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All Rights Reserved


Book Title:

Dynamic of Change & Future of Sindh

Subject:

Selected Articles

Authored by:

Jami Chandio

Compilation by:

Muneer Chandio

Year:

February- 2007

Published by:

CPCS

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U 6Y2RRR RRRV RRR: RRR` XRRR [RR
e R\ [RR
e R\ RRR

/ :UK T &FT !LM" K @ -= ! .B S @   !  E !iH K


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20

19

  K Social Equations & '  .& E 8!- "> ! 8! 5$m 


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22

21

XRRR ;RRR  fRRR9 RRRYMV RRR 5RRR: 5RRR: 5RRR


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24

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& $FhK &FMH U  E !FG % FH !]  S 5B UK U


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26

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BFM : &#"4" F ^--  =%  g= , m M-=


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56

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1998 | " 27 $ E Fv =%  g=

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 &"!] O! '  ]M' !r &`- : 8!" , FFv  B  


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60

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62

61

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64

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=F\ =
= ! H 4- a-b % {L M^y 8 FK  &$-b WG"
F n &QFG-- UK !-= !F% QA !  = # io .=G T
! &L &A & . E !-= !FT H !!" !  O`% F R
 A!F% 21000 . E H O`%  a#$Q2 {L 
` ! n &K T RW" , @H :  a# I F $Q2 AF O`%
, U -  =  & =]-= !: =]8 '  , O  UK ! !-= !F%
, U -  = ! !K T ~= !: R! q UK  H = ! H Sf
.- = L  & & "! Fo &- !$ & . E = ! U U H
UK !Fq UK  E Uo  T   n @% FH #M a-b % &FRi7F
!\ , 8 8i7%H  UK  E K b % U - g ! 8F" !\ H !F
 E 12000 MW = FH  #M , #" & =]. E !A2 T 5F%
 , = 4- a-b % UK & . . E Sf 2000 MW , &
=g  .LG % FH #M 3600 MW # io 2400 MW
L" K  F #x =6R = U =iF% 5F ! a-b UK !T MG Rs
. E
U -  = "}5 ! !" & 8S* MH UK  E  }F}v
. E @% O$4i n 8&  "}QFG-- \R / R !2 H !
 d  &4#f a# *!\  ! F" 4- a-b & UK !T  2 *MH
~= !-p% O`%  4- a-b n @% E &F"g M 6A- 
, O !AF G k: 8" a-b % H A!F% 15 !AF
n @% E : &F"g !v UM% ! 8 .!T `T    H 6 MAF
: T  !H 8 & .AF .=-= == ,  a# 4.5 MAF =FT |\
,  a# 8M"  = 8" a-b % UK !L
8 h F=

68

67

8!-i- & & Fd   =#" H ! : &F"g U & NF 8:


 ! a-b % .8!- U 5]  !H  ! 8!--= T 8!FF!
Land Set UK !T ~= !F2 . E !#`7" =
=  =Wm 8: &F: &FF!
F   E 8A" =
= ! 2 &g , }RWm & l" 8-!K  Setellite
&-w=% UK & E FG % U FK !!" S i7" =6 !% &  " $-b 
:  % &K !T G % aR] = 6% K 8 86  ! &d
 8 $Av *  " MH , !   a-b % UK  E !\
% g h : &Fo & & .AF . -./ % g h 5A# Uo
{L g &% FT    # io !  \-= !F  a-b
H  &d!S 25 &FRK 1$ m 8: % , MFi UK !^d' a-b %
: I F  =w- , U MH AF T '  g  
.-=  w!
@B  H = = 6A ! =  "}B  H , =
wFT O$4i , 8i7%H . E !FH K  &  >7 {L (Pollution)
-  @ w!K  U & ! "= R = " F &d 25 _ 
8
= 8r"   "! = w=% 2 _  .B 8 8 .!T !H , U - 
 $Q2 8\ gx -b 8\ 5Fm$ -b ! O" .& E E , 8
 = H H =B ! 8 &  .Fx= 6d!% E Fv 6 =
{L !:  H , U -  !F a-b % & .AF ! !T % w!/ ,
  {L @B  H 8 8 UK RE $% , FK  A =
.FT i"  B g  !$
! 8 & E 8!- H , *MH ` q
!u" % !kB H &F"g -g
% O$4i 4- &#-= *!Fd 50  3 H 40 MAF ! 8i  E
!   = E 5uF 8r" H  : 6 1$  6i '  8 & E
% :  U % 8 . E !4- ! H  `FH w!K m g v =
 !2 n m g H 8i & E im  a-b U &% `q - a-b
.MG %

]  E 5$iQ" K &#Fq &dB 6A-  6 8" &  E &F"g 6A-


& B 2 &#Fq &F"g & . E L" K & B 2 &F"g F\ g $K !v
=K =- B H =iF . E K &WF  = > ! B g 
H L$^F 7BE n! 4- F" d  O AF }RWm  R
: - U ! .FT U 7F"  ]$ K   ]: & & E ! NF
% &F  &F_ K   !H m 4"  }RWm  UK B
 &"  13 _  T &:  =
= $K 8 FFv  O" RH!2
.& E H !4- ! B
 6 K !T % w!/ , 1$ m i H ! ! = # io
4" ! #Fq & . E !#Fq ! $K 1 !" !dB ! 86A- U MH
, #Fq &  4K =
= ! &GF #H ! \ " !  E !kB $K U#"'
  =Wm 8: 8 . E ! "  #Fq ! , &h &Fq 4- !T M#H
n  &"  8K  E H U B 2 =
= ! & ' 4- !  m  :

B ! &"  20 _  , }RWm  !H & . E !4- =


= ! @ q
% 8 . E K @ q O" RH!2 % "  H u" 1 !"
.= ! U !o! SWK 8} ! !  , MFi  a-b %
 8p &-iF% %  5$m - K  R FH  =
8p &-
= & .Fx=   "Fd!2 MF% ! O"  E !K = `H a ,
&#Fq  $K , 8p & . E K H  ! _ !  =" =
.~= = E !T U , +ko ! m !AF  E !HF ! &K!F R &-iF% ,
= r  H AF , U -  = , MFi  a-b % % 
.% U LK : B g   8 8p    FT !:
-= `% U  ,    a-b % ! m AF Uo 
&F:  @!  w!F: !Q"  *MH a-b % UK  E    E
d {!" 8: &G &d !H 5F  &}}>" i7" . E , |= 
a-b % & .AF .!T ~= T !F! $K H , |=  a-b %
5L w q =" !F! 8uF &F"g %  8g=  H &d &-w=% UK !F
a-b % .=-= M 8 H  % =- A  q 8F

70

69

 4" F  #" i !Lk {L ! ~= = &FRK v 8 :


Uo 8 .& E -= R~= g !  B!!" 4]= MH (Contracts)
w!K &Fd H F  !m  &! d !AF  E 5$m ! !L !
 !"Av  F a#7" ,  H !F UK !Fq . E !- -
8R$ " !m
. E !F%  : #FS 8 % Fi\ ]!"  W\ a-b U -g= 
=
 !o U K ! & 4-  E !
!L ! q " K 4]!" & UK 
!F% a- w!K   ]!"" !"Av !\ H  E ! n   !m !
=g 8" 8 . E !F%  5$m =6  5-.B W\ a-b % a-
UK ! ! ' . E V7v =iF% !#"4"  n  UK !T MG Rs
# !#FS ! % aF#7K #x MH ] W\ : !"Av ]S=
#" ! n!H UK `T !T U &`- & .AF H B = H = ! =Q" Fx
UK  E F#`2 n &-  &- !$  8  K ! \ &! d 
UK U 8 !\ f ! &% FH UG i- , g =E MH 8!FT &`F% 
.`T !LM" K = H = !#FS ! !"Av  R , q  !LM"
(1998 8! 18 E Fv =%  g=

$ H !F UK !Fq 8 ! U &% != &i}F}v &- !$ &
U H  @% 8Wm ! F$4K  a-b % &`- n ! 8: @% U W
!o U !#FS =6 ! ahm -g= . E @  .F: 8 F$  #"
FRE !\ H 8: > ]W\ F w!K S 4" "!] - K
 F"F H , 1992. E {"  ! ] Fx U 8: >  ! ]
! !-= = E , 5$m F] ! (d T a^7 = V1 ) IRSA >K A-
: h K = VA2  H a^7 = V1 & ! "}
8! ] &F"`F2 ! 8 ! !-= !F: L$F"  8" ! , d T .!
30 . E =FT "}8  =  = >K F  &  &! {!"
n ! 8: *MH , 8  ! !-= !-!% VW !AF ! 8 K 1996 L$b
` F% im  K Us &R gb  a-b 8R$  &! d
UK ! !-= !F% ` , A-  F"F H UK & . .` `% "
- !! U!% ,  ! q . -= F% 8 n K WFS !$  IRSA
57 !R%  8" 5-.B  = ! Wi\ 8 #FS : & !
-g=
=  &! `2 , & (Council of Common Interests CCI)
  8 K & .AF . ! gM"  G ~= , & E ! L$F"
5-.B  F"F H n!H UK G % U 5v 8 n K !#`7" ! U nE
 .= ! gM" ! #FS $iv &% R  !S ! =-= !#"4" , VW
, |= &!  #" & "! UK !T MG 
8: > 8
F% VH  W\ 8 4S &F#L$F  &! &d M AK 
F !  =m 7H - !$ &- !$ _   &! &d &M
! ]K  MH W\ 8  !m  m!$M" &$FhK 5QFS=H $
 !F" Fx Ri R q &`- 8 M !F =%  5F#:'
% !#FS !S  n ! 8: f W  ! U &% 8 g
! E  i"  @.F: 8 F$  #" ]W\ Fx U =iF% @./
Wi\ F% , |= &! `2  #" R , & #" =6 
V7v - 6 a-b % K &M W`7" -= 8!FB-7H
h>K  &! &d ] W\ *MH !#FS ! ahm -g= "! 

72

71

R H  &i"gW" io UK `% - H : &QF$% V= #LH O 1FS


.~= `% K F  F" \ 
n ! 8: *MH 4 #FS 8  !% n !  K 1997 L"! 3
#L$F "!] !K = a 8 M !" &F Q-H ,  !m  &! d
&Fq !M 5v F"  M 8\ F" $] -! U  F !\ F ,
 "F H  !"Av F a#7" K 1997 L"! 9 K @% w!B 
!"Av UK ! !F% 8Wm , #L$F "!] !d= &F- -g= ]S=  = &#"4"
 = R i' .~= !- = n & 20 -= = ! '"a^7 d!% UK T  2
!% n !  8\ 8"g F O  d ^Hb  !"Av K L"! 16
FH , F"F H 5 $F"K FRE  , V
8 !"Av UK ! !- q' :
V= #LH O 1FS !% n !  , MFi  &  E  = @%
11 , |= 8 .
g  R % }4" 8>i" ! 1996 : &QF$%
 FRE F!iF .!-= == q n @% aF"K FRE K 1997 L"!
-  !=  8 H ! !A2 T ai\ , 1993 7BE UK a^7 d!%
K 1997 L"! 18 U n! : 8 -= 
b E : F  95 93  -
=6 &K: #i" 8 H &QF$% V= #LH O 1FS {!" i 5

JPMC ^A-R b (A ^HE E !F^F^7 ) IOP O^ A-R b

R 8iF% F$ S  g=


8-=b  S d T  - !H % 2 %
 E )  8!-= 8!- B 8!i !\  {!" d!% n &i"gW" #m  8 
8" &! `2  F  96- -  H (8!- ! 8!-= H 8!- _UK
5u-= , hi !i  -= 
U b E : 8 =F" *F"% 185 5FT VH
8!  % n !  FT O> 8" #L$F "!]  = =gK .& E
 d H =-= T 5v !#`7" ! UK  E `% FH F" #FS 5
, lv
!#"4" ! UK  E !F2 U ! , !% n K !"= S $>"  !2 O
7$- 5F% S , #" K `" 28 H !T 2 , "g  &}v F
UK !T #" =  f = 8" 8F 8  O  d .& E 54" lv F {L
8: " : #FS  !% n !  &FRK   7$- !"Av
RW : S= UK  E !F" U ! O  d ` =]o .T  2 R !
74

:X Z 
7/  \0;   V
5-.B  &Fq $] -!  &- a-  , #L$F "!] =gK
!FT FH  n  = ,   '"a^7 d!% 8 &Q!% " ]FH
U#A .!FT O> 8 A 5-.B    % w!K " !
8" #L$F % &K  E 5F a-b % ! =
= ! #" UK @%/
4- &-
!", V
8 . E #" U R -H kB % : 8 5FT O>
F2 F   !% n !  . E T S FH q  K n! 6
VH 8>i" ! 96- -  ,   8\  F ^7
&QF^H 5F% 5\  a^7 d!% 8 H 8 !!   O =  w%
  UK  E 
g : !"Av -
!#FS , lv V , * ! 
UK & . .% {!" a^7 d!% nM F" 5$A" 8!FK _n - -
-  ,  !   2 l> 87v ^7 !% n !  o
 =F"  w: l#4K 8 *MH wFT VH , 8>i"  96 -
!o U -
!#FS K 1997 L"! 3 , * !   \! 5F% 5\ 
- 8 i : !"Av H ! !
] !  ]Fx : a^7 d!%
U   b E  8 =F" *F"%  96 - -   UK ` `%
& ` -= 
{!" a^7 d!% i  &i"gW" & UK @%/ %
!% n , #FS `o . E A2 T ai\ , 1995 FFv FRE 
73

iS} #7 F L ".& E F   8 GiQ  !   !#`7"


!#`7" ! #" & U ! H  E !-./ % Ov 7H : 4" iH U]S
Rs K  : v= F$  #" #"4"  a-b % . 
!% n }L 8 $Av  (*MH FH = H) #" ! H  E !-./
 6 .-= T Bb Uo UK !L% f = S !  &`- .  !#`7"
! ! ' UK & .  E !-= Mk !#`7" =
= , #" & U M a^7 d!%
, |= &! , &FRE & . , 1973 .B U R M !#`7" !% !#"4" !
d!% , |= &-w q w!K 8 !& 8 *7v  {K  E
Fi" R}RWm - #7 F U!% 8-!H 8 UK ! !-= !- %  4i" a^7
&#F= &i"gW" ]S= , |= &! UK ! ! !K , &h 8 .! U !K !
UK @%/ , &! ~= !F: d!% 8 *7v  {K  E ,
=
= , O>K !  &i! w!K &#F= ]  K , &-w q 8
8 &`F UK ` R= : d!% n   =] "} '"% &K  E S
UK &`F .~= !F% ai\ /!-^B : S , |= &-w q 8 8 = m
% &K  E  w% V!-" 
- K  8m= & Wm , #" &
&i! , |= &-w q 8 8 = 8 H !F =# =6K =6 UK a^7 d!%
FH FM U% 6 8 *7v  &4]!"  ]K &#F= S 
. G 2 S !% , S 8 8 & G T U S
8:   8-G  UK  E U ! {L  ! B $7H  
&L4 &#F=  B g  ! \ FH 8: 5$m  ]K =
 B g & . ,  "g  8-G . E  5F^% = ">8: &4]!"
 K ! \) !"  U UK !F Infra Structure , L4
U &FRK 8:  = &`- .!-= !F: : 8 - !F =FH 8: 8 (8$#7"
$>" #m n &#FK & ) .!F #7K ! 8 = *MH , &i"gW"  
I!S  8i7%H  =] = (8!FT &MG  6H 8=->K 8!  
: ]StatusQuo ! n!H U !% R `  , 7-% = !F O!
 !- 8= .R= `% U !%  : iR!H  =  : &- n
.R= Mk  !%  }L 8 $Av  ! 
=  UK n!H 8: F]

!% O> Ov a^7 d!% @ \% > ! &}v  &! 8 !$
: F  96- -  & .AF {!" @!2 R V .=! H R
 UK 8!^F 148 8" &^F 195 UK -= 
U b E {!" a^7 d!%
8 !$ F$ F$Q%  gE dS &! d UK & . =-= k: *MH
12  27 v 4-) 8!-G #" 8!^F 47  : &}RWm
: *MH {!" a^7 d!% UK & . .(3 F$Q%  gE 3 dS 2 8i72!#
&Fq &i"gW" , S= UK ~= !
, }F}v .8!-G #" 8!^F 96 
# !] n !7 : : d!% 8 *7v MH MH  &! , &#"4"
v w!K  ! \ dS 8i72!# UK !FT &`- & .AF .=G U
 &#F= ]  K , 8i7%H UK @%/ . G U 2 io U
*MH UK  . E 5FT U % U =  = F}S RK= 8 *7v  =
U a^7 d!% ! i-= & E 5FH iR!H $K R }RWm ! Fq , F_ 
io ! &}RWm 5FH iuH , L4 U &%  B g UK n!H UK ~= T ai\
.=-= T &A$" _  2
 &#`7" : & W"4"  UK  E a {FMm   #" &
i  &B ~= T 5v {!" O!$4" B @% U Fi\  !
U &% W`7" AF & E F W`7"
= , 
= 8: & U MH 5- B
!FM$ U R !#`7" i UK : &K T &: F$ F n 4" #"
!= Fi"!\  gE  &"!] , - "!] B  ! O" . E =-=
$ F - K !$ &F: H B @% aF#7K !o U :
i H &B #" ! FRE F$  $f  >K lv iS} i]
, #" & . E !#`7" =
=   Fi"!\ R! U != @ B   UK
n!H UK !H #"   E !#`7" =
= #" lv !  - a7] U &% 
. E !#`7" =
= i #" ! aF#4K !o UA# aF#4K u' .LF m  "
!#`7" =
= i U H  ! `FH H !F UK !Fq 8!i! F 8! >
=
=  U # 8 #FS !o i ! L4 U &%  B g . E
R !#`7" n }L 8 $Av ! H !-= T  Uq #" H `q . E !#`7"
! n &F = H  E !-./ % OM `F ! &" GiQ   

76

75

8 ! U &% ! ~= `% &F4i" "}- 6 , S= d!% 
: & G T U S  8  !v  ]  K w!K E
.G #" !v R 5B , &#"4" &Fq w!K &i"gW"  8  ]S=
@ ! "}%  "}d!%  &-w q 8 !& UK & . (*)
8!Fo , L4 U &%  B g :  !m  &-w q 8 UK ! !
 UK ! ! ! "}a^7 d!% .&  7F" 8!iF! 8!-iF 
, &i"gW" w!K &RW\  , 8  $F#4K  &}RWm & &FRK  '"!"
B - ai\ : S 8  =  &iF! 8 = 8 &`F UK ~= : d!%
ai\ : 8 K @!2  `q &% - a- !F% a-  .MG %
d!% .! U ! "}% !\  UK a^7 d!% UK !/ =FT #x @  %
&iF! : &-w q 8 = m 8 UK ! ! UK "}.! 5v f m UK a^7
U &`- & . .!FT U !% &`- H =-= = E K  8 8  !v 
~ Justification g ! ! a^7 d!% , |= &-w q 8 n!H UK !FT
H Fv ^% b &F"`F2 ^Hb  &QF$%  WH =gK . E !!" &FRK
7F" !!" , &4#f  6"  8i7%H aFd   8 " ,   
 E `% FK  !H n! : @% VF_  &iF! $ i]
]  K i] $  UK  E !-= !F% f = , &
FK  &QF$%  WH  % AF !H  . E NF U 8: 
}v : B!!" >  a^7 d!%   \!  E 5F%
.T R
 ]L =
a^7 d!% UK !T `T f = R ! 8" &Fo &- !$ 5F% % r"
5}i7" , V
8 5v ! 8  E  =f -  !& w!K , |= &!
#L$F "!] =gK F!iF .G T !T U U!% !Fq n ! 8: g 8! ]
 d  E !F%  %  A U   % , R % VH 8"
n Polity O 1FS UK  E !F% aF#7K , !% n !  K !"U O
8  !v 8 -=  !"Av H ~= !F: O> a^7 d!% UK  E "g
U 8" &Fo &FuF i  & & E F wFT 5-LK wFRM"

