Hp ng l hnh thc php l ca giao dch hng ho.

Php lut hp ng
quy nh trc tip hnh thc giao dch ca hng ho. N c vai tr quan trng trong
vic iu chnh quan h trao i hng ho v thc y s pht trin ca nn kinh t
hng ho. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin ca mnh, ty theo iu kin
kinh t x hi khc nhau m mi quc gia li c mt php lut v hp ng ring
bit v c nhng c im c th khc nhau. Bi vit ny tm hiu v php lut
hp ng ca Hoa k thng qua phng php phn tch v so snh vi php lut
ca Vit Nam .
1. Ngun php lut iu chnh quan h hp ng
S iu chnh ca php lut Vit Nam v lut hp ng mang tnh h thng v
th hin mi lin h gia lut chung - B lut dn s v lut chuyn ngnh - cc
lut v ngh nh c lin quan. Theo , b lut dn s vi vai tr l lut gc quy
nh nhng nguyn tc chung v c bn nht v hp ng. Lut chuyn ngnh c
th ho v c php quy nh khc vi b lut dn s ph hp vi tnh c th
ca quan h giao dch trong tng lnh vc c th. Ngun n l khng c tha
nhn l ngun php lut chnh thc trong khoa hc php l Vit Nam. Tuy nhin,
trn thc t cng tc xt x, vic to n s dng n l khng phi l him.
Vi php lut Hoa K, s iu chnh ca n th hin mi quan h gia php lut
lin bang v bang. Tuy nhin, khng ging nh php lut Vit Nam l h thng
php lut thc nh th ngun ca php lut Hoa K ch yu l n l. V ci m
ngi ta gi l b lut Hoa K khng ging nh nh B lut hay lut Vit
Nam, c th so snh gia B lut thng mi thng nht Hoa K v B lut dn s
Vit Nam cho thy s khc bit ny. Tuy nhin, php lut Hoa K rt phong ph v
a dng, v bn cnh tuyn tp nhng n l, cn c nhng vn bn thnh vn do
Quc hi M ban hnh, thm vo , nhng n l t ra lc hu, khng cn ph hp
vi tnh hnh pht trin kinh t - x hi ca M cng nh trong giao dch quc t
c iu chnh cho ph hp. Nhn chung, php lut iu chnh giao kt hp
ng theo php lut Vit Nam v php lut Hoa K mang tnh linh hot v phong
ph a dng nhng th hin c trng ring theo php lut mi nc.
2. Khi nim hp ng
Ngay t khong th k th V IV trc cng nguyn, thut ng hp ng
(contractus) xut hin La M. Dn dn, qua qu trnh pht trin cng cc

giao dch thng mi, dn s, thut ng hp ng c tha nhn rng ri ti

nhiu quc gia. Theo , khi nim v hp ng cng c nhiu quan im khc
nhau. Ngy nay, di gc php lut, khi nim hp ng c a ra mt cch
y hn th hin ng bn cht ca n. Tuy nhin, cc thut ng v s kt hp
gia chng a ra mt khi nim hp ng theo php lut mi quc gia c th
khc nhau mc d v bn cht c nhiu im tng ng.
Php lut v hp ng ca cc nc theo dng h php lut Anh - M ni
chung v Hoa K ni ring khng c s phn bit giao dch v hp ng. Hp
ng c hiu theo ngha rng, bao gm c giao dch n phng v hp ng
theo cch hiu truyn thng ca dng h php lut chu u lc a. Theo lut n l
ca Hoa K th hp ng c hiu l mt hoc mt s li ha, nu vi phm th
php lut buc phi bi thng hoc buc thc hin li ha nh mt ngha v. (6)
UCC phn bit tha thun v hp ng, theo , tho thun l s mc c gia
cc bn trn thc t c th hin bng li ni hoc cc hnh thc khc (iu 1201-3), cn Hp ng l tng hp ngha v php l pht sinh t tha thun(7) gia
cc bn do Lut ny xc nh v c b sung bi cc lut khc (iu 1-201-12).
(8) V bn cht, theo cch hiu ca ngi M th hai khi nim hp ng nu
trn l tng ng. Trn thc t, do n l l ngun lut quan trng v ch yu trong
lnh vc hp ng nn khi nim hp ng theo lut n l c p dng rng ri
hn. T hai khi nim trn, c th thy khng phi mi li ha hay tho thun u
tr thnh hp ng. Ch nhng li ha hay tho thun c php lut can thip khi
b vi phm th mi c coi l hp ng. Hp ng c xc lp khi li ha c
a ra v t nguyn chu s rng buc php l. li ha ca mt bn c gi tr
php l, thng thng n cn phi c pha bn kia ca hp ng chp nhn bng
cch a ra mt ngha v i ng (consideration). Tuy nhin, khng phi hp ng
no cng bt buc phi c ngha v i ng.(9)
Vit Nam, khi nim hp ng c quy nh ti iu 385 BLDS nm 2015,
theo , hp ng dn s l s tho thun gia cc bn v vic xc lp, thay i
hoc chm dt quyn, ngha v dn s. y l cch hiu truyn thng v hp ng
ca cc nc thuc dng h php lut chu u lc a. Nh vy, quan nim v hp
ng ca Hoa K v Vit Nam khc nhau ch: 1) Theo php lut Hoa K, li ha
ca mt bn (giao dch n phng) cng c th l hp ng, trong khi , Vit
Nam, hp ng bt buc phi c s tho thun ca hai bn; 2) Hp ng theo php
lut Hoa K thng phi c consideration nhng y l khi nim xa l vi php

