I/ GII THIU CHUNG V QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG

LCH S PHT TRIN CA QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG

Vo nhng nm u ca th k 20 th vic thit k v pht trin sn phm mi
din ra chm chp v l thuc ch yu vo ngun lc ni b, cng ngh v cng sut.
Chia s cng ngh v chuyn mn thng qua s cng tc chin lc gia ngi mua v
ngi bn l mt thut ng him khi nghe giai on by gi. Cc quy trnh sn xut c
m bi tn kho nhm lm cho my mc vn hnh thng sut v quy tr cn i dng
nguyn vt liu, iu ny dn n tn kho trong sn xut tng cao.
Cho n thp nin 60 ca th k 20, cc cng ty ln trn th gii tch cc p dng
cng ngh sn xut hng lot ct gim chi ph v ci tin nng sut, song h li t ch
n vic to ra mi quan h vi nh cung cp, ci thin vic thit k quy trnh v tnh
linh hot, hoc ci thin cht lng sn phm.
Trong thp nin 70, h thng hoch nh nhu cu nguyn vt liu (MRP) v h
thng hoch nh ngun lc sn xut (MRPII) c pht trin v tm quan trng ca
qun tr hiu qu vt liu ngy cng c nhn mnh, cc nh sn xut nhn thc tc
ng ca mc tn kho cao n chi ph sn xut v chi ph lu gi tn kho. Cng vi
s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin, c bit l my tnh lm gia tng tnh tinh vi ca
cc phn mm kim sot tn kho lm gim ng k chi ph tn kho trong khi vn ci
thin truyn thng ni b v nhu cu ca cc chi tit cn mua cng nh ngun cung.
Thp nin 1980 c xem nh l thi k bn l ca qun tr chui cung ng.
Thut ng qun tr chui cung ng ln u tin s dng mt cch rng ri trn nhiu t
bo, tp ch, c th l vo nm 1982.1 Cnh tranh trn th trng ton cu ngy cng
tr nn khc lit gy p lc n cc nh sn xut, buc h phi ct gim chi ph, nng cao
cht lng sn phm, cng vi vic gia tng mc phc v khch hng. Cc hng sn
xut vn dng k thut sn xut ng thi hn (JIT), qun tr cht lng ton din (TQM)
nhm ci tin cht lng, nng cao hiu qu sn xut, rt ngn thi gian giao hng. Trong
mi trng sn xut JIT vi vic s dng t tn kho m cho lch trnh sn xut, cc
doanh nghip bt u nhn thy li ch tim tng v tm quan trng ca mi quan h

chin lc v hp tc ca nh cung cp- ngi mua- khch hng. Khi nim v s cng
tc hoc lin minh cng ni bt khi cc doanh nghip thc hin JIT v TQM.
T thp nin 1990, cnh tranh khc lit, cng vi vic gia tng chi ph hu cn v
tn kho, cng nh khuynh hng ton cu ha nn kinh t to ra thch thc phi ci thin
cht lng, hiu qu sn xut, dch v khch hng, thit k v pht trin sn phm mi
lin tc. gii quyt nhng thch thc ny, cc nh sn xut bt u mua sn phm t
cc nh cung cp cht lng cao, c danh ting v c chng thc. Hn na cc doanh
nghip sn xut ku gi cc nh cung cp tham gia vo vic thit k v pht trin sn
phm mi cng nh ng gp kin vo vic ci thin dch v, cht lng v gim chi
ph chung. Mt khc, cc cng ty nhn thy rng nu h cam kt mua hng t nhng nh
cung cp tt nht cho hat ng kinh doanh ca mnh th i li h s hng li t vic
gia tng doanh s thng qua s ci tin cht lng, phn phi v thit k sn phm cng
nh ct gim chi ph nh vo vic quan tm nhiu n tin trnh, nguyn vt liu v cc
linh kin c s dng trong hot ng sn xut. Nhiu lin minh gia nh cung cp v
ngi mua chng t s thnh cng ca mnh.
NH NGHA CHUI CUNG NG
Ngy nay, cnh tranh thnh cng trong bt k mi trng kinh doanh no, cc
doanh nghip khng ch tp trung vo hot ng ca ring mnh m phi tham gia vo
cng vic kinh doanh ca nh cung cp cng nh khch hng ca n. Bi l, khi doanh
nghip mun p ng sn phm hoc dch v cho khch hng h buc phi quan tm su
sc hn n dng dch chuyn nguyn vt liu; cch thc thit k, ng gi sn phm v
dch v ca nh cung cp; cch thc vn chuyn, bo qun sn phm hon thnh v
nhng mong i thc s ca ngi tiu dung hoc khch hng cui cng v thc t l c
nhiu doanh nghip c th khng bit sn phm ca h c s dng nh th no trng
vic to ra sn phm cui cng cho khch hng. Cnh tranh c tnh ton cu ngy cng
khc lit, chu k sng ca sn phm mi ngy cng ngn hn, mc k vng ca khch
hng ngy cng cao hn thc p cc doanh nghip phi u t v tp trung nhiu vo
chui cung ng ca n. Thm vo , nhng tin b lin tc v i mi trong cng ngh
truyn thng v vn ti (v d, truyn thng di ng, Internet v phn phi hng qua

m), thc y s pht trin khng ngng ca chui cung ng v nhng k thut
qun l n.
Trong mt chui cung ng in hnh, doanh nghip mua nguyn vt liu t mt
hoc nhiu nh cung cp; cc b phn, chi tit hoc thm ch sn phm sau c sn
xut mt hay mt s nh my, v c vn chuyn n nh kho lu tr giai on
trung gian, cui cng n nh bn l v khch hng. V vy, gim thiu chi ph v ci
thin mc phc v, cc chin lc chui cung ng hiu qu phi xem xt n s tng
tc cc cp khc nhau trong chui cung ng. Chui cung ng, cng c xem nh
mng li hu cn, bao gm cc nh cung cp, cc trung tm sn xut, nh kho, cc trung
tm phn phi, v cc ca hng bn l, cng nh nguyn vt liu, tn kho trong qu trnh
sn xut v sn phm hon thnh dch chuyn gia cc c s
Chui cung ng l g? C rt nhiu nh ngha v qun tr chui cung ng, nhng
chng ta bt u s tho lun vi khi nim Chui cung ng bao gm tt c cc doanh
nghip tham gia, mt cch trc tip hay gin tip, trong vic p ng nhu cu khch
hng, th hin s dch chuyn nguyn vt liu xuyn sut qu trnh t nh cung cp ban
u n khch hng cui cng.
Chui cung ng khng ch bao gm nh sn xut v nh cung cp, m cn cng ty
vn ti, nh kho, nh bn l v khch hng ca n. V d mt chui cung ng bt u vi
cc doanh nghip khai thc nguyn liu t t - chng hn nh qung st, du m, g v
lng thc v bn chng cho cc doanh nghip sn xut vt liu. Cc doanh nghip
ny, ng vai tr nh ngi t hng v sau khi nhn cc yu cu v chi tit k thut t
cc nh sn xut linh kin, h s tip tc ch bin vt liu ny thnh cc vt liu thch hp
(nh tm thp, nhm, ng , g x v thc phm kim tra). n lt mnh, cc nh
sn xut linh kin phi p ng n hng v yu cu t khch hng ca h - nh sn xut
sn phm cui cng. u ra ca qu trnh ny l cc linh kin hay cc chi tit trung gian
(nh dy in, vi, mch in, nhng chi tit cn thit...). Nh sn xut sn phm cui cng
(cc cng ty nh IBM, General Motors, Coca-Cola) lp rp sn phm hon thnh, bn
chng cho ngi bn s hoc nh phn phi, ri nhng thnh vin ny s bn chng li
cho nh bn l, nhng ngi thc hin s mnh a sn phm n ngi tiu dng cui

cng. Chng ta mua sn phm trn c s gi, cht lng, tnh sn sng, s bo tr v danh
ting vi hy vng rng chng tha mn yu cu m chng ta mong i. i khi v nhng
l do no chng ta cn tr sn phm hoc cc chi tit do khng p ng yu cu hoc
i khi cn sa cha hoc ti ch chng, mt qui trnh ngc cng rt cn thit. Cc hot
ng hu cn ngc ny cng bao gm trong chui cung ng.
Bn trong mi t chc, chng hn nh sn xut, chui cung ng bao gm tt c
cc chc nng lin quan n vic nhn v p ng nhu cu khch hng. Nhng chc
nng ny bao hm v khng b hn ch trong vic pht trin sn phm mi, marketing,
sn xut, phn phi, ti chnh v dch v khch hng.

