Lic LM PDF

Dr.
NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
EC2258 - LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY

LABORATORY MANUAL
FOR IV SEMESTER B.E (ECE)
ACADEMIC YEAR(2013-2014)
(FOR PRIVATE CIRCULATION ONLY)
ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-600 025

(REGULATION 2008)
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

ENGINEERING
DR.NAVALAR NEDUNCHEZHIYAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
THOLUDUR 606303, CUDDALORE DISTRICT
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
CRO (30/60 MHz)
FUNCTION GENERATOR (1 MHz Range)
REGULATED POWER SUPPLY (0-30)
DUAL POWER SUPPLY (15V/ 12V)
BREAD BOARD
TRANSFORMER & CONSUMABLES
ALLOTMENT OF MARKS
INTERNAL ASSESMENT
PRACTICAL EXAM
: 20 MARKS
: 80 MARKS
TOTAL
: 100 MARKS
INTERNAL ASSESMENT (20 MARKS)

SPLIT UP OF INTERNAL MARKS
OBSERVATION
: 3 MARKS
RECORD NOTE
: 7 MARKS
CIA I
: 2 MARKS
CIA II
: 2 MARKS
MODEL EXAM
: 3 MARKS
ATTENDANCE
: 3 MARKS
TOTAL
: 20 MARKS
UNIVERSITY EXAMINATION
The Exam will be conducted for 100 marks. Then the marks will be converted to 80 marks.
ALLOCATION OF MARKS
Aim and Result
: 10 marks
Circuit diagram and Tabulation
: 20 Marks
Connection
: 30 Marks
Output
: 30 Marks
Viva Voce
: 10 Marks
Total
: 100 Marks
2
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GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

Enter the Lab with CLOSED FOOTWEAR.
Boys should TUCK IN the shirts.
Students should wear uniform only.
LONG HAIR should be protected, let it not be loose especially near ROTATING
MACHINERY.
Any other machines / equipments should not be operated other than the prescribed one
for that day.
POWER SUPPLY to your test table should be obtained only through the LAB
TECHNICIAN.
Do not LEAN and do not be CLOSE to the rotating components.
TOOLS, APPARATUS and GUAGE sets are to be returned before leaving the lab.
HEADINGS and DETAILS should be neatly written
Aim of the experiment
Apparatus / Tools / Instruments required
Procedure / Theory / Algorithm / Program
Model Calculations
Neat Diagram / Flow charts
Specifications / Designs Details
Tabulations
Graph
Result / discussions.
Before doing the experiment, the student should get the Circuit / Program approval by
the FACULTY -IN -CHARGE.
Experiment date should be written in the appropriate place.
After completing the experiment, the answer to the viva-voce questions should be neatly
written in the workbook.
Be PATIENT, STEADY, SYSTEMATIC AND REGULAR.
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
LIST OF EXPERIMENTS
1. Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers.
2. Integrator and Differentiator.
3. Instrumentation amplifier.
4. Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters.
5. Astable and Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using Op-Amp.
6. Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using Op-Amp.
7. Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 timer.
8. PLL characteristics and its use as frequency multiplier.
9. DC power supply using LM317 and LM723.
10. Study of SMPS.
11. Simulation of Instrumentation amplifier using PSpice.
12. Simulation of Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters using PSpice.
13. Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using
PSpice.
14. Simulation of Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using PSpice.
15. Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators using PSpice.
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
CONTENTS
Ex. No
Name of the Experiment
01
Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers
02
Integrator and Differentiator
03
Instrumentation amplifier
04
Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters
05
Astable and Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger

using Op-Amp
06
Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using Op-Amp
07
Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 timer
08
PLL characteristics and its use as frequency multiplier
09
DC power supply using LM317 and LM723
10
Simulation of Instrumentation amplifier using PSpice
11
Simulation of Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters

using PSpice
12
Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators and

Schmitt trigger using PSpice
13
Simulation of Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using

PSpice
14
Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators using

PSpice
15
Study of SMPS
Page No.
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
MODEL GRAPH:
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
Exercise/Experiment Number: 1
Title of the exercise/experiment
Date of the experiment
: Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers

:
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVE (AIM) OF THE EXERCISE/EXPERIMENT
To construct and test the performance of an Inverting, Non-inverting amplifier and
Differential amplifier using IC A 741
ACQUISITION
A. APPARATUS REQUIRED:
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6
Name
Dual Power Supply
Resistors
Regulated Power Supply
IC A 741
Voltmeter
Connecting Wires
Range
(0-30)V
1K;5 K;100 K
(0-30)V
(0-50)V
-
B. DESIGN:
Let A = -5; R1 = 1K
A = Rf / R1
Rf = 5 K
Rcomp = R1 Rf / R1 + Rf
= 833
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Let A = 6; R1 = 1K
A = 1 + (Rf / R1)
Rf = 5 K
Rcomp = R1 Rf / R1 + Rf
= 833
Let A = 100; R1 = 1K
A = R2 / R1
R2 = 100 K
Quantity
1
Each 2
1
1
1
-
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
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MODEL GRAPH:
DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER:
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ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
C. THEORY:
The fundamental component of any analog computer is the operational
amplifier or op-amp and the frequency configuration in which it is used as an inverting amplifier. An
input voltage Vin is applied to the input voltage. It receives and inverts its polarity producing an
output voltage. this same output voltage is also applied to a feedback resistor Rf, which is connected to
the amplifier input analog with R1. The amplifier itself has a very high voltage gain.
If Rf = R1 then Vo=Vi
NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER:
Although the standard op-amp configuration is as an inverting amplifier,
there are some applications where such inversion is not wanted. However, we cannot just switch the
inverting and non inverting inputs to the amplifier itself. We will still need negative feedback to
control the working gain of the circuit .Therefore, we will need to leave the resistor structure around
the op-amp intact and swap the input and ground connections to the overall circuit.
VO/VI = (Rf / Ri) +1
From the calculations, we can see that the effective voltage gain of the
non-inverting amplifier is set by the resistance ratio. Thus, if the two resistors are equal value, then the
gain will be 2 rather than 1.
A circuit that amplifies the difference between two signals is called as a
differential amplifier. This type of amplifiers is very useful in instrumentation circuits. From the
experimental setup of a differential amplifier, the voltage at the output of the operational amplifier is
zero. The inverting and non-inverting terminals are at the same potential. Such a circuit is very useful
in detecting very small differences in signals. Since the gain can be chosen to be very large. For
example, if R2=100R1, then a small difference V1-V2 is amplified 100 times.
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
TABULATION:
S.No
Input Voltage (in volts)
Output Voltage (in volts)
9.93
NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

S.No
11.2
S.No

V1
V2
9.74
9.80
10
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D. PROCEDURE:
Connections are made as per the EXPERIMENTAL SETUP.
The supply is switched ON.
Output is connected to anyone channel of CRO.
The V1 and V2 voltages are fixed and measured from the other channel of CRO
and the corresponding output voltages are also noted from the CRO.
The above step is repeated for various values of V1 and V2.V1 and V2 may be
AC or DC voltages from function generator or DC power supply.
Readings are tabulated and gain was calculated and composed with designed
values.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Define an operational amplifier.
An operational amplifier is a direct-coupled, high gain amplifier consisting of one or more differential
amplifier. By properly selecting the external components, it can be used to perform a variety of
mathematical operations.
2. Mention the characteristics of an ideal op-amp.
* Open loop voltage gain is infinity.
is zero.
*Bandwidth is infinity.
*Input impedance is infinity.
*Output impedance
*Zero offset.
3. Define input offset voltage.

A small voltage applied to the input terminals to make the output voltage as zero when the two input
terminals are grounded is called input offset voltage.
4. Define input offset current.
The difference between the bias currents at the input terminals of the op-amp is called as input offset
current.
RESULT
Thus the Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifier using op-amp was designed and
tested.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
12
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Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: Integrator and Differentiator
INTRODUCTION
To construct and test the performance of an Integrator and Differentiator using IC A
741
ACQUISITION
S. No.
1
Name
Dual Power Supply
Resistors
3
4
5
6
7.
8.

IC A 741
AFO
Capacitor
CRO
Connecting Wires
Range
(0-30)V
31.8K;3.1K;10K;100K;
1K
(0-30)V
(0-1)MHz
0.1F
(0-20)MHz
-
B. DESIGN:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
Let fa = 50 Hz; C1 = 0.1F
fa = 1 / 6.28 Rf C1
Rf = 31.8K
Rf = 10R1
R1 = 3.1 K
INTEGRATOR:
Let fb = 50 Hz; Cf = 0.1F
fb = 1 / 6.28 R1 Cf
R1 = 10K
Rf = 10R1
Rf = 100 K
13
Quantity
1
Each 1.
3
1
1
1
1
1
-
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INTEGRATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
14
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Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
C. THEORY:
DIFFERENTIATOR:
Op-amps allow us to make nearly perfect integrators such as the
practical integrator the circuit incorporates a large resistor in parallel with the feedback capacitor. This
is necessary because real op-amps have a small current flowing at their input terminals called the "bias
current". This current is typically a few nanoamps, and is neglected in many circuits where the
currents of interest are in the microamp to milliamp range. The feedback resistor gives a path for the
bias current to flow. The effect of the resistor on the response is negligible at all but the lowest
frequencies.
INTEGRATOR:
One of the simplest of the operational amplifier that contains capacitor is
differential amplifier.As the suggests, the circuit performs the mathematical operation of
differentiation.the output is the derivative of the given input signal voltage.The minus sign indicates a
1800 phase shift of the output waveform Vo with respect to the input signal.
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TABULATION:
Amplitude (Volts)
Time Period (ms)
Input
3.6
Differentiator Output
20
Integrator Output
18
16
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LIC LAB-LM
D. PROCEDURE:
The connections are given as per the experimental setup.
The supply is switched ON after checking the circuit connections.
The input wave form is applied from the function generator and the
corresponding output waveform is noted from the CRO.
The above mentioned procedure is repeated for differentiator also.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of current sources?
Transistor current sources are widely used in analog ICs both as biasing elements and as load
devices for amplifier stages.
2. Justify the reasons for using current sources in integrated circuits.
*superior insensitivity of circuit performance to power supply variations and temperature.
*more economical than resistors in terms of die area required to provide bias currents of small
value.
*When used as load element, the high incremental resistance of current source results in high
voltage gains at low supply voltages.
3. What is the advantage of wilder current source over constant current source?
Using constant current source output current of small magnitude (micro amp range) is not
attainable due to the limitations in chip area. Wilder current source is useful for obtaining small output
currents. Sensitivity of wilder current source is less compared to constant current source.
4.Mention the advantages of Wilson current source.
*provides high output resistance.
*offers low sensitivity to transistor base currents.
RESULT
Thus the Integrator and Differentiator using op-amp was designed and tested.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
MODEL GRAPH:
18
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Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: Instrumentation amplifier
:
INTRODUCTION
To design and verify the operation of instrumentation amplifier using IC A 741
ACQUISITION
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6.
B 7.
Name
Dual Power Supply
Range
(0-30)V
10K;
100K;
120K;
(0-30)V
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)MHz
-
Resistors
IC A 741
AFO
CRO
Connecting Wires
B. DESIGN:
V01 = (1+R2/R1) V1 (R2/R1) V2,
Quantity
1
5
2
2
1
3
1
1
-
V02 = (1+R2/R1) V2 (R2/R1) V1
V0 = V02 V01
= (V2V1) (1+2R2/R1),
Gain = V0/Vi
= Vo / (V2V1)
= (1+2R2/R1)
C. THEORY:
In a number of instrumentation and consumer applications one is required to
measure and control the physical quantities. Some typical examples are measurement and control of
temperature, humidity, light, Intensity, water flow etc. These physical quantities are usually measured
with the help of transducer. The output of the transducer has to be amplified so that it can derive the
indicator or display system. The functions performed by an instrumentation amplifier are,
High gain accuracy.

