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Subject:
Selected Articles
Authored by:
Jami Chandio
Compilation by:
Muneer Chandio
Year:
February- 2007
Published by:
CPCS
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: Rationale ]W\ #" &i#FS F &i- =
!$ &-1"
"E F 84 l4#" -g ! ../ U ] 7% % , @% ULK
!4]!" ! FT 5" U &.% ,
!= F A#" :
" !o
U 8F
`
! q 4-
&#FS {4i" &MH : &! 8p !o
U !
U
-1F"
= MH 4-
F"F
H !o
U !-
-
V7v ! M !i" U g 8! ] U % & #"4" F % O$4i n 8" " !m :
W\ !"Av UK !F%
!LM" U : &K!] >K &FMH !\ H `%
!AF 8 $Av =6 UK E .&~= 8!F# , +$`%
"
8
KF" $m
! 4" M , v @iA/ 8 F$Q#LF^
n
U &% K ! " m , #" MH ! M , q
- !o! m
UK U K
! F UK @%/ -g ! .!T M U U O!L] 5]
io & U ! !-E r"
B 8" &#v "8
!$ FK h$7H F
F ! & % 8 `% !% @% 5-LK : @H #
"% +
1F F " !m U &% , -
K 8i7%H
8=wH 8! +
1F - !"Av F & .E O" &-K ! #
8 UK B M$ H &M 8!FA2 A 8" &F"g -$v " !m
U @!H H 2 b 8 U &%
! S 5
H !i2= h !
.E Uo 5"
8: > F S !]i"
> 8 ! 5F#" -1F" =o =
= =iF : !"Av -g ! .4
.2 !T U h O" !% U ! 7FH -
H &-K %
=$% 8 8:
, MFi &%" $^- != O>K
! 4" g - #"
!"Av ` `% 5v UG kB
!T AF
! F 8i7%H
O" U ! & `% ULK 8 R q ' " UK 6 , #"4" 5B
%
8L , 8i7 S , !"Av R -g ! 8i7%H .=#" 5AQ"
!"Av o # io !F% aF#7K &-H 8: : !"Av
.T G M`H , o &F: -= 8: +
1F F O! w:
Fi\ U % 8 .- Ad 8 , |= F$Q#LF^ -g !
&Q !\ "E K -g ! q A-"E K 8i7%H ! `%
I !
"$ !% -g ! &.AF .!FT Ad ,
\ !
& , F_ F$Q#LF^ 8g !K ! ]M 8 iF w:
|!
H M , lv !m !$4"Fx &F}- Uo UK ~= , lv
{4i" &$ -
!$ 7H -"E & -g ! UK E }F}v
' F QFHE
2 r" =i-
! F ! ! !K
= a 8" %
, -
!$ ! .!FG U R % E MH 8: 8 U !=
8FH Q ]F MH & !- ' _T "E O! =6
! E {L R ! .!-^B U 8= , @wi :
#" 8uF
!$ Fx U &.% : @iA/ 8 -g ! F$Q#LF^
8S I!S R U !-= !
U 8 h K , |= &-=
|!
!$
F 8r F$Q#LF^
= !4S : @% 54" : -g !
UK E F> ! .E !-= !
, K 7A 5$m
!$
T @w!d : !A7^F^ i- =
= 8g !K "!! ], #" -g !
!$ & K n 8 H F: U ]Ri R iF% & n 8 !-B
T aR] !A7^F^ 8!` ! FR7S -"E & , h F
R ./ 8 8" 8 ~= M`H , o -= U ~ : !m ! !F%
!"Av -g ! UK ! , &h i" . !H T !F:
-= &FRK
=
} L 8 $Av *MH !\ {L &-K a !Fq ! O =g 8
.E 2 ' _K ! =
8K
% Ri V{ L =
= ! O =g "% -g ! .3
&F7FH i] % -g ! .8!F U 8!F7FH F i]
8S! !AF ! FF}- Fx 4"
Bg=F RG " , #" , MFi
H% !AF :
H =
AH6F -
H w!K -
, #" !FT '
F 8: -g ! U : !m *MH !\ H !F UK &! &Fq 8 !s
!m & !
! -g ! 4" UK !T ~= !F2 .!-./ %
FR"} L &F2= &Fr" !\ H / UK !m .` = % 2 U#F2
276
275
278
277
280
279
282
281
284
283
286
288
287
A ;)e VH/
!M kN (& $G
>
290
289
! P
"
k
W$v !S &A#" >K A-"E , W\ m
UK E Uo q .&E F
=
=g &-
8!-
H &E
!o
U
!i
-= U 8: !]K & #$v &->K A-"E 8
H !m ] m
!o
U UK E NF >, F Uo UK .E
T $v "
#$m $Av H ! #x ! #FS ! &#$v A-"E S K m
.&E FT % #x >K A-"E U 8 !v T
m ! #$v UK !
`H =6 K 8: #$v &->K A-"E
6i ' 8 5A# UA# #i" !o
U O>K
! H =! H 2 , 8FH 8
!o
, 8 UK ! !F% !#$v K m & =
. F_ 5-
B .E T
!$ .B 8 I!S F_ & H ` `% !% @% $v "-
&->K A-"E &FRK ~ E `% $v !
]! "H UA# !m
n
% 8 .E !FG U T 5v !L] K U &% m :
8F ^-= , m A-"E UK E
2 8!" = 8 FK
- ! m !m ] m &.AF M U &`F Ov .=! H
.E !iH U U : &->K A-"E &FRi7F =RS UK E !F
T 8}
U H O>K
! H ! !#$v !S H U &-H
292
A2 R~= (g !/F }" ! ') Rationale !MH F ]S=
8!Fo 8! @A 8" "Wx K
! !^_ FhF .E
&FRE &F` Parity , |= &! !MF#H O!