.T #"

8i7%H U= UK ! !-= !F% =m=  =]F]  !- 8= F!iF


] =6AF 40 : *MH , #7#  &i"gW" , (8i7%H %! )
!o U .!-= !F% A 8: 8 n!H H =-= !
!v =6AF 60 : &! &d
= !F O! w!K ^#" : &- U ! #$m H !-= !F% A !  g
#m } = #-LK kB  !T U  = 8  !v 8 .!-= !
U 2 , 7-%
S % 8 {v ^_' U a^7 d!% .RE n!H 8: 2 , i]  ^_'
2 io , &i"gW" #m U !"  &! 8p F$  &`F UK !- %
 &! U U K a^7 d!% 8 = m  8 UK  E  }F}v .&G
n &! 8p ! U  = H  E !-= !- % 5$m F> !& U , |=
  f = O>K ! `F U ! ! & i  A"  ! 2 io
& . !- & ' _.K 8  =  , 1993 !#"4"  D=FT / ,   8 UK
%! .K !-= T = !H = ! '"FRE ! a^7 d!% , 1993 7BE
1F^  FF !AF !F  5 aF"K  K #"4" 8 !"Av
! a^7 d!% UK ! !-= !F% -!MK , & ! !-= !F% FH : ^F"%
 &- = % x% R &`- n!H 5 ! ~= !- = n & 20 -= ='"
. E !i ! #% "hi F  8i7%H &`F !-=  62 =
U n!H H ! !-= T = !H , 1993  FRE = ! '"a^7 d!% F!iF
d!% .F FT ` R >K a^7 d!% W"4" !$ F$ - - 
, #7# 8 & . !T G T 5v R & .K = M !" w# !!"  a^7
! =]kB !#"4"  K 1- &`- UK !/ ~= `% g 8! ] 5}i7"
!F% a-  !"Av !!" UK ~= !FH !F2 U ! , V
8 .=G U #
Inter ) R! &F , S= UK  E U ! !}  !  4" 8 a-
&-w q 8 !& H ~= !F% O> UK a^7 d!% (Provincial
 UK & . ~= !F% ai\ : a^7 d!% (Intra Provincial) , |=
M$ : &Fo &FuF n M$ : #"4" 8 .FT S   
. E  =f
 &! 5" , S= UK ! !  ! "}d!%  &! , S= ( )
&! % 8  E S =
= UK @%/ , ]  K   E

78

77

B  0; EP9


=$>  #" < , 
! ! \8!" , 8!$" MH 5F/ , =%  g=  = n! 5
!% : O>K ! 5FT FH K !  a-b % !"Av UK ! !- -

% % H MFi w @ =n &! 8p   $Q"E n -


' 8!`
FH ! =
= !Fq  8 & T G % Fi\ #$m $Av 6
% }S  .MG % !  : #`7"  = a-b % %
 = @% A Uq 8 FK  UK    U Uo  R^ 8- 8K a-b

MFi 5F% H   $Q"E 8 H !"Av =gK . E #$m $Av
!}L 8 $Av ! *MH UK !T `T U ! H T `T l-K  8 !o U
. E !A2 wi AF   &- =g U &F"  N &FMH 
6A  = `F @ T ' !#"4" ! a-b % !i2= &-H 8 H !"Av
8" E 8!" ! ! &MFi !"   $Q"E , O>K ! \
. E !v ! 1M- 5FT ` R  UM%   UK !T s
!
= .-  =]R  &  " F#$m $Av UK `T !FH &`- V!7>"
RAT 5A# U !  H  F !o U :  !m  &! 8p  T '
 H T G ~= *F"% K ! i]= #$m $Av  8 .T 8B
UM"  !m  &! 8p , MFi  8 . E h U K!% F"% i]=
 #" &   E  T FH F}-   ! & -" AF
80

i-% 4]  g &FRE U &% = & !"Av !!" (1)


&^" UK 5 6 aF"K &F 14 {!" 8" &iF= &FMH   E -1F"
5}i7" != & Wm 5F%   K #"4" &  H T = % VH ,
. E  R ! 8: g 8! ]
-!K  , * !  >, #L$F "!] 5FT K 8! 23 =gK (2)
8: -
* ! f = U!% ,    a^7 d!% (^-AF  "F H)
.!-= % A
8! 8 O  d ^Hb , F% w#  - -  96 (3)
$K\  a^7 d!% !"Av UK !F: ]!" ! =
E !% K 1998
. E A2 % = ! 7FH 
8^% b wFT {i" 8S& QF$% V= #LH  (4)
8!F
!FH U !% 8!-%! % M U  a^7 d!% U : 8 AF
&-%! 8S& QF$% V= #LH O 1FS K 8! 12 =gK UK & . .&~=
& E 8!-= 8!- B 8!i !\  n &-%! 35 , &  E i ! 5F/ n
!  - H - UK & .  E !-= !
U ! !v U!% ! d!% , & H
. E =% 8Wm ! &-%! K 8F  d!% UQF$ !AF  E = 
5FT O> n  = ,   '"a^7 d!% 8" #L$F "!] % 8
=6 U #L$F o UK @%/ .  S% !#FS ! !% n ! 
R
!#FS 6i '  8 !% o  E A2 % O> 
q =i- , #L$F K #"4" & UK  E  =f % &K  E A2
 , V
8 .`T !LM" n g 8! ] !"Av ! ~= !F% FH
R o 6 .B @% O> 5-.B  !  !S U : #L$F
 F a#7" !\ ` =]o .T G % , #L$F 
8 FT gW"  =B K  UK  E S ! U ! 8L$F" 
K ! a - & &FT 8LG  8" 8 R$  &" &MH
R % g 8! ] 5}i7" #F= aF"K FRE  % Fi\ ]!" f =
.&%  % 5B n
(1998 n! 11 E Fv =%  g= )
79

 , &MFi 5-E  ' _, }F}v , &-E   *MH ` q


8" ! MH ! &"  *MH {L V! !Fq  ! S 5F% U
O>K !  8  UK & .  E ~= .  = Bg= &
&! &Fq
 ! ] Fx w , &! {!" =  %   1991 .  !o
13.9  =6AF 5.2 *MH : E - & {K ! &" (&- ) "}"
&G & F!iF .=6AF 5.8 v= 6AF 44.3 8i72!# =6AF
U !=  8 H  E R= `% U f = O>K ! }F}v   U , 8:
. E B $K , F_   {K ! *MH
-= - & E  *MH , &MFi &%!   $Q"E
-= , F_  &! d ] U - =B ! 8  E R=  -

1981 = 8: 1951 !o n @% !#4" }F}v  8  E !-= !- -

U =iF% , 8 UK !T MG Rs =g


 :   $Q"E  &FRK
!  $Q"E  *MH {!"  $Q"E  1951 . E !-= !F% =
 1972 ! ! =6AF 6.8 8: >  E  #" {K
  1991 w!K 1981  &`- .!F ~= =6AF 6.1 ,  $Q"E
{K ! UK =FT !#4" UK !L% !-MK K- $ , =  &MFi 5F%
. E !F =M^B - i
 8  UK  E  8" &MFi   $Q"E %! (3)
%! ) MFi   $Q"E  1981 F!iF . E R= `% K-g
H ` 6i '  &i}F}v 5 !o U U (T &%  !FR!H  & MFi b`FM
,  i-"E    Ff UK & . .` U O!L] 5] ! U &% n 
.` " Fx  AK #x 8: >   $Q"E  = 1981 5FT
 &- $Q"E &F!o : 8 T &F" U S B!$-b i7"  #" Uo 
RFf UK  E  }F}v .!T MG % U , K  8: &G
  - H ,  $Q"E !o U {L   MH 8 -"E
!$ % &K !F 5-%  B ! 7  &"  , #"4"
30   ,  $Q"E  1981 UK & E li" K Uo 8 S B!$-b
F> : {K  E & .AF .-= M 8: +ko !" =6AF

( E =# R >K  4" F  #" "!] B   ) 4" F


.T G =  \ * K
M$ :   &MFi 5F%     $Q"E 8 H !"Av
, =  &i}F}v &- H 8: &G !!" K b % UK  E  =f n
.~= = h  K 8
$K =   , E m!$M"  #" UK Uo &-H 8:  (1)
, E A#" U ,  $Q"E  AK  = 1981 . E R=  -
B
=6AF 2.61   UK & . ` =6AF 3.06   =   F
. E R=  -

8 FK , =   , E  &A#" 8 !$ _   F  &Fd


% K O=^% &QF!HH F!iF . E !F !#`7" =
=  !Sf
 UK , &A#" 86 8i7%H H !T ~= !F% H | =
= \$K , &A#"
! O ! .& E 8!--= 8!- -
5FT | \R , &- = % x% !o 8!$]
FG Fv nM @= , & 17 & =   , E m!$M" UK  E
DR= M^B &`F% \E &FRK =6AF 0.45 !
-= 8:  !o U  $Q"E  *MH , &MFi   $Q"E (2)
U   Sf , E  8 , F_  &! &Fq H  E R=  -

1981 . E 6i '  8 b % ! f" UK & . . E R=  -


-=
- &   =   E , &! {!" 8: &G   $Q"E 
7.6 8i72!# 3.56  =6AF 3.32 v= 6AF 2.25 *MH :`
 % AF {!" 8: &G & .=6AF 1.46 dS =6AF
 #" !o U - =B m!$M" ! *MH & E 5F% H MH
0.81 U 8:  ! H  E B =6AF 0.46 8: - =B  
, %
5- B {!" S 8  Sf , E % 8 .! B =6AF
- !K ! 8  ! RE #-LK AF ,   E  &! q
Female Fertility , *MH   o .!T MG % *7v
 E =6AF 3.005  , *MH . E !F S U ,  Rate
. E =6AF 3.40  ,  UK & .

82

81

!-= !- -
!  B 8:  {K !  = , E n!H 8: 8i72!#
. E
8 $Av ! *MH UK !T `T f = 8" O>K !  !$ 5- r"
6 U% n : aR] i F FRE MH ,  ! }! L
i-% 4] R V , &   FK n @% O!L] O>K !
!o U MFi   $Q"E %! .!H T lv =! \% : FFv
H & E w% U $B #x , =  8: &G S B!$-b  f"
O" . E !-k !AQ" i-= : & U &-= wFRM"  !"Av !\
: !
&MFi 5F% !"   Av Fo U MFi  I!S UK  E !-= !F2 (1)
n!H UK  E &`-  UK  E O ! . E !-E U S U!% , & & E R 6
D& E -= F% U ` =]  o !/ MFi 5F% .B  I!S \E
w!K  ! ])  !$ !o U UK  E = ! ! R   ! "}$Q"E (2)
>K   +ko  8 H ~= !Fko }F}v ! E ( ! ] Fx
D E iF% E m!$M"  #" UK G T !#4" &`F UK ~= `%
&%!# 5}i7" , 8 D E iF% E m!$M"  &i- /&!
=iF% ! &" -H R ! f m D E / {K ! &F !
@% .B "!#4" 5 5  D E / {K ! &F-
H  ! ] Fx D E
5FK U % 6 ,  $Q"E & H  E -= R %  $Q"E R n
8!F!q #i" \! !& UK  E !-= !- q' U U ! .& E -= F% U H
D E / {K ! &-E wFRo
-m IK -g= ]S=   % H MFi   $Q"E (3)
  $Q"E &F` UK  E !F% f = U ! ,  % -H MH
 K &F`  #L$F "!] b !-  - &- , =  &MFi
n 8& "}q & R R %  $Q"E UK & . . E U  =f U% 
. E -=
. E !#"4"  AK - , |= &!  $Q"E UK &`F = 8 (4)
 !   \\ &! 8p R 8: }4  8 % &K

 &- $Q"E  1971 = 8: 1951 : 8 n!H UK  E !k


, 4"
=% *7v 8 - =B  F   ~= !
, K  {K
1951 K ! m 8 F!iF .-= T f = O>K ! 5 UK M~=
UK !/ ` U  U MFi  8 , }F}v H T 8!-k F :  $Q"E 
.! !-E U , +ko   {L `  !v  % "2 % ,  $Q"E 8
U  ! 8 .! !-= !F% U $ 5" , 8 : - !HF\ - o
`F U & .K !LRk F : &MFi   $Q"E  1951 & .AF
 U , 1981 . E R= `%  H =gK AF F U  O>K !
#x : 8: &G  8 ` R= `% K-g 
= ,  $Q"E 8
 K =   , E   &FRK 1981 8: 1951 n @%
  !  %& FRK 1961 8: 1951 .=FT S% = h
1972 8: 1961 .R= `% b % =6AF 38 =   , E
UK  E  Uo  {M4K R= `%  H =6AF 69 &  FRK
34  R^B ! FG Fv &  FRK 1981 8: 1972
8S! 6% ,  , %
8 \E UK  E O ! .R= `% =  6AF
DR= M^B i- =   , E ! 8!-E 8!F LK - %
8=
!q g
R= `% K-g uR = 
8  UK , &MFi &%!   $Q"E
 =  E ,  U ,  $Q"E  AK =  1981 4-  E
n!H 8: @ B & 17 ! ! !-= !- -
=6AF 3.76 {K !AF !
8: &G   $Q"E !!" . E !-= !F% = H =6AF 2.71 R^B
,  8i72!# {K B , B  =  E , #"  {!"
 1981   =   E , *MH ! O" . E !-= !- -

 E R=  -
=6AF 2.5  `F ` =6AF 2.7 {!"  $Q"E
=6AF 0.18   =    E , *MH UK !FT {#" ! &
2.75  ! ! =6AF 3.32 {K !AF , v . E T B
R=  -
R^B 0.85   =   E ,  UK & .  E =6AF
 E -= 8:  {K ! 2  E &- q !o U ,  4-  E
U & ! K  E -= 8: *MH U Female Fertiltiy Rate H

84

83

;   F"P9
- g ! , 1991 !AF !#v "8!-H !  $Q"E &F/  #"
w   @ =n *MH ! ! !FT 5$A" 8 = !"Av %! .K 
!-= !F% !i#"  R {L &%  !#v! "Fq ! 8  {L &MFi
U != 8Wm Uf  !"Av , 1996 1994 n!H 8: 8 .!
 | " UK  E !-= !F% 8Wm  = `F .!FG U T }4 !  $Q"E
 AK V7v 
= .- .-= `% =  $Q"E 8: i &FRH
UK !T s UK 8" &"hi "B -= %!  !"Av n #`7"
  . E U FM , #"4"   $Q"E - U &% !"Av
=FT U UK &`- r% UK ~= !FH !F% U  !  \8 UK , &}#v F
! -= F% H MFi 5FT ` 5F% &R gb R UK
 E -= M$ "B  O!$4"  , F   $Q"E UK &` !
}F}v ! E n T KF]K  }RWm - #" U &% {L ! 8
8 i$7] H  E =@ ! % !#4" {K !  = - i , 8
V7v  AK U !#"4" !  $Q"E G = #"4" `q , 8i7%H
 F  H U R 8 8i7%H !o !#`7" ! . E !-= !-k -  E !-= Mk
 i- !"  8i7%H . E !o 8 &A#" "!] B %
8 n  ! \ n #"  ! m !#`7"  , &iv F
 &! , F"F H K F R 8 !  E !-= Mk V7v a U %
86

H &R gb >K 8" !" f*  "MH MFi UK ` - -

: 5$m  +ko UK ! !-= !F% !L" ! K  % 8 . -= F%


 S B!$-b w:  -
H w!K A#" L  Fx n : 
4] = MFi !-= !K = U Fd! U!% ! 8 H ~= !F% 5" , 8 : 8"
.! !-= !F%  \!  R ! & & E -= F%   R 6 U
, |= &! 8p *MH R K #"4"  a-b %
& & E -= F%  6 MFi   $Q"E  = `F . E w# AK
*MH , 8i7%H . E !F%  8i72!#  ! \ &! 8p :
.` U O>K ! &FG 6  @iA/ , |= &! 8p
 q 8!RW   i7 E i7 E 8" % =1FH  1M- "!]
&`F . E !-= !FKK !FH 8: & U MH : & & E 8!F A
>K 1M- T  n 8" = ! &MH !}L 8 $Av ! *MH
R &MH U : + 1F  &"!] &-p  &`FK  E !F % a%
.! H % FK 1M- T % n   8" 5}i7" &}v
R%6o n  F= ! F"  }L 8 $Av ,  ! q
.=-=
(1998 n! 14 E Fv =%  g=

85

&" &%!#  8 &! UK ` R= 


 $f  Uo
n!H H  ] Sovereignty F  (Indigenous People)
1941 .!FG U T &`- UK T &% f = O 50 5- B  8i7%H
{K ! ,  $Q"E  1951 ` =6AF 97.7 !"  ,  ,
{K ! E  ,  ,  $Q"E  1961 .!FT =6AF 88 ~=
8: 8 .!iH &FRK =6AF 52 ~= ! , 1981 &`- !uF ~= =6AF 78
! , }F}v UK & . DT G T K-g 6% q 8 !] &% -=
 =6AF 72 , #L$F  !!" & . U .  &`- {K
72 B , B E  ,  UK !FT ! {#" ! 8 UK & E u-= L$F"
>K 8" !" &MH 8: }F}v 8 H  E ,  ! UK =6AF
  R {L &%  MFi   $Q"E  1991 .~= !T !- !
UK !-= !
R ! K {L ! @%  : & !  % Fx H -= F%
UK =FT i , OF\ M" . E !FT b % -= ! E  
= h 8  !v  8: &G &#F H U  K U K #"4" 8
  , f" *MH F!iF .FT  f = Uo R & .K ~=
O>K !  H  E !F !! =
= 8: >  E 8 H , F_
8!FA2 2 8!F#-LK 8!FkB , S B!$-b  &! q  .  &`-
:& E - & UF" 8" &  E {L h$7H \ ! & & E
@=  E , &! q !#`7" F 8!-H 8:  , V
8 (1)
m!$M" ! #" {!" ^-b  %  1981 . E ! #i" 
  Sf , E  &! UK & . . E =6AF 3.21 - =B
3.56  =6AF 3.32 v= 6AF 2.25 *MH : E - & !LFKK
AF 8: &G & .=6AF 1.46 dS =6AF 7.6 8i72!# =6AF
#" !o U - =B ! *MH {!" & E 5F% H MH  %
 ! H  E B =6AF 4.6 8: R FH    m!$M" 
{!" S 8  Sf , E % 8  E B =6AF 8.1 U 8:
 ! RE #-LK AF ,   E  &! q , %
5- B
Female , *MH   o .!T MG % *7v - !K ! 8

 &! , &K: % "H U R ! !o . E ={ K ! BR$


 . E =FT &F4K ! v 8" = FH m!$M" &#F= " &-%!
8 :  !  E !-= Mk V7v a - U % 8 !#"4"  n
F" }L 8 $Av UM% K  UK  .& E 8!" F#`2
= Uq , V

&#F= i]   UK  E !%  ,  !  &  T &: h


. aR] #7K  "F H FRE ! &-  >i K }>i F
U aF#7K % 8 : &MFi  #v& "FRH 5FT   $Q"E , 1991
F FRE MH : ! 
= , MFi  8 ! ! !-= !F%
&- !  #`7" !Fq !  8  !v 8 .RE h ,  \i
FH R = !MH 8A" S AF  E ! &-E &Fq =Wm 8:
!  : &- ,  % !L" ! i] F : @H %
.8!FT &F 2 @% ^  AFS
{L .B  &-E &"!] &FkB , 1: p !#`7" !  $Q"E
&FRH U , 8i7%H K ! \ . E !F  AK = 8: =
AK ! =]8 H !-= !-M"'  =  : #"4" 8 = 8: &-

%! ) 8i7%H ! =_o H B , |= &!  8i7%H %!