19
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LIC LAB-LM
TABULATION:
GAIN
S.NO.
V1 (V)
V2 (V)
Vd = V2~V1
Vo (V)
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.03
9.25
2.35
2.62
0.27
5.28
25.82
3.43
3.81
0.38
7.70
26.13
4.02
4.49
0.47
9.07
25.71
4.50
4.99
0.49
9.98
26.17
4.75
5.3
0.55
10.62
25.71
4.99
5.51
0.52
11.10
26.58
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High CMRR.
High gain stability with low temperature coefficient.
Low dc offset.
Low input impedance.
LIC LAB-LM
These are specially designed op-amp such as VA725 to meet the above started
requirement of a good instrumentation amplifier. Monolithic instrumentation amplifiers are also
available commercially such as AD521, AD524, and AD624 by analog devices L40036, and L40037
by national semiconductors.
D. PROCEDURE:
Circuit connections are given as per the experimental setup.
The input signal is given.
The dual power supply is switched ON.
The input is varied in steps and the corresponding output readings are noted
from CRO.
The practical gain is calculated from the readings.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is the need for an instrumentation amplifier?
In a number of industrial and consumer applications, the measurement of physical quantities is usually
done with the help of transducers.
2. Mention some of the linear applications of op amps.
Adder, subtractor, voltage to current converter, current to voltage converters, instrumentation
amplifier, analog computation, power amplifier, etc are some of the linear op-amp circuits.
3. Mention some of the non linear applications of op-amps.
Rectifier, peak detector, clipper, clamper, sample and hold circuit, log amplifier, antilog amplifier,
multiplier are some of the non linear op-amp circuits.
4. What are the areas of application of non-linear op- amp circuits?
Industrial instrumentation, Communication and Signal processing
RESULT
Thus the instrumentation amplifier is designed and tested using IC A 741.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ACTIVE LOW PASS FILTER:
MODEL GRAPH:
22
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Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: Active low pass, High pass and Band pass filters.
INTRODUCTION
To design and verify the operation of the Active low pass, High pass and Band pass
filters using IC A 741
ACQUISITION
S. No.
1
Name
Dual Power Supply
Resistors
3
4
5
6.
7.
Capacitor
IC A 741
AFO
CRO
Connecting Wires
Range
(0-30)V
4.7K;1.2K;10K;6.2K;100K
1.5K; 100;
0.1F;0.01F
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)MHz
-
B
B. DESIGN:
LOW PASS & HIGH PASS:
fh = 1 / 6.28 RC
For LPF fh = 1 KHz and HPF fL = 1 KHz; Assume C = 0.1f
R = 1.6K
A = 3 ; where = damping = 1.414
A = 1 + Rf / R1; Let R1 = 10K
Rf = 5.8 K
BAND PASS:
fc = 1KHz; AF = 10 & Q = 3
Let C1 = C2 = 0.01F
R1 = Q / 6.28 fc C AF = 4.77K
R2 = Q / 6.28 fc C (2Q2 AF) = 5.97 K
R3 = Q / 3.14 fc C = 95.5 K
23
Quantity
1
1
2
2
1
1
1
-
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ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER:
MODEL GRAPH:
24
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Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
C. THEORY:
The first order low pass filter is realized RC circuit used along with an op-amp
in non-inverting configuration. A low pass filter has constant gain from) Hz to fH.. Bandwidth of this
filter is fH. Bandwidths of electric filters are used in circuits which require the separation of signals
according to their frequencies. a first order low pass filter consists of a single RC network connected
to the positive input terminal of non-inverting op-amp amplifier. Resistors Ri and Rf determine the
gain of the filter in the pass band.
The parameters in the band pass filter are lower cutoff frequency, the upper
cutoff frequency and the bandwidth, the central frequency gain Ao and selectivity Q. The higher
selectivity Q, the sharper the filter. Below 0.5fo all filters roll off at -20dB/decade independent of the
value of Q. This is limited by the two RC pair of circuits.
D. PROCEDURE:
Connections are given as per the experimental setup.
Supply is switched ON after checking the connections.
Input voltage is set to 1V and by changing the input frequency, output voltage is
measured.
The procedure is applied to active low pass; high pass and band pass filters
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
BAND PASS FILTER:
MODEL GRAPH:
26
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TABULATION:
LOW PASS FILTER:
InputVoltage Vi = 0.5
Frequency
400
500
600
700
800
900
1K
2K
3K
4K
6K
10K
HIGH PASS FILTER:
Frequency
10
50
100
600
800
1K
2K
3K
4K
5K
6K
BAND PASS FILTER:
Frequency
10
30
100
200
500
1K
2K
9K
10K
20K
60K
Output Voltage
1.2
1.2
1.2
1
1
1
1
0.4
0.2
0.2
0.1
0
Gain = 20log(Vo / Vi)