Chui cung ng in hnh

Chui cung ng in hnh nh trong hnh 1-1, chng ta c th hnh dung cc
doanh nghip nm khu vc gia nh doanh nghip trung tm. Thc t, doanh nghip
trung tm khng ch l doanh nghip lp rp sn phm cui cng, n cng c th l bt c
doanh nghip no tham gia trong chui cung ng, ty thuc vo phm vi tham chiu v
mc tiu ca nh qun tr khi xem xt m hnh.

Cc sn phm s n tay ngi tiu dng theo mt s hnh thc ca chui cung
ng. Chui cung ng n gin s ch c t thc th tham gia, trong khi vi cc chui phc
tp s cc thc th tham gia s rt ln. Nh th, bn s d dng nhn thy rng ch c mt
ngun to ra li nhun duy nht cho ton chui l khch hng cui cng. Khi cc
doanh nghip ring l trong chui cung ng ra cc quyt nh kinh doanh m khng quan
tm n cc thnh vin khc trong chui, rt cuc dn n gi bn cho khch hng cui
cng s rt cao, mc phc v ca chui cung ng thp v nhu cu khch hng tiu dng
cui cng c th s gim xung.
Cng vi cc thc th chnh, c rt nhiu doanh nghip khc lin quan mt cch
gin tip n hu ht cc chui cung ng, v h ng vai tr quan trng trong vic phn
phi sn phm cui cng cho khch hng. l cc nh cung cp dch v, chng hn nh
cc cng ty vn ti ng khng v ng b, cc nh cung cp h thng thng tin, cc
cng ty kinh doanh kho bi, cc hng mi gii vn ti, cc i l v cc nh t vn.
Trong a s chui cung ng, cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v ny c bit hu ch i
vi cc doanh nghip trung tm, v nh th h c th mua sn phm ni h cn, hoc
cho php ngi mua v ngi bn giao tip mt cch hiu qu, cho php doanh nghip
phc v cc th trng xa xi, gip cc doanh nghip tit kim chi ph vn ti ni a v
quc t, v ni chung cho php doanh nghip phc v tt khch hang vi chi ph thp
nht c th.
Chng ta hy th khm ph chui cung ng, bng cch khi xem xt mt khch
hng i vo h thng siu th Coop Mart mua bt git. Chui cung ng bt u vi
khch hng v nhu cu v bt git. Giai on k tip ca chui cung ng ny l siu th
Coop Mart , ni m khch hang gh n. phc v nhu cu ca khch hng, Coop Mart
lu tr tn kho cc sn phm hoc c cung cp t mt nh phn phi. Nh phn
phi nhn hng t cc cng ty sn xut, chng hn nh P&G. Nh my sn xut ca P&G
nhn nguyn vt liu t rt nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau m chnh nhng nh cung cp
ny li nhn hng t cc nh cung cp khc na. V d, nguyn liu ng gi bao b n
t cng ty bao b Thanh Tm trong khi chnh cng ty ny nhn nguyn vt liu sn
xut bao b cho t cc nh cung cp khc. Chui cung cp ny c minh ha hnh 1-2.

Chui cung ng lun hm cha tnh nng ng v n lin quan n dng thng tin
nht nh v sn phm v ti chnh gia cc giai on khc nhau. Trong v d ca trn,
Coop Mart cung cp sn phm, cng nh gi c v s sn sng v thng tin, cho khch
hng. Khch hng s tr tin cho Coop Mart. Coop Mart s truyn ti d liu bn hng
cng nh n t hng n nh kho hoc nh phn phi, v h s chuyn hng n ca
hng. i li Coop Mart s chuyn tin cho nh phn phi sau khi nhn c hng. Nh
phn phi cng cung cp thng tin v gi c v gi lch trnh giao hng cho Coop Mart.
Dng thng tin, nguyn vt liu v ti chnh s lun chuyn trong ton chui cung ng.
Trong mt v d khc, khi khch hng mua trc tuyn my tnh Dell, bn cnh cc thnh
vin khc, chui cung cp bao gm khch hng. Trang web ca cng ty Dell s nhn n
t hng ca khch hng, nh my lp rp ca Dell, v tt c nh cung cp ca Dell.
Trang web cung cp cho khch hng thng tin v sn phm, chng loi sn phm
v tnh sn sng ca sn phm.
Khch hng khi truy cp vo trang web, tm hiu thng tin v sn phm, gi c v
thc hin vic t hng i km vi th tc v phng thc thanh ton qua mng. Sau
khch hng s tr li trang web kim tra tnh trng ca n hng. Cc giai on su
hn trong chui cung cp s dng thng tin v n hng ca khch hng p ng yu
cu. Tin trnh lin quan n dngthng tin thm, v sn phm v ti chnh gia cc giai
on khc nhau ca chui cung ng.

Nhng v d ny minh ha rng khch hng l thnh t tin quyt ca chui cung
ng. Mc ch then cht ca bt k chui cung ng no l nhm tha mn nhu cu khch
hng, trong tin trnh to ra li nhun cho chnh doanh nghip. Cc hot ng chui
cung ng bt u vi n t hng ca khch hng v kt thc khi khch hng thanh ton
n t hng ca h.
Thut ng chui cung ng gi nn hnh nh sn phm hoc cung cp dch chuyn
t nh cung cp n nh sn xut ri n nh phn phi v n nh bn l n khch
hng dc theo chui cung ng. iu quan trng l chng ta phi mng tng dng
thng tin, sn phm v ti chnh dc c hai hng ca chui ny. Trong thc t, nh sn
xut c th nhn nguyn liu t vi nh cung cp v sau cung ng n nh phn phi.
V vy, a s cc chui cung ng thc s l cc mng li. y chnh l l do m ngi
ta thng xem chui cung cp nh l mng li hu cn.
CC M HNH CA QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG
Mt cng ty sn xut s nm trong m hnh n gin, khi h ch mua nguyn vt
liu t mt nh cung cp, sau t lm ra sn phm ca mnh ri bn hng trc tip cho
ngi s dng. y, bn ch phi x l vic mua nguyn vt liu ri sn xut ra sn
phm bng mt hot ng v ti mt a im duy nht (single-site).
Trong m hnh phc tp, doanh nghip s mua nguyn vt liu t cc nh cung cp (y
cng chnh l thnh phm ca n v ny), t cc nh phn phi v t cc nh my ch
em (c im tng ng vi nh sn xut). Ngoi vic t sn xut ra sn phm, doanh
nghip cn n nhn nhiu ngun cung cp b tr cho qu trnh sn xut t cc nh thu
ph v i tc sn xut theo hp ng. Trong m hnh phc tp ny, h thng SCM phi
x l vic mua sn phm trc tip hoc mua qua trung gian, lm ra sn phm v a sn
phm n cc nh my ch em tip tc sn xut ra sn phm hon thin. Cc cng ty
sn xut phc tp s bn v vn chuyn sn phm trc tip n khch hng hoc thng
qua nhiu knh bn hng khc, chng hn nh cc nh bn l, cc nh phn phi v cc
nh sn xut thit b gc (OEMs). Hot ng ny bao qut nhiu a im (multiple-site)
vi sn phm, hng ha ti cc trung tm phn phi c b sung t cc nh my sn
xut. n t hng c th c chuyn t cc a im xc nh, i hi cng ty phi c

tm nhn v danh mc sn phm/dch v ang c trong ton b h thng phn phi. Cc

sn phm c th tip tc c phn b ra th trng t a im nh cung cp v nh thu
ph. S pht trin trong h thng qun l dy chuyn cung ng to ra cc yu cu mi
cho cc quy trnh p dng SCM. Chng hn, mt h thng SCM x l nhng sn phm
c t ti cc a im ca khch hng v nguyn vt liu ca nh cung cp li nm ti
cng ty sn xut.
V vy, qun tr chui cung ng pht trin ng thi theo hai hng: (1) qun tr
cung ng v thu mua nhn mnh v pha khch hng cng nghip hoc khch hng t
chc v (2) vn ti v hu cn ra bn ngoi nhn mnh v pha nh bn s v nh bn l.
Mc ph bin ca cc lin minh vi nh cung cp v khch hng (nh cung cp ca
nh cung cp v khch hng ca khch hng) t cui thp nin 1990 n ngy nay hm
rng chng l thuc nhiu vo vn ti, tn kho v dch v hu. Xy dng mi quan h
cng xy ra i vi nhiu nh cung cp dch v th ba hoc cc doanh nghip s dng
chng m bo vic cung ng hng ha lin tc v khng b gin on. S cn thit
phi nh gi hiu sut v thnh tch ca mi quan h ny theo tng giai on cng ng
hnh vi s pht trin ca qun tr chui cung ng. Ngy nay, mt trong nhng thch
thc lin quan n qun tr chui cung ng m nhiu doanh nghip ang phi i din
l cch thc nh gi y , ton din hiu sut trong mt chui cung ng ton cu v r
rng l cc k phc tp.
i vi ngnh bn s v bn l, trng tm ca qun tr chui cung ng l nhng
vn v v tr v hu cu hn l vn sn xut. Qun tr chui cung ng trong nhng
ngnh ny thng lin quan n vic p ng nhanh chng hoc hu cn tch hp. Thnh
tu ca h thng chuyn i d liu in t ni b (EDI), h thng m vch, Internet v
cng ngh qut sng bng tng trong hai thp k qua h tr mnh m s pht trin ca
khi nim chui cung ng tch hp.
Cc doanh nghip trong ngnh bn l s dng qun tr chui cung ng nhm
ng u vi tnh phc tp v khng chc chn cha tng c ca th trng nhm gim
thiu tn kho trong sut chui cung ng. Vic pht trin nhanh chng cc phn mm
qun tr chui cung ng khch hng/my ch m in hnh bao gm vic tch hp qun