lut Vit Nam. S khc bit ny xut pht t quan nim khc nhau v hp ng
gia hai dng h php lut m hai h thng php lut ny trc thuc. Tuy nhin,
xt v bn cht, cho d c theo dng h php lut no th quan nim v hp ng
ca Hoa K v Vit Nam u c nhng im chung sau: Th nht, c s tho
thun (hoc cam kt) gia cc bn tham gia quan h; Th hai, s tho thun (hoc
cam kt) ca cc bn lm pht sinh s rng buc php l (ngha v php l).
3. iu kin c hiu lc ca hp ng
Theo lut n l ca Hoa K, hp ng c hiu lc khi p ng cc iu Kin sau:
1) C s tha thun, thng nht ch ca cc bn mt cch t nguyn;
2) Cc bn c nng lc k kt hp ng;
3) C ngha v i ng, tr mt s trng hp ngoi l;
4) Mc ch ca hp ng phi hp php hoc khng tri vi chnh sch cng;
(v) Hnh thc hp ng phi ph hp vi quy nh php lut.
Vit Nam, iu kin c hiu lc ca giao dch dn s ni chung v hp ng ni
ring c quy nh ti iu 117 BLDS, theo , mt giao dch c hiu lc khi
ngi tham gia giao dch c nng lc hnh vi dn s; mc ch v ni dung ca
giao dch khng vi phm iu cm ca php lut, khng tri o c x hi; ngi
tham gia giao dch hon ton t nguyn. Nu php lut c quy nh hnh thc hp
ng l iu kin hp ng c hiu lc th cng phi tun th quy nh ny.
Nh vy, v c bn, tr iu kin v ngha v i ng, cc iu kin hp ng c
hiu lc ca Hoa K v Vit Nam kh tng ng vi nhau. Lin quan n hp
ng khng c hiu lc thi hnh, php lut Hoa K chia thnh 3 loi l hp ng
v hiu (void), c th v hiu (voidable) v khng th thc thi (unenforceable).
Hp ng v hiu l hp ng b coi l khng tn ti, khng c to n cng
nhn v khng c thc thi (loi hp ng ny ging hp ng v hiu tuyt i
theo quan nim trong khoa hc php l ca Vit Nam). Hp ng c th b v hiu
l hp ng m mt bn c quyn la chn chm dt hp ng, v d hp ng k
sai thm quyn (loi hp ng ny cng ging hp ng v hiu tuyt i Vit
Nam). Hp ng khng th thc thi l hp ng m khng bn no c th thc thi
ngha v hp ng, v d Hoa K, mt s loi hp ng bt buc phi k bng
vn bn, nu cc bn khng tun th quy nh ny th hp ng b coi l khng th