*MH UK @%/ ! , |= *MH ! 
=  8i7%H U= (-WG
@% aF#7K : FFv i-% R  8i7%H }! =_L 8 $Av !
8 ! .B 8 8 8i7%H & =_FRi7F UK  E Uo {Mm .! U FK n
U= UK `  = ! p  FFv F FRE  *MH ,
&-
& ` % Uo  Parity , |= &! + 1F  8i7%H
 *MH Parity UK @%/ = 8: &-
&K !-= T 8i7%H =_
8M" 8 .~= !F% !T U !o : 8 % &K % T U Suit : 8"
 $Q"E .T `T H  7FH  = RF: Uq  }L 8 $Av R
.  E  FT K-g 
= = 8: &-
&FRH , #" 8  !v 
, !  , 8 ` T  $Q"E AF , 1941 8:  8i7%H
 E R  , ! &% .! =6AF 97.9 {K ! &" 
8 U ,  1940 .! U , 1: p  O" ! Homogenity .-

88

87

  !  %& FRK 1961 8: 1951 .=FT S% R = h


 = UK Uo {FMm R= `%  H =6AF 38 =   , E
UK  E O ! R= `%  H =6AF 34 &  FRK 1981 8: 1972
 E ! 8!-E 8=
!q g 8S! 6% D!FT / ,  , %
8 \E
>  K &! ' 5F"  S B!$-b DR= M^B i- =   
&% : = 1981 UK !T `T  % 8 .B R @= ! S
& ! H !T  U !}L 8 $Av 8!i}F}v   .` U !  U
 8 !  E U FK n @% aF#7K % 8 : &i}F}v &F &F#-LK
K =g  & T G M`H ,  \i   &B , MFi
.& E F -= F% O !FK lv  &! &d ]
F>   K ! \ &!  UK  E  O>K ! `F
F FRE 8r" #"  ! 
= n!H UK T &~= F% aF#7K MFi
Act on  1974 .-= M`H ,  \i  "F H
8!F: 216 8!^F 5%
' 8! #L$F "!]  #" {!" Delimitation
&K !m 9 dS 7 8i72!# 43  26 v 115 8! *MH , & 8!-=
8 {K 8 .8!-= 8!F: 8!^F 6 n &iF#] 10 8!^F !" 8!
m!M"  &! d *MH 8: 1978 .8!-E U 8!F#-LK !$4" UM%
&`F  FRE : *MH  F"F H  E , &Q-g!H !L" 8:
8! ] U% 6 , F"F H !!" {L &  E -% 4] UK
 }L a%v  !  K #" 8 &  E U &A$" g
.G 2 =
! !% : FFv $%v
Ff O , 1978 .8!-E U 8!F#-LK !$4" UM% , {K 8 n!H
8! &iF#]  = & , 1984 .8!-./ % 8 R = 8" 6 8!^F 8! &iF#]
! &^F !" U n &K !m .B=.B 8!F% 10 R = 8" 8 8!^F
U 8!  4 8! 8i72!# ` =]o UK & . !F% 20 R = 8" 10
8!F% 5 8" 8 8!^F 8! dS , 1998 8!-= 8!- = 8!^F 3 , %"
 O>K ! `F .R= R = U q F    &! `2 8!-=
aF#7K :   $Q"E F>  *MH  & .AF !  E

=6AF 3.005  , *MH . E S U ,  Fertitlity Rate


. E =6AF 3.40 ! ,  UK & .  E
{L V! !Fq  ! S 5-E   '_E , &! q (2)
&
&A#"    ! \ &! &Fq 8" ! MH ! &FMH
 .  !o O>K !  8  UK & . . E ~= .  = Bg=
O ,  ` q UK T &~= B $K , &! &Fq @H !"  
{!" =  %  1991 .!T `T 5\  =
= ! &-E &- q
5.2 *MH : E - & {K ! &" (&- ) "}" Fx w , &!
=6AF 8.5 v= 6AF 44.3 8i72!# =6AF 9.13  =6AF
5-E , &! q UK =-= T !#4" R 8 
: 8: &G & !o
.& E 6% {L 5  #-LK S B!$-b
1981 UK  E !F ! 5F \E 8!Fd ! *MH 8  !v 8 (3)
. E !kB m!$M" ! E   8 L7   $Q"E 
 = 1981 5FT ,  i-"E    Ff UK  E  Uo 5 UK & .
U S B!$-b i7" .` " Fx  AK 8: >   $Q"E
U 8" Demographic Statistics  %  #" Uo  UK T &F"
8 -"E RFf UK  E  {L 5 ! 8 .T MG % 
, #"4"   - H ,  $Q"E !o U {L   MH
8 #"4"  =  $Q"E .!F 5-%  B ! 7  &" 
, 4" F> : {K  E & .AF .T `T !o Uo o U
  $Q"E  &FRK 1971 = 8: 1951 : 8 n!H UK  E !k

M% *7v 8 - =B  F   ~= !


, K  {K
: &  $Q"E  1951 UK & . .-= T f = O>K !  UK
 !v  % "2 % , 8 UK !/    U !\  T 8!-k F 8
, 8 U : - !HF\  o ` RE U , +ko   {L `
& .K !LRk F : 1951 U  = & .AF H ! !-= !F% U $ 5"
#x : Figure  = 1981 ! O" .F ~= q O>K ! U
 K   =   E   &FRK 1981 8: 1951 n @%

90

89

8  E A2 Mk !#`7"  AK  UK @%/  $Q"E (2)


, 8 B R % ,  G  UFm 8 &   % `q  %
&FH !-  ]!"& !  =  5-.B =6 8  " !] &F w: 
5" ! L" : 8R$  Fx= &QF$%  &}v  7 ^ !F$%
.G T o! !L] n &! 8 !$  &`F UK ~= !F%
,  \  &F!q , 8  E !-= !F%    S !AF n  $Q"E (3)
8!F!q `d  UK & .  E !-= !F% 5" : m = -G 
&`- i .&  8!F!q  " 8! v 
=  E U &%  #"
!% AFR  2!# !iQH MH  ,  \  &F!q UK =FT
.~= !F% I & ! F!q &- !$ F$
. -= - _8 57FH  S UK  E !-= !F2 ! , #"4"   $Q"E (4)
: #`7" !#FS =6 8  E  AK  R !AF !#"4" 
.!Lk {L ! AK -= =FRM" i-=
!  E !-M" -= #FS `q & : 5$m   $Q"E (5)
H 8" E W U ! n!H 8: &F" 3 MFi UK  E !-= !F2 UK  E 
UK  E  =f n : () Transparent : 5$m   $Q"E . FT
K  4#f 8Wm R i ! & &~= - _8 &FH 8 57FH  S
 H%   b % 8 , FSE Q$% ^Hb  4#f ! =~ F%
8 7M- - (=  " !m) Public Body U% &`F UK ~= : ,  !
.G % UK  2 @% F2 :
WFq R-  8i7 !% !/% T =6 }RWm UM%   (6)
hi \ n  $Q"E i & E 6 }RWm  % Fq 1 !"
. E  -
U BFM U% 8 &FRK ~ !"Av H  ! H %
AF & E 57 = U \ R iF% !% w !GF" 5F_ ,  !\
% 8 .T & % O ! {L &4- i- =  Bg= &MH
   E 8: &-`& F UK B FT hi !\ U ! Uo 8
.&G T 5" ,  $Q"E U 5}i7"

=_8!--= M! kB 8!i}F}v F"g 8! O>K ! n!H UK &~= F%
 ! 
= =F_ 8!-H , - K  #" n!H 8: B>F#m  8i7%H
 K &F` ! ! ' .=  g : FFv i-%
 &F#-LK S B!$-b &F UK !FT &`-  B FT n!H 8:  $Q"E
`o 8!--= M^B 8!^F 22 V UK  E = \: *MH , =
FFv i-%  *MH .8!--= = 8!^F 26 , % "8!  =]
Rs 8" 8 =g  & ! E  M^B i7 E i7 E U &` !
{K !  $Q"E  *MH {!"  $Q"E  1951 UK !T MG
,  $Q"E  1972 ! ! =6AF 6.8 8: >  E  #"
NF  >R  *MH n!H 8: 1981 n!H UK !F =6AF 6.1 ~=
=g ! 8  ! uF ~= / O>K ! 5 `F n!H 8: O>K ! 5-E
K  $Q"E *MH !AF !  E {L R ! . E U !F:
!kB Rs
% d &% 8: 8 8 &  #i"  ! ! =-
=g !kB $K
K  = i-% MH & % UK  E !% V  E !F
.G :  ]: &Q-g!H
U W`7" W"4" Fq UM% 8 L7   8  !v   $Q"E
U T  8  ,  ! q . E  =f FT 5v ! & & E a
.M% U!q Uo = {FKK U K 8 UK =FT i .=G
g  . E U ! &F-
H  ! ] Fx !#`7" =
=  ,  (1)
UK  E ! O ! .T & -
H  ! ] Fx  30 _  ,  {!"
-   D=-= !F% Accommodate r% : & ,  $Q"E
 ` q FT R  Uo  UK T &~= F% b^7 ! lv 
 8 % ,   UK  E ! !#`7" U UK &~= T U Fko 
R !  ! ] Fx 8" &}v &#F= KF!v" w!K $ F i]
H ~= =f !Fko : & UK =FT &`- i % 8 .T &= !v H 
 5}i7"    `&  F UK ~= !Fko ! -
H  ! ] Fx
U !v KF" ! E  & 8" % ":  ` q UK &G T U
.G #"

92

91

P  0%   A   
% :  !m   8" !"Av w!K #L$F  !!" F!iF
!iR ! % n >K  8" 5v  &#`7" 8  UK  E U F" ' kB
 !$  !"Av w!K #L$F & : &" ! %  %
8!-H !%  . E U Lim U!% K   2 1 !2 8 }-
% 8: !"Av w!K #L$F   : &"   !  E U U =F_
- 8!F#L$F U AF ,  8: %
5- B . E U F" '  R2
!kFq _ % n i"W '  &"   U & 8!-E 8!i"!Av
8" #L$F - !"Av RkB  &" & .AF % 8 .!F% U
' '
&i"!Av  !$ 8!F#L$F .!T H lv = !H &F: ! 8 UK  E U F" H

a% ! & & E 8!-   ! g 7FH g 8! ] , &i-


m "8!F#L$F = 8 UK & . . E =  ! 8! ] g 7FH
8  & !"   .8!-= T 5-LK , &]=  8S }L = ! UiS &F#L$F ` 6A W`7" 8 UK !
& ! FT V!-" U % 8 8"
.` Fq g! K 1M-  &i"!Av
 &-
&q 5- B  #L$F  !=  O>K !  !$ 8
(b !-  - &- )    = 4- ! a    , VW
!-=  A 8 `q  ]!" 5-.B !   % w!K " 
!"  E !F   !m   : &  E Uo u'  Ov
94

FT n!H 8: & 10   $Q"E UK  E 5FT ` !  FRE (7)


1991 UK  .B FT R K F 8 U &F4K ! b !- KF" "!]
R `T  $Q"E ~ UK !Fq !-= !F% U aF#7K : &MFi   $Q"E  =
#Mm 6AK  =f Fx  -1F"  !"Av  !Lm 5- B &F7FK `T
` K F   $Q"E  = 1981 b !- KF" "!] = a% 8:
 = 1972 !  E !F #" !v !AF : !"Av  !-./ %
! ! ' % 8 . E !F #" , &7] U ! K F   $Q"E
FRE Fx !%! R %  $Q"E   UK B &`- FT
KF" "!] & F` K F   $Q"E &F` %  b !- KF"
.~= !F% &F4K ! b !-
F #T H & E !o W`7" R iF% U Fq 8  $Q"E F!iF
=f Uo  . E R= = = r" K & & E R  W"4" F
, |= &-E #i" , &! R i , 8i7%H UK B M$
V7v 6  $Q"E & .AF K & E 5- ' _K Wi\  AK
 8 UK R= `% !%  @% Exploit  F U : #`7"
#i" &! i-=  @H . ! U , lv  #" ! U &% MFi
8 n 8 !#FS  .Lk {L ! @iA/ &SWi\ -= , |= &-E
FFv i-% , &= MH ! !  E a V7v -= U %
. E U !#`7" ! A" - K  8
1998  ! 23 E Fv =%  g=

93

K"  AF .~= `% T U !B U @q' H Uo  H UK k: O ! !


4#f =  8 Fi\ U  ` 5v : &! Fi\ 1" 
! F]  &i"!Av 4#f .& E -= F7: ! #$m ,   &i"!Av
-= 
: &4#f / = Fi\  &! , #v& "FRH UK !-= !
! g !
4#f & .  . -= 
: &! / = Fi\ -  S= , #v` "q
H & E -= 
R = : &4#f UK Fi\  &! UK & E , 5$m 8!i"!Av
 4" . E aB R % ! = &FRK  !&  8 Fi\ ]S=
U : &4#f H ! !o U .! !-= n 7: Fi\  &! R !-" !#F" !
!MFi #$m ! 8 . E !-= !F% >K"  S= 4- % "-   =
 % 8 .ai\ U Fi\ UM% B =  &! 4" D/ {#"
UK  ! k: &`F 8 F= =
E S= !#`7" ! UK B : #L$F
- = &FRK  !&  Fi\ -  S= % ai\ 7 A%
H = Fi\ 5F7: MH : &! % ai\ 8!i"!Av 4#f - &~=
ai\ 7 A% # io UK ! 5FT ` , &FRE  1973 .&~= -d!"
U , &i"!Av !S &RW " U .!FT U 5$m U & .% K 8 H -= `%
 ! MH 8!F#L$F R! AF ., &i"!Av 5-1 !2 O!  =
6% n!H  !=  & &G Ro 8!Fr n  Fi" !\ 8 Fi\
T U R Uo B 8: 1940 8: 81 !2 >i" DT G T 4"
 g!   D E aB r%  UK  E !-E ! =]8 & .  `%
.& E A"  &#F=  Fi"!\ H &  g-- !B! 
 . E ! !:  !2  H !#`7" =
= , 
= (  ! & =]2)
  . E U O ! !Mo - 5A !%  !:  8 w  K H 
 8   B w = b % ! x O!v" @= H  !  8!F"g !"
! 8 S= H & E FH T  % % IMiv !"   .& E 
  ! T ' 8 B !T !AF !FH  ~ O`% 5T !  E !
! * !
!T = HE ! a-b % n @% &F !K  &"&  
B g    !2  8 & E B g   U -  H .%
U U  H !F%! z = = 1991 :  . E  7: lv ! HF

-  & =]UK  E  }F}v .   U io - =  UK T &F 2


. E 5F 62 r" $K  B ! x ,  . E   B 8" &iv &F:

! &KGHE ,  .` 


U U & .% , - K MH x i- 
H 8: & &`2 &d 5- B ,  . E !L =
= ! 8 !#7# w=
. E !-./ % =6 H U : F"g !2= H / UK   &  !%
.& E F T U LK 8 FK  S =S m g .& E 8!F T 8 -= 8!F"g
  `F O>K !  $% . !% UB ! &7 m g , 
U LK WFq  $K {  L = U H NF 8: 6d!% . E 8!"
57#7"  1$ ` q UK & E F M^B 57  " & E -= T
K 8 .& E F T 5-LK , @/ = : &- ^! 4#f Uq   {L U w2
8" &"  Bg=F . -= 2 8!" : !$ UK `T |7- 5B
$   &#-w  5-./   . E !-./ Rk: U 7-= ! B g
 E  8: 8 GiQ  #RL] . E !-./ % 8 -= : B g 4"
 !$ 8 . E !-./ w! U  !  !m  &4#f &MH   &
!-E , 5$m != Ov H  R =6K =6 ! #L$F  , O>K !
!"Av & E 5-"gE   8!  !m 8!-  8!- !$ U , #L$F & . E
&K . E  ! , hi  &i- \ 8" E W n #FS UK
.  E !FT !%6: UM% , #L$F K #"4"  =   U  !
 L$F"  &-   %& =! i- , V
8 8" E W UK M

- A  q #q  8" "!] !i2= - T &FRo !q o


.s @% 8!RF" 8!RF" , #L$F
n 8 B = 1F^ f = K g! &   : #L$F 
, 8 &B @% L" 8: S= B @% O> 8 i
:& E  g! F UM% = F=
 8i7%H  E !#`7" F  ! &!  Fi"!\ R! (1)
!f n F!$ , 8i7%H U % 8 &! 8p F$   =]F]
 Fi"!\ -= n!H 8: 8 -= ,  1940 &F: ! ! !- -

 Fi"!\ R! , - K  !$  8i7%H H ! !-= !- -


&F}- !

