GT.

IN T C BN
N TP CNG THC

A. Cc nh lut mch in
n

Vk 0,

nh lut Kirchhoff v th k 1
, v dng i j 0
j 1
nh l Thevenin VTH, RTH, Norton IN, RN = RTH
Cng thc cu chia th
Cng thc cu chia dng
Nguyn l chng chp (xp chng)
x1
x2

Mch

y= y1(t) + y2(t)
2

B.Cch hot ng v cng thc linh kin

Ni pn- Diod
MOSFET
BJT
Op.Amp.

1. MOSFET

 Biu thc in th v dng in

a.Biu thc in th
Da vo l thuyt v c tuyn, qu tch cc im c VDSbh
cho bi:
VDSbh = VGS VTH (1).
b. Biu thc dng in thot ID.
- Trong vng in tr : VGS < VTH hay VDS < VGS VTH ta c
ID = k[ 2( VGS-VTH)VDS (VDS)2]

(2)

- Trong vng bo ho :VGS >VTH hay VDS > VGS-VTH ta c :

ID = k(VGS VTH )2 (3)

k=K/2 hng s tu thuc linh kin .

Transistor ni lng cc-BJT

Cng thc dng in
I E IC I B
IC I E
IC I B

Phn cc:
- Tnh im tnh iu hnh ( IB,IC, VCE)
- ng ti tnh (DCLL)
Khuch i ( ch ng, AC):
- Tnh Ri, AV, AI, Ro
Ba cch rp: CE, CB, CC ( hay EF)

.Biu thc dng in trong BJT ( rp CE)

Theo nh lut Kirchhoff ta c:
IE = IB + IC
(1)
Theo cch hot ng ca BJT va xt c:

IE = InE + IpE = InE

(2)
IC = Inc + Ico
(3)
Gi
h s truyn t dng in pht thu :
s t td n cc thu
InC
IC
sttd pht t cc pht InE
IE
Thay vo (3) cho:
Ic =
IE + ICO = IE + ICBO (4)

I B 1 I CO
(5)
IC
I
I
B
CO
1
1

; 1
1
1

.Cch rp cc pht chung ( CE-common emitter)

Co
Ci
Q
+

RC

RB

Vo

vi
-

VBB

RL

+ VCC

Do:
Tn hiu vo nn pht BE
Tn hiu ra thu pht CE
C 2 ng vo v ra c cc pht chung

Mch tng ng (AC)

IC
1

1
I B 1

1
B
+

ic

rbb

rc

ib
ie

re

vbe

c
+

I
;

CO

I B 1 I CO

1
1
1
C+

B
+
vbe ib

Bib

rbe

vce

ic
rc vce
-

(5)

E
9

C. Phn tch cc thnh phn phi tuyn

Cch gn ng th nht
Cch gn ng th hai
Cch gn ng th ba
Phng php gii tch
2
df vD
1 d f vD
2
iD f VD

v
vD

D ....
2
dvD vD VD
2! dvD vD VD

df vD
iD f VD
vD
dvD vD VD
Phng php th

10

11

D. Cng logic

Cc nh lut i s Boole
Phng php rt gn hm logic
Cc cng logic: AND, OR, NAND, NOR
Logic t hp
D
D
iDS
Logic tun t
G

G
ON

OFF

vGS<VTH

vGS> VTH
S

S
VT = 1V
12

Inverter (Mach ao)

VDD = 5 V
RL

A
5V

vout

B =/A

VT =1V

5V vin
13

Cch hot ng ch giao hon

Khi khng c xungvo:MOSFET khng dn .
Ta c:

+VDD
R DS (off )
VDD V DD VOH
(
off
)
RD R DS

20V 20V
1k

V o (off )

Khi c xung vo: MOSFET dnR

RD

Vo

RDS(off)

Ta c:

R DS (on)
+VDD
V DD 0V VOL
R D R DS (on)
10

20V 0,198V 0, 2V
1k 10

V o (on)

Vo

RDS(ON)
14

Mc ien the logic qui nh cua MOSFET:

VOH max
VOHmin

Mc logic 1

Mc logic1
NM

VIHmin

Khong
xac nh

Khong
xac nh

NM
VOLmax
VOLmin

Mc logic 0

Mc logic0
1 VOH
VOH min
Sender
0 VOLmax
0

VIHmax

VILmax
VILmin

1
VIHmin

Le nhieu
Khong
xac nh

Receiver
VIL max

Le nhieu

NMH

VOH min VIH min

VNML VOL max VIL max

0
15

 Hm s truyn ra vo
Vo = f(vi)

vo
VS
VOH

VOL

Th d: Cho Vs = 5V,
VOH =4,4V, VOL = 0,5V
ViH = 3,2V, ViL=1,6C

0 VTHVIL

VIH

VS vi(V)

vo(V)
5V
4,4 V

0,5V

0 1 1,6

3,2

Vi(V)
16

E. Khuch i tn hiu ln
MOSFET
in th ra cho bi
K vi VTH RL
vO VS
2
2

Dai ien the ngo vao cc ai:

VTH vI VTH

1 1 2 KRLVS
KRL

Dai ien ap ra cc ai:

1 1 2 KRLVS
VS
KRL

vGS VTH
vDS vGS VTH

Dai dong thoat tng ng:

K
2
v

V
TH
I

2
17

o li ien the con goi la ham so truyen:

Vs

vo
cutoff
vo
Vs

Bien o cua

vung (vi VTH)

MOSFET trong vung bao hoa VTH

vi ( vO > vi VTH va vi VTH)

Vung diod (vo <(vi VTH va vi VTH)
VTH

o doc ln
hn mot
vi

vi

vO VS K vi VTH RL
AV

vi
vi
2

18

 Di dng:

K VI VTH
iD I D id
K VI VTH vi
2
2

Vi thnh phn DC v thnh phn gia tng:

K
2
I D VI VTH ,
2
id K VI VTH vi
th biu din:
Nhn xt:

K
2
VI VTH h.s., DCbias
2
id K VI VTH vi g m vi

iDS
iD

Ids

ID

2
K
vGS VTH

im phn cc
ID

Vgs

gm h s h dn
V: VGS = VI
0

vTH VI vi

vGS
19

Th du 2 :
Cho mach khuech ai MOSFET nh th du 1, MOSFET hoat ong
trong ieu kien bao hoa vi dai ien the vao 1V 1,9V, ta phai chon
ien the vao iem hoat ong tai tr so trung tam dai ong o, goi
Vi = 1,45V. S chon la nay c bieu dien tren hnh ve lai di ay:
iD(mA)
0,5
0,41

VGS = 1,9V
iem hoat ong Q(4V, 0,1 mA)
vGS = 1,45V
vGS = 1 V

0,1

0,9

5 vDS

Ta biet ngo ra thay oi gia 0,9V va 5V khi ngo vao thay oi gia 1V
va 1,9V.
20

Tnh c ien the ngo ra:

vO VS
Va:

vi VTH

K
2

RL

3 1, 45 1
5 10

104

4V

K
1.10
2
vi VTH
2
2
0,1mA

iD

1, 45 1

Do o iem hoat ong cua mach

khuech ai:

5V
4V

vo
[1,45V,4V]

0,9V

vO=vI -VTH
1V

1,45V 1,9V
0,45 0,45

vI

VI = 1,45V
VO = 4V
ID = 0,1 mA
iem hoat ong o lam cc ai tr so nh nh ien the vao u a (swing)
e cho mach khuech ai hoat ong di ieu kien bao hoa.
21

 Mch SF ( Source Follower) hay DC (Drain common)

Mach theo nguon (SF- Source Follower)
Con goi la mach em (buffer), mach
hoat ong trong vung bao hoa.
Tai nut ngo ra cho:

vo
vo iD RS iD
1
RS

vi vo VTH

22

G. Mch khuch i tn hiu nh

Dng in hot ng ng ra ID c tinh trc tip h thc c
tnh MOSFET nh:

K
2

ID

VI VTH

in th hot ng ngcung cp ra c c bng cch p dng

nh lut Kirchhoff cho vng bao gm ngun, MOSFET, v RL
nh sau:
vs
vo
RL
vo

+
iD=K(vi-VTH)2/2

vi

ids=K(VGS-VTH)vgs
ids=gmvgs

RL

vi
-

VO VS I D RL
VS

K
2
VI VTH RL
2
23

 Do , li tn hiu nh cho:

vo
K VI VTH RL
vi
Vi :

vo

g m RL

ids=K(VGS-VTH)vgs
ids=gmvgs

gm K VGS VTH

vi
-

l h s h dn ca MOSFET.
K
2
v

V
GS TH
2
K
2
ids
v

V
GS TH
vGS 2

RL

vGS vI

iDS

vGS VGS

.vgs K VGS VTH .vgs

g m vgs
24

 MOSFET

Khi c tn hiu vo vI = vGS:

vo

dvO
d
RL K
2

I
TH
S
v V .vi
dvI dvI
2
I
I

vo K vI VTH RL

vI VI

.vi

K VI VTH RL vi
g m RL vi
AV

vo
g m RL
vi

g m K VI VTH

25

26

6. 5 in tr ng vo, ng ra , li dng in v
li cng sut
Mch tng ng (AC)

Tng tr (in tr) ng vo:

27

 in tr ra

li dng

V Ri =

nn li dng cng bng v cc

28

 li cng sut

V Ri = nn li cng sut cng v hn.

