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Welding NDT 1
Welding NDT 1
E. Material
1. Did purchasing obtain the correct material such as base
metal type and size. The correct electrode type size and the
correct shielding gas type and grade.
2. Materials should be checked for defects. Base metal should
be checked rust, mill, scale, laminations or delaminations.
3. Is the material preparation correct and according to
procedure, such as angles and condition after preparation.
F. Assembly
1. Inspect for proper fit up, as this will prevent discontinuities
from occuring.
2. Jigs and fixtures will assure proper alignment. Make sure they
are clean and free spatter and not damaged.
3. The tack welds are only short welds, but the quality must be
the same as all other welds. The tack welds must be made
with the same electrodes that are used for the rest of the
welds.
4. Pre heat will be used to slow the cooling rate and prevent
distortion. The pre heat could be used prior to tacking and / or
prior to welding.
G. Equipment
1. Inspect the equipment for any damaged such as damaged
cables, damaged ground clamps, or electrode holders. Inspect
the arc voltage and amperage meters making sure they are
with in range.
VII. Inspection DURING welding.
A. Electrodes inspect for usage of proper electrodes, types,
size and storage. Low hydrogen type must be stored in a
stabilizing oven.
B. Root pass the first layer or root pass is the most important
and is particularly susceptible to cracking. Thicker material will
crack and will require more pre heat.
C. Subsequent passes inspection of successive layers is
sometimes carried out with the assistance of workmanship
Concavity
(weld rounded inward)
Flatness
DYE PENETRANTS
These are an aid to visual inspection
1. Cleaner Solvent
2. Penetrant
3. Developer
Will only find surface defects
Use correct type
Process Principle 6 steps
1. Surface preparation
2. Penetrant application
3. Excess penetrant removal
4. Developer application
5. Inspection / evaluation
6. Post cleaning
DYE PENETRANTS
Types
Red
Flouresant
CAUTION
Oil based
Water washable
DYE PENETRANTS
DETECTION
II. Application:
a. Ferrous and non ferrous materials
b. Plastic and glass ceramics-insulators-anything that is
nonporous
III. Advantages:
a. Low cost
b. Ease in application and interpretation easy to apply and
interpret result, discontinuities readily visible and portable.
c. Less training time for applicator easy process to learn.
IV. Limitations:
a. Detects discontinuities that is open to surface only
b. Can not be used on porous or absorbent materials
V. Safety
a. Ventilation check for toxic fumes from testing materials.
Check for volatility -explosive or fire flash points
b. Fire safety the test material maybe non flammable but the
propellant used with spray cans maybe extremely flammable.
VI. Types:
A. Fluorescent (type A) a dye that emits visible light rays when
viewed under black light.
1. considered to be more sensitive than the visible type
2. must be viewed under ultraviolet (black light) in darkened
overall lighting conditions. More expensive because of
equipment required. Limited field use.
B. Visible (type B) a brilliantly colored dye that is highly visible
under normal lighting conditions
1. Use normal lighting for inspection
2. considered to be less expensive.
3. Simplest to use.
4. Easy to use for field work
5. no electric power required
VII. Application
A. Follow Approved Procedure
1. Clean and dry the surface.
- Solvent cleaner
2. Apply penetrant (brush, spray or dip) penetrant power comes
capillary action
3. Penetration time -minimum dwell time is 5-20 minutes
3. Remove excess penetrant.
- when using solvent type, put solvent on a cloth not on the
part
- excess penetrant will give false indications
4. Apply developer an allow developer dwell time per standard
or specification. A rule of thumb developer dwell time is
equal to one half penetrant dwell time.
- developer will tend to make discontinuities appear larger.
end
If a defect exist in the surface layer, it blocks the flux flow, so the
flux flow is directed around the defect while it partially leaks to
the air. The leaking flux forms a pair of magnetic poles, S and N,
on both sides of the defect.(as shown)
SN
SN
Fig. A
Since the magnetic poles have larger attractive force than the
surrounding material surface, magnetic particles are attracted
by and adhere to the magnetic poles while attracting each other.
As a result, a magnetic particle pattern wider than the defect is
formed on the surface around the defect.
Width of magnetic particle pattern
Width of defect
MAGNETIC PARTICLE
Mainly for surface
defects
Some sub surface
defects can be found
Only ferrous metal
ULTRA SONIC
oscilloscope
Advantages:
a. Time to inspect fast response / ability to inspect
from one side.
b. B. Cost - $3,500.00 machine / $200.oo transducer
c. Portable with battery pack
d. Accuracy can locate small discontinuity
Limitations:
a. Equipment
b. Operator
c. Standards
d. Reports and records
X- RAY
X-RAY VIEWER
Advantages:
A Radiograph ( X-Ray picture) is a permanent record of a weld
used for quality inspection purposes
RT inspections can reveal flaws deep within a component
Limitations:
1. The necessity to have access to both sides of the part being
radiographed
2. Unfavorable shape and orientation of some discontinuities.
3. Radiation Safety requirements for personal protection.
4. Tight Cracks, unless they are essentially normal to the
radiation beam.
5. Shallow tight surface cracks in thick sections usually can not
be detected at all, even when properly oriented.
6. Laminations are nearly impossible to detect because their
orientation does not permit sufficient differences in the amount
of radiation absorbed through the piece being examined to
show the defect on film.
APPLICATION OF A LOAD
PRESSURE TEST
Pressure Gauge
Pump
Test Specimen
Quiz time
True or False ?
Dye penetrate inspections can only be used on non
magnetic material.
Answer: False
Quiz time
True or False ?
X-Rays can only be used to locate flaws at or near the
surface of a weld.
Answer: False
Quiz time
True or False ?
Virtually all welds have flaws.
Answer: True
Quiz time
True or False ?
Magnetic particle testing can only detect flaws at or
Quiz time
True or False ?
Magnet particle testing can only be done on materials
Quiz time
The letters NDE Mean ___________ ?
A: nondestructive inspection
B: nondestructive evaluation
C: nondisruptive evaluation
D: nondestructive examination
Quiz time
The method most often used to check for leaks as
small as one part per million (PPM) from a gas line
or cylinder is the _________ Method ?
A: hydrostatic
B: mass spectrometer
C: soap suds bubble
D: scleroscope
Modern Welding
York County School of Technology