96

95

g! `q : #L$F  % 8 .K F  E  H O 20


& F` 8   $-  &~= F% aF#7K U :   $Q"E
.&~= F% U aF#7K MFi  ~= R %
. E U != !% ! 8  #$m H  E S= UK ,  , 8i7%H (4)
{L . E "   % /  8 %*  MH 4- ! 
= !F O! I!S ! O" 8  i- w!K 8  ]S= 8 !$ UK  E !
-= . E  !  -% ,   UK {#" 1H = 7-%
! `d & .AF 4- . E  !  -% 4] U , F"F H
U gM"  @% !#FS U!% & E , R !T =
E !   U UK &F 2
% 8  E U &A$" - &% ! , F !!"  S= . !
&! , 8  ]S= 8 !$ F$ F"F H 7-% = !F I!S &FRi7F
  #$m {#" ! S= &FRi7FK  ! U BR$ iF  
 .= ! U UM% !Fq n ! 8: i 8r" &! &d &Fq  !
: &"   UK % B
' , &h f =  UK  E S ! ! #L$F
, 8  i- ]S= 8 !$ F$ F"F H 7-% = !F O! I!S
H  E =  ]S=  ,  1H = ! O" .~= 
BR$ iF 
/ !Fq n ! 8: L  &
8"  !  % #$m ! 8
!F UK !Fq D E % =iF% ! 1H = ,  &RT    'H D E
 (Fx= 2025 8-= a-b % O`% 5T %=6) &RT &-6
 O`% 5T ^-B D E % ! 8 , @% FH -= , &! , MFi
8  ! . E   a% ! =
 8 8S 1H = H  E T  AK
. E U BR$ }F}v U%  &! 8p &Fq , 1H = !  E %
l#4K ! &kB 8" 8 UK  E O ! .T &FT "}F  8i7%H , F  
, 7-% = !F O! D& E kB  , I!S D E = ! 8 &- 
, & & E K: ]S= &-! n ! 8: 8 D E / {K ! &- 
!!" O" =
= ! &  E R= M , R !T BR$ R  
L$F" F$f U AF , #L$F  . E w!  !"Av 
&% FH ,  !  &# , #L$F O !  UK  E S ! & & E

UK  H  E !!" b % = !$ ! $v =]   "8 ! U !h"


&- !$ UK B : #L$F  . E U FK n @% 5$m !% U K 8
 H AF   &QF$% - ^F$%  5$iQ" K 8R$  &- 
% FK U 5  K F 8 , V
8 % FK U !H  K !
!F: 8 R!  $ f = F% !  , & % FH , #L$F
: =
R  O`% 5T ^-B !  !S : #L$F  .B=.B .~=
!o O ! B @% !h" % FH ! iR  n R %=
8 !$ Ks : #L$F H   ! R % O> ! % ! $
n R %= =
 O`% 5T ^-B = q 8 &}-& #F=
2025 8-=  1H = :  H U O`% 5T !o .B @%  %
8   % & .AF . E  6  7S  ! B @%  :
B @% @H i" ]FH  : UK = U !v K 8 ,
8! ~= 8 ]8K  8! 8 = R 5QF  b - >i" UK M

D&%  8!FT r% 8!R !m


UK  E !-= !F% Fi\ ]" !  =   , #L$F  (3)
! .B FT K F   "E = FH H U K F  E 
 &iv 5F U : O !  E .B=.B H  E ' ! !  ]"
 8 != FT  $Q"E   ! O" . E  =f  
, =
S4" 8  i- &MH %  $Q"E .&~= F% T U O!L] MFi
UK T `T Uo  n!H UK &~= F% T U O!L] U    E FR %
  & .AF  E  U FFv i-% !o   *MH
*MH   n!H UK &~= F% H aF#7K : }F}v  E
=   i : #L$F  % 8  !T U S !kB , &-E 
U Uo  K B @% !L" ! @% K F   "E = FH
 - &~= F% aF#7K :   $Q"E UK B : 8 g  iR
= FH     = UK @%/ .~= R % & F`
U : 8 !   $Q"E ` q UK ~= `% T U K F   "E
U ! K F  E 8 "  E =   .&~= F% T U aF#7K

98

97

=].8!R
U = lv K F  F" B% % : & !
&- T ' g!  L$F" V S F$f  #L$F  UK  E !-= 2
f = & H ! !- T ' = =8 d!H !R  ! B !o   O ! ! 8!"
.G % !T U UM%  E V=  ! UK !F2 !
n g 8! ] U K g! &   : #L$F  =Wm 8: 8
 % = % ! O" .T &: F$ 
= n  AF B @% FK
&#K] ,  H  E !F%  , F   H i !o U :  #"4" 
8!\ ! & !! &FF U GF  UK  E !-= !-./ F/ : &A^% 
m  8! ] -= 8: Qv=  #% ! 5  .&FR = 8F H
!  !S : #L$F  . E U !MFi ! 7v  i- B!!"
Fx ! n!H  E 5K] 5K] .B @% g 8! ]   % = %
., FFv    =
= UQFH - % 8!\ ,   !K F = 
& E UK - 8! ] > \K  &}v  &iF !H &-  ,  - 6
= 8 n!H 8: A- 7Fd .& E I \ ! '"H @ UK & E  U !%
M! kB % &LL $ &Fq AFd i  F"g  
& iF !H &-  , =  &i &iv 5F & .& E A2
R i- U 7FH  >$F#4K   .B FT g 8! ] & F`
&}v  &K !m 8 q ,  .B 8 8B &iF !H &-  & E g! a
.B FT g 8! ] ! \ 
FH , V
8 L$F" !  =m  =& =AF  #L$F 
` H : & %  % 57#7" 8  -= 2 = % 8!F"]
 4]!" & , V
8 F !4    !m !  UK B
.-= R~= }>i !MH #L$F ,  ! q . ! .B K 
(2003  ! 30 E Fv =%  g=

100

U & F$ = n .&R 6F 8!- !K 8!- !$ n R % VH : 8


#" :  H =  & E -= 
: I!S ,   % "AF  &L4
.&B
x U n!H H  E !! O""  8 &#F= K (  ]5)
K &#F= &MH :  UK  E ! {L . E 5Fk ! "}8 i>"
= n UK  Uo  H UK A"  &#F= K ]. E U A"
= FH  `B 5FK ,  .& E -= F7: 8:  U WF= 6 AFd 
&! &Fq = FH  4#f &-! o  E r" 8:  , 8i7%H 
T `F &-! "!{ H  F Fv -g= R! !o H  E r" 8:
 !#R!% `B 5FK   1 !" . E !4#f &-K {-x !  n!H 8:
F#" ,  = :  8: & &F &-  AF & E WF= K  ]
!  =]F]  8i7%H . E U A" %   K & H .& E
,  . ! U U A" K &#F= &MH : &! UK ! !-= !F2 r%
UK &= 8!FT 8: % "U g n !o  `B 5FK 8!F$% "!] B
 % 8 . !% U r% &`- , F  .&% 8!FT 8 8 U  4"
K ]8 !$ &MH :  UK B @% VH 5 ! : #L$F
#" :  ^#R  B ` lv ! A" K &#F=  4"
.B
% H% : #% F   &F7M- &FMo' ,  (6)
i"!Av   . E !-./ % 5-LK ,    W\  
 !  E !A2 = UK =i- % ! & , &#"4" F "hi
 F"hi - 8!i"!Av 8!F#L$F .8!FT &%  WFS UK  #$m
UM%  UK M
: %  & n!H 8: 81 !2 !o & E K"
hi ! 81 !2 = !$ ! &AK &4#f 8: 81 !2 . E !FH 8!"
!AF UK !
./ F/ : &" &MH & ! = &-  8FuH H
f "8 WFS H &FE {!" f "MH MFi &% ~= ! &F=
.! ! & % = !$ , R !"  Av n!H 8: 81 !2 .&% 8
lv -= ! & 8" & n!H 8!R
E   g=
=  g= : !"
99

5A'  U -   h" 7# IMiv MH &Fd H F ! !-E U =]


! HF   UK `% !%  -
!HF ! : F  % , FH
! % 8 . E !-= !-A' !- !2 U -  = 4- !#F= - K !#F%
Ov {-K - K HF  8 !]  !H  H   ! H }S 8}
a-b %  !  E {L R ! AK 8  H . E ! 5L}i7"
"!&   "86 8 !$ &FRK O`% 5T ^-B = 8:
.T &~= -w! n RA' U  ! = AF  E  %
 O" = ! 8  E ! H $K , |= *MH  AK ! H
! & & E A2 6' &QF$% U/ 8  !v 8 &FRK & =]UK  E
&FRK K n MH AK H 8!F
{FKK 8!  n @% 5v AK
. E !F T FK = &-
8!-
H  E !!" &`FK ! &`F !o U
6 &QF$% !R V1 , 1941 R= w! &QF$% & 1- , 1935
&QF$% L% 5S , 1970 R=   &QF$% &F7v i\ , 1968
, 1983 !-E , 5$m F] ! &QF$% l> ! , 1981 R= 
{FKK
, |= *MH  K ! \ &! , 8i7%H H  &QF$% 8$F#v
!- V1 , MFi   4" H  1991 .!FT U 5v AK ! H
d T  UK ! !-= = E , 5$m % 8 U F] !  4- d T a^7
5v : AK Rk F}- : = F>  H {!" U   H
  =  H !o U 6i '  8 H %  % , @%
, &r  !"Av *MH U  8F 1H = H G % U {!" &Rf}K
.T   .F: !i   .F:
 &FH= * 30 O Uq % Q" !!" ! O`% 5T ^-B
  !m AFR  .!F% = K   1H = 8 F"
AF R= `% = =! "! 
= $v  " "
- AF    "! O`% 5T ^-B . E   U `F
:& E   ' & E ` im
!"Av 6 ,  6  !!"  UK Uo &-H 8:  (1)
U &` ! .! U -1F" U!% ! &" : & !-= !F% = 8S
102

 0]   % 
=^, N $W 
5T ^-B  " , #L$F  UK  E Uo wF 7K  
UK & E U - Uq U % 8  !v 8 . E !F% !#FS ! @ T ' ! ! O`%
 UK  E U S F ! #L$F   E  =f &F=   =]
 ! ! k: K 8F >FK ! ! =
R  O`% 5T ^-B
! ! O`% 5T ^-B UK  E  =f H  E O ! ! HF B g 
.~= !F: .B 8 &#"4" 5FHo &Fq , K  F%  H  
8  !v 8 8  ! >H .=- U 8!" !MFi U!% ,  ! q
U AK , |= *MH  K ! \ &! `2  8i7%H
2 8!" 8  !$ iH U n  UK  .~= !FH =FT FK &-
8!-

=
= ! 8 UK !-= : U 7-= ! &! 8" 8i7%H & .AF UK  E 
8F   R : & = ! R AK ! H ! {L
F ]!", #" . E !F % ! 5$A" % ", @% 5v K
UK  E ! {L ! & .~= !FH =FT AK ! H  U !>" !
!o U UG 4" m g   {L !:  H , f" M-=
. E iH 2 K %  v U LK B  H  E T i" 
4 _ kB  &Miv wFT K &i   8: & UM% 5- B
=6 !4S 8!-H , - K  !$  U -  = .& E F Ui7 = R 8 H
101

F!v"   @=  ! ^#-b V1 UK ` `%  H !H


NF 8: 6d!% 8: & &
5- B . E  =f >F n ]K QF4"
&`- !i O>K ! & E F T U LK 57#7" WFq  {L ~= U H
U LK ! 5$A" ^#-b a- =
= ]L$ 8!/ ! ! F  & UM% UK 
1$ U w2  1$ !:  H R !v =
= ! & =-= T
 U -  = . E !A2 T U LK {L FT    H u" &

 U/ 8" &  E &F"g 6A-  UF=   , % H q


&F"g F\ g $K !v ]  E  5$iQ" K &#Fq &dB 6A-
!F = &
 LK 8 FK  H !AF  E !F L" K & B 2
K &WF  = > ! B g  & B 2 &#Fq &F"g & . E
4- F" d  O }RWm  R =i- =- B H =iF . E !F
 ]$ K   ]: & & E ! NF H L$^F 7BE n!
 O" RH!2 % &F  &F_ UK B : - U ! .FT U 7F"
 & FK _  T &: UG 4" 
= $K m  U 8  !v
m i H ! ! = # io .& E H !4- ! B  &"
$K 1 !" !dB ! 86A- U MH  U/ K !T % w!/ , 1$
. E !F ~= &FRK 6A-   UK !T ~= !F2  !AF ! !#Fq !
#H &GF " !  E !kB $K U#"' 4" KF!v" ! #Fq &
& ' ! \ !  m  :
  n !7 : 8 . E  ! UK 
& . E !4- =
= ! @ q n  &"  8K  E H U B 2 =
= !
 H u" 1 !" B ! &"  U-= &L-}K , }RWm  !H
 H WF= U#"     E K @ q O" RH!2 % "
.& E F T U LK {L !:
8 :  .= ! O`% 1#S  O`% 5T ^-B UK !T ~= !F2 (3)
:  , =  &MK #K  f"  E U Lim U!% K 8F
U Lim U!% K 8m = 86  % % "w!K !"Av *MH
&`% MHU7 !K a#$Q2 ! Or" .!T H lv 5$A" ! @%
 &i 5F >K ^-d d = V1  1960 .! !-= !F2 R ! U n

!S R$ Fx UQF$ !" 6    = H , 8i7%H


: !"  O`% 5T ^-B UK !Fq .& E -= F% = , &i"!Av
R n ! 8: R % !h" 8: 8  F = 86 ECNEC CDWP
Uq _  : =
 !" 8 & . &FRK -= !-= !F% !h"
 -
U PCI  8 &FRK : !"Av  H & E A2 T O
 UK = q K !"Av  #L$F  . E R= `% U !B $vg
Fi\ ]!" f = K 8 !"Av  ~= `% FH , #L$F PCI
.B FT ! #7# ! Ro !q :    .%
 4" H  1991 !!" ! O`% 5T ^-B UK !T ~= !F2 (2)
 E K b % Uo    8  " H   .! 5FT ` R ,
! !" &% 6 O`% 5T ^-B ,  4" H  1991 UK  E
  U = 4" H ! 1991 !\ h ]8: 8 H  E U % U!%
8   " .! !-= !F 6"  =g K  S4" !"Av R$ Fx 
8 ` `%   "8 AF =]8 &Fd H F w!K  !m
U K 8 S= w!K !"Av *MH  H  E !!" U b % = !$ !
&FRi7F {!"  4" H  1991 ! O" . E U FK n @% 5$m
8 =  H &F7FK `T !r ` !#"4" ! @./ H NF 8: 6d!%
  =!  8 H MG !r   K V1 U!" U!% Ui7 =
U 1^ U% @ ./ NF 8: 6d!% {!"  4" = 8: 1991
U%  &  E !-= !-./ H 5FT `  = R U  E R= R %
 1$ % @./ U H NF 8: 6d!% , MFi . E U FFv  ! ]
6A- &F .& E -= T U LK _  !^ &- 4#f Uq   {L U w2
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:UK ! !F2 , &h f = OL] !F% , VW  F
I would like to see the Punjab, N.W.F.P, Sindh and
Balochistan amalgamated into a single state. Self
government within the British Empire or without the British
Empire, the formation of consolidated North West Indian
Muslim state, appears to me to be the final destiny of
Muslims, at least of NorthWest India.
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The theory of Pakistan guaranteed that federating
units would have all the autonomy that you will find in the
constitutions of the United States of Amerca, Canada and
Australia Each federating state of province would have
legislative, executive and judicial systems, each of the three
branches of government constitutionally separate.
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He was most maligned and misunderstood man.
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T  *F"%
#" ! 8F E !F =-= !kB 8: m  *MH 8" .!T s @%
4S & .& E 8!-FT , E W !  _ kB 8!F"B $#m 8!
 7 - !$ : 8 , !  .U ! "F U +7 * ! MH
, 8i#" ! !kFT - , VW K =Q"   A#"  }& v
@  &    h ., WR b  K !  O`% 5T H
- K   $F#4K }F!" B *i% m * .& E E  Fko
!Q  7H ]K S>  : ^^2 8!R$F` O `^FT 8!K $m
8!K !m OL 8W"'  ! 1" F 8!g F -! a%  %
  &-=y 8 #i" w=y &   8!F%= 8! B 
VL  !  . E r U 
y  $m w 6y U K &% ~ 8" & & E
311

: `A 8 @ % ^F_^2 F R @%   : `A


. E `% `H !% !H  _R^ 8K " h"
U 5v Fi\  ' h  "F H ! 8 &FRK = 8: 1947
! "g : F"F H , i!  $ U &% AF !FG %
 E !F 54" -  E !F U !!" &FRE UK - = 8 .&B ` 5v
8 Fi\  8   !$ ! ' UK  E U !F K"  ! ' , 8  &% 
8  K & Fr" - !$ !o U , MFi .!FG Mk U F ! &fS
: U 7-= 8K 8 ' U !  !m - i H R= FT =$% 8  !v 
.!T 2 h
H & E F # .B=.B h 4" F F% , F  F!iF
 ! F != &-=$% &- !$ &FMH - !$ , & F-=
_ kB H  E !-E io !o U ! h *F"% w '  w = io
!F" V S  !m !4 ! - !$ . E !-= !F% U aF#7K
 $Av  8! ]  &FRE 8   !$ !L" &Fd H F
- !$ = 8 H MG % !r U !K n ! 8: (Rule of Law)
U UK % & E , 5A R i =$% - m !$ "g  n
5v i] 4- 8R$ 5-1 !2 81 !2  - !$ .& E U U !!"
  E FT Og 8: 8r" 4- 81 !2  ' R U  E U ! ! @%
, F_  &"h 8 !$ &Fq :  !m , - !$ 8 FFv  h F
n   &}v 8 H ! !o U T &M 5v lv 8!- gE -=
= 8 UK  E Uo q  8!FT &M !!" H 8!i m 8! ]    !$
>K ! &}L UiSFim "!" H U >K !  !m {#" ! - !$
. E !F
:, h  !$
R$ MH  ' 4-  & !T M 5v lv ! n :  !m 
.T &-1 !2
.T &-w! 8!i"!Av 8!  ]!" R! "}" R$  
.& E 8!-% g7 ! ] 8!F#L$F 5-1 !2 8! &" 
.& E 6'  i- R >K & ! ] & ' 

 = 8!Q!% #$m n 8 H ~= 


5A $iv % !o U n!H 8:
8" &! `2 , WR b ! ! {L R ! .~= w! H #$m $Av
! ! ') &iF#] -1F" &Fd H F ! \ &L4 F = #i"
!-. : 8! & " o 1 !2 8" ( E #x @% O$4i & ! iF#] K
F 8! %\ 5
8S +F i &-H UK !T 8F 2 8" .! !-=
.8!F: 8 - 8!-E 8!" , WR b AF 8!Fo  ' n!H &
8!Fo
:`   "\K-h  7FT  +F
:W`7"  - !$ - !$
&F-= & !T `T , &"!] /&A#" & 2  F  $ ! 8i7%H
AF ! !-./ % 5v : &#`7" & ' R 8: wH  
Fi"!\ UFm  gE &FRE F"F H 5-1 !2 . E !F o!_ 8i7%H
W"4" F  6  gE   >K  &QF$% 1 !2
m "g n ]K  4"  !$  gE * "U &% AF
.!T MG % R !K !o , 8i7%H ! & ' & E !
8
= : 5$m  !$ 8 i$7]& FRK = 8: F]  8i7%H
A"  &#"4" i- 8 !$ , #" . E !FH ! B 8" &" 8
=
57#7"  I!S , 5$m  !$ F . E !F R = I!S }S Fi\
T G i- U FG !   ' $ }F}v UK U {L #\ "
& . . &G %  ! &}v  !$   !m !MH  ' ! FG
!o n @% a S g ! : F$%v MH 8 ' UK RE , i] I!S U
!
! ]F" ! &#`7" 8 !$ : &Fd H F & iF F
. E `% !%  @% 7" 8A" iv : %  & '
 8" K @% 5v i]  $-  !o : 8  i- F
 @%  H : F &i"!Av !S .!-= !-k !4- ! R !H
H = E io : 8m H 4]!" 8$-  -= F Fx , 
!= &- =$% &- !$ &FMH &im$ F UK  E  Uo wF 7K '
=57#7" W\  &i-"E !S H !F: ! ]o U : != MH
{!" &i- =  !$ &Fd H F UK  E Uo q  . E `% H

314

313


 UQF$  lv   $Av  -% #m i]
  !m
.R= `%
K-h  nM - 7H ]K  !$ -  : 8i7%H
.!-= !
! ]FM$ - L "
!L" : S= % g h : FFv  !$ ]S=  8i7%H
S= .!-= !F% g h : 8" &}v  &! K   @%
! i"W }  8i7%H : =  8 Fi\ , |=  &!
.!-= !F  !#`7"
  i] i4 F n } w! F]  - !$
.!-= !F%  >8:  =f
   %! !S O! w!d :   FB  ]
.!-= !-k U F}- : i] " !m % = ">: Fi\ i]
nM w!  &QF$% &QAF Fi"!\ Fm  gE 
.
F= : 7H 7H MH }L 8 $Av
nM g #}"  8 Fr ! ! S 8 &A#" 7-wH , \

.!-= !F% U Fi\ !i ! &Ho ]K i] &" H'


8" " !m AF !-= !F% A 8:  7FH -
H 6 
.M  E a 8 &G" '
8: 7FH -1F"  gE h $F#4K 7R  {!" &Rf}K - 
.!-= !F% A ! #$m UQF$
 &}v 8 H !T % UK vf=  &}v  &-& FRE ! #" 
.% !r &F4i"  '"- AF}- U!% n  $f
"W ,    {!" W 8! ]   &FRE  #" 
: 8  86 &Q-FR"W  h $F#4K 57 !R% K-h
.R= 
F$ F , g 7FH
  ]MH ! ' M  & = ]U =B  -  
 $Av &F: UG  ' / UK ./ % -g : &kF 8: @H K F
!LM" {L &- =$% &FMH !" / DT G Mk g ! ! -
lv !