tr chui cung ng vi cc cu thnh ca thng mi in t h tr c lc cho s pht

trin v ng dng qun tr chui cung ng. Chia s thng tin vi cc i tc chui cung
ng thng qua EDI v Internet cho php doanh nghip tch hp chc nng tn kho, hu
cn, mua nguyn vt liu, vn chuyn v cc chc nng khc nhm to ra phng thc
qun tr tin phong v hiu qu hn. Trong tng lai, chng ta s hy vng rng qun tr
chui cung ng nhn mnh n vic m rng chui cung cp, gia tng trch nhim ca
chui v nhn mnh hn na vo chui cung cp xanh cng nh ct gim ng k chi
ph ca chui.
MC TIU CA QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG
nh ngha v qun tr chui cung ng m ra mt s im then cht. Trc ht, qun tr
chui cung ng phi cn nhc n tt c cc thnh t ca chui cung ng; t nh cung
ng v cc c s sn xut thng qua cc nh kho v trung tm phn phi n nh bn l
v cc ca hng; tc ng ca cc thnh t ny n chi ph v vai tr chng trong vic
sn xut sn phm ph hp vi nhu cu khch hng. Thc ra, trong cc phn tch chui
cung ng, iu cn thit l nh phn tch phi xt n ngi cung cp ca cc nh cung
ng v khch hng ca khch hang bi v h c tc ng n kt qu v hiu qu ca
chui cung ng.
Th hai, mc tiu ca qun tr chui cung ng l hiu lc v hiu qu trn ton h thng;
tng chi ph ca ton h thng t khu vn chuyn, phn phi n tn kho nguyn vt
liu, tn kho trong sn xut v thnh phm, cn phi c ti thiu ha. Ni cch khc,
mc tiu ca mi chui cung ng l ti a ha gi tr to ra cho ton h thng. Gi tr to
ra ca chui cung ng l s khc bit gia gi tr ca sn phm cui cng i vi khch
hng v n lc m chui cung cp dng vo vic p ng nhu cu ca khch hng. i
vi a s cc chui cung ng thng mi, gi tr lin quan mt thit n li ch ca chui
cung ng l s khc bit gia doanh thu m khch hng phi tr cho cng ty i vi vic
s dng sn phm v tng chi ph ca c chui cung ng. V d, khch hng khi mua my
tnh t cng ty Dell phi tr 2.000 USD, chnh l doanh thu m chui cung ng nhn
c. Dell v cc giai on khc ca chui cung ng pht sinh chi ph thu thp thng
tin, sn xut b phn v sn phm, lu tr chng, vn ti, dch chuyn ti chnhChnh

lch gia 2.000 USD m khch hng tr v tng chi ph pht sinh trong chui cung ng
trong vic sn xut v phn phi my vi tnh n khch hng l li nhun ca chui cung
ng. Li nhun ca chui cung ng l tng li nhun c chia s trong ton chui. Li
nhun ca chui cung ng cng cao chng t s thnh cng ca chui cung ng cng ln.
Thnh cng ca chui cung ng nn c o lng di gc li nhun ca chui ch
khng phi o lng li nhun mi giai on ring l. V vy, trng tm khng ch n
gin l vic gim thiu n mc thp nht chi ph vn chuyn hoc ct gim tn kho m
hn th na chnh l vn dng cch tip cn h thng vo qun tr chui cung ng.
Mt khi chng ta thng nht v cch thc nh gi s thnh cng ca chui cung cp
di gc li nhun ca ton chui, bc k tip l tm hiu xem ngun gc ca doanh
thu v chi ph. i vi bt k chui cung ng no, ch c mt ngun doanh thu: khch
hng. Ti h thng siu th bn l Big C, khch hng mua cht ty ra n thun ch l
mt ngun ca dng ngn qu dng ca chui cung ng. Tt c cc dng ngn qu khc
ch l nhng thay i ngn qu n gin xy ra trong chui nhng giai on khc nhau
v vi nhng ch s hu khc nhau. Khi Big C tr tin cho nh cung cp ca n, n ly
mt phn t ngun ca khch hng v chuyn cho nh cung cp. Tt c dng thng tin,
sn phm v ti chnh to ra chi ph ca chui cung ng. V vy qun l mt cch hiu
qu cc dng ny l yu t then cht lm nn s thnh cng ca chui. Qun tr chui
cung ng lin quan n vic qun l cc dng dch chuyn gia v trong sut cc giai
on ca chui nhm ti a ha li nhun ca ton chui.
CC YU CU CA QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG
Ngy nay cnh tranh thnh cng trong bt k mi trng kinh doanh no, cc doanh
nghip khng ch tp trung vo hot ng ca ring mnh m phi tch hp vo cng vic
ca nh cung cp cng nh khch hng ca n. Bi l khi doanh nghip mun p ng sn
phm hay dch v cho khch hng h buc phi quan tm su sc hn n dng dch
chuyn nguyn vt liu, cch thc thit k, ng gi v dch v ca nh cung cp hay cch
vn chuyn, bo qun hng ha, phc v khch hng ca nh bn l.Hn na cnh
tranh mang tnh ton cu ngy cng khc lit , chu k sng ca sn phm mi ngy cng

ngn hn, mc k vng ca khch hng ngy cng cao hn buc cc doanh nghip phi
u t v tp trung nhiu hn vo chui cung ng ca n. Thm vo , nhng tin b lin
tc v i mi trong cng ngh truyn thng v vn ti in hnh nh truyn thng di ng,
internet v phn phi hng qua m thc y s pht trin khng ngng ca chui cung
ng v k thut qun l n
H thng cung ng phi nht qun, c th chia s thng tin gia cc thnh vin
trong chui v nhng iu lin quan chng hn nh d bo nhu cu cc k hoch sn xut
nhng thay i v cng sut, cc chin lc Marketing mi
H thng m bo cc doanh nghip c th t do quyt nh tham gia hay ri b
chui, nu khng em li li ch cho h
H thng gip doanh nghip gim c chi ph ,nng cao nng lc cnh tranh, dp
ng cc yu cu k thut, thng tin phi trung thc v chnh xc gia cc thnh vin.
Cc thnh vin trong chui cung ng, c bit l cc n v ph trch thu mua, sn
xut hu cn ,vn ti khng ch c trang b nhng kin thc quan trng cn thit v cc
chc nng ca chui cung ng m phi bit nh gi am hiu v mc tng tc cng
nh nh hng ca chc nng ny n ton chui cung ng
Dng dch chuyn ca nguyn liu vt liu hay sn phm gia cc thnh vin phi
sun s v khng gp tr ngi.
CU TRC CA CHUI CUNG NG

Bc tranh n gin nht ca chui cung ng l khi ch c mt sn phm dch chuyn qua
mt lot cc t chc, v mi t chc to thm mt phn gi tr cho sn phm. Ly mt t
chc no trong chui lm qui chiu, nu xt n cc hot ng trc n - dch chuyn
nguyn vt liu n - c gi l ngc dng; nhng t chc pha sau doanh nghipdch chuyn vt liu ra ngoi - c gi l xui dng.
Cc hot ng ngc dng c dnh cho cc cc nh cung cp. Mt nh cung cp dch
chuyn nguyn vt liu trc tip n nh sn xut l nh cung cp cp mt; nh cung cp
m nhim vic dch chuyn nguyn vt liu cho nh cung cp cp mt c gi l nh
cung ng cp hai, c ngc dng nh vy s n nh cung cp cp ba ri n tn cng s
l nh cung cp gc.
Khch hng cng c phn chia thnh tng cp.
Xt qu trnh cung cp xui dng, khch hng nhn sn phm mt cch trc tip t nh
sn xut l khch hng cp mt, khch hng nhn sn phm t khch hng cp mt chnh
l khch hng cp hai, tng t chng ta s c khch hng cp ba v tn cng ca dng
dch chuyn ny s n khch hng cui cng.
Trong thc t, a s cc t chc mua nguyn, vt liu t nhiu nh cung cp khc nhau
v bn sn phm n nhiu khch hng, v vy chng ta c khi nim chui hi t v
chui phn k.
Chui cung cp hi t khi nguyn vt liu dch chuyn gia cc nh cung cp. Chui
cung cp phn k khi sn phm dch chuyn xuyn sut cc khch hng.
Mt cng ty sn xut sn phm cui cng c th xem cc nh cung cp lp rp b phn,
cm chi tit l nh cung cp cp 1, cng ty sn xut linh kin l nh cung cp cp 2, nh
cung cp vt liu l nh cung cp cp 3Chng ta c th xem trung gian bn s nh
khch hng cp 1, nh bn l nh khch hng cp 2 v khch hng cui cng nh khch
hng cp 3.(hnh 1-5)

