pu Apes 30, ‘pBuons jeuoreus sy sroey Ayes penzeg (q) spto} 05 zo095 Aas eg (©) suas; Sujmoqtoy tn ued “p go sojdiouua 2p weidx “1 suopsenp, _opsoox9 joa am soy uy om eq amsus 1 seus esBapng oad por remo {Me ur anq ‘sores jury] yreunnopaud ox oze osom sSmmpjinq 2xn Jo your UI “suOTIIAYOp PUT ‘pauaxs Jo sores. an Jo wtod orp may so apeu az soplouud ualsop “Spreavo Aou ONY on sah oe “cae ony pu Aes sue ys Aovenbope aq pros aonns “Targum poured se (60) Ayes 22.08 2082 Gun (spe] povIoy spo] wap sv woe 29 eu S230} SUR pw Spo] Uap se 99 ps Sou SexgmUs| Ages Jo} BorEOHD UY speo| pores sopun SupyS 0 yi Bot ~t540 0) ap Sgn 405 PROD 9 PORE Rs pa pBoaNS oj amwBaNS eBay SHDSHD ALITIAWIS £7 “soumstsa ary wo assay posadssoipo hue pur 491 St ‘2491 St “1891 SL HA 300re L007-008 ST Jo 91 woRpHE jo Kear aUdIop v sonsagods PaeAP 20,14 yo 9509 aenoeN9 0} woe atm ip uw poem sy amos xp Yor 30} osodid ood 3, -Poodop sou o musa ut poyrods (7a) ona SOURED aN oN oy eos MANS [318 Y soueasisay auld “Aagamp vo aes pos ond Fo pu L007-008 SL $1 Hons uaa suo poo fo) Pos ALY cy oq ows nur fo soydiouag ongrds oomne@PH, ayo ncaa ear wor ye ‘mums copoeds oro 0s saungonun pars fo uBts0q13 BOLTED CONNECTIONS ‘Asteel structures are tobe formed by connecting available standard section there is ned for designing the following connections: ions to form the required composite section of a member (e.g. connecting plates, ls, eseetions eta.) at their ends (e.g. secondary beams to sain beams, beams to columns, columns to footing or members of tusser etc) ‘The design of connections is very important because the failure of joint i sudden and catastrophic. ‘The following tree types of connections may be made in stel structures: (@) Riveted @) Bolted (© Welded. |In this chapter brief introduction is given to riveted connection and detailed design procedure is ex- plained for bolted connections. The design of welded connections i explained in chapter 4, 3.1 RIVETED CONNECTION Riveting is a method of joining together pieces of metal by inserting ductile metal pins called rivets into holes of pieces to be connected and forming 2 head xt he end ofthe rivet to prevent each metal piece ffom coming out. Figure 3.1 shows connecting two plates by riveting. Rivet holes are made in the ‘members tobe connected by punching or by drilling. The size of rivet hole is kept slightly mor 2 mmm than the size of rivet. After the rivet holes in the members i which has a shop made head oo one side and the length of which ti headend, hammering is made. It results into expansion ofthe rivet to completly fil up the ‘vet hole and alo into formation a driven head, Desired shapes can be given to the driven head. The "veting may be inthe workshops or inthe field.O¢ e913 stn bust J0.9eumpfeBON gee foam. M pueIOSEA 9 Poe aK Susu snotea Soytods /p/¢ S| "ead Jo wauaoe|4at ot Poss 309 DASH Jo Sons iL ose speO| uN 0 po}ooLqns SoqMSu}2o0UCDO| POs 9 HED SHO9 Ys Sued Yrol aw oBoddys-on ow syns sy, Sueoys Aue 0} PotofGNs JOU S09 ey Jo ATES 34, “Saas Pr raquo ofp woemtog 20405 enonouy a payssou dread 5 1 peo ButRaq of Porat gas SL Mof a 1 s0%49p Suxdeayo Sutsn £9 poprsoxd aze sn uonppe uy pun sioquious amp dusk