thc thi. BLDS nm 2015 ca Vit Nam cng a ra cn c hp ng v hiu do

c i tng khng th thc hin c (iu 408). Tuy vy, vi cch quy nh ti
iu 408 Trong trng hp ngay t khi k kt, hp ng c i tng khng th
thc hin c v l do khch quan th hp ng ny b v hiu c th to ra s
hiu nhm l trong mi trng hp, khi c l do khch quan lm cho i tng ca
hp ng khng th thc hin c th hp ng s b coi l v hiu. V d: A k
hp ng mua hng ca B nhng khng may, s hng ny gp ha hon v b tiu
hu ton b. R rng i tng ca hp ng ny khng th thc hin c nhng
khng th ni hp ng b v hiu. Hp ng vn c hiu lc, bn bn vi phm
hp ng (khng giao c hng cho bn mua) nhng do gp phi l do bt kh
khng nn c min trch nhim hp ng.
4. Hnh thc hp ng
Hoa K, php lut khng c quy nh chung v hnh thc ca hp ng. C
ngha l hon ton khng c yu cu hp ng phi c lp thnh vn bn v c
ch k ca cc bn hp ng c hiu lc php l. V nguyn tc, k c nhng
hp ng phc tp hoc c gi tr ln u c th c k bng li ni v u pht
sinh hiu lc rng buc cc bn, nu c bng chng v s tn ti ca tho thun v
nhng iu khon ca hp ng ny. Tuy nhin, mt s bang ban hnh lut thnh
vn, trong yu cu mt s loi hp ng bt buc phi lp thnh vn bn. Cc
o lut ny u theo khun mu ca mt o lut ra i t th k XVII nc
Anh mang tn o lut chng gian ln.(11) Khi p dng o lut ny, mt tho
thun nu khng k bng vn bn th khng c hiu lc thi hnh, cho d n p
ng y nhng iu kin ca mt hp ng nh c ngh giao kt hp ng,
chp nhn ngh, ngha v i ng v c n hng t nhn chng sn sng xc
nhn l cc bn t c tho thun. Nhn chung, cc loi tho thun sau y
thuc phm vi iu chnh ca o lut ny, tc l bt buc phi lp thnh vn bn:
1) Tho thun mua bn hng ho c gi tr t 500 USD tr ln hoc ti sn v hnh
c gi tr trn 5.000 USD; 2) Tho thun mua bn t ai; 3) Tho thun khng
c thc hin y trong vng 01 nm k t ngy xc lp; 4) Tho thun bo
lnh n thay cho ngi khc; 5) Tho thun v ca hi mn hoc cp dng cho
con; 6) Tho thun cho thu ti sn vi gi tr hp ng t 1.000 USD tr ln...
Nh vy, theo php lut Hoa K, hnh thc hp ng do cc bn t nh ot. Cc
quy nh v hnh thc vn bn ca hp ng ch bo v nhng li ch cng cn
thit, trnh cc hin tng gian di, la o.(12) Ta n ch can thip buc bn c