LI CH CA CHUI CUNG NG
Nhiu chui cung ng kh phc tp, n ni bn c th t hi c cch thc no
trnh vic ny khng? iu ny cng c th khi chng ta vn chuyn sn phm mt cch
trc tip t nh sn xut gc n khch hng cui cng - v d cc ca hng nng sn bn
hoa qu trc tip n ngi tiu dng, hoc tc gi xut bn sn phm ca h ln internet.
Tuy vy, c kh nhiu l do cho s tn ti ca chui cung ng di. Gi s dn c ca mt
th trn mun mua hoa qu t ca hng nng sn. Mc d y ch l chui cung cp nh,
nhng n gip cho ton b dn c khi phi i mua hoa qu nng tri mt cch ring
bit. y chnh l tin cho mt cng ty vn ti tp hp hoa qu v phn phi chng
n mt v tr trung tm ca th trn - ging nh mt siu th. Nu c mt cng ty vn ti
m nhim vic phn phi hng n mt th trn, th n cng s d dng phn phi hng
ha n cc th trn gn k, trong trng hp , rt c th n s chn cch vn chuyn
hng n nh kho v sau t chc vic phn phi. Ti kho hng, hoa qu c th c
bo qun khi ngun cung nhiu v s em ra tiu th khi c s thiu ht. Nu hoa qu
cn c lm sch hoc s ch, cng ty vn ti c th chuyn n vo nh my ch bin -

C tip tc theo chiu hng ny, bn c th thy chui cung ng ngy cng di v
chng ta c th nhn thc nhng li ch m chui cung ng mang li

Chui cung ng tn ti nhm vt qua nhng khong trng pht sinh khi nh cung
cp cch xa khch hng. Chng cho php thc hin hot ng sn xut mc hiu qu
nht - hoc ch thc hin chc nng sn xut - nhng a im cch xa khch hng hoc
ngun cung ng nguyn liu. V d c ph c trng Nam M, nhng khch hng
chnh li Chu u v Bc M. a im tt nht cho cc trm xng li cch xa c
khch hng chnh thnh ph v nh cung cp nhin liu. Tng t, khi vt liu phi
dch chuyn gia cc c s sn xut tri rng trn cc khu vc ia l khc nhau, chui
cung ng ch n gii quyt s mt cn i gia cung v cu. Nhu cu i vi ng
c th thp hoc cao hn con s bnh qun xc nh trong sut nm, nhng cung v
ng th li thay i do vic thu hoch ma ng v c ci ng.
Khi c s vt qu cung, tn kho c tch ly trong chui cung ng v s lng
ny c s dng sau khi kt thc thu hoch. Chui cung ng cng c th gip cho vic
vn chuyn s lng nhiu tr nn n gin hn. Gi s bn nh my cung cp sn phm
trc tip n tm khch hng (nh minh ha hnh trn). Cng tc hu cn phi t chc
32 tuyn phn phi khc nhau, nhng nu nh my s dng mt nh bn s trung tm, s

lng tuyn ng vn chuyn c ct gim xung cn 12. Tm li, li ch ca chui

cung ng c thit k tt:
Kha lp mt cch hu hiu khong trng gia ngun cung vi nhu cu cui
cng
Nh sn xut b tr c s sn xut ti v tr tt nht, bt k n v tr ca khch
hng
Thng qua vic tp trung hot ng sn xut mt c s ln, nh sn xut
hng li t tnh kinh t nh quy m.
Nh sn xut khng cn lu tr s lng ln sn phm hon thnh, cc thnh t
gn khch hng s thc hin vic lu tr ny.
Nh bn s t cc n hng ln, v nh sn xut chit khu gi cho nh bn s
lm cho chi phi n v gim
Nh bn s gi nhiu loi sn phm tn kho t nhiu nh sn xut, cung cp a
dng s la chn cho khch hng bn l
Nh bn s gn nh bn l v th thi gian giao hng ngn
Nh bn l lu tr tn kho thp khi nh bn s cung cp hng mt cch tin cy.
Nh bn l kinh doanh t hng ha vi quy m hot ng nh nn phc v khch
hng mt cch nhanh chng hn
T chc c th pht trin chuyn mn trong mt loi hot ng hoc chc nng
kinh doanh c th.
THCH THC CA QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG
Ti u ha ton b l rt kh thc hin bi v chui cung ng cn uc thit k, v
vn hnh trong mi trng khng chc chn. C rt nhiu nhn t tc ng n iu ny.
1. Thch thc ca cn bng cung v cu
Thch thc ny xut pht t thc t l ngi ta thng s dng d liu nhu cu
cc thng trc bit xc nh mc sn xut c th. iu ny hm cha nhng ri
ro cao v cung ng v ti chnh. Hn na, d bo lun cha ng cc yu t khng chc
chn v vy s rt kh khn cho vic cn i gia nhu cu thc t v ngun cung ca
doanh nghip. Doanh nghip c gng tha mn nhu cu ti a ca khch hng, tuy nhin

nu sn xut qu lng nhu cu cn thit s lm tng chi ph do phi bo qun tn kho v

chi ph ny cng cao i vi nhng sn phm mang tnh thi v. Mt khc, nu doanh
nghip sn xut thp hn so vi nhu cu c th lm gim ng k doanh thu do mt
lng nhu cu khng c p ng v iu ny c th h thp uy tn ca doanh nghip
trn thng trng.
2. Thch thc v s thay i mc tn kho v t hng
Mc tn kho v t hng li thay i xuyn sut chui cung ng, thm ch ngay
khi nhu cu khch hng v mt sn phm c th l khng khc bit ng k. Bi v, mi
thc th trong chui cung ng hot ng theo nh hng mc tiu ca ring mnh nn c
s chnh lch v nhu cu ca n. Hn na, mi i tng s tip cn ngun thng tin
theo nhng cch khc nhau.
Nhng nguyn nhn ch quan ln khch quan lm cho ngun thng tin ny sai
lch v to ra hiu ng Bullwhip.
3. Thch thc v kh nng ca d bo chnh xc
Thc ra, d bo th lun lun sai. Chng ta khng th d bo chnh xc nhu cu
v mt chi tit c th, ngay c vi nhng k thut d bo tn tin nht. Hn na, bt k
mt k thut d bo no cng da trn nhng s liu qu kh v gi nh rng nhng s
kin tng lai s tun theo mt quy lut no . Tuy nhin iu ny khng phi bao gi
cng ng c bit trong mi trng lun thay i nh hin nay. V th, chng ta d dng
nhn thy rng i km vi bt k cng c hoc k thut d bo no cng vi tin cy.
Kh nng d bo cng lm tng them thch thc cho cng tc qun tr chui cung ng.
4. Thch thc ca s khng chc chn
S khng chc chn khng ch xut pht t nhu cu tng lai m cn do nhiu yu
t khc nh thi gian giao hng, sn lng sn xut, thi gian vn chuyn v s sn sng
ca cc b phn. Khi chui cung ng cng ln v phn b trn phm vi rng ln n
cng chu nh hng nhiu ca nhng bt trc t thin nhin v chnh con ngi c tc
ng to ln.
Khng th b loi b s khng chc chn, iu quan trng l chng ta phi tm
nhiu cch tip cn hp l ti thiu ha tc ng ca tnh khng chc chn trong chui