Kory ippe Syog pawny/paysiury ‘swore Suump pasmbar suonsomoo Amsodios Jo} ose pue sue moi oss sys sree 28 Fan SION Hy] 5 posn ase yoo se KHUN Og} BUEN ae pueNA/N OZ St Seam pee uous jo Buans Pay aq, suoR=Hp eo mse 500 amb RA Sop ‘orgs rzne Jo aoe aay oqo eons moO YBNgE You A! oqo Pay ae ‘Slea Pe9 Jo SES sy “509 Jo sjourEp oxTON ee Ake apeRt are S3}0q payouU0D 9q oy siM|D #29 (La) $9€1 S12 "EHC OH'OIN 5 pues ae somo oun eau 9 we 2 * cmp) me Jo oq oe MnO, oqo nor Pogermyn Yo] sfueys au, "peoy yeuodex 20 abs yp spar [sos pu Woy opeml az jog as, sulog »peja/paystuyun, ms A o suoyoouer ponog mo pur og EAN Pam ‘syog (04SH) dup sonouy puns YT ©) ‘siog (own) paysturs (4) ssjoa Cera) poRsTEDSA (8) “se pomp a 09 “og rude sons 7'¢ omfg spue papeanp amp mma ant TNH PoP ero om or soj04 yBnonp woxp Zunsasur Kq sjeu yo s2oetd somyadon Buruof 405 pasn ore SyoR We ‘antooat o} Jopuo Ur JoRyO ain 78 Papeam UTS pus pus ono ye pouLog peod w qn TIE THOM e st.HOR SNOILDANNOD GaLTO8 Z'E ‘ord rp posing yrs ogsemo® Ps HJ arp joazou jo peysut a.m 210q yas se uae 2g Kem sont Jo 32}9mEIp oaNDALS oN eH "uonzeauoo payoq 30f yp se ames st suxjsousoo ayant 20} ompanondwSisaq “IRA yo ae pooeydas ‘neq (OSH) 109 du8 uonaug qBUaNS Gry Jo UoNonpon pu FAAS pp Jo wORENpONL |S} 809 moe] (3) “éqsoo sf s0nu pares Sso0d BuMAouIL "yuom pots © 5 oro Jo won PMs “10 ps 1 ng gp Bu space spn 100 J oso] By em presse st (©) ssofmueapestp Buumoyog arp sey Bunaany 9 samonus ts fo wBjsoqrs Design of Steel Structures 3.3 CLASSIFICATION OF BOLTS BASED ON TYPE OF LOAD TRANSFER atte bass flea taser in th connection ots maybe lsd as (a) Bearing Type ©) Frision Grip Type fsa lack) bol and fished (ume) bots belong to beaig pe since they tafe sear vee fom ue member 1 ther mene by bering, whereas SG bolts belong to son gip pe vie they taser shea by fon, pavantages of SFG Bolts Over Bearing Type Rols 7 bls hve de illowiag advantage over unfinished or finished bls: takes place in the joint by fiction, the bolts are not subjected to shearing and bearing stresses. 3. High static strength due to high frictional resistance. 3 “4. High fatigue strength since nus are prevented from loosening and stress concentrations avoided due to fiction grip. 5, Smaller umber of bolts result into smaller sizes of gusset plates pisndvantages of HSIG Bolts ‘oe folowing are the disadvantages of HSFG bolts over bearing type bolts: 1, Material costs high, 2. The special attention isto be given to workmanship especially to give them right amount of tension. 34 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS. vantages of bolted connections over riveted or welded connections: 3, Needs less labour. 1. Alterations, if any, can be done easily. 8, Working area required in the fed is less. Bolted Connections 9 antages of unfinished (black) bolt connections are listed here, However it may be noted that Aisodvantages are overcome by using HSFG bolts. 1. Tensile strength is reduced considerably due to stress concentrations and reduction of area at the root ofthe threads. 2. Rigidity of joints is reduced due to loose ft, resulting into excessive deflections. 3. Ducto vibrations nus are likely to loosen, endangering the safety ofthe structures. 