.& E -= -W W"4" "hi !$  #" l" & ! ] & ' 
. E  '  !  n !7 : & T &M  ]F iF%  - !$ 
: ! O"
.T &: FFv o =
E 8! ] !" !$ , - !$ 
K &% U : &% K F  { "57  H  
. E  ! U 5v +R r"
.& E ! 5v lv Fo K F    : &- 8 !$ 
U : R !T H & E -= F% 8 f  "RkB WFS !$ 

.& E ! 7F" lv !$  n Wi\


!  ! ]
.& E ! 7F" 4]!" iF  n ]K Bg= : &- 8 !$ 
#% ! @% ` 4- WR b &Fo W"4" !$ , - !$ 
G  ]-
lv    U : kF 8: @H  E =' 
.& E FT
r y n FT  G : + 8 & ]-=  !$ K  $ 
. E #"
  :  !m !o U ! ' UK @%/  E m "g ! - !$ &FRE
AF}- n @%  : &%1 , U  ]K 8 H !T R
lv 
U   =FRE  !$ , F  !  O" .!T % H vf= 
T n @% 5}i" : F"F H 5-1 !2  &" Fi\  7: lv 8:
 UG   !m &FRE  !$ .!-= !-k H ! &FRE : U  NF
n @p%  q 8: ^    ]:  !m !AF !T % BR$
!AF  E = ! i] !  !m %& ! "FRE .!T % R$ 8
-  !$  U & .% ! ' M = ">8: UG  &" &FRE
FRE  8i7%H .G % !r  % F , w!  I$
1962 1956 . E  A ! 8 >8 AK &FR - K
  \A" AF : != "!] , & ' -= F  &FRE AF , 1973
Fi\ h U} f = !% ,   8 U R= `%   Q UK U  & ' `
: ! O" !-= !F%

316

315










% g7 ! ] F}- n 4"  U : 8 }& ]-!  $ .8!FT


5$m K & ! ] & ' n Rk i : B g 8 l" &K =f  &"
F}- n 4"  U : 8 }& ]-!  $ .8!FT &FRk F}- :
&`F UK 8!FT &-
=S : 8 ' & ]U & Fd H MH H 8!FT &FRk
 ' .&FT {!" f "S4"  8  8L$F" 8 WFS & Fd H
  U n & A" 86 8!FT &FQ UG : 5$m  R$  !$
8"  !m 8!K!] S n R$   !m d H &`F UK 8!FT &F!:
U!% ! F] FvK  = , &Fd H  !$ .& 8!-- r" 8!-' 
. E = ! U !K
********
5F% FH 8S +F , F$F /VW K =Q" - !$
#i"  &! `2 , & !FT !vL" 5-! n!H 8: &-MK/%\
! = 8 &L4 #i"  B g w!K -1F" 8 !Q  8R$  &Fd H
5F% FH M" f] 8"  .!K = !v B "& w:
:`  } F  8 -=
UK - i . E  U - !$ }F}v U & .% , 8i7%H ( )
 !m & 8!i"!Av  !$ Fx 5-1 !2 - & E 8!F 8!i-"E - 
a% `H R n 8"  F$Q#LF^ }L 8 $Av ! F nM
UK ! !F% FH !K  #m $>"    8 8i7%H . E !F%
.  ! Fi"!\ : &! , 8 = ! #" !FAF  !$  !
- K    !K 8 - K i- F  !$  8i7%H
 =]F]  8 * !\ ! &  E U U ! &% 8i7%H !  . E
.! !F% FH !K ! 8    8 - ! !
 !m  &! 8p
! H ! !-E UK , != ! #"   , 1947 8i7%H (*)
U - !$ }F}v U & .% , 8i7%H &`F .! !FT U  gE , 4" }F}v
, 4" }F}v U & .% , - K  !$ MH 8i7%H &`FK  E 
 F &F` AF , F  n! : R 6  _" q . E !F U  gE
y  ! "8 A-"E T
n!H 8: F]  8i7%H !- ' _T  N
= A-"E ! #$m : #" F$Q#LF^ 8\ #m ]F R i'
318

-  !$  .&% aF#7K lv ! F$%v 8 '  UK FT


: E !  $Av , 4"
.! @% aR] !"Av   Om 
.! @% 8!- !H 8!K =f 8! R &  \! - 
.! @%  H  &}v F iS} 4"  8 
.!   O" 8 8 
: OF\ ! \ ! &}v  8 q &K !m &iF#] &F"=& ">kF 
.!
IWm aF#4K n ! 8: S   -h 57  : S 
.! @% F" -K i"W
.: aR] @% aR] i] !  !m 
.@% = G : 8   !$ nM &iF 

.! @%   :  " @% aF#7K : n Wi\



!MH l" 8 ' @%  im 5F#:' ! &F K!% &F#x &FMH 
.! @% 5-LK : @H
.! @% FH M$  ! : @H =
E 8  &" 
. E - !$ R ! ! 8 5 
 ! 5v FFv F : &Fd H F , h  !$ U &%
 &Fd H F   ah" ! n f "MH !" UK @%/ . E
!r R T OLi" U!% !Fq ! &Fd H F % 8 .& E % 4-
F UK  E !F%  : 8 MK  7  !$  &FRK .G
 !$  7 8$K {-K =4" U!% n ! 8:  !o  &im$
F  !m .G !r H &FRK }" #m #
 8 ]
'
UK @%/ .8!FT &M =Q" g n `q  , 4"  !$ 8!Fd H
 B=H MH 8!Fd H F }F}v .T &FQ UG : `q   '
.8!FT &%  $K  &G" ' &Q !\ &K =f  &" m 4- !Q"
8!FT &% 5v Fi\ !  $Av 4- == 8: &" K F 8
&K =f  &" % g7 ! ] 4- F"F H : Fi\  $Av
&FRk F}- : 5$m K & ! ] & ' n Rk i : B g 8 l"
317

=
= $K , &) WF= A#" !$ , - K   8i7%H (I)
, 2 % *MH !o 6F  ( E !F ! &! 8p &Fq  !v
&FAFR , 8 T  Ai4 6F U AF , *MH . E  FT
K ' &`F UK !-= !F: H 8: 8 : &- !  !4 , 2 % :
&r" B $7H   !m G U  ' VW% O1" !}L = "i4
- K A#" , MFi . aR] !A7^F^ ! #7K  8 FB 8-
=
F : &"!] !#h" &-p !o U ]K 8g !i" Fx L =Fx 8 ,
*MH  ]K F$Q#LF^ H  E !-./ % iR!H -= ! 4"
V  E Q UG -= : &}L 8 $Av @uH wFRo =
. E !F% !L" : % = ! L] ^ 
n - !$ ! G U  ' U % 8 - !$ , 8i7%H ()
i   8 !T B VW% O1" OF\ &=  !m !4 !AF
8  8-
= 8 FB &- !2 K F  #" .& E -= F% 
 !4 8 H - !A7^F^ !  E !L] ! 8 FR" O - & \
!  "E A#" K aF#4K   !m , #" & . E !-= !F: ! ]
D=!  '  m !4 =6% K ' `T U |} ! \F}v U =6AF 2.5 !o
K ' M  q R 8: R   &iF= QF4"   Ai4 i
 U  = UK , *MH D=G }! ' L 8!2= = G OF\ &= =6%
8 FB !o :  !m UK ,  H  E !- ' VW% O1" !iR w- h
K % = av  8GiQ   ,   F 8 !"% 8-
=
H !% 8 - !$ %  8" R &MH ! &  E !-= !-./
= 8 H & E } " 6i ' Uq - !$ FB . E U ! = U !
O1" OF\ &=  G  !m !4 . E Ui   FB - !$
. E U U UM% n ! 8: U   s - !$ n !7 : VW%
& !o F  &! `2 UK !-= !F% ` ! , F$F K =Q"
  WR b ! , |= 8R$ &Fq  ^R! O! &FS> 8 !Q 
OLi"  !S 5-.B 6 B ` K &> #i" ! B
.T &G %  % ! F"F H
********

#m } = , |= . E aR] !i O>K !  .!-./ % =B k%=


.!FT {F =   ! F: UK  2 E #-LK , 8 ! ='_^ 
 gE  U & .% 8!7FH 4" w!K 7FH -
H  8i7%H
.& E 8!F U 8!- = #"  !$
 8  !m ! }F}v i] Fi\ U & .% , 8i7%H ()
= 8: = .& E FG T U 5}i" &
8   !$ R$
@uH wFRo = !v =p *MH !v =
= ! &) F$Q#LF^
8 Fi\ F  % / y  #" ( E !F 5$iQ" K &}L 8 $Av
i-"E -  , #" . E  "   "E w!K &#F= A#"
8! Fi\ i] 8!i- !$   , |= |= - &M 8!F 8!i"!Av
  ' - !$ , #" .& E 8!F R = F$Q#LF^ ! #$m 8!o =
. E U ! {L F  ! G U
  *MH K     #" = 8: F]  8i7%H ()
  - M F"F H 7-%= !F O! - M I!S . E  ^
  4- . E !F  ]K &#F= 8  8 !$ *MH ^AF
UK  E  ^   *MH 8: > 4" F !S K #"
 #% iF#] -  E wFRo = ^  iS} ` q
U !q  " %!# U   !m =6AF 6  8i7%H = . E 
S} "!] : S}  !q = R=  6" ! !q "!]  H  E
}F!" - M VL * - M S> 5FHo 8 !q = .!-= !
]
R}RWm n & ]!"&  F%!# !-= !
 ]!" ]: n & S
UK S> = w: |! ={ ">4i" 4- .R= 
`    ]q
F U  .R}RWm T S>  F4"  !q  H R= 
]!" ]
FT U m > g   = R}RWm FT m 6 g- F
!q = 4" F  *MH &FRi7F % 8 .m "!]
- !$ }F}v , #" &F7FK 2 !T U !$K\ ! K iS}  #%
H  E U &A$" @ ! ' - !$ !o U . E &A$" ! 4] @! ' 
 8i7%H =_. E U &A$" U :  ! =! ]#" UK 
.! R ! U {L F ! B>F#m

320

319

$v FS B , B H ` U !L" U K ! " m UK F


$v &- -m 7FS=H 8\ #m h" #" Lm F"  FS
&  .` !!" UK !Q  6  !H OW VLm #m $m 5F$ 7FS=H
!AF % 8 .& E -= T B Fx - & E -=  B UK - kB 8"
. E !A2 T !A
y U ! UK  ! =T ' g =E !kB = !T 8" *MH
: 8!" , % & !K , F$F !GiB  |!# `> Lm ^% b
|!# `v ^% b .! =6R = $K ]!" V K O ! "!] .= U !% kB
! = -  ! . E @ !o /&% % F !| ]!"# ! H $K
FFv  L$F"  F"F H & U K &FRE  1973 ! 8!-H
!=  &"!] , &FRE UK ! !-./ % A 8: @% i `2 ! ,
.` R= 
U  $f U%  &}v "!] V! ! -= !F% A 8:
F B  E @ @  H $K 8 |!# `v ^% b M"
8 |!# `v ^% b ! =FT ~= % 8i72!# ! 8 ,  "g 
& H 8F E =% 7H !kB : & 8" .8!F 8!-FT 8!-% 8!K]W"
!2  $K K ! K .!s 8g=  =6R = ]!" V : 8!" 4S
.RE U h : 8!" Uo !o  , ]!" V H  E !"
&i=  -1F" , !  {#% -H 8 A  +F &-
`q
 &! 8p UK ! ! !K ! WR b .! !-= !F: WR b ! 8 8
.   !#7# ! `T !GiB K g! 8 -1F"  *MH  8R$
`% % , WR b 2  &FS> , {#% -H ! 
AF !!o @ !o ! d H 5QF " !m 8" U ! !iH , 8 = Ro
8" ] 8"  |!# `v ^% b 8" 8i72!# .! 5-m v
8 8 L7   8  !v  O>K ! !!" , WR b .8!`
:UK `  -= F 
8" &" >K ! m O" 8   !m a% F ! - ( )
! m!$M" Rk F}- : Bg=  >aF#4K  &" : aR]
n 8  E =@ ! %  ! 8" &}v 5-.B  "& 
 UK !L
8  !v 8 . E -w!  MH , &L4 #i" -
 E K I=m MH F ! ] . E U != U!% ! #$m ! - ,

:k$1<   ,l 6 M m 


n9 6 j   23 
 8 L\ 8 !Q  &Fq UM% , !  UK ! OF\ ! 8 4S &
!F#" 8 &" UM% , !  &`- 8" U O 5- B .M#" U 8 8^-1-
 }v $v  ^-1- `F  !    g= K ! \ . `
!-o O>K !   8!" ` T % #FK 8
7FS=H .M#" =f 8 $v &- -m 7FS=H UK ! = 4S & .!
U : &  E 8" 8 !Q  7H ]K 2 &  *MH $v &- -m
H !T ~= !
8 h   iv - ,  ! \ &! 8p !o
, 1987 ! & .!T ~= !FM$ F ! &"!] !#h" , *MH F:
,  DT 8!G  .B 8 / *i% 5F K #`7" "!] , 8i7%H
.! !-= !F 6H ! * F , &AF &% % F 7H ]K UK
!  .! 8F" ! 8 !  E _ =p ! -m 7FS=H &F7>K $>"
^% b -m 7FS=H UK &FiH B V n  "   K !m &F
!Q"  ! v F2 = !F ! 8 b  g= 8" =QH |!# `> Lm
: 8 iF  #" 8 -m 7FS=H .` 5u-=  =Fq @ !o ="
{v MF#H O 5- B .!FT !\ R =i- 
: 8 U ! ` 
y
! 4S & H  E !-= T A ! !-" kB -m 7FS=H UK ! !- q'
& .!-E h L\ !kB & #"4"   wF 7K ' 8F UQF$ : 8
 `: 8 K = O !v Ov 8 7 
= 8: 8 ,    
 , *MH UK !FH  `: & . 8!" .K = - V&  #"4" #i"
! & .! U &`$" !kB 8 ! UK  E Ov / ! &K!] |! 7H ]K
|! F 7H ]K ! m!$M" 8 = %
5- B UK ! @!2
|!  K ' ! !FH ! kB U ~ ! 8 K *MH  E T =$%
.` U !L" kB U F
!F:
$K 4] = n F 7H ]K , 8i7%H !%
! 5- B
, 8i7%H  F 7H ]K !^d' / V= -=! .!FT  AF~
w! w!d , &Fd H &-iF% 8!-= T ai\ &Fo" 8!Fd H % .-= .' R F
L  "FL ", #" .!F U ! % U ! 8 !Q  7H ]K .T
7H ]K k: , *MH .! U ! {L  ! @=  |! &Fd H

322

321

"b R &-6 T &~= F% O = &FK 6d   , &  4"   !$
  = 4" ! H , 1991 ! O" .T &~= F% S4" &i"!Av
- K , #"4"  =  H 8  % S4" !"Av "b 
!  S4" !"Av R$ Fx  ^_' gi$" .R= `% KB U 7-=
.!-= !F =w  K v R   &#F= 4"   R % U 
, #7#  =
 O`% 5T ^-B !  E Ov ! ! !"Av !!"
 H  8 &F: &FRK -= .!-= !F% U !B U H ! $  `:
5T ^-B U  = -g= lR  %  H  E R= 
U (PCI) 8=
" n   !m   !AF & E u-= !-s G- R ! O`%
. E 8$K ! }L 8 $Av  *MH 6i ' 
^  K F"F H 7-% = !F O! I!S , 8i7%H ()
 #" , 8  & &FRi7F . E  *MH !  ! 4]
, #" &F7FK ~= 
T U BR$ K F    : &"!] &- !$
 - !$ , 4" }F}v U =FT aR] 8g !K F> ! 8 Fi\ UK U
: &! 8p , 7-%= !F O! I!S % 8 . FT FH 8A" 
: FF Fi\ -= , F"F H B #" BR$ iF 
. E BR$ iF   &! , FF UK @%/ &B #"
,  K ! \ H , #"  UK &` ! 8!F7M- 8!FMo' ()
  !m .& E !F" n &- 6 i- "hi & QH% F  !$
U-=!2 W\ 8" R   !m   wM#H K &#F= AFd R
, F     % 6 8 UK  & E B W%
&QH% , &Fd H F ^AFS 5-w  a- !F% a- . E A2 M#
R & "hi , &L4  % m   =
, &Fd H F U b _
F ! &F7M- % 8 .& E >K i$F] 5
:   8 
.B FT ai\ ! 5$A" % "hi
^   }L 8 $Av  *MH K &) % ":  (I)
,  !o U .!T % -d &`F  !% 4- }RWm 5F% iS  ( E
  &` : K (&K g=
= &K g=) &L" F  %" "! b
&L4 V7v ! \ K &^!H "hi H !T ~= !K = a% W\ 8"