` q UK E
%
UK E {#" ! Uo % 8 .E !F
% Uo #L$F g
8p E T FH O>K
! AF , MFi 8Wm a-b %
= = @ "H
! F &`F V7v ! "= "!! ">, &"!] w!K &!
U K 7H = 8Wm a-b }S ! E !FT
= A 8 FK
F
R
a : O>K
! 6 .B m
!$ .=% U =
B
F}- 6 .MG R
!r ! !Fq n !7 : F}- : & &E
= 8:
" &FRK &" \ = 8: !" m #" , &
.E =
= FT / io UK L\ U% : &% &FRK
8 $Av -=
!iH U!% ! & &E
! , 6Fq 6 8!"!] !m ! #" &
gH MR Ad 8 5L &% , 1$ |= ! .=-= & .F% ! UK
.=-= T ai\ @
q V! i2= - =-= T gH
1998 7BE 8 E
Fv =% g=
291
294
293
& H E !F
:H
: -=
8 8i7%H A-"E UK `F
&-
&K !F2 n @% f = &Q-g!H MH &F: -
@ & &-
296
295
298
F UK &. .&E 8!F
. 7S
!F]S : K
= & 8=
L\
H F \.B 8 GiQ
!F]S : 8
G U-MK 8!-
!#7# 8 FK & g iQv= & .&E F
, h"
"= U GiQ
!F]S UK !T s UK 8" 8 E !FT =
=
' GiQ
!F]S & .%6_ 8 ~ = =
8
UK E }F}v H &M kB * \U iF% 6% k: MFi V
y
" w# W\ !"Av ! O> S UK !-= !#7# ! ! GiQ
8!K
= UK @%/ 4S & .=-./ R~= !$Fd ! ->K
UK Uo 8" 8 &E 8!F
T 8 g & , a!" F \
5F#:' H &E U B 7S
!F]S 8!K
= UK E f = 2
Uo q .!T G T R "}F FH = H ! & &E GiQ
87S $FhK L "U UK U " !m n!H UK !-= !#7# UK E
-= U ~ Uo UK E ! T G %
Fi\
=f
!
GiQ
!F]S & , O>K
! F !!" .FT \
.!T MG %
!x K & T &G T H A" UM%
299
L k9 vj $
!
& O {
8S I!S S!" Av -g ! K ^!%E &F12
{-x = {FMm -
K A#" n!H 8: 8!o = 8! !"Av
&FRE U 5
"
! $
h , #" 4- .E !-= !F% gxE !
&E -= F% 54" U
g &FRE F #" E 5FT 54" U
8!F% !v ^-%!AFd w:
|! !" 8!o = 8! !"Av
T 8
!
=g 8!Fo 8! @% *7iv ! & iF !o
U .&E 8!-=
FG
& F 8S!" Av !!" K H &E 8!F
#" UK ~= !FH !
! K
! m!$M" 4- .~= !FH !F%
! &-=
-
K #" .E `% & iF F F_
V}K 8B &kB UK Lk: FH -
K &-
ALK &o_
&.K U T *7iv }F}v , #"
! ! ' . -= M`H
, 8
!- &F2=
~= !F% *i% *7v 8: &-
&-H -
K A#" &. =G
!F" 5 ! LK S 8 #" UK ~= !F% &F4K ! Uo 8
8 &E FH T n! , "!! =]UK @%/ 8 iF DE F%
!FH !
! K m!$M" &E 8!F
: &r" 8!-E 8! &% %
.E R {L &F =H &F !m & iF LK UK ~=
! -
K #" UK .E
=f
8: &\
&q : Uo 8
302
304
303
{B !
8i7%H -1 8 8 !m % MH $m ,
! =gK
5F% , &
B T %
= 8
!Q &L- MH
, &}#v " !m F , #" ! ]" 5F% FH 8-}K
8: QA &% Uo n &" .E !-= !K
= Fd! 8 BFM
T L>" 8 !q MH U : 8
!Q &L- *MH UK E U B
$K *!7" 8 8wFRo #i" , % 8 F!iF .T G
! m!$M" H &E 8!FT
!H
, 8
L\ U 8!Fo 8!F7/y 8!-6A#
MH 8S 8
!Q &L- *MH !4S 8!-H n! : 5-
B
! m!$M" , % .E !-E 8!" !-=
! L>" 8 S} !q
:&E 8!Fo F UM% 8! 8 E !-= !F% =
H ]" !AF
i !" U=B iS} iF#] , 8i7%H ( )
.B M U #7K ! S} !# !
! !q "!] : !q v =6AF 6 E A#" (*)
&Fq ] R
]8g
}S : 8 8
T K &"!] &" 8
!$
&F!q "!] : &F!q AFR ! iQH 2!# MH 4- &-
!$
% 8
!Q &L- 8iF% U n !7 : 8 F!iF .~= !
!
!
306
308
307
, &! 8p 8: ! L" ! UK @%/ .T G ^/' 8" #7K
n!H UK !- ' _8 ]8" *MH g =E ! &.AF H E !F
=FT UK
, % MH $m
! O" .=
U &A$" @% g h : 8
U &` : E !-= !- B : 8
!Q &L- MH 8" 8i
&. a% ! H E U \U% , 8 8!-= 8!- % 8=-}K
% 8 .! =-= !-. &$ W &$ #" &F: UK &E %
7 !R MH &F}-
! Km= , & =a O>K
! +7
!] UK .&E {L Uq & - ' _8 FK -= |!