3.5 TERMINOLOGY ‘The following terms used inthe bolted connections are defined below: 3 centre to centre spacing of the bolts in «row, measured along the own as ‘pin Fig. 3.3. ce (g):Itis the distance between the two consecutive bolts of adjacent rows and 4s measured at right angles tothe direction of load. (Ref. ig. 3.3) Sea Figure 33 Pitch, gouge distance and edge distance. the distance of centre of bolt hole from the adjacent edge of plate (Ref. the distance of the nearest bolt hole from the end of the plate (Ref. Fig 33). 5. Staggered Distance: tis the centre to centre distance of staggered bolts measured obliquely on ‘the member as shown in Fig. 3.4 Figure 3.4 Bolt dittance in staggered bolts.0m 5 ©) :mojoq pods se sonodnoo sy oud 1 wi} a uo ppraad 24 01 age janus Burfoe ‘sjocuEyo 10 S294 Jo sojce 10 ‘Spey omy Jo dn opeut Joquiot w 0 95v0 UN “g “ream 01 posodaa are sm voxd 29 pos soa Bun}R S00 “Sp Bp umyceu we souese wBisop Smpriosd saye spooox yiduaued Jo ony () “mojeq poytoods se poprnosd aq pynoys stows Sur|o ane soq euopIppE ‘sau wSisop yo wonERpuoD aq way oq poumbas ap wo Edy“ ‘Suen afs09 oy posodxa ‘ed porsouno9 ammo sO BYA Ty + OF () pooo%9 104 pyys()s00rmp 38po uma 9 ove pur wks yo aug ayo pay Jo sew SIUM 209 ma sp mo sumy py 0 pamqsJo aeo wm s-ump 3 NI 5 “3915 sauaqony ums 997 20 9+ oO ue a10U 990 PIONS 3, WpBU2] aed oy,“ ‘suoyooue poyog smot ng soy de aan We Sta gow) s0epms Goyang a oy aed Jo MPI aap sou $1 Jo soup © 25 psy on potouusas 99 OFS oud wn ST NG JO 99 “¢ en ua 89 1 2omep Bre popenoid aaoge poytoadssonyea o osatod os hq paseatou 9 Sem od youd passes Jo oF] (2) oe aunty d . - —d Fur! sso apn i og 9 I (ore Bia) sequin woop jo somo ns say stoquius uosaidano o ae uy 9 1 s5HoMoIYM"IOE9ZI0 ZL A) seaming 4 SS = —s Pour ssa sayy 2091 = wep ayout 9900 “Yo yo serourpjeorou amp stp, atau SZ uaN S50} 24200 Sa10H 1108 40 SADNVLSIG 3943 GNY ONIDVdS HOS SNOLIVISIDIdS 002-008 Si 9°€ seunsonus fats fo uBio oFa: Design of Steel Sructures 3.7 TYPES OF BOLTED CONNECTIONS ‘Types of joints may be grouped into the following two: In this ype of emesis, th wo min plats st gant ach ther andthe coneton made by providing a single cover plate connected to main plate or by double cover plates, one one ‘connected tothe main plates (Ref. Fig 3.10) mm (0 Zig-mg bois ‘Types of lap joints Bolted Connections a CELE CSTE] # = (2) Single cover but join (©) Double cover bt joint Figure 3.10 But joins 3.8 TYPES OF ACTIONS ON FASTENERS Depending upon the types of connections and loads, bolts are subjected to the following types of actions: Only one plane subjected to shear hear) Shear and moments in the plane of connection (O Shear and tension, ‘These cases ae shown in Fig. 3.11, 3.9 ASSUMPTIONS IN DESIGN OF BEARING BOLTS ‘The following assumptions are made in th |. The friction between the pate: ible 2. The shear is uniform over the cross-section ofthe bolt 3. The distribution of stress on the plates between the bolt 4. Bolts in a group subjected share the load 5. Bending stresses developed in the bolts is neglected. fiction exists between the plates as they are held tightly by bots, side inthe design. is not