cung ng. Chng ta s xc nh cc chin lc m nhng i tc trong chui cung ng c

th p dng duy tr, hoc gia tng mc phc v ngay trong iu kin khng chc
chn.
VAI TR CA IT TRONG QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG
Qun l chui cung ng (SCM) l lin quan vi dng chy ca sn phm v thng
tin gia cc thnh vin t chc cung ng dy chuyn. Pht trin gn y trong cng ngh
cho php cc t chc thng tin d dng trong c s ca h. Nhng cng ngh ny l
hu ch iu phi cc hot ng qun l chui cung ng. Chi ph ca thng tin l
gim do t l ngy cng tng ca cng ngh. Trong m hnh chui cung ng tch hp
phn nh vt liu ngc v dng chy thng tin phn hi. Qun l cn phi hiu rng
cng ngh thng tin nhiu hn l ch my tnh. Ngoi tr thit b my tnh nhn d liu,
cng ngh vin thng, t ng ha nh my v phn cng khc v cc dch v
Tm quan trng ca thng tin trong mt mi trng qun l tng hp chui cung
cp:
Trc nm 1980 dng chy thng tin gia cc khu chc nng vi trong mt t
chc v gia cc t chc thnh vin cung cp dy chuyn c giy da. Cc giy da
trn giao dch v giao tip l chm. Trong thi gian ny, thng tin thng c nhn qua
nh l mt ngun lc cnh tranh quan trng bi v gi tr ca n cung cp cho chui
thnh vin khng hiu r rng. C s h tng IT kh nng cung cp mt v tr cnh
tranh ca cc sng kin kinh doanh nh gim thi gian chu k, thc hin, thc hin thit
k li cc qu trnh lin chc nng. Mt s cng ty cng bit mi quan h lin quan n
chui cung ng thng qua cng ngh thng tin. Ba yu t c nh hng mnh m thay
i ny trong tm quan trng ca thng tin. Th nht, tha mn trong lng khch hng
thc t tr thnh mt ci g ca mt ni m nh ca cng ty. Phc v khch hng
theo cch tt nht hiu qu nht v hiu qu, tr thnh quan trng. Th hai thng tin l
mt yu t rt quan trng trong kh nng ca nh qun l gim hng tn kho v yu
cu ngun nhn lc n mt mc cnh tranh. Thng tin chy ng mt vai tr

quan trng trong k hoch chin lc.

Vai tr ca Cng ngh thng tin (CNTT) trong qun l chui cung ng l khng
th ph nhn. CNTT ng vai tr quan trng trong vic gip c cu li ton b
phn phi thit lp t c cp dch v cao hn v hng tn kho thp hn v chi
ph chui cung ng thp hn. Cc hng chin lc m rng cn c h tr bi cc
chin lc CNTT ang gia tng tn s ca bin lai / cng vn, gi nguyn vt liu tip
tc ln chui cung ng v m nhiu ln dn u. CNTT ng gp quan trng v trin
khai c tho lun. thay i c bn xy ra trong nn kinh t ngy nay. Nhng thay
i ny lm thay i mi quan h chng ta c vi khch hng ca chng ta, nh cung cp
ca chng ta, cc i tc ca chng ti kinh doanh v cc ng nghip ca chng ta. N
cng m t cch pht trin CNTT trnh by cc cng ty c c hi cha tng c t
c li th cnh tranh. V vy, u t CNTT l iu kin tin quyt cho tng cng ty
duy tr trn th trng.
Cc nh qun l cn phi hiu rng cng ngh thng tin nhiu hn l ch my tnh.
Ngoi tr my tnh, d liu nhn dng thit b, cng ngh vin thng, t ng ha nh
my v phn cng khc v cc dch v c bao gm.
Chui cung ng nng ng t chc:
Tt c cc doanh nghip tham gia cc sng kin qun l dy chuyn cung cp chp
nhn mt vai tr c th thc hin. H cng chia s nim tin chung rng h v tt c
ngi tham gia chui cung cp khc s c tt hn off v n lc hp tc ny. Power vi
trong chui cung ng l mt vn trung tm. Hin c mt s thay i chung ca cc
nh sn xut in t cc nh bn l trong thp k hai va qua. Cc nh bn l ngi mt
v tr rt quan trng trong thi hn truy cp thng tin cho cc chui cung ng. Cc nh
bn l tng ln v tr ni bt thng qua cng ngh.
S pht trin ca Inter h thng thng tin t chc cho cc chui cung cp c ba li
th ring bit nh gim chi ph, nng sut, ci tin v sn phm chin lc th trng.

Thng tin v Cng ngh: ng dng ca SCM:

Trong s pht trin v bo tr h thng thng tin dy chuyn cung ng ca c hai
phn mm v phn cng phi c gii quyt. Phn cng ca my tnh bao gm u vo
u ra v cc thit b lu tr. Phn mm bao gm ton b h thng v chng trnh ng
dng c s dng kim sot x l cc giao dch qun l, ra quyt nh v k hoch
chin lc. Pht trin gn y trong Cung cp phn mm qun l dy chuyn l:
1. T l c s, nh cung cp la chn v kt hp tr tin (phin bn 2.0) c pht
trin bi Phn Khoa Inc l hu ch cho vic tnh ton chi ph vn chuyn hng ha, so
snh t l phng thc vn ti, phn tch chi ph v hiu qu dch v ca tu sn bay.
2. Mt chng trnh phn mm mi c pht trin bi Ross h thng Inc gi l
chui cung ng quy hoch c s dng d bo nhu cu, tn to cc cng c sn xut
& lp k hoch chnh xc v lp lch trnh hot ng.
3. P & G cng ty phn phi v quyt nh k thut kt qu trong mt h thng
phn mm c gi l ti u ha mng li giao thng cho tinh gin qu trnh u thu
v gii thng.
4. Logitility gii php quy hoch mi y c gii thiu cung cp mt
chng trnh c kh nng qun l chui cung cp ton b.
ng dng RFID vo qun l chui cung ng
Chi ph hp l, hot ng hiu qu, cng ngh RFID (Radio Frequency
Identification - nhn dng tn s sng v tuyn) c cc nh qun tr xem l mt gii
php hu ch trong vic qun l chui cung ng.

ng dng RFID gip nh qun tr qun l hiu qu chui cung

ng. (nh: Intermec)

Mt trong nhng cng ngh c cc nh qun l nh gi cao l RFID, nhiu

cng ty trn th gii s dng trong vic qun l chui cung ng, in hnh l tp on
bn l Wal-mart (M).
RFID hot ng trn nn tng sng v tuyn kt hp vi my tnh qun l bao
gm th, u c th v my tnh ch. Th RFID gn vo sn phm c tch hp chip
bn dn v ng-ten thu sng. u c th nhn tn hiu t th RFID t xa, c th ln n
50 m ty vo ngun nng lng c cung cp cho th RFID, chuyn d liu n my
tnh phn tch v x l cc thng tin sn phm.
u im d nhn thy nht ca h thng RFID so vi h thng m vch l kh
nng c d liu t xa, b nh cha nhiu thng tin hn, thng tin sn phm c th sa
i v cp nht mt cch nhanh chng, c lu li m bo tnh chnh xc.

Nh dung lng b nh cao, th RFID cung cp y thng tin v sn phm nh

chng loi, tn sn phm, ngy nhp kho, gi, v tr trong kho, thi hn s dng, hoc
nhng thng tin cn thit khc m nh qun tr c th lp trnh. Vi nhng thng tin sn
phm c m ha v chuyn v my ch x l, nh qun tr c th d dng lp k hoch
tip theo cho sn phm trong dy chuyn cung ng ca mnh.
THC HIN THNH CNG QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG
NGUYN TC CT LI
C 5 nguyn tc ct li ng vai tr hng dn ch o cho nhng n lc n
gin ho v ci thin khng ngng tt c giai on ca dy chuyn cung ng. Chng l:
1. Gi tr sn phm. Gi tr a ra phi c xc nh t vin cnh ca cc khch hng
cho d gi tr l chi ph thp, dch v tt nht, cht lng cao nht, hay mt gii php
n nht cho cc yu cu sn phm, dch v.
2. Ti u ho dng gi tr (value stream). Quy trnh sn xut v hon thin sn phm
phi c vch ra mt cch chi tit nm c mi ro cn, qua nng cao gi tr v
ti u ho dy chuyn cung ng.
3. Chuyn i t cc quy trnh t on sang mt dng chy khng ngng. Mt khi
cc ro cn v s lng ph c loi b, mc tiu l thay th li suy ngh t on k
tip v nhng nh gi hnh ng c lin quan bng mt li t duy dng chy khng
ngng v sn phm v dch v.
4. Kch hot mt sc ht nhu cu. Cng vi t duy dng chy, cc dy chuyn cung
ng c th chuyn dch t ch b cho li bi cc nhu cu d on ti ch c th c
nh hng trc tip theo nhu cu ca khch hng.
5. Hon thin tt c cc sn phm, quy trnh v dch v. Vi bn nguyn tc trn, cc
dy chuyn cung ng c th tp trung s quan tm ch ca h vo vic ci thin hiu
sut, chi ph, thi gian quy trnh v cht lng.
iu g to nn mt Dy chuyn cung ng khung? bt u, mt Dy chuyn
cung ng khung s tm mi cch loi b cc lng ph bt c u trong mng li