! 7 !R
! m i ]!"VW% O1" - }L 8 $Av
@
!4 iS} !MH , & G = FH UK @%/ !Fq E
UK !T 8M$ 8" H = ! Excited -= , m=! -=
! .E !FT
F
!" =-
r : L" H &"!] !-=
! # io
! =]kB #% "!] =w!% 5F6" 8r" #" F#]
!T -
!T 8 B @% U Uo q 8" 8 !v 8 .=G % U ^
&.AF UK E O ! .E 8 L7 8
!Q &L- *MH
!AF E #x #7K R ! #% E !q =
K #"
F 5$A" ! *MH 4- ! K #" UK E #x U H
8 .E R #x -= U 8: 8 / UK =K= U #7K !S i]
UK U =! H !kFT !^2 U K O ! 8 : 8
!Q &L- *MH %
FH K K
: Uo U &% 8 FH=q
% iH 4]!"
.G U R
MFi U % -
U @w!:
2001 E
Fv Lm g=
310
' K U`
! k: , 5 - &M 8 !! w-= n #" 8
!#-
! 8! & iF g !RA^ H
y '
AS w-
{vB
:. 6
j ,-+/ 23
! UG }L 8 $Av *MH , 8i7%H
! F!iF
.E = =: 8!" U n!H H !T ~= !FM$ !4#] F %"
, &" 8! !47"
i" U .E =6 !47"
i" U I !
! "
8! & U &E 8!-^:' 8!Fo
1H =) , & .8!B
B 8!F^B
8: " ! !" UK &M!o 8!- 6 (8!-6 }L 8 $Av *MH
8!K
!m 8!-
= '5- =@ _dB
AS ! =~ & F: =
R
L>" 8 8 H U R iv ! "! & UK &M
T
*F"%
#" ! 8FE !F
=-= !kB 8: m *MH 8" .!T s @%
4S & .&E 8!-FT , E W
! _ kB 8!F"B $#m 8!
7 -
!$ : 8 ,
! .U ! "F
U +7 * ! MH
, 8i#" ! !kFT - , VW K
=Q" A#" }& v
@
& h ., WR b K ! O`% 5T H
-
K
$F#4K }F!" B *i% m * .&E E Fko
!Q 7H ]K S> : ^^2 8!R$F` O `^FT 8!K
$m
8!K
!m OL 8W"' ! 1" F 8!g F -! a%
%
&-=y 8 #i" w=y
& 8!F%=
8!B
VL
! .E r U
y $m w 6y U K &% ~ 8" & &E
311
314
313
UQF$ lv $Av -% #m
i]
!m
.R= `%
K-h nM -
7H ]K
!$ - : 8i7%H
.!-= !
! ]FM$ -
L "
!L" : S= % g h : FFv
!$ ]S= 8i7%H
S= .!-= !F% g h : 8" &}v &! K @%
! i"W } 8i7%H :
= 8
Fi\ , |= &!
.!-= !F !#`7"
i] i4 F n } w! F] -
!$
.!-= !F% >8:
=f
%! !S O! w!d :
FB ]
.!-= !-k U F}- :
i] " !m % = ">:
Fi\
i]
nM w! &QF$% &QAF
Fi"!\ Fm gE
.
F= : 7H 7H MH }L 8 $Av
nM g #}" 8
Fr ! !S 8 &A#" 7-wH , \
.&E -= -W W"4" "hi
!$ #" l" & ! ] & '
.E ' !
n !7 : & T &M
]F iF% -
!$
:
! O"
.T &:
FFv o =
E 8! ] !"
!$ , -
!$
K &% U : &% K F { "57
H
.E ! U 5v +R r"
.&E ! 5v lv Fo K F : &- 8
!$
U : R
!T H &E -= F% 8 f "RkB WFS
!$
316
315
=
= $K , &) WF= A#"
!$ , -
K 8i7%H (I)
, 2 % *MH !o
6F (E !F
! &! 8p &Fq !v
&FAFR , 8 T
Ai4 6F U AF , *MH .E
FT
K ' &`F UK !-= !F:
H 8: 8 : &-
!
!4 , 2 % :
&r" B $7H !m G U ' VW% O1" !}L
= "i4
-
K A#" , MFi .
aR] !A7^F^ ! #7K 8
FB 8-
=
F : &"!] !#h" &-p !o
U ]K 8g !i" Fx L =Fx 8 ,
*MH ]K F$Q#LF^ H E !-./ % iR!H -=
! 4"
V E Q UG -= : &}L 8 $Av @uH wFRo =
.E !F% !L" :
% =
! L] ^
n -
!$ ! G U ' U % 8 -
!$ , 8i7%H ()
i
8 !T B VW% O1" OF\ &=
!m
!4 !AF
8
8-
= 8
FB &-
!2 K F #" .&E -= F%
!4 8
H -
!A7^F^ ! E !L] ! 8
FR" O - & \
! "E A#" K aF#4K !m , #" & .E !-= !F:
!
]
D=! ' m
!4 =6% K ' `T U |} !
\F}v U =6AF 2.5 !o
K ' M q R 8: R &iF= QF4"
Ai4 i
U
= UK , *MH D=G }! ' L 8!2= =
G OF\ &=
=6%
8
FB !o
: !m UK , H E !- ' VW% O1" !iR w- h
K % = av
8GiQ , F 8
!"% 8-
=
H !% 8 -
!$ % 8" R &MH ! & E !-= !-./
= 8 H &E } " 6i ' Uq -
!$
FB .E U ! = U !