ngha v phi thc hin cam kt ca mnh, nu cc quy nh v hnh thc c

tun th. Php lut Hoa K cn quy nh nhng trng hp ngoi l khi hp ng
khng tun th hnh thc vn bn nhng vn c hiu lc php l.(13) iu 401
BLDS nm 2005 ca Vit Nam quy nh hp ng c th c giao kt bng vn
bn, li ni hoc hnh vi, nu php lut khng yu cu hnh thc nht nh. Trng
hp php lut quy nh hp ng phi c cng chng, chng thc, ng k hay
xin php th bt buc phi tun th yu cu ny. Nh vy, v c bn, c php lut
Hoa K v Vit Nam u cho php giao kt hp ng di bt c hnh thc no,
nu khng c yu cu lut nh v hnh thc vn bn. S khc bit l ch: Th
nht, Hoa K khi qut ho cc trng hp bt buc phi lp vn bn hp ng,
cn Vit Nam ch quy nh chung chung l php lut s quy nh loi hp ng
phi c giao kt bng hnh thc nht nh. Th hai, nu nh Hoa K, cc loi
hp ng bt buc phi k bng vn bn c lit k c th mt vn bn php
lut ca bang nhm chng cc hnh vi gian di th Vit Nam, hnh thc vn bn
ca hp ng l do cc vn bn php lut chuyn ngnh quy nh trong tng lnh
vc c th. V th, Vit Nam kh c th xc nh mt cch tng qut nhng loi
hp ng no phi k bng vn bn, vi mi loi hp ng cn phi tm quy nh
trong vn bn php lut chuyn ngnh. Th ba, Hoa K, vi phm v hnh thc
khin hp ng khng th thc thi c (unenforceable), tc l to n s khng
can thip buc thc thi hp ng; cn Vit Nam, vi phm hnh thc c th dn
n hu qu lm hp ng v hiu nu php lut c quy nh. Thc tin gii quyt
cc tranh chp hp ng thi gian qua cho thy to n tuyn b nhiu hp ng
b v hiu do vi phm v hnh thc (v d: hp ng mua bn nh khng c cng
chng, chng thc hp l).
5. Th tc giao kt hp ng
Cng ging nh Vit Nam, th tc giao kt hp ng Hoa K gm hai
bc: ngh v chp nhn ngh giao kt hp ng (GKH). S khc bit gia
php lut hai nc trong th tc GKH th hin cch xc nh thi im GKH.
Hoa K - i din in hnh ca dng h php lut Anh - M theo thuyt gi
(Mail box theory), coi thi im GKH l thi im bn chp nhn ngh
GKH gi chp nhn ngh i. Cn Vit Nam, cng ging nh nhiu nc thuc
dng h php lut chu u lc a, coi hp ng c hnh thnh vo thi im
bn ngh nhn c chp nhn ngh GKH. V d, ngy 1/11/2010, A gi
ngh bn mt l hng cho B. Ngy 7/11/2010 B gi th qua bu in ng mua

l hng. Ngy 10/11/2010 A nhn c th chp nhn . Theo php lut Hoa K,
hp ng c giao kt vo ngy 7/11 nhng theo php lut Vit Nam th li l
ngy 10/11. Do quan nim v thi im hnh thnh hp ng khc nhau nn trong
thc tin kinh doanh quc t gia hai nc, trong trng hp cc bn khng c
tho thun v lut p dng, rt kh xc nh hp ng c giao kt u t
xc nh c quan ti phn nc no c thm quyn gii quyt tranh chp hp ng.
Php lut Hoa K v Vit Nam u c quy nh v vic sa i hay rt li ngh
GKH. im khc bit l ch: Hoa K, ngh GKH c th sa i hoc
rt li vo bt c thi im no trc khi c bn kia chp nhn; trong khi ,
iu 392 BLDS Vit Nam quy nh c th thay i, rt li ngh GKH nu
thng bo thay i hoc rt li n cng lc hoc trc thi im nhn c
ngh. Quy nh ny p dng cho mi ngh giao kt hp ng, khng phn bit
ngh c thi hn hay khng c thi hn tr li.
6. Trch nhim do vi phm hp ng
Theo php lut Hoa K, vi phm hp ng l hnh vi khng thc hin hoc thc
hin khng ng hp ng. Lut n l ca Hoa K quy nh nhng ch ti p dng
cho hnh vi vi phm hp ng nh sau:
- Bi thng thit hi: Khi hp ng b vi phm th bn b vi phm c quyn i
bi thng thit hi. y l ch ti ch yu Hoa K i vi hnh vi vi phm hp
ng. Php lut Hoa K phn bit cc loi thit hi sau y:
+ Thit hi k vng: Ta n nh gi mc tin khi phc li nhng li ch
kinh t m bn b vi phm d kin c th t c khi hp ng c thc hin.
y l cch xc nh thit hi ph bin nht c bit n di tn gi thc o
k vng (expectation measure). Cch tnh ton thit hi ny tng ng vi vic
bi thng thit hi b b l theo php lut Vit Nam (iu 302 Lut thng mi
nm 2005).
+ Thit hi do tn nhim: Bn vi phm s phi bi thng nhng chi ph v
tn tht pht sinh do tin tng l hp ng s c thc hin. Loi bi thng
ny ch c p dng khi khng th chng minh thit hi k vng v s tin bi
thng khng c vt qu mc li nhun d kin.