O!$4" ! g= w  8= 5i]  E !F T !Sf  = , & =


^AFS 5-w 
\  $F#4K G = ^AF `q , L4  % .& E A2 Mk
T % ! #$m K  1AF R  1AF $R H K !
= &FRK v \ 8F =y w = 57#7"   Bg=F .& E A2
MH (Bad Governance) "hi  K , &! . E A2
,  . E !FT U !% = @ "H &`- UM%  !  E K I=m "
&F#$m $Av &F7FH i- O =g - i ! ! &F F &L4
H  E  !v F!H VM- I!S   . E !FT , MFi  &FiF=
"hi aF#4K ,  !/ D&M T U !/ !d 2  &#-w  8: & \E
&F7FH #x &  @ ! #F= F B 5"% 8 #$m H%
U LK {L  -  U "M" uR = 
&FK _K 8F F  8i
1$ &#F=  7 U H  4" m g S K ]D E R= `%
x ,  !/ != QF4" & F"g m g 8p &#Fq U - 
=gK F F> Lm -g= KF"   D E K I=m MH  Bg=F
 x E =6AF 80 ,  UK  E !F2 %  H !H  %
 !  ">/ . E   B B g NF U 8: (Poverty Line) 
D E K
&F: ! ` FT 5" % 8 , 8i7%H ! p  =] = (*)
! 1940 , V
8 .` R= 
 $f   Fi"!\ R!
!-#" UK &-
! 8 RAH  
y y 
= , 8i7%H . E K b %
. E !-= !F%  !v  %!d    - K : 8 H !T ~=
,  H R= 
U  Fi"!\ 5B  ' : &! , 8i7%H !o U !
! &" & . E   !#7# ! @ -= 8 $Av 8!i"!Av "by 57#7"
! E =6AF    : &" &   ! K T d=y , 
.!T ~= !- -= K 7"  i] ,  : &  E U 5v $im U
 *MH H U   !m   5  8 $Av 8!i"!Av "by 8!-6
a% F ! & .T &M R$ ,   %} "L 8 $Av
 *MH ,  H U @%  ! 8" " !m "!]   I %
. E =@ ! %  F%!2  8"  %}   "L 8 $Av

324

323

 !-= Mk -WG 8i7%H  =_% &LL & .& E F = K
8 .=G U  aR] U 8i7%H 5F ] UK  o !i O>K !
!}L OF\ &= ! 8 K ! \  !m ! *MH UK  E  =f %
!#F% : 8  T ' g =E W\ % = ! 6  }L 8 $Av MH
.`T ! -= @% =$% F: &`F UK %
8- 
= UK q' U!q Uo  8 &FS> , {#% -H ! 
8 H 8 !"\
i- = 5A# &FS> UM% .` +7 $K 5$m
 8 8 g OL 
 h & &Fq !F% = h" ! ! R MH
 &"!] &Fq *MH -  @ !K  U & !
* ! q' Uo
.!F% A R 8: @% O!L] &Fo" : K "!]
:`  F #T' 5F 8
R =iF  !m  &! 8p 8 !$ F$  U  !m ! *MH (1)
=6 & E = ! a R 6 U }L 8 $Av  &! 8p  E !#h"
: }L 8 $Av  8 *MH  % 8 .!}L 8 $Av ! *MH
. E U R U ! &% -

=   ]
*MH " !  % /  #" UK !  ]!" ! 8 , V
8
= ! "}" !MFo MH , &! 8p &  E !}L 8 $Av !
/&! 8p UK !Fq . E `% `H  'F_ 8 S4" &}L 8 $Av
&#F= "!]  E `% UK !   'm MH &}L 8 $Av  &"!]
!   'm  *MH B , B H  E !F%= !Fm ! F :
H U ! S #FS 8 , 8 UK  E Uo q  . E !F U - ,
. E !F 5\ 5$m !  !LM"
. E !  !m ^#" H U iF"!] /"!] K F , 8i7%H (2)
n &MFi 8 !$  8i7%H !!" & E = ^#" Fi\ WF= !$
H U K "!] , |= &! 8p *MH : 8 % 8 . E !F" R 
.B @. AK !  !m ^#"
"!]  E U &`- !o F!iF UK !  @!2 ! 8 , * !  8
! n - UM% & .AF H  E !!" 8 &% ">F= &MH K
Uo  #7K  ^#" & UK  E }F}v  U UK M= % U aF#7K

!"% wFRo = -  *MH _ kB nM &- K 8m 8


= 
! }- FQ  !4S  }S  nE ,  ! O" .T &~= F% "}
, - K  !$  8i7%H UK U !-= !F% "}n m i" UM% U
E wFRo = - & E F 8" *MH UK - F!H  nE  
m 8 . E  U  m  ^-AF ! O>K ! o .8M"
 S ^-AF F2 .& E F FT  "}Fx UQF$ K
Q" O UK  . E  o O>K ! U  8m  ^-AF
.& E U R !!" 7FSE 5] ,  UK  E !
5F g ! ! - 
!F: iR!H sH' V=
y y : &- , &L4 F 8 !$ M^- ^5 
! ! (Bad Governance) "hi  " FT U ]K ,  . E =-=
. E {L F
!  8 8  !v  K , |=  *MH &"!] !#h" &-p
} Uq , 8 8!F: 8!Fo AF =
E 8 !Q  &FS> , {#% -H
:UK ! @!2 ! 8 ` a -=
 8" &F\   !m MH _ kB -H  *MH (1)
Fx F { 4i"  }L 8 $Av  *MH nM @%  $K
 8i7%H -1F"  *MH % 8 .T %  $K  |! ! '
nM RH 8   $- &FRK  !m MH -= OF\  &"!] !#h"
H  E !F% `H U $B :  !m MH !o U % i - U = UQFH
&FRi7F % 8 . E !- `H 8} : " g =E  &! 8p
g =E  &! 8p !o U &F7FK =FT U 5-LK , V
8 % ! -1F"
R 6M-= U , |=  !m  &! &Fq *MH H =  -= : "
. FT FH -= -= ~ nM
!o U !  m  &"!] &- !$  \ & UK ! ]!" ! 8 (2)
iS} $ $R  8 H & E U K -= o! FT U 5v U %
  ="K `A 5-po 8 `A Fo " i] F
8!iS} 8 & E Fo W`7" F   !m  \  & .& E w:
8 $Av  *MH H & E 6  8 &]S =& S w!K * m
-= &M" &-
8!-
{L h U K!% % = !  }L

326

325

 : &uH UK 8M$ !T U 8" DU - U & E !] !#h"  8i7%H 


.!T MG % $ , &"!] !#h" , 8i7%H
F 8!-
= , 8i7%H , %
5- B . E U U Uo &F` % 
5-LK Equations F 8! &"!] 8!-E 8!F#-LK F 8! Fm!
F , 8i7%H , .-E 8!" S f =
= Uq K ! \ .8!FT
}L 8 $Av  E FRo = *MH UK 8!F &`- Equations
F &Fq MF#H O! F a-  : & ` .B ,  
`q .!
` ]H U " 5}i7" FG HMH , &Fk &FMH 8 !Q 
.B ,   AFR r% r%  |!# @uH , 8i7%H H
& , %
5- B H  E =-= !F2 U 8!"!] !#h" : & `
E wFRo = *MH  .!-E S ! Fm! F , Equations
|!# @uH ` q . E !F U !Ho ! ' , @H ! &}L 8 $Av 
1Fi !!o !MH ,    *MH   F]  ]!"8 
G E a 8 a- !F% a- nM &- ,  & ' ` q UK !F% 5-LK
^ =]d'  d H 5QF " !m UK  E - : 8!" .
FK -= : FT
" 8! F 8! &uH &-  UK ` F2  8\ =
" !m . G U # .B !m !Bb  % 8 & E   8!iF=
l-K  #-LK 8 -=  F] @uH &FRK a !H = 8: d H 5QF
MH : &- UK K"  U F] &   ]!"2!# .T &%
. E : >K 8 a- !F% a- ,  F= 8 H T  2 RW 8-!H
.& E U g !%  8!F"B Ho  &F7v  5GF"  , 81
  }L 8 $Av  *MH U #$m $Av  UK !T 8M$ 8"
. F %  8:  &F: R
8!im  ": F] |!# @uH UK  E
. E :
-= n }L 8 $Av  *MH  ! F UK @%/
UK  E !v ! #$m $Av R 8  B=H ! Vision2025 ! 1H =
&2!# w!K &uH ./ % !#F% 5A# :  K O !  H
 @ w!K  8!Fo  UK  E  .M: .B 8 @H ! #$m :
UK =! ! L =6% !Fq ! 8 .8!-%  !MH U ! F -
. E !"\ F] |!# @uH K !  H   O`% 5T ^-B

    % 8  E !" ! *MH (90%) =6AF ! , 8 T `T


. E  *MH UK ^   H  R ,  !
& !-6F 8 g  u' - &F7>K $>" : !  >$ &
!!" K "!] U!% , #" UK !F%  : ]!" 8  &FS>  ! 
!
8 n!H H ! =-= !F2 &`- U n 8i7%H =_UK ! @!2 ! & . E U
8 UK  E Uo !7S !!" K b % U  !-= Mk -WG ! UK
wH  &i!}m &$# K &FG , 8i7%H & =_. =]
` F %
B U FT  = ! - K % 8 .! !"\ !Q  ! *MH & .K
, 8i7%H UK B @% WR b % O!L] ! : 8 !Q   *MH
Fi\  -=  !  E !!" K "!] , |= &! &Fq *MH
UK ` 6 @% ! Uo +7  , WR b 8 . E !F %
^% b 8" 8i72!# !K 5-m v @ !o  H &-  8" U ! !iH
*MH H F% FH h>K MH UK n S= , !GiB MH |!# `v
!kB ! *MH !FT FK ! >8 & . H =i- !o U .!F: U U ! !
! &i=   ]!" ! UK `% vf=  5-m v UK !s FT %
 *MH 8 & E F% FH h>K %! "o 8!" UK & .  E
.8!-% T U Uo
`H `% V!7>" ! m!$M" H K &" !S #i" !o U  Uo 
% 5-LK -= MH * MH F] (D) !| ]!"# @uH UK ~=
8 8 nM ~= , @iA/ 
= &% 8 *MH  ' . E A2
& U !-= ! *MH  o & E F R
=g -= K FB 
! x  &$ #" , *MH 8\ = o . E = = +RMH &

n *MH !| # . E $ "!] ! !  ! LF H'


F] |!# @uH H =i- !o U .T &FT $ , S `  '  x
n  K  % "a !H . E U FK U n .B !  8 &-
.& E H  *MH R$  &! q ,  . E U FK n %
' U
O ! 8 .T &-
FK : a- !F% a- nM &- @ !o |!# @uH , 

= K 8 H  E !-= U !K = Fd! -  !H ~ ,  ! O>K !
@uH UK B FT >U K O ! 8 UK !Fq .B FT !x 8 BFM

328

327

aB R % ! ! D& T 8 F$^$% iF% & T n  &%


AF & E   &" %  f" K &#%
'  RkB 8 . E
 : & & E A - F !Q  {-  6 kB .&M#B FH
FFv i" i- 8 - !T ~= !
8g= , &A#" &! &Fq  q 8:
!o D~= !K = Fd! 8 BFM ! &h 5F 5F2 8  ! E
 UK  !H S !% 8 @% i" : `A &" &Fo &Fo
8 % AS % R  . M !#S] !#FL] =
= ! &" =E ],
!FT !#4" UK !FH  q ~= 8!" uF 
B K i .8!` F ~= 8i#"
l#4K {FMm 8 8 @ q' !/ @ U : 8!" .! ! O !F  !
!^_' #m } = !"
= $K Uq   D `T U !/ W_ !!FT V7v !
 , 
y  !   & $ .` F , 5F  & g- F
MH :   ! -! ! = &  ! FG  &`F% .`
U .F% H & E U U g !  $7 `q g- F !^_ #m } = !
! 8   / !:  - 8g   8  '  & -= R
4"
 = 
B  8 .....U U & .% - D=G RA2' U & .% 87v
.! K O ~ =
 "8i#" .s #
OL}i ! 8 8S!  w=' ! !A2 T L UK &FF y 8i#"
.& E !Q" #" 8A#"' U &` ! UK "B w=' 8! B  8! 8i#" .!F%
w=' UiL ` 5i' U K!L% `-
UK  & B  ! ` %F  U H %
n!H 8:  "g 
= 8!RE 8i#" 4S & .`% 8FE u'  8 "B
 E FT !\ R &`- U , ~= 8 - , 5K &% .! `-E
n!H 8: & "g 8  =-B O  Hp &% MH !" &`F
8 & & E FT 8F &FiG & H U 5K . E =#" !i2= r%
. E =G U ^d' l#4K ! !" U
E &- H) #FH 1- $-b V = S = F 8i7%H 8 , 8i#"
E &- H &-
&-H .&F` -E n FT - , &" B=H &q 8S( H b
L$F" F  8 8" #"  , & ! !kFT VW !MH ! H b
Fh  = Fg 8$4 7FS=H 8W #m 5" &-  8"  .` 5-E
- , 8 : 8!" d!F } = U  #m $>" Q- ]gMm $F"

n 8"  &"!] !#h" &- !$  E >K ! &"!] !#h" & .AF a !H
 H O`% 5T T U !/ F] %  "8 n!H UK  E w% a%
w- :  O>K !  UK !T 8M$ 8" DR
 !H  ! _K !
8 !$   , #7# 8 T G % !#F% -= U ~ , =]
.B @% !x 8 BFM : &" = U~
********
!! cIq -(q 6o +V 6p k 1   6ZK
K %  *MH O ! "!] 8 &FS>  !  &-
!
R:  " K 5d! !Q"  8\ = ', L#B !  % !vL" >
&! &Fq , *MH .&FFT  = n 8i#" 4- |!% =!FR b 8" f] 
f] . E "E i !kB $K h ! !7 d , F_ 
R n!H 8: &F q !  % U , E Fv &` ! 8!-% 8!M"
.`   %  8 U , |!% !  -= 8i#" ! .& E 8!-FT
!o F% !  : 8 UK ! @!2 R ! U F_ & !M" 8F UQF$
 .=! H !k: , F   H U R , &! &Fq F$ *MH 
!iR - ! @% H MH : n m  AK  , F  
iuH =$% !kB , 8 ! "!] 8  E -= M$ Fr /!4-
& .% & .% ) iS} K-h AS  &"!] , F   .8!F E F
% AS A  !Q  m {-  &"!]  AK  (H F
R &FRK R  "}" MH !o _ kB !Q  {- ! 8 H & E
 !Q  {-  8 %
UM% 8:  . E !F =">
U K & Fr" R = Ho MH &FRK &A#" &- q &! &Fq  q 8:
. M U s-= iR 1%
' &`-  UK  &M %  % !iR
& ' UK  E U ! !o !F$ ! RkB  8 !Q  &L- 8 !F  8
 E ! !F$ =
= U 8: 8 8 .!FG U 6' % !% K & Fr" !
AS 5-= io   MH  !m MH K & FuF ! & UK
RkB  8 !Q  &L- `F  8 .!-= ^d' !i U 8: &%">
/ D&% FH /  ' .& E 8i   &" %  f" !o K 8g 
D& T 8 F$#m R B iF% D& &% V!7>" &F2! FH

330

329

T  2 @% F QAF !o H U i$v   "F /+ 1F


&Fq .= T U U B >K |! i- = MH &F: 8" 
 % 8  E U % =
= !% , F QAF ! &Fd H ]!"
FFv U , F O !^AF AF T &F 2 !M-= 8 a- !F% a-
|!# @uH UK M
8 h Bb F!iF .U , =H - ^UK T :
L" K h U K!% #x ! ! ' #$m $Av =   F]
Ov H  E
, h$7H  8 R % 8 . E  }F}v !!" 
H .T : F$ -= R 6M-= , @H  &- &FAFR U
 !v  8FH 8  & UK -  ' UK  E ! !$F ! F AFR 
 .& E U FK n @A  q 8: F  !A7^F^ AF  E
&F7v m aGF Q-! ]$>" U  = ": " Wx   = S
U UK - 8!-  w% F "!] ` q .& E O"  8 Fx= " S
& E  !v  &" L$ = _ kB - & E K %
R i MH
U G  $>" IK U  ! d H AFR 8i7%H O" =
= ! &
& ` d H AFR v = d H  U G  $>" IK , F$F . E
]!" R ! 8!F
8!- B : &- .`% -$v  O`% 5T ^-B
: d H V 8 K &  E ! *MH 1H = !AF !F% FH
&- AF Uo a 8:  &Fd .!
]aFhK #-g  1H = , F$F
F!iF . E ! ! U -  = ! T G E !M-= : &FAFR 
 H UK  E !% M^-}   =
 ^L 8 $Av  *MH
" ! `A H U 
y 8: `A : &FAFR & - K !
U G  $>" IK .! ! {L  U ! T a-b % .M% &
FT
, &FAFR & - % -$v  a-b % U =]8 &" 86
 UK  E  @% ! Uo  .` `% !%  @ _ ' K
 E  }L 8 $Av  *MH F$Q#LF^ U #$m $Av
U = 6' U !% 8 &2!# &uH !Ho S ! &FAFR UK @%/
8" &Bb w!K R 6M-= F iS}  &FAFR . E !FG 6'
, &#"4" 8iF% ` =]o H  E 8 &- ! S R 6MA 
.& E !!" 8A" F g ! U  @% FH K , &FAFR & -

O`% 5T ^-B !  A#" ! H b E &- H &-


`q ! !kFT
F$=b G ! "}" : & ! !kFT F$F K AK  H
ah" 
B iQ"  =AFR w% a% , E W  &Q-1 !RS
H ! 
B &F7v S !Q  AFR ! Q" 
B iQ") .! !F%
 E = F  5$iQ" K &" & , 8i7%H H b E &- H ( E
, & & E FT i" 8: &RT #i"  H & % U &% AF
5FT i"  &- Fd!2 MH U7 !K a# U$Q2 WFK WG" ! \
.& E 5" &% % -%!AFd B K !  H !"
, 8 L\ R UK 5FK  H b E &- H F$F  8i#" F!iF
@% i 8" 8!Fo F UM% 8  !v 8 H & E A2 2
5T ^-B UK  ! UK `  Uo a 8:   F$F & .VF 2
! UK !Fq .!  H  U -  = AK  H F$ O`%
.! !F T , 8i#" U ! , |= &FAFR & - WR b
 !v  &FAFR ! o U  O ! "!] AFR UK !T 8M$ 8"
8 % 8  E F$ F U 8  !v  O ! "!]   H 8
UK  . E  =f  = 8 BFM F= F$ 5B :
, 8 H M U = G - 5-= ' _i- UK 5_ F!iF O ! "!] AFR 
^   *MH , 8i7%H ! !  E =f (Potential) UG i-
 K S B!$-b  *MH !o Uo  .!T G k  =
= :
F$ F 8: &> &kB F $ 4" H U R 8  !v
=iF % 8 . E O ! a =
= $K ! 8  !v M^- ^.T :
*MH !o U =K= = ' _ 8 g ah" 8  O ! "!] AFR 
U : &A->K  &"!] !#h" &Fq H =^d' !A7^F^ ! ^ 
y 
U % 8 R 6M-=  &- 8 &FAFR .#" r y F 
=
n  8"  E R= T #F% ! F , 8i7%H  !  E  =f
FT H 8: &- ! #$m  |!# @uH UK 8F E !A2 R
R
r% U r% , FB  8 *MH : @H !o U  ' , &iv 5F=~& 
a- !F% a- , F_  &- ,  H T &F 2 @% Accommodate
!| ]!"# @uH !  E U  {L  ! 8 .T &F 2 .B 8

