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TW TW 1.5%: 1.1 For Body Weight
TW TW 1.5%: 1.1 For Body Weight
CHAPTER 1
1.1 For body weight:
J
s
kJ
15 min 60
2160 kJ
ind s
min 1000 J
286.3424 kg
RT
(8.314 kPa m 3 /( kmol K)((20 273.15) K )
Qstudents
2160 kJ
10.50615K
mC v
( 286.3424 kg)(0.718 kJ/(kg K))
Deposit
Withdrawal
$ 220.13
$ 327.26
$ 216.80
$ 378.61
$ 450.25
$ 106.80
1-Jun
Balance
$ 1512.33
$ 1405.20
1-Jul
$ 1243.39
1-Aug
$ 1586.84
$ 127.31
1-Sep
$ 350.61
$ 1363.54
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A3
1.5
Q1,in Q2,out
v 3,out
in
40 m 3 /s 20 m 3 /s
3.333 m 2
6 m/s
- M out 0
Food Drink Air In Metabolism Urine Skin Feces Air Out Sweat
Drink Urine Skin Feces Air Out Sweat Food Air In Metabolism
gm
(1 e ( c / m ) t )
c
9.8(70)
(1 e (12 / 70) 10 ) 46.8714
12
9.8(75)
(1 e (15 / 75) t )
15
ln 0.04344
15.6818 s
0.2
1.7 You are given the following differential equation with the initial condition, v(t = 0) = v(0),
dv
c
g v
dt
m
g
c
V (s)
s
m
v ( 0)
g
s c / m s ( s c / m)
(1)
The second term on the right of the equal sign can be expanded with partial fractions
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3
g
A
B
s ( s c / m) s s c / m
s ( s c / m)
s ( s c / m)
gA
c
m
0 As Bs
The first equation can be solved for A = mg/c. According to the second equation, B = A.
Therefore, the partial fraction expansion is
g
mg / c
mg / c
s ( s c / m)
s
s c/m
V ( s)
v(0)
mg / c
mg / c
s c/m
s
sc/m
mg mg ( c / m )t
e
c
c
or collecting terms
v(t ) v(0)e ( c / m ) t
mg
1 e ( c / m ) t
c
The first part is the general solution and the second part is the particular solution for the
constant forcing function due to gravity.
1.8 At t = 10 s, the analytical solution is 44.87 (Example 1.1). The relative error can be calculated
with
absolute relative error
analytical numerical
100%
analytical
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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step
2
1
0.5
v(10)
47.9690
46.3639
45.6044
absolute
relative error
6.90%
3.32%
1.63%
g v2
c ' dt
c'
Define
mg / c '
m dv
a2 v2
c ' dt
dv
v2
c'
m dt
dx
1
x
tanh 1
2
a
a
x
5
1
v c'
tanh 1 t C
a
a m
gm
tanh
c'
gc '
t
m
(b) Using Eulers method, the first two steps can be computed as
0.225
v(2) 0 9.8
(0) 2 2 19.6
68
.
1
0.225
The computation can be continued and the results summarized and plotted as:
t
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
v
0
19.6
36.6615
47.3800
52.1461
53.7777
54.2673
54.4622
dv/dt
9.8
8.53075
5.35926
2.38305
0.81581
0.24479
0.07002
Note that the analytical solution is included on the plot for comparison.
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1.10 Before the chute opens (t < 10), Eulers method can be implemented as
10
After the chute opens (t 10), the drag coefficient is changed and the implementation
becomes
50
Chute closed
v
dv/dt
-20.0000 12.3000
-7.7000 10.7625
3.0625
9.4172
12.4797
8.2400
20.7197
7.2100
27.9298
6.3088
34.2385
5.5202
39.7587
4.8302
44.5889
4.2264
48.8153
3.6981
t
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Chute opened
v
dv/dt
52.5134
-23.0209
29.4925
-8.6328
20.8597
-3.2373
17.6224
-1.2140
16.4084
-0.4552
15.9531
-0.1707
15.7824
-0.0640
15.7184
-0.0240
15.6944
-0.0090
15.6854
-0.0034
15.6820
-0.0013
dv
R2
mg (0)
cv
dt
( R x) 2
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7
dv
R2
c
g (0)
v
2
dt
m
( R x)
Setting drag to zero and substituting this relationship into the force balance gives
dv
g ( 0)
R2
dx
v ( R x) 2
R2
dx
( R x) 2
Integrating gives
v2
R2
g ( 0)
C
2
Rx
v 02
R2
g (0)
C
2
R0
which can be solved for C = v02/2 g(0)R, which can be substituted back into the solution
to give
v2
v2
R2
g (0)
0 g (0) R
2
Rx 2
or
v v 02 2 g (0)
R2
2 g ( 0) R
Rx
Note that the plus sign holds when the object is moving upwards and the minus sign holds
when it is falling.
