Dr. P. M.

Pandey
http://paniit.iitd.ac.in/~pmpandey

Measurement & Inspection

Measurement is a procedure in which an unknown
quantity is compared to a known standard, using an
accepted and consistent system of units. Measurement
provides a numerical value of the quantity of interest
within certain limits of accuracy and precision.
Inspection is a procedure in which a part or product
characteristic, such as a dimension is examined to
determine whether it conforms to the design
specification.Many inspection methods rely on
measurement techniques, while others use gauging
method. It is faster than measurement and provides scant
information about the actual value of the characteristic. In
inspection part passes or fails.

Linear Measurements
Gage blocks 9 blocks with 0.0001 in. increment from 0.1001 to 0.1009
49 blocks with 0.001 in. increment from 0.101 to 0.149
19 blocks with 0.050 in. increment from 0.050 to 0.950
4 l blocks with 1 in. increment from 1 to 4
2 tungsten steel blocks, each 0.050 in. thick

Two sizes of outside Calipers

Micrometer

Vernier caliper

Comparative Instruments: Dial Indicator

Use of Laser in measurements

Fringes created by the two
sources are the measure of
distance. Graphic or digital
output is taken and sensitive
up to a speed of 0.1m/s
Laser Interferometer

L cot A

Angular Measurements

Bevel protractor

Sine bar

Surface roughness measurement

Center-line average value (Ra)

Peak to valley height (Ry)

Root-mean-square-average value (Rq)

Three Dimensional Surface Measurement

Optical interference microscopes
Atomic force microscope

Inspection of Geometric Features

Measurement of Straightness

Autocollimator is used to detect straightness accurately in which a

light beam bounces back from the object and measures small
angular deviations. Optical means like laser beams are used to
align individual machine elements in the assembly of machine
components.

Measurement of Flatness: Interferometry

(a)Measuring flatness using an optical flat (b) Fringes on a flat inclined

surfaces (c) Fringes on a surface with two inclinations (d) Curved fringe
patters indicate curvatures on surface (e) Scratch on the surface

Measurement of Roundness

(a) Schematic illustration of out of roundness, Measuring roundness using

(b) V-block (c) Part supported on centers and rotated and (d) circular tracing
with part being rotated on a vertical axis

Measurements of Profiles

Thread gauges, Gear

measurement, CMM

(a) Radius gages (b) Dial indicator

Profile Projector

Limits Fits and Tolerances

Upper and Lower limits of shaft and hole
Clearance, Interference and Transition fits

Fixed Gages

(a) Plug gage for holes, with Go Not Go on

opposite side
(b) Plug gage for holes, with Go Not Go on one
end
(c) Plain ring gages for round rods
(d) Snap gage with adjustable anvils

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