O1" OF\ &=
G !m
!4 .E Ui
FB -
!$
.E U U UM% n ! 8: U s -
!$ n !7 : VW%
& !o F &! `2 UK !-= !F% ` ! ,
F$F K
=Q"
WR b ! , |= 8R$ &Fq ^R! O! &FS> 8
!Q
OLi"
!S 5-.B 6 B ` K &> #i" ! B
.T &G %
% ! F"F
H
********
320
319
322
321
"b R &-6 T &~= F% O = &FK 6d , & 4"
!$
=4" ! H , 1991
! O" .T &~= F% S4" &i"!Av
-
K , #"4"
= H 8 % S4" !"Av "b
! S4" !"Av R$ Fx ^_' gi$" .R= `% KB U7-=
.!-= !F =w K v R &#F= 4" R % U
, #7# =
O`% 5T ^-B ! E Ov ! ! !"Av !!"
H 8 &F: &FRK -= .!-= !F% U
!B U H
! $
`:
5T ^-B U
= -g= lR
% H E R=
U (PCI) 8=
" n
!m !AF &E u-= !-s G-
R ! O`%
.E 8$K ! }L 8 $Av *MH 6i '
^ K F"F
H 7-% =
!F O! I!S , 8i7%H ()
#" , 8
& &FRi7F .E *MH !
! 4]
, #" &F7FK ~=
T U BR$ K F : &"!] &-
!$
-
!$ , 4" }F}v U =FT aR] 8g !K F> ! 8
Fi\ UK U
: &! 8p , 7-%=
!F O! I!S % 8 . FT FH 8A"
: FF
Fi\ -= , F"F
H B #" BR$ iF
.E BR$ iF &! , FF UK @%/ &B #"
, K
! \ H , #" UK &` ! 8!F7M- 8!FMo' ()
!m .&E
!F" n &- 6 i-
"hi & QH% F
!$
U-=!2 W\ 8" R !m
wM#H K &#F= AFd R
, F
% 6 8 UK &E B W%
&QH% , &Fd
H F ^AFS 5-w a- !F% a- .E A2 M#
R & "hi , &L4
% m
=
, &Fd
H F U b _
F ! &F7M- % 8 .&E >K i$F] 5
: 8
.B FT ai\
! 5$A"
% "hi
^ }L 8 $Av *MH K &) % ": (I)
, !o
U .!T % -d &`F !% 4- }RWm 5F% iS (E
&` : K (&K
g=
= &K
g=) &L" F
%" "! b
&L4 V7v
! \ K &^!H "hi H !T ~= !K
= a% W\ 8"
324
323
!-= Mk -WG 8i7%H =_% &LL & .&E F
= K
8 .=G U
aR] U 8i7%H 5F ] UK
o
!i O>K
!
!}L OF\ &=
! 8 K
! \ !m ! *MH UK E
=f %
!#F% : 8
T ' g =E W\
% =
! 6 }L 8 $Av MH
.`T ! -= @%
=$% F: &`F UK %
8-
= UK q' U!q Uo 8 &FS> , {#% -H
!
8 H 8 !"\
i- =
5A# &FS> UM% .` +7 $K 5$m
8 8 g OL
h & &Fq !F% =h" ! ! R MH
&"!] &Fq *MH -
@ !K U & !
* ! q' Uo
.!F%
A R 8: @% O!L] &Fo" : K "!]
:` F #T' 5F 8
R =iF !m &! 8p 8
!$ F$ U !m ! *MH (1)
=6 &E =
! a R 6 U }L 8 $Av &! 8p E !#h"
: }L 8 $Av 8 *MH % 8 .!}L 8 $Av ! *MH
.E U R U
! &% -
=
]
*MH " !
% / #" UK ! ]!" ! 8 , V
8
=
! "}" !MFo MH , &! 8p & E !}L 8 $Av !
/&! 8p UK !Fq .E `% `H 'F_ 8 S4" &}L 8 $Av
&#F= "!] E `% UK ! 'm MH &}L 8 $Av &"!]
! 'm *MH B , B H E !F%= !Fm !
F :
H U ! S #FS 8 , 8 UK E Uo q .E !F
U - ,
.E !F
5\ 5$m !
!LM"
.E ! !m ^#" H U iF"!] /"!] K F , 8i7%H (2)
n &MFi 8
!$ 8i7%H !!" &E = ^#"
Fi\ WF=
!$
H U K "!] , |= &! 8p *MH : 8 % 8 .E
!F" R
.B @.
AK ! !m ^#"
"!] E U &`- !o
F!iF UK ! @!2 ! 8 , * ! 8
! n - UM% &.AF H E !!" 8 &% ">F= &MH K
Uo #7K ^#" & UK E }F}v U UK M= % U aF#7K
326
325
328
327
n 8" &"!] !#h" &-
!$ E >K ! &"!] !#h" &.AF a !H
H O`% 5T T U !/ F] % "8 n!H UK E w% a%
w- : O>K
! UK !T 8M$ 8" DR
!H ! _K !
8
!$ , #7# 8 T G % !#F% -= U ~ , =]
.B @%
!x 8 BFM : &" = U~
********
!!cIq -(q 6o +V 6p k 1 6ZK
K
% *MH O ! "!] 8 &FS>
! &-
!
R: " K 5d!
!Q" 8\ = ', L#B !
% !vL" >
&! &Fq , *MH .&FFT =
n 8i#" 4-
|!% =!FR b 8" f]
f]
.E
"E i !kB $K h !
!7 d , F_
R n!H 8: &F
q !
% U , E
Fv &` ! 8!-% 8!M"
.`
% 8 U , |!% !