332

331


-= T  1 % 
y  O  UK !- AH' `H n T ' 8" 1 F: R

!Bb ! -G T ' ! ` `H #T ' Fi\  K 8 O    h"


&FAFR & - UK !T 8M$ 8" .! !-= !F#  q 8: O k %
' y
n!H 8: O ! y .T &G Ro : &F 5i'  U -  R g =E 5-.B 
 n 8!" ! ! !T : +RMH + &F`  n 8!" 8i#"
. E ! O! y
5FT - , m  2002 8!' 5  Lm  g=

334

% 5-b !T F% !Ho ! UK  E K Uo 8  !  ="% 8


$>" IK n ! , F$F & UK  E  Uo wF 7K ' D% !T &`F%
8 !Q  &L- &Fd H &- !$ &Fq  d H AFR 8i7%H  U G 
!F: ]!" R ! K !  H U -  = O`% 5T ^-B 8m
 = io UK &i= AFR .!T G T -  E ! &- !AF
No Further Cut on UK B @% ! !L" F  UK :
- O`% a-b I F  T U &%  K U -  = 4- Indus
! @w!" - k: H ! S Fx - @q U!% -= >K aFA
U O 5- B &i= AFR Uo  .B FT n UQF$ !#7#
 5" &-  : & ` `% , F$F  H b E &- H , 8i#"
&-  $F" Fh f] 8S  , F$F & .! !F% !H ,

= &i= d UK  E U  U!% , 8 !F% FH F% ! H 5"

= : & !F% FH F% !  8 8: &G w!K &#F ">
.!-= =q' 8 BFM
UK 8F E ! n 8 8" 8  !v  R 6M-= , &- &FAFR 
AFR .FT iR  K >" iS} -= 8: F  ' K %
&
8: F _ kB  ' UK  E U  & .AF &FRi7F ->K "!]
 E = 1- $K * m AFR . E  , 5A iS} -=
iS}  &FAFR & - . !% Exposure ! ' , #" : 8 H
 8 &FRK   i 8: 7" 5 .& E d' @ U &` ! Ho 
 m AFR  E , AFR ! v =
= ! m  8m
&- .T &-. *!L>" !MH UK : U -  = !q MH %=6 :

y kB T G qy U 
y kB R 6M-=  iS}  &FAFR 
V
8 .T G !: U 
y y kB n 8 =5-.B 8 T G U w!d
8 O! y m AFR 8 !! u' $K K -!MK  5" &-  ,
O ! .MR = io &`F% !#7# ! UK  E !F% U ! = UM%
=  & , F$F . E !" !* L>" !u $K ! AFR 
R"B 8!F 8! 8 UK 8QF$ O B  ah 5F 6H K U - 
UFLQK 8 *!L>" 5i' : U -  & . , g  m MH & .8!-./
333

!K ! ( q 8: 8 - M -Q !   '  2 n!H) -


U , F a#7" ! -= .! !F% U O!L] & $#7"  1: p ! UK !

!K ! *MH ^-B U ,  "g 8 : 8 &" ! ! !Fk  AK 


! UK !
A- -1 E F$ !B 8-G & . , 1935 .!FM$ T
, 8 UK @%/ !Fk  AK , &}RWm i-% a#7"  8i 
` q UK ! !-= !
!  ! &! : &}RWm 8iF% F$   
.` R= 7: ,   % "!L" ! 5$A"  Fi"!\ 8
UK @%/ .! A- = = 1935 ! F !  =  8i , }F}v
.! !MK &-K ! 7 1--H `L$ :  !m  &}RWm i-% a#7"
 A-  1935 F a#7" .(` O" \  ! 8 )
K &}RWm i-% a#7"  1: p , 1938 NF `% "
 &FR 8" #L$F  , 1943 .!F% !L" ! &=  5$iQ"
8 n -% :   F]  &i- "!]  gE  & $#7" F a-
A- ! 1935 {L ! 8 UK B ` f = Uo  H !- % VH
.! !  Fi"!\ !#`7" ! !
!L" , 8i 5-.B F a#7" & UK  E ! !$F ! - K
8 !F%  : A-  1935 `%  =W\  %"
UK `%    Fi"!\ R!   n!H 8: F]  8i7%H
.!
 ]F ! &FRE  !Lm  8i7%H : A-  1935 ` q
=m = ! -
 Fi"!\ 5$A" : &! U ,   ! =  1940
!  =$ MH  8i7%H F a#7" H ! !-= !F%
8 W\  A- & 4- .`%  x " &-K 8 8m =
!-k F ! &FRE  !Lm  8i7%H R : 8 !F% !L" !  =
! #" .!-./ RW/ ' ,   - K ! #$m :  1940
8i7%H . E R ! F ! 8  E 8  >i- !S B U !AF
, F    !  E A ! & & >-K ! 4" - 
8 &-
&-
!" ` q UK ~= !FH !
 ]- %  : 8
8 !AF  E 8  #"  UK & E F : U 7-= !iH , Uo
. E !F % !E g U : != 

IWm  #"  UK  E OF\ ! ! &" &kB  F!iF


  #-LK i &%  8" #" & . E !A2 Mk -"
! !F  #"  57 & H !F UK 8!` . ! L-S!\ 
= : !]K
  #" U  ! 8 .!T 2 h V!-" 8" FRE  & ! 5$A"
&- !$ & .AF UK T &2 h li" K Uo 8 !" - = OF\ &=
T  ! %  # ]  #" != &FBFFH &F!-"
R! UK  E Uo q  . E  Fi"!\ R! 5$A"  UK T G
!kB ! W F  !o &FRi7F U : Uo   Fi"!\
%  #" 8 D E / {#" #$m ! 8 H  E !-= !F% O$4i
.f = Fx 5FM"'  = - & E !"\ UK - !Q"  &Fd H F
F% FH 5F g ! f= "#x kB $K   =  1: p
UK & . ! !F ,   W 8i7%H UK  E  K
' y ! & & E -=
 OG U= & . , 1906 F a#7" .& E 8!Fq % 8!i}F}v 5
-  =  1: p = 8 UK `  , iA#%   B
 % "!L" , 8i 5-.B F a#7" .! U !% U !K ! B>#m
, 1930 L$b 29 .!  Fi"!\ R! {" ! & ` W\
v* MH  !4S 8!-H OL] U"Wm  %! .K  F a#7"
i-% 8$#7" U= K ' , 8i %  : &}RWm  8i72!#

336

335

=!>9 < o%"  0;" P T G |

8 DB S= =iF% =6% &F: UK &% ` .B ! UK B &`-
D&M 6% / Fi\ F 
=
= , 
= ! I$  7 U &` ! &  = #F= KF" .3
=! ! #"4" a 8:  UK , &i-  !$ ]S= H  E !#`7"  AK
! 8 b !-  - &- . E R ! 5  U !#`7" ! ! 8i7%H . E
U F !o {#" !  Fi"!\ , &i- "!] B . E O" 
U U UM% i . E  ! KF"  Fi"!\ 5 5  H  E = !
D~= !
!v =iF% / : &! UK % !T ` % "w% FH
}F}v . E =v ! 5$A" *MH 4- !!  K & ! U %"
S= UK &% ` .B ! UK  E R ! {#" !  Fi"!\ R!
 &#F= KF" 4- D&B #" n a% 6% WF= iF% :
.B ` }>i ! &! = 
n 8 H M , &r  &! &  = #F= KF" UK ! !o U .4
Fi\ 5$A" K &#F= K =  ]FH MH : ! UK  E U
K &#F= K =  ]FH MH : &! &FRi7F .M A"
:=  !!\   Fi"!\ R! &F7FK = ! U Fi\ 5$A"
. ! U  E U U UM% !Fq n !7 :
 F$Q#LF^ - H / UK %! "B , &! ! FRE .5
8: 8-g= 8
= 5-1 !2  UK  E !-= ! !
! #$m H & E  ! R$
8! B UK T R q' - K  8i7%H .& E   ! Fi\  -=
O$4i ! 4- Fr  #\  "i- , &#"4" R! UQF$ :
U!% ! : {" m  ! B , &! ! ! ' . E !-= !F%
 &! K ] S= & #"4" R! &F . !T U g ! F
8! B , &! % 8 .!T MG % 5" : 8-g= 8
= n %
! ! ' .MG % !T U U !K !  Fi"!\ R!  !
! n  Fi"!\ R! }F}v .B @% ai\ {" =m !
. E " g
 E ! !Fq ! *MH ! ! #$m  E K"  S= , 8i7%H .6
U!% ! 8i7%H % 8 . E !}L 8 $Av FG H O !-w! ! &

  #" &  Fi"!\ R! UK M= U " ! & .AF


! #$m ! 8 UK  E ! O ! U UK T G T 5v v = ! 8  >S
`% ai\ 7 A% UK  E ! !K  UK @%/ D E / {#"
, }F}v UK & . -= T aR]  Fi"!\ R! , #" UK ~=
i-%  #" . E &FG -= !kB 8: 5v  8 O>K !
!T U ! !K - !%\ f = U!% 8 , !Q"  &Fd H F
T O$4i !kB ! W # 4  !o  Fi"!\ R! .#"
R U  E !-= !F: U , !Q"  &Fd H F : 8 8  !F" H  E
. E T =!L" % n 8
R! & .AF UK 8!= =R 8 g V! ! Uo 8 UK !2
! #$m ! 8 UK M% FH ! 5v  8   >#" :  Fi"!\
DB ` / {#"
F R 8 .! !  ! = = 1940 F ! F]  8i7%H .1
n FT 5" , 8i7%H ! = E i-% a#7" F$  K
! &iA#$" Fi"!\ : &! wFT 5" , #" , 8 .` FT f
!- 8i7%H UK !F2 R = R = U  .! !-= !F% =m = ! -
! 
! , & = ! - ]S= 6 b`% F#-^E (USA)  -
aF"K =  , 8 !o , 1946 .  ! Fi"!\  gE ! 5$A"
! H U 8!iA#$" Fi"!\ }RWm wFT 5" , 8i7%H UK R= `%
 !$ =6  8i7%H UK  E 5F2 ! f = , &R  q & . !
d !o = % ! "Fi"!\ ! 5$A" ! , & = ! S=
U !%\ ! UK  E !kRW 8 #FS : #" & .AF .  ! K:
5]
n   E 5$m
.= ! U O!L] 5]
% ` .B ! , &iA#$"  !$ ]S= &- !$  F  .2
U g  8!i- - ! UK @%/ DM =6% &`F% S= UK & E
8i7%H . E Abstract Entity  S= UK & . & E 8!- ! 8!i}F}v
! UK !T % ` S= i . E  F !" GB i ' &FRi7F ,
8 !  Fi"!\ R! D&M 6% / Fi\  & &M &`F%
FT . aR] !A7^F^ ! & .AF = U {#" 8g= U!% n ! 8:

338

337

.  ! =   Fi"!\ ,  ! q .&M   &i"!Av &#F=


-= : &! UK T  2 % Q" UK & E m O!q2 U  UK @%/
&F%!# 8`& F UK ~= !F% Fi"!\ &F: n!H R = , &!
8! ] U &%  F  . U ] R != ! &"!] !#h" ! \ &"!]
@%/ G % !T U  F , F RFS B  &! %> "K
S=  4"  , |= & 8i7%H & E &= - K  &"!]  UK
. E ! !
R! , #" AF 8!Fo ! ' & E  Ov
 iv !% n & , #" & / UK  E O ! H & E "g n  Fi"!\
, - K !=-= !F% 5$m K & UK  E 8A" !% ! 8 , 5L}i7" - D E
6 % 8 . E ]H & E U  ]- O! ' !o %   ">#-LK
 ! ]#$m .B 8 &Fo ! ' :  !m  &"!] wF 2  Fi"!\
.! H %  =Ks Bb n @% , lv MH 8g !K !
2007  ! 31 `FS = & H

340

7-%= !F I!S . E U ]S= , "   MH =  ]S=


, |= &!  ]S=   % 8 .& E O"  8  &-! Fq 1H =
8: I!S , 8i7%H ! ! ' .& E 5Fk {L  =
">8 AK
& . .B @%  !v &! : & % ai\  ]S= !$ n !
,  ! q .M   BR$  &"!] - K w =, 8 &! , 8 UK
.MG T U . U A#" H / UK ]S= I!S 
 !  . E U 8g !i" ]S= U !  "F H ! 8i7%H .7
& .K &M  !  d 4- . E -% m 4] , F"F H
U 8g !i" : F"F H % 8 . E RkB  *MH 4- !  U
Fi\  -= : FF UK B &`- FT ! ! ' .MG . !T
]S= !$ .B `  E   BR$  &! , & ~= !-k
.&~= F% ` , FF H U , #L$F "!] W"4" R! &F V7v
& F`r" & .AF H &M U !/ Fi"!\ U iF% ! NF UK @%/
 & FuF UK  E U K F    8g !i" ! ! S= K
. E U =RS U!% ! #$m !  Fi"!\
!F% !  K !-= !& UK Uo a \E 8:  .8
"hi - 8!-A- RFS B R6" % ! R 2  8i7%H .~=
*MH .& E &= - K  &"!] E K 8: &-  ! .& E U ! ! &FAFR , *MH !  E FFH = !T !#"4" ! 8i72!#
UK & .  E U A" K &= MH &F:  E != "!] - K
.B : &}RWm |!# @uH 8 iF  v RFS B  8i72!#
8-G , 1843 : &  E &= - K ! &- UK  .R= `%
 1935 .!-= !F% 5"  =g , 7 1--H `L$ &F: n!H !F% iS
& H !-= !
!  ! !   = :  >K A- 8  FRE
R! % 8 . E &= - K ! &-  != &Fo &- !$
 !v  8GiQ  &-  :  UK  E U {#" ! !  Fi"!\
K"  &F: n!H 7: lv !  $Av 8:  !m  i-% %
, & B  '  Fi"!\ R! :  .~= 
 Fi"!\
 &= MH  M lv !  $Av =  !m  i-%
339

K  8 D!-= !F% F &`F% !/ : ^G L% * !


F: UK & E li"  K Uo  H & E 8!F # 8!Fo #i"
! UK  E U  Uo +7 . E !-= !- " M$ 2! >K T
-= 8:  , 8   ]!" 8i72!# !AF ^G L% * !
!m o ! B g !AF ! =-= !FM$  ! =F$Q#LF^
! R U !F , &i"!Av {L R 6M-= MH 8 F$Q#LF^
!F 5Fo = !kB 8 ->K "!] |!# ! F - K-h & .%
^G L% * ! . E !A2 Mk @ ! ->K "!] i$v !| "#
UK !F2 & !
5GF" m F: I ! \u' 8:  K  
.!FT {F !" aFhm =6 : & ! = = _ ^G
  ^G L% * ! , &A->K "!] w!K - K  &"!]
 & R U MG . !T !"  & ! UK U : 4] = 6
.MG . !T $v  "#RL] }S : \   =E  B g
%
& K ' & E K %
&   $ 8  !v "!] |!#
i7 E i7 E AF T &G % $v ]!" ", 5A R 6 ! K
&-
8!-
 , iS 8  =F   =F iH -=
& E  H $K  ">F  ->K "!] |!# . E  2 FK
}RWm 8!iQH , F RFS  S Fx &   =]8i7%H
: F!$ 5F 6"  =g , 8i7%H  8 % 5" , 8i72!#
UK &`F H !-./ % FK R = i-= : 8K & !-= !F% Manage
 gE 8" 8G  h   #RL] I \  ! ~ '"$ !] |!#
U FB #RL] U 8!F#A 8! ->K "!]  8 % 8  E T U
. E  2 #-LK  , & & E 8!F 8! I  "I$
! 8  E !F  ' 8 FK VW% O1" F |!# , 8i72!#
% = G !o U : ->K "!] |!# % F w& = -
8!-

. E !F % 5-LK U I  "i- = ! 8 &FRK v kB H  E !F


!% : O ! 8 D!-= !- " !/ 8  F &`- : ^G L% * !
L% &`F UK T 8!2 !" % . E !F 
8 MH MH
! ^G L% &`FK ! !#`7" !  y A U =
E F$Q#LF^ n ^G
342

:7P2  08 

=/ O2< f &  


8i72!# !o   ^G L% * ! 4- GiQ  i-
. E !-./ % 5-LK R !Q} O!v" F ! #" H U R !
M-= @iA/ , |= F$Q#LF^ ^G L% * ! F!iF
=6 ^G - ^G ! &FRK v 8 ` R= T FK kB 8: m
! != 8 H ` -=y 5L  !# !% ~= ./ 4#] $ !MH
: @ !o F  ^  G % 5 UK !K T U U &%
8: i : 4] = & % 8 .-./  " &`- F$ &FT V
 !m ! 8i72!#  ! \ H #"  != @ B  =]-=
& !" . E , v  iA UK 4- ""w=% Fv 
H ` U A ! $S #x &% U  % I   "-
F}- \E ! l-K UK K & \8^   G L% * !
& UK  E  T iH n    R %  . E !-./ k !
T &G T 6  .& E =  '"Bb & -K  4] = $
UK !F% f = `2 ! M 5v F" @ !o  d H 5QF : &
#" H U : &FT V^ G * ! 5FR F" 5-= , 8 x  !# !%
.& E -= F : != 
341

>K #$m $Av M$ 2! : ^G L% , OF\ M"


" f "MH : 8 = @ " MFi  8  . E !-= !F% F
F: UK  E ` Uo  H  E Uo    U - G #" {!"
! w! ! #$m , ^G - F: 8:  . E !-= M$ 2! !- "
: L% * ! ! 8!-= 8!F% FH 8!-6 8!iv , #v` "q !-= !F%
8= x 8! &#L ~= NF & !-= M`H !./ !}RWm !MH ,  !LM"
| H'  F\ * ! n!H 8: #v  ", & 8!-=
#v& "F`d .!F aR] &FRK &-6B \E V! AF !
 =
= V
^G - ` q UK !-= !F% 5R d -1F" K  $`H 
= V   ,
Manage 8 A i- : L]  &"  ^G L% K
8" ^G - ! $ F: R!% o Ad w!% .!-= !F%
8 g  Qv=  F F$ &FT V F: =gK .!-= !F% 5\F
=  , ^G - , 5-!>K  %  o  V@ % F
K & ! !#v\ "E 8!T!2 ! #$m $Av 8 @% &S !
7A : ^G L% & UK  ! !\ , O F$Q#LF^ h U K!%
U !" !#FS ! !   8 =, - K . E ^: ! 
= R

R: 8!i7A U  U g T &G T _! U  "! ".& E %


U T F ! . E !FT &`- U F_   ^G L% * ! .T &G
&-K U -
K ! iS Ad  h 5K] V  E !FT = _!
! 8" H U ! 8S =6F K  UK @%/ .& E A2 R: 7A
 E 
UG AF : ->K "!] |!#   ^G L% . E
&FRK &#7 !  E !
  ! AF : !] &$  &A->K "!]
8 U F % ! w! !F#v ": ^G L% * ! .=G U MH=
: $v  "Ks  &A->K "!] , - & ! !-= !F% %
% 8 . a7] `q U  E UG F ]W\ UK U  @%  
!MH , @./ dF2 R  = : w w  = $v  "a7] !
L% & E ">5- ' _d  ->K "!] |!# & =].T &M$ 
.& E R  ' U {L    ^G
.$v  "W\  =
 &F! / !S , 8i72!#

8 % .! !-= Mk !#`7" !  A7m i- n F$Q#LF^ U !=

&M$ !MFi ! K 5-= = &FRK v 5v 5]


, |= Q" ^G :
|!# ^#R  H T &M$ F ! ^#R  `B ` : & % .T
8 , }F}v .` n #FL] V = , = -   ^G H U :  !m
=8 &M U 6%  ">h  2     ! ' _K
"!] |!# , &iv !" &  ' H M U 6% 5A  
 !iR ! H !  _$v ", 5A #RL] ,  ! R  ->K
I \   "$7H U iF% UK 5_ !K  h $  ^G L% .!
UK 5_ U  #i"  B g F  & &M F &$  !m
! ,  \E  B g MH H &M = G E a 8 F$Q#LF^
i- " U @E U n 5H  &FRK \E &  E =F ! - K |!#
F !H  $  !" , - K .!F !uF T O=
8F 5L =
E

! {L % !" MH U , 5H  UK T &G T F U %


 8\ U -  U= UK M= O" R ! - K   .T &G " ! 
V , \E H ` U  E - !$4" Fx 8: > U &% B g 
.!-./ R
!  ! " !  - K   F: @% U ^ Fr n &=
& H G % !T U S !" K KFv 
D` / B g 


!B =
E AQ  a] & $>" & UK !T G % S !" K !" 
iF%  KFv  ^_' #m } = F !\ .!-=  "  w= -w!: U
 &-6B \E V " , - K : & H ` w @ =#x WFS
V KFv  ^G L% * ! R &`- 5A# .!F%   
V H ` U w =OF\ &= - i !kB % OF\ $ F
% "y F:  U Fx iR    $v &  "-6B \E
& ! !" {FMm  ,  MH U &` ! ^G L% . E !-./
! UK !F2 F> 5A# 5GF" m .!-= Rk {FMm -= F: !" !
n UQF$ : &$ !AF .!FT {F !" =6 : & ! !" = = _
By 8 !  =U 7K ' HF : !] MH  ! " 
!
: !] MH !"  ^G L% UM% R ! . E =-
">
. E

344

343

: &MFi 8 =  '"Bb  4] = & ! F H  E T *F"%


.8!FT &2 h FT &FG -= 8!iv , =]w- UK !T M

! f = MFi 8FuF , MFi    ^G L% * !


