) ( Z

Z V, I ) .( Z = V / I
Z

BACK UP
OVER LAPPING



%80
%120

 A ) (A,B
Ohmic reach B

.% 5

% 100 AB % 85 AB
A . B,C
AB ) % 10 (
.

.


Teleprotection

z1 z2

C B

 2 5
S2
1 3 4 6

S1



3
4
1 6
3 4
1 6

B C
3
4
1 6


30 %80
24 %100 30
)Zone-1 Covers 80 % of the Line (24 Km
)Zone-2 covers 100 % of the Line (30 Km
3 .

:
Z 0.8 1
1

:
Z 0.8
2 2

 2
1 t1 + 0.3 sec

:
Z

 1 1
t1 2 2
1
t1 + 0.3 s
BLOCK






-1





pilot wire optical fiber

-2

-3



0.7


0.2 0.9 =0.2+0.7

-1

-2




-:
- .
- .
- .
) HZ(48-49.1
0.7secoand %54

) HZ/sec(0.1-1.3 ).HZ(48-49.4
%30
Breaker Failure

 ) (Trip Coil

) (Trip Path

) (Trip Path
400



.
: .
,
.
.
- 1 ) ( Voltage Surge
) 15 500 (

.
2 ) ( Impulses Or Voltage spikes
) 200 (


3 ) ( Momentary over voltage
, .
.
: .
.



.

 )
.
( )

.
1 )( Voltage dip

,
, .
2 ) ( Voltage sag Or Short supply interruption

) ( .


.


.

.

60 55
65.
85.
100.

:


380 .
)(


.


65
)(
.


Hot Spot
.
.
80.
95


.
-:
33/11

1 33 -:
)( - - DOC
NDOC
- DEF NDEF
2 ) ( 11 -:
- O.C E.F
3 ) ( -:
- O.C - E.F
-4 -:
- DP - o.c REF










-1 5
-2 5


-:
-1 )( primary protection


-2 )( back up protection
..
.

- - -
- - - -

-1



.

 - 2 OVER CURRENT

,




)(

-3
Earth Fault
.
.

) (H.V )
(L.V







-4
.
)(field breaker -

 ) (AVR

) (MVAR )
(MW Slipe-
pole
slipe .

field current

.

)-:( Over Excitation

)(V/F
. O.E

) (AVR )1.05
(p.u )(V/F
-5 -:Reverse Power -

















) (

- 6
-:
) (AVR


-1 -:Overspeed

) (GOVERNOR
.

) (emergency mechanical shutdown
%10
-:


Trip

 -2 -:Bearing pressure oil failure

.





-





.
-1 5


415

 -2 5
)(
.

 -1 .Differential Protection

D Y 11
= 330 = 11* 30



D Y 11 D Y 11









I1 I2
.
I1
I2 .

I1 I2 .

20 11/ 33 D Y 11

33 1 / 300 11
1/ 1200
33 = )/ *( 1.73
33 = 349.9 = ( 1.73* 33)/ 20000
= /
= 0.874= 349.9/400
11 = )/ *( 1.73
33 = 1049.7 = ( 1.73* 11)/ 20000
= /
= 0.874= 1049.7/1200
= 0.50 = 0.874/1.732
= 0.50 = 0.50/0.874
X 2 : 1
2=X/1 = 0.50




.
.

.
.

)Vs = If *(Rct + 2RL
Rst = (Vs /Is) Rr
If Rr Rct
RL


1 2 ).(Turns Ratio3 , ) 30(.
4 .5 .dc Resistance6 .tan delta7 ) ( dc resistance DC
.
. 1
.

) ( tan delta
.
) ( DC ) ( Megar ) ( AC
) ( tan delta

-2


MFAC14


VR )(175 -150 - 125-100 - 75-50 -25
VR VS
VS ) (V> 2VS

IP
Ish = VR /Rsh
) Ip = N (IR +n *IE + Ish
N IR n
IE
Ish VR
Rsh

 Stabilizing voltage REF

vs
))Vs If * ( Rct + (2 * RL
IF
- Maximum fault current
Rct - CT secondary Resistance
RL - Lead resistance of cable

11 31.5
6 2 0.00308 500
1.88
Rct = 0.00308 ohm/meter at 20 dec C
Rct at 75 = RL ( 1+ 20 (T2-T1)) = 4.65 ohmes
RL at 75 =1.88 ohms
If = 31.5KA
RCT = 4.65
RL = 1.88
))Vs IF * ( Rct + (2 * RL
Vs = 31.5 X ( 4.65 + ( 2 X 1.88 )) = 264.9 volts
%20 1.2
= x 1.2 = 317.9 volts 264.9

CAG 14 800/1

Fault MVA = MVA / Transformer Impedance
Fault MVA = 8 / 0.0835 = 95.8084MVA


) Fault Current = Fault MVA x 1000 / ( 1.732 x Voltage rating
= x 1000 ( 1.732 x 6.6 ) = 8281.06 Amp 95.8084

= Amp Secondary 10.4763 = 800 / 8281.06

Fault Voltage developed across the relay = fault current x[ loop
]resistance
10.473
) (RCT 4
) (RL 1
)V s = If ( Rct + 2 RL
)vs = 10.4763 x ( Rct + 2 RL
vs = 10.4763 x ( 4 + 2*1) = 62.8579 V
-2 ) (
-A .



:

 -B )(Earth Fault Protection

. .

)
( .
.
.
.

-1 ) ( Buchlez Relay




:
-1


. :
-1 : .
-2 : .
- 3 : .
-2

.


-1

.
-2


.

 -2 -:

60
65 100
110