knh cung ng; chun ha cc quy trnh thng qua nhng cu trc t chc theo chiu
dc, truyn thng; v ti u ho cc ngun lc ct li. Dy chuyn cung ng khung cng
n lc xy dng nhng gi tr cao nht dnh cho khch hng vi mt mc chi ph thp
nht thng qua s ng b ho cc nhu cu sn phm/dch v vi nh cung cp ti u.
hon thnh iu ny, dy chuyn cung ng khung phi m bo tnh hiu qu (c kh
nng p ng s thay i trong cc nhu cu ca khch hng nh s lng giao nhn lun
phin v phng thc vn chuyn) cng nh tnh linh hot (v d, c kh nng tn dng
ti a cc sn phm, ngun lc bn ngoi v trin khai vic nh gi v xc tin nng
ng). Trong cc dy chuyn cung ng khung, outsourcing c s dng tr gip cc
im yu ni b. Cui cng, cc dy chuyn cung ng khung lun tn tu vi nhng ci
thin khng ngng v con ngi v quy trnh xuyn sut tng th.
HNH NG
(SCM - Supply Chain Management) Mt chui cung ng linh hot v hiu qu
chnh l con ng dn ti thnh cng cho doanh nghip. Cc doanh nghip ngay lp
tc c th c hnh ng phn hi li vi nhng thay i nhanh chng nhu cu ca khch
hng, ng thi vn c th m bo chi ph sn xut mc thp ti a ha li nhun .
Chng ta phi tn dng chui cung ng ca mnh l tm nim ca cc nh qun
l trong mi trng kinh doanh khng cho php bt k sai st no hin nay. Nhng, ngay
c khi cc cng ty tn dng tt c mi cng c v chin luc c t hn thp k qua
gip ng u vi cc thch thc ca chui cung ng, th i vi h, vic qun tr cung
ng hiu qu vn l mt ro cn ln kh c th vt qua.
- Nhn nhn chui cung ng ca bn nh mt ti sn chin lc, ng thi pht
trin mt chin lc chui cung ng h tr chin lc kinh doanh tng th v nn tng
cnh tranh ca cng ty bn.
- Pht trin mt cu trc quy trnh tng th, v qun l cc thc hnh kinh doanh
v cc h thng thng tin h tr ca cng ty bn lin tc cng nh linh hot gii quyt

nhng nhu cu. Thit k c cu t chc t c hiu qu hot ng, v m bo bn

c k nng cn thit pht trin v qun l cc chui cung ng phc tp trong tng lai.
- Xy dng m hnh cng tc ng, v ci tin lin tc mi quan h vi cc i tc
chui cung ng ca bn
- S dng cc b o lng hng ti thnh cng trong kinh doanh, v qun l
qu trnh ci tin khng ngng trong cui cung ng.
Nhng nh qun l v nhng ngi ra quyt nh m trch cng vic vn hnh
chui cung ng ca mt cng ty c th b ngp u vi cc yu cu ca cng vic hng
ngy, t c thi gian suy t v nhng cu hi th no, ti sao, ti sao khng, vn thuc
trch nhim ca h. Cun sch Qun tr chin lc chui cung ng vt ra khi cc chu
k kinh doanh, v chuyn hng trng tm qun tr, nhm em li t duy chin lc cn
c xy dng cc nng lc ct li s quyt nh th mnh cnh tranh trong tng lai.
Gii php qun l chui cung ng c th gip cc nh qun l t c mc tiu
ny bng cch cho php h d on tt hn cc xu hng th trng, tha thun nhng
n hng tt nht c th vi cc nh cung ng, ti u ha mc tn kho, v lin kt tt
hn vi cc knh phn phi.
Nhu cu cho cc gii php SCM l rt ln, do th trng gii php SCM lun
tng trng vi tc cao. Theo nhng thng k mi nht t hng nghin cu AMR,
doanh thu t th trng SCM nm 2006 t ngng 6 t la, v ang c k vng s
vt con s 8 t nm 2010.
Qun l chui cung ng l s kt hp ca khoa hc v cng ngh phn mm bao
trm tt c cc hot ng lin quan n chui cung ng, bao gm vic tm kim, khai
thc, lu tr cc nguyn liu u vo; lp k hoch v qun l cc qui trnh sn xut, ch
bin; lu kho v phn phi sn phm u ra. Vi cc gii php SCM, ngi qun l c
th sp xp hp l v t ng ha cc bc lp k hoch, thc hin v cc hot ng
quan trng khc.
Thm vo , t khi c s xut hin ca cc n v th ba xuyn sut trong qu
trnh cung ng, gii php SCM c thit k nng cao s giao tip v lin kt gia

cc nh cung ng, cc n v vn ti, cc hng tu bin, cc n v trung gian v cc i

tc khc bng cch cho php chia s thng tin a chiu mt cch nhanh chng.
Nghin cu ca AMR cng ch ra rng mt doanh nghip sn xut in hnh ca
M hin ti ang qun l trung bnh hn 30 mi quan h i tc. Gii php SCM cho
php doanh nghip c th kim sot c cc mi quan h phc tp trong khi vn c
th phn ng nhanh vi nhng nhu cu ang thay i tng gi tng pht ca khch hng.
NHNG LI CH CHO DOANH NGHIP
Vi mt gii php SCM, nh qun l kinh doanh c th:
Qun l hiu qu hn ton mng li ca mnh bng vic bao qut c tt c cc
nh cung cp, cc nh my sn xut, cc kho lu tr v h thng cc knh phn phi.
Sp xp hp l v tp trung vo cc chin lc phn phi c th loi b cc sai
st trong cng tc hu cn cng nh s thiu lin kt c th dn ti vic chm ch.
Tng hiu qu cng tc lin kt trong ton chui cung ng bng vic chia s cc
thng tin cn thit nh cc bn bo co xu hng nhu cu th trng, cc d bo, mc tn
kho, v cc k hoch vn chuyn vi cc nh cung cp cng nh cc i tc khc.
Ti thiu ha chi ph tn kho v tng chu trnh lu chuyn tin mt bng cch qun
l tt hn mc tn kho.
Tng mc kim sot cng tc hu cn sa cha kp thi cc vn pht sinh
trong chui cung ng trc khi qu mun.
Mt nghin cu chnh thng gn y ca AMR chng minh: nhng doanh nghip
c kh nng d bo chnh xc cc nhu cu th trng (mt s c th d dng c c vi
gii php SCM ), c th gim mc tn kho khng cn thit 15%, tng t l cc n hng
thnh cng, v rt ngn qui trnh thu tin ti 35 %.

NHNG IU LU KHI LA CHN MT GII PHP SCM

Do vic qun l chui cung ng ch thc s pht huy hiu qu khi c s chia s
thng tin nhanh chng, thng sut c bn trong cng nh bn ngoi doanh nghip cho
nn tch hp l tnh nng quan trng nht trong bt c gii php SCM no. Hy la chn
mt gii php vi m hnh d liu m d liu c th c chia s t ng vi cc h
thng back-end khc ca doanh nghip (ERP); ng thi kt ni vi cc h thng ca cc
nh cung ng, cc nh sn xut cng nh khch hng thng qua nhiu knh, nhiu a
im.
Bn cnh SCM, cn c rt nhiu cc cng ngh mi c kh nng s tc ng hiu
qu n hot ng qun l chui cung ng trong tng lai gn. V d nh cc thit b
nhn dng tn s radio (radio frequency identification - RFID) c th s lm thay i
hon ton phng php qun l chui cung ng trn ton cu. Hy tham kho cc nh
cung cp v k hoch tch hp s dng cc cng ngh mi ny vo cc gii php ca h
khi cng dng ca chng ngy cng tr nn ph bin hn.
QUN TR CHUI CUNG NG CNG TC SCM CNG TC
Khi mt t chc v nh cung cp lm vic n vi nhau, c th h cm thy rng
h ang dn c kt qu tt nht, hn na h cng nhn thc c l c hai s khng li
lc g khi thc hin kinh doanh vi i tc khc. Khi h tm kim mi quan h di hn

 bo v li ch ca c hai bn. y chnh l c s ca lin minh chin lc hoc i tc

chin lc (c minh ha hnh sau).

