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Phenomenology
- is the study of structures of consciousness as
experienced from the first-person point of view. Literally,
phenomenology is the study of phenomena: appearances of things,
or things as they appear in our experience, or the ways we
experience things, thus the meaning things have in our
experience.
Edmund Husserl
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Martin Heidegger
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John Searle
Born: July 31, 1932 (age 83), Denver, Colorado, United States
Areas of interest: Philosophy of mind, Social reality, Philosophy
of language, Intentionality
Influenced
by: J.
L.
Austin, Ludwig
Wittgenstein, Paul
Grice, more
Parents: Hester Beck Searle, G. W. Searle
Education: University of Oxford (1959), University of WisconsinMadison (19491952)
Searle has argued[38] that critics like Daniel Dennett, who
(he claims) insist that discussing subjectivity is
unscientific because science presupposes objectivity, are
making a category error. Perhaps the goal of science is to
establish and validate statements which
are epistemically objective, (i.e., whose truth can be
discovered and evaluated by any interested party), but are
not necessarily ontologically objective.
It has long been one of the most fundamental problems of
philosophy, and it is now, John Searle writes, "the most
important problem in the biological sciences": What is
consciousness? Is my inner awareness of myself something
separate from my body.
Searle says simply that both are true: consciousness is a
real subjective experience, caused by the physical
processes of the brain. (A view which he suggests might be
called biological naturalism.)
Searle goes on to affirm that "where consciousness is
concerned,
the
existence
of
the
appearance is the
reality". His view that the epistemic and ontological
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According to existentialism:
1) Existence is always particular and individualalways my
existence, your existence, his existence.
2) Existence is primarily the problem of existence (of its
mode of being); it is, therefore, the investigation of the
meaning of being.
3) This investigation is continually faced with diverse
possibilities, from among which the existent (the human
individual) must make a selection, to which he must then
commit himself.
4) Because these possibilities are constituted by the
individual's relationships with things and with other
humans, existence is always a being-in-the-worldi.e., in a
concrete and historically determinate situation that limits
or conditions choice.
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Soren Kierkegaard
Philosopher,
religious
writer,
journalist and literary critic
Born in Copenhagen
satirist,
psychologist
became
self-avowed
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Friedrich Nietzsche
Despite
his
questioning
of
traditional
philosophical
concepts such as truth, Nietzsche remained committed to the
goals of serious philosophical inquiry.
Indeed, his
prodigious philosophical musings are informed by two
precepts handed down by Socrates:
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Albert Camus
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Jean-Paul Sartre
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De Beauvoir in 1968
Early Years
January 1908 14 April 1986) was a French writer,
intellectual, existentialist philosopher, political
activist, feminist and social theorist. Though she did not
consider herself a philosopher, she had a significant
influence on both feminist existentialism and feminist
theory.
Simone de Beauvoir, an important existentialist who spent
much of her life alongside Sartre, wrote about feminist and
existential ethics in her works, including "The Second Sex"
(1949) and "The Ethics of Ambiguity" (1947).
De Beauvoir wrote novels, essays, biographies, autobiography
and monographs on philosophy, politics and social issues.
She is known for her 1949 treatise The Second Sex, a
detailed analysis of women's oppression and a foundational
tract of contemporary feminism; and for her novels,
including She Came to Stay and The Mandarins. She is also
known for her open relationship with French
philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre.
Middle Years
During October 1929, Jean-Paul Sartre and De Beauvoir became
a couple and, after they were confronted by her father,
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Sartre asked her to marry him. One day while they were
sitting on a bench outside the Louvre, he said, "Let's sign
a two-year lease". Near the end of her life, de Beauvoir
said, "Marriage was impossible. I had no dowry." So they
entered a lifelong relationship. De Beauvoir chose never to
marry and did not set up a joint household with Sartre. She
never had children. This gave her time to earn an advanced
academic degree, to join political causes, to travel, to
write, to teach and to have lovers (both male and female
the latter often shared).
Personal Life
She and Jean-Paul Sartre developed a pattern, which they
called the trio, in which de Beauvoir would seduce her
students and then pass them on to Sartre. De Beauvoir and
Sartre would both take part in political campaigns to
abolish the age of consent laws for sexual relationships in
France.
Notable works of Simone (SHE CAME TO STAY)
De Beauvoir published her first novel She Came to Stay in
1943. It is a fictionalized chronicle of her and Sartre's
sexual relationship with Olga Kosakiewicz and Wanda
Kosakiewicz.
In the novel, set just before the outbreak of the Second
World War, de Beauvoir creates one character from the
complex relationships of Olga and Wanda
De Beauvoir's metaphysical novel She Came to Stay was
followed by many others, including The Blood of Others,
which explores the nature of individual responsibility,
telling a love story between two young French students
participating in the Resistance in World War II.
Philosophy: Sexuality, existentialist feminism and The
Second Sex
The Second Sex, published in French, sets out a
feminist existentialism which prescribes a moral revolution.
As an existentialist, de Beauvoir believed that existence
precedes essence; hence one is not born a woman, but becomes
one. Her analysis focuses on the Hegelian concept of the
Other. It is the (social) construction of Woman as the
quintessential other that de Beauvoir identifies as
fundamental to women's oppression.
The capitalized 'O' in "other" indicates the wholly other.
De Beauvoir asserted that women are as capable of choice as
men, and thus can choose to elevate themselves, moving
beyond the 'immanence' to which they were previously
resigned and reaching 'transcendence', a position in which
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