+ Thit hi n nh: Khi k kt hp ng, cc bn c th n nh trc khon

tin bi thng c nh khi hp ng b vi phm, da trn s tnh ton mc thit
hi d kin hoc thc t. C th ni v hnh thc, bi thng thit hi n nh gn
ging ch ti pht hp ng theo php lut Vit Nam nhng v bn cht th khc
hn. Hoa K, hnh thc bi thng ny ch c p dng nu nhm mc ch d
kin thit hi c th pht sinh trong trng hp kh chng minh c thit hi
nhng n s b v hiu nu c s dng nh mt bin php trng pht bn vi
phm hp ng khi quy nh khon tin qu ln, khng hp l so vi thit hi c
th xy ra. Cn Vit Nam, pht hp ng l ch ti rn e, c ngha ngn nga
v trng pht nu vi phm hp ng. y l s khc bit ln v t duy php l ca
hai h thng php lut.
Ngoi ra, to n c th tnh ton mc tin bi thng khi phc li tnh trng
kinh t ca bn b vi phm thi im hp ng c hiu lc, nhm ngn chn bn
vi phm lm giu bt chnh
- Yu cu thc hin ng hp ng: Bn b vi phm c th yu cu bn vi phm
thc hin mt phn hoc ton b ngha v cam kt. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp
hai bn thc hin ngha v ca mnh, bn vi phm ch cn ngha v quyt ton
cho bn kia th ch ti ny khng c p dng.(14) Bn vi phm cng c quyn
i bn b vi phm thc hin phn cn li ca hp ng vt qu mc tn tht m
bn vi phm gy ra cho bn kia.(15) Hnh thc ch ti ny b hn ch p dng
Hoa K, ch c s dng nu vic bi thng bng tin t ra khng hp l m
thi. Trong khi , Vit Nam, buc thc hin ng hp ng l ch ti kh ph
bin, c quy nh ti iu 297 Lut thng mi nm 2005.
- Hu b hp ng: i vi nhng vi phm c bn ngha v hp ng, bn b vi
phm c quyn la chn: hoc yu cu thc hin hp ng v i bi thng thit
hi, hoc yu cu hu b hp ng v bi thng thit hi. i vi nhng vi phm
khng c bn, bn b vi phm khng c quyn yu cu hu hp ng m ch c
th i bi thng thit hi. Quy nh ny kh tng ng vi iu 425 BLDS v
iu 312 Lut thng mi Vit Nam nm 2005. Php lut Vit Nam cn quy nh
mt trng hp na c th yu cu hu b hp ng, l khi cc bn tho
thun trc trong hp ng iu kin hu b. Nh vy, nu nh Vit Nam c
nhiu ch ti p dng cho hnh vi vi phm hp ng th Hoa K ch c ba ch
ti, trong ch ti ch yu li l bi thng thit hi. K c hnh thc pht hp

ng kh ph bin Vit Nam th Hoa K li khng c khi nim ny, hnh thc
bi thng thit hi theo mc n nh tuy gn ging pht hp ng ca Vit Nam
nhng li khc mc ch p dng, thm ch nu p dng nhm mc ch trng
pht do vi phm hp ng mc ch ch yu khi ch ti ny c p dng Vit
Nam th Hoa K, hnh thc ch ti ny s b v hiu. Do quy nh ring bit 2
ch nh pht vi phm v bi thng thit hi nn Lut thng mi Vit Nam cn
cho php p dng ng thi c hai ch ti ny, nu trong hp ng c quy nh v
pht vi phm (iu 307). Nh vy, qua phn tch trn, c th thy php lut hp
ng ca Hoa K v c bn l khc vi php lut Vit Nam. Biu hin r nt nht
l s khc bit v ngun lut iu chnh quan h hp ng v nhng ni dung c
bn ca php lut hp ng nh khi nim, cc iu kin hp ng c hiu lc
php l, th tc GKH hay trch nhim do vi phm hp ng Nguyn nhn ch
yu ca s khc bit l hai nc thuc hai dng h php lut khc nhau. Hoa K l
i din in hnh ca dng h common law, trong khi Vit Nam thuc dng h
php lut x hi ch ngha, v bn cht l phn nhnh ca dng h civil law. Hai
dng h ny c quan nim v t duy php l rt khc nhau v ch nh hp ng.
V th, php lut hp ng Hoa K v Vit Nam mang nhng nt c trng c bn
v hp ng ca dng h php lut m mnh trc thuc.