Chui kinh doanh cc mi lin h

Nh cung cp bit rng cng vic kinh doanh s tip tc trong thi gian di v c
th u t ci thin sn phm v hot ng tc nghip; t chc bit rng n c nh
cung cp bo m v lin tc ci tin. Nhng sp xp ny l ph bin ngy nay- v bn
c th nghe pht biu ging nh Abbey National i x nh cung cp nh l cc i
tc. Ellram v Krause a chung thut ng cng tc nh cung cp v a ra nh ngha
sau:
S cng tc nh cung cp l mi quan h ang pht trin lin tc gia cc doanh
nghip,bao hm s cam kt qua thi gian, v chia s thng tin, ri ro v li ch t mi
quan h.

nh ngha ny nu bt ln nhng kha cnh ch yu ca lin minh:

Cc t chc lm vic mt thit vi nhau tt c cc cp
Nh qun tr cp cao v mi ngi trong t chc h tr cho lin minh.
Mc ch, mc tiu v vn ha kinh doanh c chia s
Ci m v tin tng ln nhau
Cam kt di hn
Chia s thng tin, kinh nghim chuyn mn, cng tc hoch nh v cc h thng
Linh hot v sn sng gii quyt nhng vn chung
Tham gia pht trin sn phm v cc quy trnh
m bo cht lng v tin cy cao ca sn phm v dch c cung ng.
Nht tr v mc chi ph v li nhun cng bng cho cc bn v nh gi cnh
tranh
M rng v gia tng cng vic kinh doanh cho cc bn S cng tc c th dn
n nhng thay i trong hot ng ca t chc.V d tnh n nh ca s cng tc c th
khch l nh cung cp chuyn bit ha vo mt loi sn phm no . Nhng iu ny to
ra cam kt trong lin minh dn n gim thiu dy sn phm cung ng, gia tng hiu qu
v tp trung vo s lng nh khch hng vi dch v cht lng cao. S cng tc chia s
thng tin vi khch hng m khng lo s thng tin ny c s dng vi mc ch tm
kim li th thng mi. Khch hng s nhn c li ch thng qua vic gim s lng
nh cung cp v khng phi tn thi gian tm kim nhng thng v tt nht trong lnh
vc ny na.
Cc cng ty Nht l ngi u tin xy dng v pht trin cc lin minh chin
lc, vo thi im m Toyota xy dng s cng tc vi 250 nh cung cp th General

Motors vn cn loay hoay lm vic tch bit vi 4000 nh cung cp. To lp s cng tc
thnh cng l mt thch thc ln. t c iu ny, trc tin chng ta phi phn
tch hot ng hin ti v cc k hoch tng lai xem lin minh no c li. Mt doanh
nghip c th thc s khng mong i bt k li ch no t lin minh nu n ch mua
nguyn vt liu mi, hoc ang thay i c s sn xut, hoc e ngi v tnh bo mt, hoc
khng tm thy nh cung cp ng tin cy no. Tuy nhin nhiu t chc c th nhn ra
cc li ch tim tng v h bt u xem xt cc tha thun kh thi. Tiu biu th cc
doanh nghip ny s thnh lp mt nhm d n nhn din cc i tc tim nng, xc
nh mc tiu, ln thi gian biu, lit k cc ngun lc, xc nh cc iu khon
thng lng vKhi nhm d n ny tin hnh bo co s b, doanh nghip s tip cn
cc i tc tim nng v vic thng lng bt u.
D nhin hnh thnh s cng tc mi ch l bc u v cn rt nhiu n lc
cng tc thnh cng. Mt vi nhn t tc ng n s thnh cng ny bao gm mc phc
v cao, tit kim chi ph thc t, pht trin kinh doanh, tng thch vn ha vRowley1
lit k nhng nhn t chung ng gp vo s thnh cng ca cng tc nh cam kt qun
tr, hp ng nh r chi ph v trch nhim, cc tiu thc o lng thnh tch, cc mc
tiu thng nht, vn ha chia s v h thng thng tin dng chung. Lamber v cng s 2
tm tt cc nhn t ny nh sau:
Cc nhn t ng lc, y chnh l nhng l do thuyt phc vic hnh thnh s
cng tc, chng hn nh gim chi ph, phc v khch hng tt hn, hoc tnh bo mt.
Cc nhn t thc y, y l nhng nhn t hp nht h tr, khuyn khch s
hp tc, chng hn nh tnh tng tch vi hot ng ca doanh nghip, cch qun tr
tng ng, mc ch chung v
Cc cu thnh, y l nhng hot ng chung c s dng xy dng v duy
tr mi quan h, chng hn nh knh truyn thng, hoch nh chung, chia s ri ro v
phn thng, u t

Cc lin minh chc chn khng phi l cu tr li tt nht cho mi trng hp. S
lng giao dch t, hoc nguyn vt liu l r n ni nhng n lc hnh thnh lin
minh l khng ng gi; thi thong cc nh qun tr khng mun nh mt quyn kim
sot hoc chia s thng tin; i khi mt t chc khng th tm thy mt i tc sn lng
thc hin nhng cam kt cn thit; cu trc hoc vn ha ca t chc l qu khc bit;
thc s khng th t c mc tin tng ln nhau; thm ch khng c c nhn vi
nhng k nng v s nhit tnh cn thitVi nm sau khi bt u cng tc vi nh cung
cp, Petro-Canada vn mua t 20-40% nguyn vt liu thng qua mi quan h nh cung
cp-khch hng truyn thng.
Tuy nhin, cc lin minh ngy cng tr nn ph bin l hon ton r rng. Nh
Ewer1 pht biu, chng ta c mt s kt hp y quyn lc ca cng ngh ci tin cho
php cng tc tt hn, giao dch thng mi in t gia cc doanh nghip (eB2B) l nn
tng lm gia tng s nht tr cho vic tch hp, v v tng th th cng chng ngy cng
quan tm hn n vn hp tc.
Cc loi SCM cng tc
- Cng tc dc (Vertical Collaboration).
- Cng tc ngang (Horizontal Collaboration).
- Cng tc 1 chiu (Lateral Collaboration).
T nhng thng tin trn chng ta c th rt ra cc kt lun sau:
Cc li ch ca SCM cng tc
- Gim kho.
- Ci tin dch v khch hang.
- S dng nhn s hiu qu hn.
- Phn phi tt hn bng cch gim s ln chu trnh.
- Tng tc th trng sn phm mi nhanh hn.
- Tp trung mnh hn vo cc nng lc ct li.
- Ci tin hnh nh chung.

 Tr ngi ca SCM cng tc

- Mu thun trong cng tc chui cung ng.
- Mu thun mc tiu / Mu thun lnh vc / Mu thun nhn thc.
- Nhng iu tr ngi n thnh cng
- Tm nhn hn ch v chui cung ng.
- Qu trnh thng lng hng nm.
- u t thi gian.
- Cc thc t k ton tp qun.
- Cc giao tip khng thch hp.
- Khng nht qun.
- S phn bi ca i tc.
Khc phc cc tr ngi ca SCM cng tc.
- Xy dng cc o hiu sut thch hp.
- Xy dng cc chnh sch tch hp.
- Chia s thng tin.
- Xy dng mc kho.
- m bo h thng d liu kinh doanh.
- m bo trng thi t hng theo di / truy ngc.
- D bo kinh doanh chnh xc.
- Lp k hoch sn xut / phn phi.
VIC TRIN KHAI SCM TI VIT NAM
Khi ni n SCM chng ta khng th tch ri n vi Logistic.
Chui cung ng theo chn cc nh u t nc ngoi vo Vit Nam trong qu
trnh hi nhp. Thi gian gn y, Logisctic v SCM Vit nam c s pht trin c v
s lng v cht lng ng c ghi nhn.
Theo Hip hi giao nhn kho vn Vit Nam (VIFFAS) c khong hn 800 doanh
nghip hot ng trong lnh vc logistics v con s ny vn ang tng ln. Xt v mc
pht

trin

th

chia

logistics

Vit

Nam

thnh

cc

cp

sau

Cp 1 : Cc i l giao nhn vn ti truyn thng cc i l giao nhn ch thun tu

cung cp cc dch v do khch hng yu cu . Cc dch v thng thng l : vn
chuyn hng ho bng ng b.
Cp 2 : Cc i l giao nhn ng vai tr l ngi gom hng v cp vn n nh (
Freight forwarding) . Nguyn tc hot ng ca cc doanh nghip cp ny l phi c
i l ti cc cng ln thc hi vic ng rt hng xut nhp khu . Hin nay c
khong 10% cc t hc giao nhn ti Vit Nam c kh nng cung cp dch v gom hng
ti CFS ca chnh h hoc i thu ca nh thu. Nhng ngi ny s dng HBL nh vn
n ca hng tu song ch c mt s t mua bo him trch nhim giao nhn vn ti .
Cp 3 : i l giao nhn ng vai tr l nh vn ti a phng thc ( Multimodal
Transport Orgnization). Vi vai tr ny, mt s cng ty phi hp vi cng ty nc
ngoi ti cc cng d hng bng hp ng ph t ng thu xp vn ti hng ho ti
im cui cng theo vn n. Tnh n nay c hn 50% cc i l giao nhn ti Vitnam
hot ng nh MTO vi mng li i l m rng trn khp th gii.
Cp 4 : i l giao nhn l cc nh cung cp dch v Logistics v Chui cung ng. y
l kt qu tt yu ca qu trnh hi nhp. Mt s tp on ni ting trong lnh vc
Logistics v SC trn th gii t i din Vitnam nh APL Logistics, Maersk
Logistics, NYK Logistics, Kuehn & Nagel, Schenker, Expeditor , UTI, UPSti Vit
Nam cng hnh thnh nn mt s lin doanh hot ng trong lnh vc ny nh : First
Logisctics Co, Bin ng Logistics... Ngy cng nhiu doanh nghip i tn l Logistics
song

hot

ng

li

cha

ng

yu

cu

ca

Logistics.