2 h ! H  F =
= K  w- !!" ! & T &MG p%
.!T
f = -= : K   !m -   ^G L% .1
@%  % F 2! .B ! F :  !m   %
!R = -= : % 8   >- ` q UK  E !F% !LM" K
8!K!] F 8!- !$ 8! #"  E H  #" ! . E !F%
- O>K !  .H `q F$Q#LF^ UK & E H  ^R! O!
.FRk FFH =A-= -= ,  w- : K   !m
ah" f = -= : ->K "!] |!#   ^G L% .2
U U & .% !M-= =i- v !$  ->K "!] |!# . E !F% = G
!S K 8i72!# ,   {v ^_' -= .& E  ' =iF `
F "!] 8!- !$ 8! 8i72!# .` U O>K ! 6 U & =]Q-HE
& H ! !o U .8!FT &FRo , M `o U  !q F  8!Fd H
>i" -= K ! " m ! "!] =F_ 8!-H : !] |!# 
 ->K "!] , 8i72!# UK  E ! =g ! M" . E !F% = G
R}RWm n & ! =i = = B>F#m F Fx ! F
.8!FT &2 h Bg U 8!iv $m
!#h" &Fq H U R ->K "!] |!# !o   ^G L% .3
 4] = & ! \ . E 
r U : UG ]!"&  =
 . E = E !M-= -=  `A : &-  F w!K  !m |!#
!" &FMH  E io 8: ->K "!] |!# K 8 F" F
&"!] q % 8 .& E io K 8 F" 8 , U 6-=  Fr |!# {L &iv
` q UK % = G : q   R 6M-= F   !m 
AF , &A->K "!] |!#  .% FH UG q 5-.B =
=  '
! #$m UK 4] = & U  ' & E F -= F  &-=
.& E -./ % Rationalize

5-LK , F#] : &2!# 8 &  "!  "GF"   !B


. E = ! \FT
.O ! ! ^#R A"  &2!# K &#F= K  ]8i72!#
K ! \ &#F= K = ]g !kB ! ^G L% * ! F!iF
.`  =  8 8 FK $v "V H ! ! ^#R K FB
po  R 8 &v &Fq  ->K "!] |!# =V
->K "!] U 8  !v  &%& ">MH  H ! !o U ` 
 UK T !K ! F$Q#LF^ .`  po 8 &% ">K F= 
D A MFi 6%  8 FH = H D%  ~= r% O>K !
 8i72!# UK !Fq  E =g ! UG MH &F: UK  UK @%/
$m R}RWm  ->K "!] |!# {L F F RFS B
"!] |!# 8 F !S !" & % 8 . E =g U ! F$
8 g & .!F  !!" ! @% ai\ !o !" R !2 !" ! ! ->K
8 !- !F#v "F: !-= !F% ! w! : ^G 8: & &q 5- B
2! UM%   UK  E f = U Uo  8" 8 !-= !F% F Rs
$m R}RWm a V7v  8i72!# . E !-= !F% M$
q O=^% ! }RWm 8 - {L FFv 4" F RFS 
8 5i] ! ^G G % T U b !S 
, O=^%  !] &%
!" MH : &2!# . E !% ah"   @% aR] :
 !$ " !m K F= {L S B!$-b F RFS B O>K ! $
 8i72!# % T Suit  W- !B -= 8:  =F
! T G  -= _8
!B : - Uo  , &iv !"
 _ 8i7 S &F: & . & .K K ! \ T M$ U F$Q#LF^
8 .&M !!"  f =  &  "iFm! #i" 8: A-"E 8 -
!L] ! 8#% &F^G  % K ^G - 5i] ! ^G %
. E !v ! #$m $Av  !  -
T F !  $7 F$ &FT &MH ^G L% * ! F!iF
! i]= , #$m $Av  ! MH  h F$Q#LF^  E !-=

346

345

UM% AF !| # H ` A2 T R = ! =]kB H  


 a- !F% a- , a !H ` M-= !kB 8 a- !F% a- &FRK =]
}F}v  FH=q  a- !F% a- : & 8!R-` _H =g K F!$
K ! \ H #"   !o U : a- !F% a- 4] = & .T !#4"
h &FRK  '"Bb  &  E !F% !R = ! 5$A" =
E  !m |!#
. -
H ! ^  ! G !AF  E R ! #"  h F!iF
 ^G 8!iv  \ w!K  = 8! 8i7%H UK M
8 R B
-  &F% &FA'  &iv 5i] & .& E 8!-= M! kB n! : 5i]
. E !F% a% ! #FK H n -
U  :
5FT - , m  2006 L$^F  `FS  = & H

348

UG : &A->K "!] &Fq  #" !o U   ^G L% .4


 !$ K F=  #" : g =E  ->K "!] 8 H  E Q
.a- b . E .   ^G L% . E !-./ w# U 8 =
!LM" K @ T ' g =E  ! 5-.B -= .B : &i& ]!"Fq a !H  .a-
!!" , |= &A->K  !$ "!]  #" 4] = & . E !-./ %
 #"   8 UK  E   E !-^B &FRK v kB : &-=
 *MH =F_ 8!-H 4S & . ! H -= & E F M`H K F
F$Q#LF^ % Fi\ ]" f = &-  F 8 !Q  OF\ &=
& E F%  h" H  E - d H LF   . E !F% ! w! :
!F% Fi\ ]" f = -= , F_  -g ! ` q UK
. E O/ =
=  ! 8  !v  !$ "!] , F A#" . E
Q" K ! \ F$Q#LF^   ^G L% .5
-=  _ 8i7 S .& E -./ 
! F U K  K   !"Av
g =E U  !% 8" F  . E `%   ""4] = & ! f = A-"E
4] = & . E U Uo !$4" %  . E !-E U , lv  !"Av
!F% Isolate Expose -= , F    - ! : 8i7%H
n! : 4] = &  E 5v UG ! K  AF : Q" . E
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347

! S= , #" !- !$ S= & E  '  E -= = w= , &F: 
8 &"!] !#h"  #"  !m ! . E U != !%  #$m }F}v
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: F"F H - 5$m F  !m U H  Fi\ / = 8: &-
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 !m :  & ! ! {FM" F F " !m UK -1F" i-% D!
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! - K A#" UK  E =-= !F2 K  ! m UK ! , 8i7%H


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=
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350

349

Myth of Democracy in Pakistan!


!rrj (| A f &  @2

  !m WFS  &i$7]  &  E #"  gE  8i7%H / (1)


.&M , &r
5}i" :  !m U H  Fi\ i] U n &-
 , 8i7%H / (2)
D& E -= F%
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D E  >K #FS
!#FS !MH  !m , & & E 8!-FT  8=1 !2 , 8i7%H / (4)
DG R

f "MH n! : 8 8 = 81 !2  !o , 8i7%H 8=1 !2 / (5)


D& E 8!--= 8!F% U FF" {!"
]S= i UK MG `2 !  E != !% ! S= , 8i7%H / (6)
D E !F h  !$  "F H
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4" }F}v : 8 &M$ U R ! 
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D E ! ! -
== &-

@./ .T' : {v ^_' i] ! ! ! ' D!LG R


!  ]$ F
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n!H 8: MF! 8\ $>" .!-= == F ! F a#7" , F"F H 5- 1 !2
UK T " U @H !^_ FhF .!-= !
: K"  i] , 1988
.! i] =Q" = !  ">4- ` -= 
Fi\ = ">- F:
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aR] n @% d ! - !$ R6" R
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 UK ` $S #x U% , &i"!Av & :  !m / D` R= 

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R
@H , *i% MH 5FK ! 8 Q" O D "6% 8 F
.& E 8!-./ % f = 8!i}F}v
T f = -= ~ O>K ! UK 8!-% !x K & ! UM% UK !2
.-=

352

351

Traditional Societies & Democracy!

L : @&/ A &2


! "A o  P
^ !F !- =QH 8S HBF &Q-1 !RS &"=  gK)
  RFQ- :
, L4  &Ho " !] &F 
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&q 
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F$ " 8i7 S 8i7%H
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 8!$"  n 7  8w 6H i 
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Fi"!\ UFm  gE  gE    $Av  8! ] / (14)


D E &A$" U !K ! - !$ n ! 8: F"F H
! @% FF" U & % : -% m }S - !$ / (15)
D E !
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 &}v iS} KF" F "!] - K 8  gE
D E &A$" F] ! - !$ n ! 8:  iv
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. E !-= !F% 5-LK , d w% &F !K   !m : n  E ws
D&FT T F% %  %  d 8 4S & UK M

2006 ^!%E 5FT - , `FS  = & H

6&"  ,- +/
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F T 8=q' g= 8 & ! FRK   w , !o wp 
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F   I$  7 4] = / H T 8!-% FH ! }F}v  =f
MH - !$ i  E 5iH K 8  ]K $ U H 
354

353

.&G % T U CoExist .B " h -= i" `q  . E Uo


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a -= 8: 8 U ~ DM }F}v   n 8 , = } ! F}v


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- K  - !$ 8R UK &` ! .MG R
!T U ]O!L] 5]
:UK ! !F2 !#$ +7 - 
8!-H ! F  8F 4- The Devil was the First democrat
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356

355

5A !L"   I$   H ! F I$  FB .5


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w!K F $  v=  iS} ! % 8 . E &$  !m
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r : "Wx S!    m FH = H ! 4"
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, &-= 8  ]F7  MH h  FB .& E  "!! ! 4]!"


&FMH - !$ UK & .  E (Conservative) !^-= % 7H 4
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E  !m ,  ! 
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358

357

5$m F F :  !m U , v 


=   8 !Q  &L- 
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MH MH @% Fi\ -h F &F: @% FH !4 F
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360

359

F 
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394

393

Wilton Park: South Asia Forum-2002

P/ A 
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446

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5-!  &vL"  >% .B & #" 8 & !o  &A->K
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!T !#4" UK !T M~= , VK  &A->K B , \ 7`H FQ-
&F2 &R#S &-H 8!A->K 8!FiR  #R = 8! 8B UK `T
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% a =
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: 8 , &}RWm &Fq UM% -H K ' OG U= K ! \ !F% 
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5F K  =B ! !"' - AF F2 .! % =
= ! ->K
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K-E F UK , &R#S .! =-= !FF *i%  ! &A->K B
B &FRK  =W\  QFHE  V!% " -= = 8: #7K
aFhK B 
= , 
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! @ "o  (League of Philipino Studetns) ^b!^ !F#S E F
8!" ` .B ,   w!K ,  %  = 1989 8 8 AF !#"
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7 !F$% , &FR#S , 1930 & . n! : 8 .` `% 8B  !o
ah" -= &FRK ->K B NF 8 & .K !FT F] ! d H
B , &R#S n! : R 6  _" q & . , 1946 n! : 8 .T !L"
K 1966 ^!%E 24 & . !-E & .K O/ =
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( E aFhK #-   d H 7 !F$% 5  AF) ANNFSU

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450

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&F
!2 .B 8  !m &F  =8B & . ! !4]!" 8!-H !
n!H 8: 8 .!F% = = !iK ! !"Av !MFo   "K 1973 ^!%E
 8B .T #" , 1976 ->K 
= q  8B , 1F#RT : 8
"T U 6o ! &K T = 8: ^!%E 6 AF ->K  !$ 
8 5FK ^ !F !-   A` , 1989 8 .` ^ !F !!FT , ^ !F !-  H VW  !  %  8 ` $B
|=  ^ !F !- AF ` 
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&- ! o U ,  =B  1976 ^!%E `   = 8"
d , p 8 &kB &RM" H ` -= Mk  ! &F!B  !S B
K p O  .` -=  ".q' , p  H ! !F 2 R : @H R

p , ^ !F !- "T .& E FT 6F"


= , -  8B F &
 O!% AF  % p 8 UK ! !- q'  =RT  : 8  %
 & 
E =-= !F2 (Sacred Souls) = V "}: & T 86d 5B
& "-! O U .& E a Fq  8F &  UK  E  r%
, p 8 >K b % 82= &iL>"  ! !K = !v , =8 & 8!K !m
  &iL>" UK & E -= %  H : p "T & E - R =
R ! &A->K Ks &-6 NF .RH &FRK &-H
y 8> K FH
H !-E !$K\ ! -"E !S , 1F#RT , 1977 ^!%E ! ! !MFi
 i] O! S    F%  = NF 8 i$7]
.!K =
U  8B " ->K  8" &A->K B &-
=  FQ-
^-%!$-b ^b!^ F" OE) ABSDF aFhK R$ 8 AF  E
 8B " . E   8: %
5- B NF  !o  (&Q- 1FS
%
5- B AF  E W\ -"E !S , " ->K  !$ 
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#" n a , - K   =F  F  &Fd : & & E F% aR]
K , 1989 @H : ->K B 8  " ! K : 8!" . E A2
R$   8B RFQ- : 8 .!F#" !4]!" ! 
8 &F: ~=
 !m 8B  !S K 8 UK ! !-= !F#%!" " ,  !  S=

#m } = , 1977 UK !- q' : 8!"  "=  % "%! .K 


a k   , =1$^: 8B !  IMiv W\   ^_'
 #%
' 8 i : 8 i !S 8!-./ % 8! 
->K B AF , MFi .RE  K QK  !\ `% !%
 , OF {L QK i-  ` # , -$v  ^_' F
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8 ! 5  .8!F% =@ 6F: ' 8=wH 8!  , OF ->K R 8
- qy 6d   , OF # io & ! !MFi R ! =
&`F &`- 5A# .T O> - !$ , OF RE , i] d H 7 !F$%
.! !F% = = 8B !iK ! OG-b , S , 1968
 _" q E  &A->K B : 8 U , FQFRW" G = &R#S
1967 1959 1949 , - K  FQFRW" UK &` ! .T &#" 8: R 6
H U F  H 8!F# 8!A->K B 8!-
= , FQFRW" U , 1969 w!K

= , FQFRW" R , MFi  &A->K & .8!F 8! Fm! $F#4K
! K {FMm .!-!  ' _$ iR  % ! 8B F  $F#4K
.!-E , 4  B- ! ->K B U , FQFRW" 8F OF &R#S UK  E
& .K T =  5FR * m & . , 7- O1" , 1973 ^!%E
 &FF7#S % >K  UMSU.PKPY aFhK 
=  8B `#"
& !"Av &`F &`F .-p% V!#
= W\ 5FR , -$v
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I "8: 1973 ^!%E 16 NF !F% Fi\ " A-"E
. = F   F &F`  U , FQFRW" & # ->K  "
U 8 8B , ->K 8 UK `  Uo \  ->K 8  FQFRW"
&`F &`- 5A# .! 5" H =
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8 8 = ]   ! !47"   !- ,  =B  | " 4
.` .B Fq !-! aF $>" !MF#H O! R!i Fv
& . , 1973 ^!%E !  E K {FMm  ! - K U !
, 1F#RT ` =]o & .K `  # ->K 
=  8B , FQFRW"
, - K -  1F#RT .! !A2 T gxE !  =- K  8B U

452

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& UK  E !Q" , - !% . E , F] &FRK ~ AF !-= !F: , F]
 8!`  ! - K F  - !% &-
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=gK  E A2 Mk % R"!-  n  !m w!K & !! R- !%
K @./ i] R ->K  8B U : !K  ! ^F^%b  FQF =1
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& 8!F R 8!A->K B  8! FQ- , %
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UK  H  E = FH  &A->K B AF  E Gallaxy  
-  E R=  62 =  &" F Fx _ kB F B  
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8!#4Q" $#m 8! &  5L}i7"  8 8 @ %  % , =

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454

RFQ-  &"!] 5-.B !H  % .B 5FK  &i!}m 5F% 8


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8 2!  E & !o *!L>"   !m " 8 .B 8 & !o 
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n! : Wi] 
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. E w# K b  8 &  =FRK .` `% = $v "
  =Fr 8!$F% !S  8! 8B K b  "1F#RT
, +$F% .! !MK {FMm =
= ! B g ! K n 8!" B , B
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FT -f `-F% !MH &F: ` F %   =Fr B 
!Q   (Zaw Win) 8= g  % ! "ARSDF .! U V!7S U!% !
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 5FR 8:  "a#] & ` Fr nM a#] , z  B  
B 6-=  &$F% UK ` FT  .
T F$ -= : !B
.` % RS R ! T 7" ` ! 2 FB W- =
=
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! .` ^ ! H  &F!B , &Fo 8 H ` m U @H UK iF% &RM"
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. E w# ~   =8B " .` FK n @ !B  K .
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 &A->K B &FRK - !% !  =$  R !A &" FK
& ` R B  - !% K ' w!K :
 .& E 8i  5-!  =
(Unification) .B  - !% K ' :
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R q'  & &  H : F% !  @ !o B !Q"  
453

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