Non Ferrous alloys

Mg alloys for automotive

Copper and its Alloys

Beta stabilizer

Ti alloy
Alpha stabilizers: C, O, N and Al
Beta Stabilizers: Cr, Fe, Pd, Co, Mn, H, V, Mo, Ta, Nb
Alpha alloys: Ti-5Al-2.5Sn, Ti-4al-1Mo
Beta alloys: Beta 21S (13%Mo),
Alpha + Beta alloys: Ti-6Al-4V,
ELI: extra low level Interstitials

TixAl

PRECIPITATION HARDENING
Particles impede dislocations.
700
Ex: Al-Cu system
T(C)
Procedure:
600
+L
--Pt A: solution heat treat
A
500
(get solid solution)
--Pt B: quench to room temp.
400 C
--Pt C: reheat to nucleate
small crystals within
300
0 10
crystals.
(Al) B

Temp.
Pt A (soln heat

Adapted from Fig.

11.20, Callister 6e.

+L

20

30

40

CuAl 2

50

wt%Cu

composition range
needed for precipitation hardening

Other precipitation
systems:
Cu-Be
Cu-Sn
Mg-Al

Adapted from Fig. 11.22, Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.22 adapted

from J.L. Murray, International Metals Review 30, p.5,
1985.)
treat)

Pt C (precipitate )

Pt B

Time
20

PRECIPITATE EFFECT ON TS, %EL

2014 Al Alloy:
%EL reaches minimum
with precipitation time.

500
400
300
200

149C
204C

% E L (2 in s a m p le )

tensile strength (M Pa)

TS peaks with
precipitation time.
Increasing T
accelerates
process.

1min
1h 1day 1mo1yr
precipitation heat treat time (h)

30
20
10

204C

149C

1min
1h 1day 1mo1yr
precipitation heat treat time (h)

Adapted from Fig. 11.25 (a) and (b), Callister 6e. (Fig. 11.25 adapted from Metals
Handbook: Properties and Selection: Nonferrous Alloys and Pure Metals, Vol. 2, 9th ed.,
H. Baker (Managing Ed.), American Society for Metals, 1979. p. 41.)

21

PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING
Hard precipitates are difficult to shear.
Ex: Ceramics in metals (SiC in Iron or Aluminum).
precipitate
Large shear stress needed
to move dislocation toward
precipitate and shear it.

Side View

Top View

Unslipped part of slip plane

Dislocation
advances but
precipitates act as
pinning sites with
spacing S.

Slipped part of slip plane

1
Result: y ~
S
24

APPLICATION:
PRECIPITATION STRENGTHENING
Internal wing structure on Boeing
767

Adapted from Fig.

11.0, Callister 5e.
(Fig. 11.0 is
courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and
A.G. Miller, Boeing
Commercial
Airplane Company.)

Aluminum is strengthened with precipitates

formed
by alloying.
Adapted from Fig.
11.24, Callister 6e.
(Fig. 11.24 is
courtesy of G.H.
Narayanan and
A.G. Miller, Boeing
Commercial
Airplane Company.)

1.5m
26