uniform in working conditions. Stresses are very high near bolthotes. But with ine the fibres near the hole start yielding and hence streses at other parts;poptaoxd are suonepuouroses 4002-008 $} 2d Sessoms poojopo untaom 9J poptoae axe some Supra pow Bazeoys 30 Sansa 29, ae PIE “Sep soe] Jo amady “¢ Bumotioy amp Jo ou0 Aue-oy anp 20103 of'suay sopun yey Kem ‘109 Suuse9q tpLM apeur mol & ur Saye ANIOT W NI SALV1d 40 HIONGULS aTISNAL NOISSG L1"¢ “sjassod se yous se ndoy 9qpynogs wonsouueo Jo uit] ou, “7 “saqu Patoomuoo amp Jo Ayani8 Jo anwua0 ox Ys aproINOD pfnoys syjoq Jo AqARsH Jo onue9 oq “| ‘suojsounno yo isp a9 panoaqo az sedtound Bpaoqos au, NDISAG 3HLNIG3AUSSEO STTdIONIUd OLE (Ponu09) Tg aang umd sur wotour pu ea 1 of wr 6) vou pu aye fan (8) suoqyoouuen payog ‘unis uo suonay 11 aun 16a) meron set oh, 1. ae =P. - ‘ ti = an sain ‘ SS 4 a agp mycaren wet 20g ((p x5) wey 0] Buz poo Jo uonsanp 2p oq Hp PWS nl jonas! Ls Bo mon? we one ET ave ! is aN a p20 1 eo yo wornquspas cp TY oF 24 AA Ie 2B V8 Sameer nog ase Jo oes ene nod 24, ots ope) HL sans por ap scan ware ou ay Aq AS 5 fede Suksres poy aye a pus msoyUn S| uoRNguS sens ap ‘any Busex eS saunyonug prs fo wBiseq udDesign of Stel Structures Bolted Connections 47 Ifthe minimum distances are ensu strength of plate in the joint isthe strength ofthe thinnest member aga venby where Y= partial safety factor for filure at ultimate stress = 1.25 J =ultimatesiress ofthe materi 4n"net effective area of the plate muss =|b-ndy+ SP tefbnnergih = ‘nerf “b= diameer ofthe bolt hole (2 mm in adton tothe dameter ofthe hoe in ease of directly ‘Punched holes) ‘8 gauge lengths between the bot holes (Ref. ‘Ps =slaggered pitch length between lines of bolt holes "”=aumber of bolt holes in the eiticl section 14) may be noted tha, if there is no staggering, p, = 0 and hence, y= (b—ndpcwhich isthe al section shown in Fig. 3.14 3.12 DESIGN STRENGTH OF BEARING BOLTS ‘The design swength of bearing bls under shear ihe least of the following hear cap Bearing ‘Shear Capacity -gth) of Baring Bolts in a Joint Design strength ofthe bot, Vs given by Typ Po Yu "hee Vy Domina sear capacity of bolt and 795 pata safety factor of elo bolaque san jo dep eg ’ «e pat 2901s o9 ae amp aun aw sn Bn sous SoM pseuun om Saeiey oaieooneee -yo9 99 30,900 oon =p ond pur yoga ssons asa aun = 27 “2Io4Jo s2,auEp =p seoumsp yond pur po = dry fee ose oa 2 fy ay Yesase= 94 topes Sapo of wry pany 9 Ar fuss Sane euION, (Cra 571 =1u2IEU Jo :0He Mapes enMd= pum ‘pSuans Suueoq jeurtuon = *y ‘pBuensSameeq wiep= Hy omg *3yoa Jo qatans Buse pay 0) ampecoxd Buoy 2m 8588 (902008 SL (4) sy0g Jo kypedeo Suuswag (4) Hy Ay Ig ty ety ay ID 8O NA Me Hy a) os syoq mJ Ades Bue “ty Surped Soyo apo sm =" sy “4sci0~ 12% 2015 © Psonpar 9.151 Appedo ses com fap posn arr 9 ue atte seman Jo sd Buneed yy CG) posn ao sayy Bunp0g fi s01-ng uononpoy (3) “Pa um e218 24% 2509 00 uy ‘sm peso oJ sR r= | i = gn AY = nea uu IPD Og 4 ia L+PE _ 9, me Sy suopaowian paqog 4 poonpasq regs 74 Sysedeo ay uBtsop omy “jog Jo PsBIoUEIP mn sau ¢ podexs Sod poyoouDOD Jo SOTA [HO 2h 3 Pp) 28007 9 8 dha fi so10g wononpay (8) “yo J0 spam jummon sp amy 9 1545 50s a poof 