7.6
7.6
7.6
6.02
6.02
6.02
6.02
1.938
7.95
7.95
13.97
0
Output Voltage
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4
1.4

12.04
6.02
2.49
0
1.93
3.52
4.86
4.86
4.86
4.86
4.86
Output Voltage
0.2
0.3
0.7
1.3
1.8
1.9
1.9
1.9
1.6
1.2
0.6

20
16.47
9.11
3.14
0.915
0.44
0.44
0.44
1.93
4.43
10.45
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REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Define sensitivity.
Sensitivity is defined as the percentage or fractional change in output current per percentage or
fractional change in power-supply voltage.
2. What do you mean by a precision diode?
The major limitation of ordinary diode is that it cannot rectify voltages below the cut in voltage of
the diode. A circuit designed by placing a diode in the feedback loop of an op amp is called the
precision diode and it is capable of rectifying input signals of the order of mill volt.
3. Write down the applications of precision diode.
Half - wave rectifier
Full - Wave rectifier
Peak value detector
Clipper
Clamper
4. List the applications of Log amplifiers
Analog computation may require functions such as lnx, log x, sin hx etc. These functions can be
performed by log amplifiers Log amplifier can perform direct dB display on digital voltmeter and
spectrum analyzer Log amplifier can be used to compress the dynamic range of a signal
RESULT
Thus the operation of Active Low Pass Filter, High Pass Filter and Band Pass Filter was
designed and output was tested using IC A 741.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS:
MODEL GRAPH:
30
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Dr.NNCE
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LIC LAB-LM
: Astable, Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt

trigger using Op-Amp.
INTRODUCTION
To design and construct an Astable, Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger
using IC A 741
ACQUISITION
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6.
7.
B 8.
Name
Dual Power Supply
Range
(0-30)V
4.5K;1K;27K;22K;5.6K;760
1.5K; 10K;
0.1F;0.01F
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)MHz
0A79
-
Resistors
Capacitor
IC A 741
AFO
CRO
Diode
Connecting Wires
B. DESIGN:
Feedback factor = R2 / (R1 + R2)
T = 2RC ln[(1 + )/(1 )]
Let R1 = R2 = 10K then = 0.5
Assume C = 0.1F; for a time period of 1ms
T = 2RC ln 3
Rf = 4.55K
SCHMITT TRIGGER:
Vut = (R2 / R1 + R2) Vsat ; Vlt = (R2 / R1 + R2) Vsat
Let Vut = 0.5V; Vlt = 0.5
R1 = 27 R2 ; Let R1 = 1K; R2 = 27K
31
Quantity
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATORS:
MODEL GRAPH:
32
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C. THEORY:
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
The astable multivibrator is also known as free running oscillator. the principle
of generation of square wave output is to force an op-amp to operate in saturation region. = R2/
(R1+R2) of the output is feedback to the positive input terminal. the reference voltage is Vo and may
take the values as +Vsat and Vsat. The output is also feedback to the negative input terminal after
interchanging by a low pass RC combination. Whenever input terminal just exceeds Vref switching
takes place resulting in square wave output. In this multivibrator both sates are quasi stable state
MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR:
The monostable multivibrator is also called as one shot multivibrator. The
circuit produces a single pulse of specified duration in response to each external trigger response. it is
always have one stable state. When an external trigger is applied, the output changes the state. The
new state is called quasi stable state. The circuit remains in this state for a fixed interval of time and
then it returns to the original state after this interval. This time interval is determined by the charging
and discharging of the capacitor.
SCHMITT TRIGGER:
If the positive feedback is added to the comparator circuit means gain can be
increased greatly. Consequently the transfer curve comparator becomes more close to the ideal curve
theoretically. If the loop gain fo is adjusted to unity then the gain with feedback average becomes
extreme values of output voltage. in practical circuits, however it may not be possible to maintain loop
gain exactly equal to unity for a long time because of supply voltage and temperature variations so a
value greater than unity is chosen. This gives the output waveform virtually disconnected at the
comparison voltage. This circuit however exhibits phenomenon called hystersis or backlash.
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CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
SCHMITT TRIGGER:
MODEL GRAPH:
34
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D. PROCEDURE:
Supply is switched ON after checking the circuit connections.
The output square wave form and the capacitor charging and discharging
waveforms are noted from the CRO.
waveforms are note down from the CRO.
SCHMITT TRIGGER:
The supply is switched ON.
The output waveform was noted from CRO and UTP and LTP are noted. The
graph is drawn.
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TABULATION:
Input
Amplitude (V)
Time Period (ms)
0.01
TON = 0.5
Output
11.5
TOFF = 0.5
Amplitude (V)
Time Period (ms)
0.01
Input
TON = 0.5
Output
11
TOFF = 1
Amplitude (V)
Time Period (ms)
SCHMITT TRIGGER:
Input
TON = 0.5
Output
11
36
TOFF = 0.5
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of comparator?
Zero crossing detectors
Window detector
Time marker generator
Phase detector
2. What is a Schmitt trigger?
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave output.
The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which are the
reference voltages of the input waveform.
3. What is a multivibrator?
Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used extensively in timing applications. It
is a wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or asymmetric square output. It has two states stable
or quasi- stable depending on the type of multivibrator.
4. What do you mean by monostable multivibrator?
Monostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified duration in response to
each external trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger causes a change to
the quasi-stable state. An external trigger signal generated due to charging and discharging of the
capacitor produces the transition to the original stable state.
RESULT
Thus the operation of Astable, Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger was designed
and output was tested using IC A 741.
37
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
RC PHASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
38
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: RC Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators
INTRODUCTION
To design and test RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using IC A 741.
ACQUISITION
S. No.
1
Name
Dual Power Supply
Resistors
Capacitor
4
5
6.
B 7.
Range
(0-30)V
13K;15K;390K;31.8K;15.9K;
1.5K; 1.59K
0.1F;
0.01F
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)MHz
-
IC A 741
AFO
CRO
Connecting Wires
B. DESIGN:
RC PHAASE SHIFT OSCILLATOR:
Given, fo = 500Hz; Assume C = 0.1F
fo = 1/(26 RC),
R = 1.3K
R1 = 10R = 13K
Av= Rf / R1, Av > -29, ie, Rf/ R1 > 29
Rf = 390K
Rcomp = (R1Rf / R1 + Rf) = 15K
WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR:
Given, fo = 10KHz; Assume C = 0.01F
fo = 1/(26 RC),
R = 1.59K
R1 = 10R = 15.9K
Rf = 2R1 = 31.8K
39
Quantity
1
1
3
3
2
1
1
1
-
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
WEIN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR:
MODEL GRAPH:
40
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
C.THEORY:
RC phase shift oscillator using op-amp, in inverting amplifier mode.
Thus it introduces a phase shift of 1800 between the input and output. The feedback network consists
of 3 RC sections producing each 600 phase shift. Such a circuit is known as RC phase shift network.
The circuit is generating its own output signal and a stage of oscillator sustained. The phase shift
produced by op-amp is 1800.the op-amp with a gain of 29 and RC network is of equal resistor and
capacitor connected feedback the op-amp output and input terminals. Resistor and junctions as a last
resistor in phase shift network, give here is a phase load network produces an 1800 shift so that total
loop phase shift is 3600.

It is commonly used in audio frequency oscillator. The feedback signal
is connected in the input terminal so that the output amplifier is working as a non-inverting amplifier.
The Wien bridge circuit is connected between amplifier input terminal and output terminal. The bridge
has a series R network, in one arm and a parallel RC network in the adjoining arm. In the remaining
two arms of the bridge, resistor R1 and Rf are connected. the phase angle criterion for oscillation is
that the total phase shift around the circuit must be zero. This condition occurs when bridge is
balanced. At resonance frequency of oscillation is exactly the resonance frequency of balanced Wien
bridge and is given by f0 = 1/ (2fC).assuming that the resistors are input impedance value and
capacitance are equal to the value in the reactive stage of Wien bridge. At this frequency, the gain
required for sustained.
D.PROCEDURE:
Circuit connections are given as per the experimental setup.
Supply is switched ON.
3600 phase shift output is obtained at the output.
The inverting op-amp produce 1800 and RC network produce another
1800.
Frequency is calculated by the formula f =1/T
41
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
TABULATION:
Amplitude (V)
Time Period (ms)
12.5
Amplitude (V)
Time Period (ms)
12
42
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM

Resistor and capacitor values are verified simultaneously; the
corresponding Rf value is noted.
The critical vale of frequency is noted correspondingly.
Check whether the calculated and observed frequency values are same.
Graph is drawn by taking amplitude along y-axis and time along xaxis.the graph will be sine waveform.
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Define conversion time.
It is defined as the total time required converting an analog signal into its digital output. It depends on
the conversion technique used & the propagation delay of circuit components.
2. What is settling time?
It represents the time it takes for the output to settle within a specified band LSB of its final value
following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends upon the switching time
of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance & inductances. Settling time ranges from
100ns.10s depending on word length & type circuit used.
3. Explain in brief stability of a converter.
The performance of converter changes with temperature age & power supply variation. So all the
relevant parameters such as offset, gain, linearity error & monotonicity must be specified over the full
temperature & power supply ranges to have better stability performances.
4. What are the problems associated with switch type phase detector?
The output voltage Ve is proportional to the input signal amplitude. This is undesirable because it
makes phase detector gain and loop gain dependent on the input signal amplitude.
RESULT
Thus the operation of RC phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators was designed and output was
tested using IC A 741.
43
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
PIN DIAGRAM:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
44
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 Timer.
INTRODUCTION
To design and construct an Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 Timer.
ACQUISITION
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6.
7.
B 8.
Name
Dual Power Supply
Range
(0-30)V
3.625K;7.25K;
10K;
0.1F;0.01F;0.001F
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)MHz
0A79
-
Resistors
Capacitor
IC 555
AFO
CRO
Diode
Connecting Wires
B. DESIGN:
CASE1: Given f = 1 KHz and D = 0.5
f = 1.45 / (RA + RB) C; D = RB / (RA + RB) = 0.5
RA = RB; Let C = 0.1F; RA = RB = R
f = 1.45 /2RC; R = 7.2K
CASE2: f = 1.45 / (RA + 2RB) C;D = RB / (RA + 2RB) = 0.25
RA = 2RB ; Let C = 0.1F; RA = 2RB = 4RB
f = 1.45 / 4RBC; RB = 3.625K; RA =7.25K
Time Period of monostable multivibrator = 1.1RC
T = 1m/s; Assume C= 0.1F
R = T / 1.1C
R = 10K
45
Quantity
1
1
2
1
1
1
1
2
-
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
46
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
C. THEORY:
The astable multivibrator is also called the free running multivibrator. It has two
quasi states i.e. no stable states as such the circuit conditions oscillate between the components values
used to decide the time for which circuit remains in each stable state. the principle of square wave
output is to force the IC to operate in saturation region. Whenever input at the negative input terminal
just exceeds Vref switching takes place resulting in a square wave output. In astable multivibrator both
stable states and one quasi state are present.
These multivibrators are comprised of group of regenerative circuits that are
commonly used in timing applications. The circuit produces a single pulse of applied duration in
response to each external trigger pulse. For each circuit only one state exists. When an external trigger
is applied the output changes its state. The new state is called quasi-stable state.
D. PROCEDURE:
waveforms are noted from the CRO.
waveforms are note down from the CRO.
47
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
TABULATION:
Input
Amplitude (V)
Time Period (ms)
0.01
TON = 0.5
Output
11.5
TOFF = 0.5
Amplitude (V)
Time Period (ms)
0.01
Input
TON = 0.5
Output
11
48
TOFF = 1
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What are the applications of comparator?
Zero crossing detectors
Window detector
Time marker generator
Phase detector
2. What is a Schmitt trigger?
Schmitt trigger is a regenerative comparator. It converts sinusoidal input into a square wave output.
The output of Schmitt trigger swings between upper and lower threshold voltages, which are the
reference voltages of the input waveform.
3. What is a multivibrator?
Multivibrators are a group of regenerative circuits that are used extensively in timing applications. It
is a wave shaping circuit which gives symmetric or asymmetric square output. It has two states stable
or quasi- stable depending on the type of multivibrator.
4. What do you mean by monostable multivibrator?
Monostable multivibrator is one which generates a single pulse of specified duration in response to
each external trigger signal. It has only one stable state. Application of a trigger causes a change to
the quasi-stable state. An external trigger signal generated due to charging and discharging of the
capacitor produces the transition to the original stable state.
RESULT
Thus the operation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators was designed and output was
tested using NE555 Timer.
49
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
BLOCK DIAGRAM OF NE565 PLL:
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
50
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: PLL Characteristics and Frequency multiplier.
INTRODUCTION
To design and construct a PLL Characteristics and Frequency multiplier using NE 565.
ACQUISITION
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6.
7.
B 8.
Name
Dual Power Supply
Range
(0-30)V
6.8K;20K;2K;10K;
4.7K;
1F;10F;0.01F;0.001F
(0-1)MHz
(0-20)MHz
2N2222
-
Resistors
Capacitor
IC NE565
AFO
CRO
Transistor
Connecting Wires
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
B. THEORY:
The block diagram of LM565 PLL consists of base detector amplifier. low pass
filter and VCO as shown in the block diagram. The phase locked loop is not connected internally. It is
necessary to connect output of VCO (pin 4) to phase comparator in pin 5 externally. in frequency
multiplication applications a digital frequency driver is inserted into loop between pin 4 and pin 5.the
centre frequency of PLL is determined by free running frequency multiplier of VCO given by free
funning frequency of VCO which is given by f0 = 1.2 / (4R1C1) Hz. the value of Ri is restricted from
2K to 20K but a capacitor can have any value. A capacitor C2 is connected between pin 7 and to
the Positive supply from a first order low pass filter with an external resistance of 3.6 K.
51
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
PLL AS FREQUENCY MULTIPLIER:
52
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
The value of filter capacitor C2 should be large enough to eliminate positive oscillator into VCO
voltage.
FL = I.8fo/V Hz.
Where, fo = free running frequency in Hz
V = +V (V) volts
FL = (fo /23.6x103 C2)1/2
Where, C2 is in farads
D. PROCEDURE:
Observe the waveform at pin 4 and pin 5 without any input signal. This
is free running frequency of VCO (fo).
Switch ON the functional generator and give the square waveform of
1Vpp & 1KHz. Gradually increase the fi till the PLL is locked with fi
100Hz to 4KHz and note down the FL2 and FL1 then decrease the
frequency from 4KHz to 1000Hz and note down the f3 and f1.
Calculate the capture range and lock range.
53
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
TABULATION:
Amplitude
Input
Output
54
Time Period
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. Mention some areas where PLL is widely used.
*Radar synchronisation
systems
*satellite communication systems
*FM communication systems
*air borne navigational
*Computers.
2. List the basic building blocks of PLL