(d) Eulers method can be developed as
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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g ( 0)
R2
v( xi 1 ) v( x i )
( xi 1 xi )
2
v( xi ) ( R xi )
The first step can be computed as
9.8
(6.37 10 6 ) 2
v(10,000) 1,400
(10,000 0) 1,400 ( 0.007)10,000 1,330
6
2
1,400 (6.37 10 0)
The remainder of the calculations can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the
following table
x
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
v
1400.000
1330.000
1256.547
1179.042
1096.701
1008.454
912.783
807.413
688.661
549.864
376.568
dv/dx
-0.00700
-0.00735
-0.00775
-0.00823
-0.00882
-0.00957
-0.01054
-0.01188
-0.01388
-0.01733
-0.02523
v-analytical
1400.000
1328.272
1252.688
1172.500
1086.688
993.796
891.612
776.473
641.439
469.650
174.033
(6.37 10 6 ) 2
2(9.8)(6.37 10 6 ) 1,328.272
(6.37 10 6 10,000) 2
The remainder of the analytical values can be implemented in a similar fashion as in the
last column of the above table. The numerical and analytical solutions can be displayed
graphically.
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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9
1.12 (a) The first two steps are
c(0.1) 10 0.2(10)0.1 9.8 Bq/L
c (0.2) 9.8 0.2(9.8)0.1 9.604 Bq/L
c
10.0000
9.8000
9.6040
9.4119
9.2237
9.0392
8.8584
8.6813
8.5076
8.3375
8.1707
dc/dt
-2.0000
-1.9600
-1.9208
-1.8824
-1.8447
-1.8078
-1.7717
-1.7363
-1.7015
-1.6675
-1.6341
(b) The results when plotted on a semi-log plot yields a straight line
ln(8.1707) ln(10)
0.20203
1
Thus, the slope is approximately equal to the negative of the decay rate.
1.13 The first two steps yield
500
500
y (0.5) 0 3
sin 2 (0)
0.5 0 0 0.41667 0.5 0.20833
1200
1200
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10
y
0.00000
-0.20833
-0.27301
-0.03880
0.37474
0.68317
0.69869
0.50281
0.37138
0.52101
0.90991
dy/dt
-0.41667
-0.12936
0.46843
0.82708
0.61686
0.03104
-0.39177
-0.26286
0.29927
0.77779
0.73275
t
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
y
1.27629
1.37907
1.21953
1.04012
1.10156
1.44313
1.84656
2.03672
1.93453
1.72973
dy/dt
0.20557
-0.31908
-0.35882
0.12287
0.68314
0.80687
0.38031
-0.20436
-0.40961
-0.04672
300(1 0.125)1.5
y (1) 0.125 sin 2 (0.5)
0.5 0.08366
1200
y
0.00000
-0.12500
-0.08366
0.24924
0.69658
0.93711
dy/dt
-0.25000
0.08269
0.66580
0.89468
0.48107
-0.22631
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
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11
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
0.82396
0.52849
0.36918
0.52689
0.88827
1.13864
1.05881
0.73834
0.48077
0.52530
0.83973
1.13958
1.14687
0.85981
0.54630
-0.59094
-0.31862
0.31541
0.72277
0.50073
-0.15966
-0.64093
-0.51514
0.08906
0.62885
0.59970
0.01457
-0.57411
-0.62702
-0.11076
4r 3
3
(1)
3V
4
(2)
(3)
Equation (2) can be substituted into Eq. (3) to express area as a function of volume
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
12
3V
2/3
A 4
This result can then be substituted into the original differential equation,
dV
3V
k 4
dt
4
2/3
(4)
113 .0973 mm 3
3
3
Eulers method can be used to integrate Eq. (4). Here are the beginning and last steps
t
0
0.25
0.5
0.75
1
V
113.0973
110.2699
107.4898
104.7566
102.07
dV/dt
-11.3097
-11.1204
-10.9327
-10.7466
-10.5621
38.29357
36.92003
35.57954
34.27169
32.99609
-5.49416
-5.36198
-5.2314
-5.1024
-4.97499
9
9.25
9.5
9.75
10
3(32.99609)
1.9897
4
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publisher, or used beyond the limited distribution to teachers and educators permitted by McGraw-Hill for their
individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.
13
(3 1.9897) mm 60 min
mm
0.10103
10 min
hr
min
T
68.00000
67.20100
66.41558
65.64352
64.88458
64.13854
63.40519
62.68430
61.97566
61.27908
60.59433
dT/dt
-0.79900
-0.78542
-0.77206
-0.75894
-0.74604
-0.73336
-0.72089
-0.70863
-0.69659
-0.68474
-0.67310
2 N 0 N 0 e ( 20 )
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14
ln 2
0.693
0.034657/hr
20 hrs 20 hrs
d 3
6
(1)
d 3
N
6
(2)
(3)
(4)
d 3
N 0 e t
6
(5)
6 volume
d 3 N 0
ln
t
(6)
The volume of a 500 m diameter tumor can be computed with Eq. 2 as 65,449,847.
Substituting this value along with d = 20 m, N0 = 1 and = 0.034657/hr gives
6 65,449,847
20 3 (1)
ln
0.034657
278.63 hr 11.6 d
(6)
1.18 Continuity at the nodes can be used to determine the flows as follows:
Q1 Q2 Q3 0.6 0.4 1
m3
s
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15
Q10 Q1 1
m3
s
m3
s
m3
s
m3
s
m3
s
0.4
0.6
0.1
0.4
0.3
0.1
0.2
0.3
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individual course preparation. If you are a student using this Manual, you are using it without permission.