4so00-siot= 7 ‘Aq waar 4g sore) arp &q poonpas 99 yreys #4 Ayoedeo seats O41 ‘PST spesoxo peo] uonoanp ap ur pamseon (7) fap yo se ah PEE ey omy NOAA KEP 2 1g) suoy 3407 sof oir wowrnpey () pom are ws 9 ony atom sox Jo Someyd BaR|NM ap yt 800] dud om Buoy oo sof om ssaonenats Surwojtoyoxp um Aujedeos0ays 20} so}Dej RONEN Jo asn xp sTSOHBNS apoD oH ‘spat Aysedec 2824 10) s101364 wonInp22 Ay up 1N 1 =u pur 1 ="4 oq od @)1T¢ Big 1 pow = "u pw |= Mu oq 04 ¢ ‘pean OSL} -P 5 8L°0~ tom promo ynds doen (deaeo0-P) =" pean 2930 seppump yoo oy Suppuodsoico eam oy se way 94 Spe e 3oq oo wares ou = or yoq ono are yor euron = ty ‘ound seaqs axp Sundaozayn speamp snow soueid zeoys Jo sequmu = fu avy says 2p Sunoatoay spe gy soul es 30 oq =" oq ajo pans apsuay earn = y ‘says g (Oy 04 yu). i. oy ‘yaar 91 $%4 uoissdya noge 24 Uy saunronus pars fo ul}saq C7 | | |a Design of Steel Structures +313 DESIGN PROCEDURE WITH BEARING TYPE BOLTS SUBJECT TO SHEARING FORCES Dare the design (actored) action acing o the ont. Then select connection with suitable diametr Usbolls. Determine the strength of connection and ensure that design sueagh snot less than the {ei action. The following information is useful inthe design of joint: (bane of belt oe: ‘Nominal size of bolts (d) in mm 2 16 20 22 24 30 36 ameter ofbolthole(d))iamm — 13 b 2 4% BM ouerdianetrofwashesinnm =~ - 30 37 - 4 56 6 € Ae of bolt a rot (4) Ayp=0278 ys tere d,s =atea of bolt at shank = 4d? (0 Poprtis of materials of bolts: Commonly used dots have the following mateial properties (IS 16: Gride46 y=240MPafiy=400MPa Grde48 y=320MPa fy=420MPa GradeS6 fy=300MPef=500MPa GrateS8 fy=400MPa fy 520MPa (@ Propetes of rolled tet sections: These values have been shown in Appendix. 114 EFFICIENCY OF A JOINT tisdined ste ratio of strength of joint and strength of solid plate in tension. Ii usally expressed inprosntage. Thus, Surength of joint a 100 ‘Sirength of sold plate ficiency 7 = Stag of slid plate is less in yielding compared to tearing of solid plate. For example, consider Fea plates. s Yoo" i225 0 Nima? f= 410 Nim? Bolted Connections ++ Design strength of soli plate per unit area (@) in yielding is 250 997.97 Noam? (©) in rupnue is 99%: 28122959)? Hence strength of slid plate is governed by its strength i yielding. Strength ofjo lle of strength in shear and strength in bearing Example 3.1 Find the efficiency ofthe lap join shown ia : he is “ap joint shown in Fig. 3.16. Given: M20 bots of grade 4.6 and Fe 10 (E250) Sot ema a tk Solutions For M20 bots of grade 4.6, ameter of bot, d=20 mm diameter of bolt hole, dy = 22 mam, Ultimate strength fg = 400 MPa Pasta safety factor, y= 1.28 For Fe 410 (€250) pats,tig 28U818= NB 181818=009¢x LE = ¥xz = S009 see = Va ‘ney pyos jo Bans wBisoq + 81 9096 = 02 081 =H PHOS 0 wary 0 Away. Nr gas Lac =mofse Bua 117 =10}0f ojo yo mans wisaq Net 9spb68 = N'9srp68 = 9LOGbI x9 =IHOLyo MBAS WSIS “ “4 pags wlio 7 oq od N sbE98I = O1PxOZ* OLX StsrOx ST = HMy spsro=ty sos sg) 5 1 2004595 ppsoud soup spa ion oe) =o Gy 95160 Fe =p ec atere vasvomse0- 2 asro- AE xe 4 sisvo- 2. *Suso|joy 249 J0 1500] = ty 24044 ‘Wey st=4 ‘eons eo, -Buuvog ut yBuoug wstsaq_ (1) _tt Neves ues So ae “regs orange wo suonooueg poneg NIzaP6EE= Nahe “yuans eos eoRON, 1=¥if 28 =!g 71 1008 wononpat on am asa mse oe x8L0= PExBLo="Y “g={urmopueg=9x[="H me "oq rod 9 = fu yureys ye soured 1eaqs Jo 29qUITIN 1 =u pean sou sags Jo 29quN cavays us ysSuaas uSisaq ()) 49 = 09 Jo saga je, smog so Beans NA 9S0'E19= N 950819 = st1___k_ a, DaeexoIKGo” VTEO of pw soe go puns SIC mu onze = ocx ee som ones soba OREN {= wopoosypysam amp SoH 09J02096N 0="d Buysdexs on 24, a | = 9 ed Jo PA, ed sou yo SSENOHL, save yo wiuans Se-1 = IM oro ngs peed san o1r="/ssans semi soumonas 205 fo Stor s| | | <& Biicieney ofthe joint = Example 32 ficiency ofthe join if le instead of lap, butt joints made using two cover Find the eficincy ofthe joint ifn the above example instead plates each of size 12 mam and 6 numbers of bolts on each side. Solution: case stength of plates ad strength of bolt in bearing ae same asin example 3.1, Svength in shears trots mh ote ston inv nte son tank eit see Tin this case total number of section resisting shea at shank 1, =6 x 2 ata hx 16mm, Ayy=0.78 © oP =245 a Menges w OB 4 Nomi shears = (4, y+ 4) = 2 (6245 +6x314.16) 2 Design shear strength Design strength in bearing = Design strength of plates Ty, = 673.096KN Note: Since total thickness of cover plates = 2 x 12 = 24 mm which is more than thickness of the plates, strength of plates is the strength of main plates only. nN Bolied Connections 8 Bxample 33, Aboile shell ismade up of 14mm thick Res5 plats. Ifthe joints double bled tp joint with M16 bolls of grade 4.6 at distances of 50mm, determine the design strength ofthe joint per ptch width Ts «safe design if the internal diameter of bolt is 1 mand seam pressure is 1. MPa? Solution: Since the boilers subjected to hoop tension, the pitch of joint is as shown is Fig. 3.17. In such cases strength is worked rid of joint and checked for safety and efficiency Seng of plate pe 50mm Diameter of bolts d= 16 mm, ++ Diameter of bolt hole dy = 18 mm, ate per 50 mm width: 48 _ 132050 =132.2504N ‘Strength of bolts per 50 mm width: Sine itis ap joint, shea planes at shanks =O. As there are two bots per pitch width considered, y=?7 = typi ur og sed sq soquany cu pl=1 um gi =%p > ug) “omy oq or uaogs se pus ura og Jed eo Jo spSuans a prs are sandy SIE i or amogs se posn Smog Sez-Fe“¢ pdumexe om UL yf ap Jo As op JEOND | readaerg BMSUY apes sr uBtsop op 2002H "WoRee UALS < NA 6H6 LS = "pBuaRS cAisoC, NASP=0E%S'I = uonse uBisop paroseg > % ‘pu, 9§ sad aanog YN LSB cmp st ypu aunssaud paddle sy a30y suotyoowue poyog -7©_ x szams doo est 2010 pore yo wony SSL = NLBISSI = OIF F1X9TX: ‘ova pr poprsoud sj aourysp apo yuoroygns req auunsse “uaa 304 st N6PELE=N 66 saungonug jars fo wBisoq 9s| 58 Design of Stel Structures @) Section 2)- 2), amofbomas = 644 mm? ‘Section (1) ~ (1) is weaker. tac ee 410 =0.9% 448% 410 <132250N Ty =09x 448.29 = 132.250kN Strength of bolt per 59 mm width of joint: 4) Tn shear= 57.949 KN bearing = 155.187 KN (As in previous example) 2+ Strength ot oint= $7949 kN ++ Design action= 45 kN Design strength (57.949 KN) > Design action (45 KN) ++ Designis sae Example 35 Find the maximum force which can be transferred through the