*Phase detector/comparator
*Low pass filter
*Error amplifier
*Voltage
controlled oscillator
3. What are the three stages through which PLL operates?
*Free running
*Capture
*Locked/ tracking
4. Define lock-in range of a PLL.

The range of frequencies over which the PLL can maintain lock with the incoming signal is called the
lock-in range or tracking range. It is expressed as a percentage of the VCO free running frequency.
RESULT
Thus the operation of PLL Characteristics and Frequency multiplier was designed and output
was tested using NE565 Timer.
55
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
LM 723 VOLTAGE REGULATORS:
MODEL GRAPH:
56
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: DC Power Supply using LM317 and LM723.
INTRODUCTION
To design and construct a DC Power Supply using LM317 and LM723.
ACQUISITION
S. No.
1
2
3
4
5
6.
7.
B 8.
Name
Dual Power Supply
Range
(0-30)V
620;2.2K;10K;33K;
3.3K;240
1F;10F;0.001F
(0-50)mA
(0-20)V
-
Resistors
Capacitor
LM317 & LM723
Ammeter
Voltmeter
Decade Resistor Box
Connecting Wires
Quantity
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-
B. DESIGN:
Designing an adjustable voltage regulator LM317 to satisfy the following
specifications:
Output Voltage Vo = 5 to 12V
Output Current Io = 1A
IAdj = 100 A maximum. If we use R1 = 240; then for Vo = 5V
Vo = VREF (1 + R2 / R1) + IAdjR2
R2 = 3.75 / (5.3) (10-4) = 0.71K
Similarly for Vo = 12V,
12 = 1.25 (1 + R2 / 240) + (10-4) R2
R2 = 10.75 / (5.3) (10-3)
= 2.01K
57
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LM317 VOLTAGE REGULATOR:
58
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
C. THEORY:
The basic voltage regulator in its simplest form consists of
a) Voltage reference Vr
b) Error amplifier
c) Feedback network
d) Active series or shunt control unit.
The voltage reference generates a voltage level which is applied to the
comparator circuit, which is generally error amplifier. The second input to the error amplifier obtained
through feedback network. Generally using the potential divider, the feedback signal is derived by
sampling the output voltage. The error amplifier converts the difference between the output sample
and the reference voltage into an error signal. This error signal in turn controls the active element of
the regulator circuit, in order to compensate the changes in the output voltage. Such an active element
is generally a transistor. Error amplifier controls the series pass transistor Q2 which acts as a variable
resistor. The series pass transistor is small power transistor having about 800mW power dissipation.
The unregulated power supply source of (< 36 V d.c) is connected to collector of series pass transistor.
Transistor Q2 acts as current limiter in case of short circuit condition. It senses
drop across Rsc placed in series with regulated output voltage externally. The frequency compensation
terminal controls the frequency response of the error amplifier. The required roll-off is obtained by
connecting a small capacitor of 100pF between frequency compensation and inverting input terminals.
D. PROCEDURE:
The input voltage is given to the circuit and the output voltage slowly varies
from zero.
Then the output voltage attains the designed value and then it is irrespective of
input voltage (the output becomes constant).
59
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
TABULATION:
Resistance ()
Current (mA)
Voltage (Volt)
200
17.5
300
17.5
400
17.5
7.4
500
17.8
8.4
1K
8.8
2K
9.2
3K
9.2
4K
2.5
9.2
5K
9.2
60
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
REVIEW QUESTIONS:
1. What is settling time?
It represents the time it takes for the output to settle within a specified band LSB of its final value
following a code change at the input (usually a full scale change). It depends upon the switching time
of the logic circuitry due to internal parasitic capacitance & inductances. Settling time ranges from
100ns.10s depending on word length & type circuit used.
2. Explain in brief stability of a converter:
The performance of converter changes with temperature age & power supply variation. So all the
relevant parameters such as offset, gain, linearity error & monotonicity must be specified over the full
temperature & power supply ranges to have better stability performances.
3. What is meant by linearity?
The linearity of an ADC/DAC is an important measure of its accuracy & tells us how close the
converter output is to its ideal transfer characteristics. The linearity error is usually expressed as a
fraction of LSB increment or percentage of full-scale voltage. A good converter exhibits a linearity
error of less than LSB.
4. What is monotonic DAC?
A monotonic DAC is one whose analog output increases for an increase in digital input.
RESULT
Thus the operation of DC Power Supply was designed and output was tested using LM317 and
LM723.
61
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
INSTRUMENTATION AMPLIFIER
WAVEFORM:
62
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: Instrumentation amplifier
:
INTRODUCTION
To simulate instrumentation amplifier circuit using PSPICE circuit simulator and to
verify the corresponding graphs plotted.
ACQUISITION
A. SOFTWARE REQUIRED:
PSPICE students version 9.1
B. PROCEDURE:
Draw the schematic diagram in pspice schematic editor.
Go choose the icon set up analysis, for choosing proper analysis options.
Now select the option DC sweep.
Choose voltage source and complete the remaining options like start value
and end value.
Now choose the icon set up Examine netlist, and if the netlist has no
errors, choose the simulate option which is under setup.
The waveform will pop up after the simulation is done.
RESULT
Thus the instrumentation amplifier circuit is simulated and the required graphs are plotted.
63
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
WAVE FORM:
64
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: Active low pass, High pass and Band pass filters.
INTRODUCTION
To simulate Active low pass, High pass and Band pass filters using PSPICE circuit
simulator and to verify the corresponding graphs plotted.
ACQUISITION
B. PROCEDURE:
Now select the option AC sweep.
Choose Decade for graph type and complete the remaining options like start
value and end value.
65
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
WAVE FORM:
66
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM

ACTIVE BAND PASS FILTER:

67
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
BAND PASS FILTER:
MODEL GRAPH:
68
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
RESULT
Thus the Active low pass, High pass and Band pass filters is simulated and the required graphs
are plotted.
69
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
WAVE FORM:
70
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: Astable, Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt

trigger using Op-Amp.
INTRODUCTION
To simulate Astable, Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using PSPICE circuit
simulator and to verify the corresponding graphs plotted.
ACQUISITION
B. PROCEDURE:
Now select the option transient.
Choose appropriate print step and final time.
The waveform window will pop up after the simulation is done.
71
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
MODEL GRAPH:
72
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
SCHMITT TRIGGER:
73
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
SCHMITT TRIGGER:
WAVE FORM:
74
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
RESULT
Thus the Astable, Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger is simulated and the required
graphs are plotted.
75
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
WAVE FORM:
76
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: RC Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators
INTRODUCTION
To simulate RC Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using PSPICE circuit simulator
and to verify the corresponding graphs plotted.
ACQUISITION
B. PROCEDURE:
77
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
WAVE FORM:
78
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM

RESULT
Thus the RC Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators is simulated and the required graphs are
plotted.
79
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:
WAVE FORM:
80
LIC LAB-LM
Dr.NNCE
ECE/IVSEM
LIC LAB-LM
: Astable multivibrator using NE555 Timer.
INTRODUCTION
To simulate Astable multivibrator using PSPICE circuit simulator and to verify the
corresponding graphs plotted.
ACQUISITION
B. PROCEDURE:
RESULT
Thus the Astable multivibrator is simulated and the required graphs are plotted.
81

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Dr.

EC2258 - LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS LABORATORY

ANNA UNIVERSITY CHENNAI-600 025

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION

INTERNAL ASSESMENT (20 MARKS)

Circuit diagram and Tabulation

GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS FOR LABORATORY CLASSES

Aim of the experiment

Apparatus / Tools / Instruments required

Procedure / Theory / Algorithm / Program

Neat Diagram / Flow charts

Specifications / Designs Details

Name of the Experiment

Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers

Integrator and Differentiator

Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters

Astable and Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt trigger

Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using Op-Amp

Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 timer

PLL characteristics and its use as frequency multiplier

DC power supply using LM317 and LM723

Simulation of Instrumentation amplifier using PSpice

Simulation of Active lowpass, Highpass and Bandpass filters

Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators and

Simulation of Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators using

Simulation of Astable and Monostable multivibrators using

: Inverting, Non-inverting and Differential amplifiers

Input Voltage (in volts)

Output Voltage (in volts)

NON- INVERTING AMPLIFIER:

Input Voltage (in volts)

Output Voltage (in volts)

Input Voltage (in volts)

Output Voltage (in volts)

*Input impedance is infinity.

3. Define input offset voltage.

: Integrator and Differentiator

Date of the experiment

Regulated Power Supply

Time Period (ms)

V02 = (1+R2/R1) V2 (R2/R1) V1

High gain accuracy.

High gain stability with low temperature coefficient.

Low input impedance.

: Active low pass, High pass and Band pass filters.

Date of the experiment

ACTIVE HIGH PASS FILTER:

Gain = 20log(Vo / Vi)

Gain = 20log(Vo / Vi)

Gain = 20log(Vo / Vi)

: Astable, Monostable multivibrators and Schmitt

Date of the experiment

Time Period (ms)

Time Period (ms)

Time Period (ms)

: RC Phase shift and Wien bridge oscillators

Date of the experiment

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR:

Time Period (ms)

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR:

Time Period (ms)

WIEN BRIDGE OSCILLATOR:

: Astable and Monostable multivibrators using NE555 Timer.