-= 8i#" ! .&E 8!-FT
!o
F% ! : 8 UK ! @!2 R ! U F_ & !M" 8F UQF$
.=! H !k:
, F H U R , &! &Fq F$ *MH
!iR - ! @% H MH : n
m
AK
, F
iuH
=$% !kB , 8
! "!] 8 E -= M$
Fr /!4-
&.% &.% ) iS} K-h AS &"!] , F .8!FE F
%
AS A
!Q m {- &"!]
AK
(H F
R &FRK R "}" MH !o
_ kB
!Q {- ! 8 H &E
!Q {- 8 %
UM% 8: .E !F
=">
U K & Fr" R = Ho MH &FRK &A#" &-q &! &Fq q 8:
. M U s-= iR 1%
' &`- UK &M %
% !iR
& ' UK E U ! !o
!F$ ! RkB 8
!Q &L- 8
!F 8
E ! !F$ =
= U 8: 8 8 .!FG U 6'
% !% K & Fr" !
AS 5-= io
MH !m MH K & FuF ! & UK
RkB 8
!Q &L- `F 8 .!-= ^d' !i
U 8: &%">
/ D&% FH / ' .&E 8i &"
% f" !o
K 8g
D& T 8 F$#m R B iF% D& &% V!7>" &F2! FH
330
329
332
331
-= T
1 %
y O UK !-
AH' `H n T ' 8" 1 F: R
334
336
335
8 DB S= =iF% =6% &F: UK &% ` .B ! UK B &`-
D&M 6% /
Fi\ F
=
= ,
= ! I$ 7 U &` ! & =
#F= KF" .3
=! ! #"4" a 8: UK , &i-
!$ ]S= H E !#`7"
AK
! 8 b
!- - &- .E R ! 5
U !#`7" ! ! 8i7%H .E
U F !o
{#" !
Fi"!\ , &i-
"!] B .E O"
U U UM% i .E ! KF"
Fi"!\ 5 5
H E =!
D~= !
!v =iF% / : &! UK % !T ` % "w% FH
}F}v .E =v
! 5$A" *MH 4- !! K & ! U %"
S= UK &% ` .B ! UK E R ! {#" !
Fi"!\ R!
&#F= KF" 4- D&B #" n a% 6% WF= iF% :
.B ` }>i ! &! =
n 8 H M , &r &! & =
#F= KF" UK ! !o
U .4
Fi\ 5$A" K &#F= K
=
]FH MH : ! UK E U
K &#F= K
=
]FH MH : &! &FRi7F .M A"
:=
!!\
Fi"!\ R! &F7FK = ! U
Fi\ 5$A"
. ! U E U U UM% !Fq n !7 :
F$Q#LF^ -
H / UK %!
"B , &!
! FRE .5
8: 8-g= 8
= 5-1 !2 UK E !-= ! !
! #$m H &E ! R$
8!
B UK T R q' -
K 8i7%H .&E
! Fi\ -=
O$4i
! 4-
Fr #\ "i-
, &#"4" R! UQF$ :
U!% ! :
{" m !
B , &!
! ! ' .E !-= !F%
&! K ] S= & #"4" R! &F .
!T U g ! F
8!
B , &! % 8 .!T MG % 5" : 8-g= 8
= n %
! ! ' .MG % !T U U
!K !
Fi"!\ R! !
! n
Fi"!\ R! }F}v .B @% ai\ {" =m !
.E " g
E ! !Fq ! *MH !
! #$m E K" S= , 8i7%H .6
U!% ! 8i7%H % 8 .E !}L 8 $Av FGH O !-w! ! &
338
337
340
344
343
346
345
348
! S= , #" !-
!$ S= &E ' E -= = w= , &F:
8 &"!] !#h" #" !m ! .E U != !% #$m }F}v
! &" -
!$ o E ! ! := & "FG
}F}v , -
K 8i7%H ! 8 H E UK * !\ 5-= M
8: 8F_
.2 !T U h U 8Q ! !% , 4"
-
!$ !n !m 8S! m $Av !m 4" -
!$
8i7%H UK E O ! .E = 5F"
! $m
: F"F
H - 5$m F !m U H
Fi\ / = 8: &-
&-H
8g !K ], 8i7%H UK E g
!% Uo / D&E FT 5}i"
, 8i7%H D&E 8!F
8: UQF$ H U D&E = &% 8!o = 8!
#" !AF D&E F] = &% }>i ! &#FS
Fi\
! }F}v
&F` I "$m
! F @H !AF E U R gE
! }F}v
% /
!= i-
!$
& E FAuF
&F#-! , -
!$ K ' M 7-% =
!F !S O! "
! #" Uo D&E 8!-!
! $ 5-1 !2 =iF% 8!i"!Av
.!T M$ U
q
H ` 8\ #m ]F !"Av F &-H n!H 8: F] #"
! ]K #" !!d =
! =H= D` !"Av
!$ % /
, v
=
! #$m U : #m $>" #" &
&F#-! ! .` U -"E U% ,
8 UK h .!-./
" R
' R
'
#" %! FGH MH D` -
!$ , #" / H !
A B! #m $>" $>" Wx n! : 8 .` "
% /
$Av , 8
& / D8!F
!$ U
! &% 8!i"!Av 8! g"
` FT , & !- F WFS D`
Fi"!\ F"F
H D` !m
8!K!] 8!Fq % 8FuH H - ` FT {!" 8" f! "m
!$ F ! !"Av ^_' #m
} = F -= D8!F 8!-%
!m :
& ! ! {FM" F F " !m UK -1F" i-% D!
UFd 8 H !-= U !F" !o
U : 8 !
-1F" lv ! $Av
! !"Av 5F q n! : 8 / .!-= !-6K 8" #"
=g &F:
" !"