double covered butt 3.19. Find the efficiency of the joint also, Given M20 bolts of grade 4.6 and Fe 4 sed, Solution: For M20 bolts of Grade 4.16, d= 20mm d=: ap =400 Nien? For grade Fe 410 plates, f, = 410 Nam’, Bolted Connections 59 Figure 3.19 ++ Nominal strength of one bolt in shear (double shear) = 129143N + Design strength of one bolt in double shear Design strength of joint in double shear = 6% 103314 = 619886 N= 619.886 KN Strength of bolts in beating: jis the least ofthe following: Le iB -025, 4,10 te For bolts at section (3) (3), itis least of 4060 595 400 a 0, 3x22" 3x22 = 410 oeore ami ea orp fe too 9 onde ey 4 amd Bonpeg suman $1 md ooime 9) $1424 Bo 9 ops yo soa acy Nanip Yo a Jo Stans 2M POE Ce is UT Uae oe Snes ->h0o uma 9 Bsn mf rng san00 fqn 8 Ka pasouuo® axe A UNL g| PE WHO a} 109 Om, oe aduexg usu w6€758= 001» HEL VETS = 00 sof oq yo Kova + miuria= Nuae= ot drOOR ORT ~ OE PHOS Jo BLans wasag pas retb= VY _NAUST'EIY™ Seergig = UoRpuod SupOM ye azo aus“: 1N7988'619 = Ayes pamaysuen 2 eo orp sexe} op tome 1N1988'619 = mot jo wBuang Neer org = N £€108 = 1mof oun wed 30 ypduans + suowpomon payog NIS8EP6= fal SHEED EXE O0C)OIPX6R 09 30 waa + yiduons aa =F uoH228 NeelOrs= set succor "1 aixleexe—mnc)o1rx60 @-@ woos e sed yo Sans ooc3f Tyo cae (1) (1) oR UF oq HRS Hones SH BHA, (2)-(@) Bon008 ry (q) Nowcore = sc Tw, aixtee-oocjorrxeo V'T60" (D-(D oon2s19 (©) smunolr=7 (cred eres paso 240030 sonsigop 29 30 19) JT = “soos ano fe Bue PAROS 9 ssidyo aang IN vi ecot =110q ows jo yuan poe ny 988619 = Imo! ap mH s}OqIO HTEANS NA 988519 < NA S96'S66= stl Teerven = Sowwon muons wk Nusetvet = (tr x91 02% 1659'0*S') €+ (01X91 x 02% 19090% 52) €= om ‘Soeaq sq aso qian uNBON, 50 “FA pouanoR sya “1659 0= Hy = My 1 (2)~(z) wonses vo syoq og = 1909024401 suo im 52, “(= sampnas pas fo wiieq »a Design of Steel Structures ox= (100125 44) =1-00125x8=09 Nominal shear strength of one bolts in double shear = Bp Geli a +078. Wyse a0? 209t ayaa Bey = meen Dain sar tengo on bl ashes = 1228 .srosaen Design shear strength of 6 bots inthe =6 x 929% Strength of bolts in bearing: gis the minimum of £202! 13dy" By 40 gas, C10 ic 322” 3x 410) K,= 0.6061 ‘Nominal strength of one bolt in bearing =2.5 Ky df, =25% 0.6061 x20% 10% 410 = 1282505 N rp Bolted Comections 6 ‘Note: Thickness of thinner plate = 10 sam 1 Danses dat 25 gy Design strength of 6 bolts in bearing - 6 x 99400 = 596400, = 596.4 KN> 557.896 KN + Strength of bots in connection = 557.896 kn, ‘Strength of plates inthe joint = Suengt of thinner plate at weakest section, Design strength of plate , 09[200~3% 22)10%410 ms [568 KN < 597.896 kN Design suength ofthe joint 395.568KN, Answer Example 3.7 Design # lap joint between the two plates each of width 120 mum, ifthe thickness of one plate is 16 mm ‘and the other i 12 man, The joint has to transfer a design load of 160 kN. The plates are of Fe 410 grade. Use bearing type bolts, Solution: Using M16 bols of grade 4.6, d= 16mm dy=18mm and fy=400 Nim? Strength of bolt Since iis lap joint bolt isin single shear, the criticel section being atthe rot of bol ++ Nominal strength ofa bolt in shear= Ji (13.04-0.78%2 ¢2 % 4 nee = 072x168 a 4 = 36218