Qua nghin cu ti nhn thy phn ln cc doanh ngip kinh doanh dch v Logistics ti
Vit Nam cn manh mn , tn mn , nh l, hot ng chia ct ch p ng c mt s
cng on trong logistics (ch yu cp 2). Mt vi cng ty nh nc tng i ln
nh Viconship, Vintrans, Vietrans.. song vn cha nng lc tham gia vo hot
ng Logistics ton cu (cc cng ty ny ch yu lm agent cho cc cng ty vn ti v
Logistics nc ngoi). Theo Vin Nghin Cu Logistics Nht Bn, Cc doanh nghip
Logistic Vit nam ch p ng c 25% nhu cu th trng ca Logistics trong nc.

Gi c dch v Logistics ti Vit Nam so vi mt s nc trong khu vc l tng i r

song cht lng dch v cha cao v cha bn vng. Theo nh gi ca VIFFAS trnh
cng ngh ca Logistics ti Vit Nam cn yu km so vi th gii v cc nc trong khu
vc. C th l trong cng ngh vn ti a phng thc vn cha kt hp c mt cch
hiu qu cc phng tin vn chuyn, cha t chc tt cc im chuyn ti, trnh c
gii ho trong bc xp cn km, trnh lao ng thp, c s h tng thiu v yu, cng
ngh thng tin lc hu xa so vi yu cu ca logistics. Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam cn
nh yu song tnh lin kt to ra sc mnh cnh tranh li cn rt km. Nhn thc ca
cc doanh nhn hot ng trong lnh vc ny thng dng mc kinh nghim bn thn ,
hiu bit v lut php quc t, ti chnh , chuyn nghnh cn thp dn n t l b pht
hp ng cn cao , lng ph trong ti chnh v hot ng khai thc. Hn na cc cng ty
Logistics Vit nam ch yu l lm thu cho cc tp on Logistics trn th gii, nn
ngun thu ch yu chy vo ti ca cc tp on ny. Nguyn nhn su xa ca thc trng
ny c th k n mt s vn sau:
Phn ln cc doanh nghip Vit Nam sinh sau mun so vi rt nhiu doanh
nghip nc ngoi ang hot ng ti Vit Nam
Tm ph ca cc doanh nghip Vit nam cn rt hp (ni a hoc mt vi nc
ln cn)
Doanh nghip Vit nam mi ch p ng khai thc c mt vi mng nh trong
tong b chui cung ng ch yu l giao nhn trong khi cc doanh nghip nc ngoi
li cung cp mt chui cc dch v trn gi vi gi tr gia tng ca
Trong quan h thng mi quc t, phn ln cc nh xut khu ca Vit Nam ch
yu l xut theo iu kin FOB, theo hnh thc gia cng l ch yu. Cn nhp khu,
chng ta lun c tn trong nhng nc nhp siu ln nht th gii song ming bnh
logistics vn ang nm trong tay ccdoanh nghip logistics nc ngoi.
H tng c s vt cht logistics v SC cn ngho nn, quy m nh, b tr bt hp l. H
thng c s h tng giao thng cu Vit nam bao gm trn 17.000 km ng nha, 3.200
km ng st, 42.00 km ng thu, 20 cng bin v 20 sn bay. Tuy nhin cht lng
ca h thng ny khng ng u, phn b khng hp l, nhiu ch cha m bo c

k thut . Cc cng bin cn nng ch tip nhn c tu c trng ti nh, ang trong qua
trnh container ha, cha c quy hoch di hn. i vi cc cng hng khng vn cha
c ga hng ho, khu vc gom hng v lm cc dch v logistics khc...
Nhn lc. C th ni mt cch chnh xc l hin nay ngun nhn lc chuyn
nghip cho ngnh logistics ang thiu trm trng c v cht ln v lng. Hin nay hu
ht nhn s trong ngnh logistics c chuyn t cc cng ty vn ti bin v giao nhn
sang , c s dng theo kiu bit u lm . S o to chnh quy t cc trng i
hc cng nh cc kho o to nghip v cha y v ph bin. Kin thc o to i
sau th gii kh xa. Nhn vin trong ngnh logistics hin nay cn yu v trnh ngoi
ng, tin hc cng cc k nng ngh nghip.
H tng v c s thng tin . Mc d cc doanh nghip Vit nam trong nhng nm gn
y c nhng c gng a cng ngh thng tin vo hot ng song so vi cc cc
cng ty ln trong ngnh th cng ngh thng tin cn c khong cch qu xa v cc tin
ch m khch hng mong mun. ci thin c iu ny i hi c gii php u t
tng th, chi tit , di hn.
Tnh lin kt : Cc doanh nghip Vit Nam thiu hn s lin kt cn thit. Trong
xu hong thu ngoi, outshorting nh hin nay mi doanh ngip cn pht huy th mnh
ca mnh v s thu ngoi c dch v m mnh cn yu to thnh One- stop shop cho
khch hng.
Vai tr ca nh nc : Vai tr nh hng v h tr ca nh nc l cc k quan
trng . Hin nay vai tr ca Nh nc trong ngnh logistics v SCM cn cha r nt, ri
rc. Bn thn cc doanh nghip logistics ti Vit Nam cha c mt hip hi ng ngha
vi s tham gia ca nh nc
Thng hiu Logistics : do thc trng ngnh logistics Vit Nam cn non tr cha
c cc thong hiu ln v logistics nn chng ta khng c u th hay c hi khi tham gia
vo cc d an Logistics v SCM ca cc tp on ln
Nhn thc ca cc ch hng v logistics v SCM. Ngnh Logistics v SCM ti Vit
nam cn gp kh khn do cc ch hng vn cha nhn thc oc vai tr ca dch v
Logistics i vi hot ng ca mnh. Vic s dng dich v Logistics thu ngoi i hi

ch c hiu qa cao khi c s chia s thng tin ng lc, chnh xc t pha ch hng. Vn
ha v nhn thc kinh doanh ti Vit nam c nhng im khc bit trn th gii nn vic
vn dng logistics cn c s uyn chuyn. Cha c ch hng no ti Vit Nam sn sng
chia s thng tin cho cc i tc v iu ny vi h ng ngha vi vic mt kim
sot.thng

tin

cha

hon

ton

hiu

logistics.

Sau khi gia nhp WTO, Vit Nam phi m ca cc lnh vc kinh t ca mnh theo
cc l trnh nht nh. Theo cam kt Vit Nam phi m ca hon ton dch v logistics
vo nm 2013, tc l cn hn 3 nm na . theo d bo dch v Logistics v SC s tr
thnh mt ngnh kinh t quan trng ti Vit Nam, ng gp khong 15% GDP ca c
nc. S pht trin kinh t ko theo tng tng trong hot ng xut nhp khu, sn xut
tiu dng do tim nng pht trin ca ngnh l rt ln. Vit Nam cn c mt chin
lc pht trin Logistics v SCM c th bn vng khng b thua trn sn nh khi hi
nhp.
Chin lc ny cn tp trung vo mt s mt nh sau :
Tp trung pht trin nhn s c cht lng cho ngnh dch v logistics v SC bng cc
kho hc nghip v, cc o to bi bn t trng i hc.
Pht trin cng ngh cho ngnh, ch yu l cng ngh thng tin nh cc h thng IT,
phn mm TMS (Transort management system,) hoc WMS (warehouse management
system) . Cc h thng ny s gip doanh nghip gim chi ph, nng cao hiu qu sn
xut kinh doanh.
Quy hoch di hn c s h tng giao thng, cc im thng quan, cng bin, sn
bay, kho bi...
Nh nc cn xy dng cc hnh lang php l, cc hip hi v logistics v SC to
iu kin cho cc doanh nghip hot ng trong ngnh c nh hng pht trin.