350
349
n!H 8:
Q" D&E 8!-= 8!F% aR] >K #FS 8 8!i"!Av
.E !- U Ro UK K !_ !"Av () F a#7"
R
@H , *i% MH 5FK ! 8 Q" O D "6% 8 F
.&E 8!-./ % f = 8!i}F}v
T f = -= ~ O>K
! UK 8!-%
!x K & ! UM% UK !2
.-=
352
351
6&" ,-+/
8: - ! F I$ 7 - ! -
!$
F &Fd -= = 8: $m .E W wFT O$4i !kB
F T 8=q' g=
8 & ! FRK
w
, !o wp
F
= ,
= I$ 7 - : 8 T 8!-
= g=
, B g
F I$ 7 4] = / H T 8!-% FH
! }F}v
=f
MH -
!$ i E 5iH K 8 ]K $ U H
354
353
356
355
358
357
360
359
F
! F & U &` ! A= FG$m .=G U
.E
=f @% FK U ~ :
iS
& H &E
-u
;-I vI 6 ,-+/ R s / 6,[I ,-
V
!6m
!T . F &Fd
! m : & A-"E F }-SE FQ-
K" K 4- &E , O>K
! FFH {FMm 4" #" %
U I$ %-
= -
FB E U -
!$ , &F#A R i MH
5$A" UK U : &$ 86 4- .E U VW% O1" !kB =
!T
= UK &E
86 .I$
! i4
= U !T MG . !
FB
!
!Lm w-= &
&$
i4 8:
FB : &$
i &E
6 UK {#" .E =-= !-. (Transition Societies) I$
, 5A &% U &% U I$
Wx !\ H / UK
FB F#RL]
E U I$ VW% O1" !kB =
!T K ` =]o H E !!"
%-
= , O>K
! 6 .E !!" U =8!Q!% n -
!$
r" n ~= &
I$
!$ @w!d : & &$
FB
MG %
!x H K &Fo &FuF
! F .B 8 &Fo 5F% 8F
.!T
: &iv 4-
&$FhK F * F 5$m F : !m
(1)
.B -
!4 F =B ! @% 5-LK
@% U 5-LK : |! F }L &F2= &F2= &FuF
(2)
.B -
Space , 5$m F &F: B
.B @% FH 8 FK
= #% ! * F FM
(3)
: &G
$ !m }L %-
=
FB
(4)
.M% !R = 57#7" K
% $ 8 & F R!F" !MH U ^R! O!
(5)
.%
!
F : &K
!m 8
=& "-
4- &}L 5F6FH !m
(6)
.M% ah" K
362
(NM " ! E !
!D
O2B
(I )J K K D* L MN MO(6 P496 .Q6)
F : !m 8" &Fd
H F 8$K !A7^F^ F!iF
, f" M-= &. != 8 H E U ] F" ' U% &F#-LK
8!>F> (8) F a#7" K -=i 7-%!$-b E d
2
&kB .`% V!7>" R& FRK v K 8 &" , #" UK 8!F%
!F
K : d
2 8 m!$M" != &-
=$% &H 5^:'
=iF% 8!-
F = K 8 # io UK ! !!" U =]8 O ! ! H !-=
UK @%/ D8!-:
8" ! 4" 8 5F% R MH 8!-% 5$m
&Fd
H L$F" &-
!$ K & ! !F d
2 b
E a- U , f"
b
E a- H RE ,
i] 4S Uq n!H 8: 8 H 8!F 8!F% 8!>F>
!-= !
!K ! S= 6 , & .!
U !% U 6 8 : 4" 8
7FH -
H 7 % S 4- K:
2 ! & =
H .` % !v &! K: ] ` k
K: &QFAF !F$%
.8!F 8!Fq R 8!iF= 1M- n!H 8: 2 ,
i] UK !
!m n!H
d
2 U F_ & .!-E U 8!" U % ! @% ai\ : 7 A%
& AF .` !!" 8: &-
&-H =] \7-%!$-b E
&MK #K R 86 , & .&E F
T
R 8: =]UK F_
364
363
(7)
(8)
(9)
366
365
R = I!S U
= 8g !K ! ]H !
UK
!4 F : !m & . Rk
!AF ! @ !o =6 v = ! -
K A#" !^_ #m
} = F .!F:
! #$m &`- U H UK 2 ! UK ! =:
FvW FFv
H U R : !m #" !o
@ % U &`- V . ~= %
.!-= !F" ' &
K
! #" U F:
.8!FT 8=! 2 m 8!-H 8! -
K A#" K 1970 L$b 7 (3)
V!R ! L$F" 313 8!FT K F E FR-S 1- 8=1 !2
U= 144 .` 8" 8i7%H =_L$F" 169 8" & !-E 1 !2
& .(8" 8i7%H U= 6 8!F 8" 8i7%H 13 , &) 8" 8i7%H
F: H ` RE k: -1F" i-% f = F " !m , 81 !2
K 8 , O R O U {v !^_ .!-= !F%
A 8: -
8!o = 8! !"Av
: {v ^_' .! @H ! OLi" !Fq ! 8 UK ` L\ F: ! ! f
U ! & ! =: @%
% -
K !AF
! @ !o 7H -
!$
K U &% {FM" .! H 8\ >-
R
! H !F% U !o
*MH UK {#" .-= F" U U H F% FH } U/ n H
6K 8: #"
=g : OG F$Q#LF^ R$ V} L 8 $Av
lv , K 8 !" ! { v ^_' 8!F% FH 8!iv n @p%
i] n ! {L ! & .!uF 8 & nM F H
, #" 8 FT
OG UK ~= !
, }F}v DT !FG T / !Fq
" 5}i7" FGHMH !-= ^d' U 8g !K F =1" = ! ]
^_' #m
} = &F: -= .!F
-= T " !
% / #"
&FRK 8 .!-= #" =R$ FvW - &F ! $m =6
8" #" R
% &`- : 8i7%H =_.8!FE F
o!_ MFi 8
. 8!M U
=$% Wx A &`F , #" & &F UK ~= !-6K U
8 .!F% @ !o aFhm MH 8 H U &% `q !"
% !
U M^- ! ^F$Q#LF^ {v !^_ K 4]!" g V7v
% 7H -
K !MH .T' : 8" i]=
i] R
368
367
370
369
372
371
374
373
376
375
378
377
380
379
382
381
383
386
385
M$
=f ! .B 8 @% >K &LL R O =g &F !.T # &FRK &- U6-= &"h UK B
M$ 2 : O ! 8 D!-E !/ O =g ! #! , &F !- -=!
#! , V=
K F
!4 7R -
K $m UK E
=f n
Uq & =], F .~= !K
= =R 8 7H }F}v & F` ! -
K
, H MH AF E ! F
FR"= w .&E 8-$ 8>
F 8>
!Fq E
R#" &Q !" $K\ #!
&F
!4 ! & E ! &^7 !F$% w:
& "i- =
&
8 .
FK n @% aF#7K : &i}F}v 5iA ^' 8" B 8 &iv
&F !- -=! n @w=H M$ : &FBFFH #`7" 8 UK !2 %
.8!# =h F}K i" K -
K
'UQF$ 87 w6FH , B I$ K}L 6B
&.% n!H E RE -p , O
E * !\ 4" H 8:
* ! 7S m &.% UK &E -E 8!" , 5A &7#S $
` !7#FS ! "$4" Fx -
K #M-
1-S %
" .,
-i] 7R $ R
5A #$m :
E * !\ 8 &
lF#K U I$ =6 K K
UK ! K ! & = E 8!" , 5A
AFd
g= i M U (Commodity) ! F
!H i ~= !F%
a# 8
! 8iF N"' RkB 87 i &M U
Fr '
5-E , V=
K 1917 ^!%E 14 .M U
K
!#K '
, -
K! ! *W} &-K aFhm 8!-H ! F 8: > 8 *W} F
!H
, !o d
H F
!H K F 7#S AS F
!H =F_ 8!-H
a%v WF= 4"
i] F i .RE , != -
&-H F
-
K 7 UK &`- -= - FA#" 5-.B !m '8: &}L
& .!F#" B 8!` ! @= io : -
K !FT gxE !
&F`
!kB *W} ! , V=
UK ! !F
s &`- , & !-E *W} , V=
, &iv
, |= A7d d &F K & ! !Q- R ! .=G % U ^ =]
&d
!- &F7F UK ! ! OF\ 8 A7d d .` FT FH Wi\
F
!H , #" &% 8" " F S 4- &i] &-
=
388
387
390
389
392
391
394
393
P/ A
U M _m _0"Jm :F& x,@
+ (8Z IZ
!!
T
H ^F"!#% !` p-
_ 8: 81 , UF V!R &^=
! H O &-! = ], ( AF7) F^ !o -
K p
UF .! !-= !F% F$4K , 1576 UK T 8!2 !AF E 5>"
!F^F^7
H &^= 5>" w =
B * !
&"!] &A#" &\ #i" F O ! i !T 2 a%
!
! i T &% vL" >AS $#m !
"Q 8
&-h
:
" !] &F q
H &^= F" & .!T
=FT WR b O
!Q 8 !! UFiFMH FQ- :
, & T % RFQ-
&FH
!- &F !- &FH
!- , % .FT -! @ " o A
R$ &Q-1 !RS b
!S z#-= &"% F"F
H ! F"F
H
.FT - H A `F AF7 b
!7%E &F^
!F !- !
- 8!RE ` R=
!m U : 8!" , % & 8" 8i7%H
.FT
RFQ- :
" !] &F #i" 8: & & FK 5-
B 8" UK &` !
U 8 & !v &kB % H 8FE !F
=FT - , &7 %
U w:
F$ -= 8 !v 5L}i7" - H ` #i" U !o
:
H ` U % i- =
!o
% UK E {L! 8 .`
`
!S F= =6 ! 8! & "o 8A 8 !! FQ-
396
395
&Fd
H &-
= &-iF% FQ- :
H ` -%!AFd
!Q !o
:` ' T U!q Uo F #T K &#"4" & .` U @ !o
' .&E U gE , 4" }F}v #"
!$ _ FQ- :
( )
-& K!] "$m &-
= @ - &FRK
H -
H 8! & !o
U .&E , L2 "Wx F 4" iFAuF
.!T % ` A-"E K
! \
KF" $m U 8!F7FH -
398
397
400
399
=6AF H K >aF#4K `T |= \6AF 64 5-.B -
@ %
!K 8 ! H F 6% >!\ ]K UK `T U U
U aF#4K B \! n ]K ,
%! UK &. .!T MG
aF#4K AFd aF#4K 5-= io - , &L4 S H B
.E
=f
! !-E , 5$m F] ! (SAARC) &
. , %
y (3)
, FQ- :
UK ! !-= !F% ` ! "}F ! 8 &.K
, #7# (Trade Exchange) ^ ^"
H = -
=S :
H = 5-.B
O & i H 8!--= 8!F%
= 8!d=%
8! O= 8S& i"!Av
$
F!iF .E G % U
% 5B
@ =!
B
8i7%H
_ ! H E !!" V"% E L$F2 !
.E !FG % U
% !iR U!% {L @iA/
&-
8!-
H {L M U O=^% K = E FQ- :
(4)
iS
@= &#F= &.AF .E !F
= &
q &#`7" 4"
T &~= M^B 8A" ]K !o
U UK M FK -=
iS
E 8:
.
!T U aR] 8g !K U!% &FRK H , & A" ]K H
]K &#F= 7 UK E A2 T aF#7K , F Uo (5)
:
&.AF 8: > 8 . &A$" ]K n ! 8: (F$!-b &"!F)
i UK -= M`H L\ UK !L2 5FA ! F$!-b &"!F ! FQ-
RkB F= !m 8 8 E
iS
AF ]K &#F= 7
DG = !v B= iF% =6% , 5$m ]K
- 8>
w = GiQ 7Hi L ", FQ- :
(I)
#" 7H -
!$ !FAF : @H .&E - ' _T m \
. E
! F L "7Hi H K
_ wFR .
% FH O" K $`H
= ^1 , 8i7%H
.E ./ % 2 U#F2 F 4" A#- ! 5"K E
F L "E E q' -% i , OF !F UK !Fq
8
= %
5-
B , 1: p .E = 8 FK - 7Hi
&-H 8: .&E {L d F #T 7Hi L "w = 5-'
&-
8!-
8
M^B B ! x , FQ- :
&F7FK -= `% U
.=-= ==
q & , FQ- :
H &E m F ]K >aF#4K (2)
K FSb &. .`T !T U -= U 8: =6AF 5 | \5-.B K &L4
402
401
404
403
406
405
}RWm H &-
T U 2 !M-= : !m !o
U , \ & >K 8" R
:
UK E
=f % 8 &E U FM U n ]K i"W &" 5-.B ,
U AF &~= F
!S OLi" K &> #i" &L4 #i" , FQ-
410
409
412
411
! FQ- :
F &Fd : 8S! $m 8 .E U O=^% S4" &F$%
#i" UK E
=f n 8 .G !T U `-
&" #F% #" U!%
8" 5-.B , |= 8 H ~= !F% !L" !o
U : 8>K R}RWm , &\
O Uq I `I
!7FS=H OF .&~= F% U 4"
: 8 , % (RCSS) - -
E , A#-
U , % & >K |! 8 .! !-. (Regionalization) &Q-FRWM-
L$F2 !
-= !
=g K @% 4"
H =
H = 5-.B
FQ- :
FQ- :
.!-= !-=
_g K Rk !iR B -= : V"% E
H = , |= &A#"
H = 5-.B
\ H E F%
" !"-% =
= $K
&-
= 8
! m FQ- :
=RS 4" =
= ! 8 {L ` U K
.!T `T : &A#"
FR"& F$%
Sex )
H = 7 8
q &K
!m
FQ- :
, % (5)
! , -WG
_ K
! \ .!-= !F%
!x #FK H K (Tourism
&A#" #i" H !T `T
& A#" = ! !o
U .!T `T K $`H
= =
! &K
!m G
H = ,
_ ! 8
q &-%!/ 8" OF .!T `T U , |=
= ! &RFQR= G F K
_ , !L$!% w!K 2 , 8i7%H
x 5
.&E 4-
=
H = AF , FQ- :
2 K $`H
:
! &RFS" w% = ! = =RS ! x E {L "' !
H = 8
!#"4" ! UK !-= !
=g , % .E !A2 MR/=
=
= , FQ-
5-.B !% , V
8 #" L$F"
!$ ! =~
F: K
.&= H ' n @% i
H = 7 Fx & &% =4"
K (Governance) !
B F!iF , % (6)
:
UK !FT !vL" =
= >K 8
! m!$M" H ! !-= !F% aR] H &QF$%
8 E !/ (Bad Governance) "hi , &L4 $ i-
, FQ-
F , F !
B 5
D!T MG % &`F% *!
"
% $ ! -
&.AF UK @%/ !T ~= !FM$ !#`7"
"hi , &L4 $ w!K i-
n!H UK ! U , " !m f =
8!i-
!$ " !m 8!i-
Fi"!\ K UK E ! {L F !
F &Fd UK =FT !#4" UK !L
8 R B &.AF .&~= 8!FT U 8!F
@'
&A#" RFQ- :
UK E
=f % 8 .T ~= M`H , \
UK ~= == q K & ]! " F R}RWm w!K "}" K & $Av
.&% U O$4i W\ i"W 8 K FSb WF= !m
& A#" , FQ- :
UK !-= !
=g !kB U K Uo 8 , % (2)
!#7# ! @% 8 g !
$ =FL ! 8
AK "!] , |= &A#" w!K
8
AK & WF= !m 8!i-
UK @%/ ~= !F% FK
$ H `q UK 8!FT &FR , @% | \K FSb , wE
8 , % .T &% FH \F n i"W 7
AK F
T 5v
AK "!] /A#" R}RWm FQ- :
UK ! K K Uo
&}L 8 $Av UK @%/ .~= !F% !T U 5v : & H &E o! G
$m A-"E , V
8 .E K 8 R !HF ! 8" R
8 nM !m FQ- :
8!i] UK @%/ .!-= !- H :
%
8 n F &Fd
! m!$M" .8!FT &-
! &}L 8 $Av
.E R 7FH
! iko U K
H = w=b 8
Fr , FQ- :
, % (3)
`F#%!F UK
$K!" K i-
!o
, FQ- :
.!-= !F%
8
Fr 8p K ! " m $ H E
T m w=b 8
Fr
^F$Q#LF^ K i-
=RS ! & E ! =
= U w=b ! ] Fx
" !] &F K 4]!" 8 .T &= GiQ F L "K $
8
Fr MH AF R= `% F}K H K &F$% 8
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