Tuy nhin , trong mch thc t, in tr ng vo v
li cng sut l hu hn ( xc nh) .

29

 Th d : Mch theo ngun (SF)

Xt mch:
V mch in tng ng (AC):

Tnh c:

Trong vgs = vi vo thay vo trn cho:

30

 Sp xp li cho:

Cho thy li th nh hn 1.
Trng hp c bit quan trng khi RL rt ln, khi RL

v khi c thm gm Rs >>1 , cho:

Ta s thy v sao mch SF hu dng khi xt in tr vo v

in tr ra (xem sau)
31

 in tr vo v in tr ra tn hiu nh
in tr vo rt bng v hn ( v cc) v dng vo MOSFET
bng khng .
in tr ra c tnh theo h. :
p dng KCL ti nt a:

Sp sp li v n gin cho:

Do : gmRL, v RS rt ln , RL+RS tr nn khng ng k so vi

gmRLRS, nn: :
v gm rt ln nn ro rt b, v Ai tt
32
ln (c im ca mch buffer)

Mch tng ng BJT

I B 1 I CO
I
I
B
CO
1
1

; 1
1
1

IC

B
+

ic

rbb

rc

ib
ie

re

vbe

c
+

C+

B
+
vbe ib

Bib

rbe

vce

ic
rc vce
-

(5)

33

2. Phn gii ch ng- AC (rp CE)

Ta c mch tng ng tn hiu nh
Tnh c:
li th:
+
ib

v
R i
Av o C b
v
rbeib

RC
rbe

li dng:

Ai

vi
=vce

RB

+
rbe

hfeib

ib

ro

Rc vo

R
C
re

io
h fe
ii

Tng tr vo:

vi rbeib
ri
rbe re
ii
ib
Tng tr ra:

vo
ro rce RC RC
io

h fe
rbe re hie
VT
re
I CQ
34

H. DIOD
Khi phan cc thuan : V > 4VT exp(V/VT >>1 :
ID =IF= Isexp(V/VT) ln
Khi phan cc nghch: V << 4VT exp(-V/VT) <<1:
ID = IR=-IS
2. ac tuyen Ampe-Volt
Ta co ng bieu dien

ID
Vz

0,6 V
Izk
IzM

VD

35

ien tr noi pn
a.ien tr tnh
RD

VD
ID Q

ID

ID

VD

b.ien tr ong:

VD
rd
ID

dVD

dID

36

Phn cc thun Diod dn

Phn cc nghch Diod ngng

37

I. Mch RC v RL

Phng trnh vi phn bc nht

Phng trnh c trng
Nghim t do (qu )
Nghim xc lp (cng bc)
Nghim tng cng (iu kin ban u bng zero)
dv
RC c vc Vs
dt
vc t vctd t vcxl t

di t

Ri t Vs
dt
i t itd t ixl t
L

Ke t

Ke t Vs

Vs 1 e

RC

VS
R

Vs
1 e t
R

L
Rs

38

Cc thnh phn lu trng thi

T in, cun cm
T MOS
Cc mch FlipFlop
Cng thc:
- T np in:

vC t f vC 0 , vI t
vC t VCf vCi 0 VCf e t

- T x in:

vc t Vet

39

Thiet ke phan t nh
A. Mach th lan au

storage node

dOUT

dOUT

dIN

dIN
store

CM
store

dIN

Phan t nh

storage node
store =1

dOUT

dIN

storage node

dOUT

store =0

vC

vC 5.e t RLC
VOH
T RLC ln
5
o rong xung store >> RONC

RL

tr so lu tr
luon b r

5V
VOH

t
40

dIN

dOUT
RIN

store =0

buffer

CM

dIN

dOUT
RIN

store /store
=0

Rp

buffer

CM

dIN
dIN

RL

dOUT

store

RL

/Storage

CM
dOUT

*
RIN

store =0
CM

buffer

41

K. Trng thi dng sinus - Mch lc

+
vI

Z L j L
ZC

ZR =R

i(t)
C

ZR R

Mch RC, RL, RLC

Hm s truyn H(s)
p ng tn s
Mch lc

+
vc
-

Ic
+
Vi
-

+
Vc
-

Zc
=1/jwC

1
j

jC
C

1
ZC
jC
Vc
Vi
Vi
1
Z C Z R
R
jC
Vc

1
Vi
1 j RC

42

Th d : Mch RLC
L

Ir
Viexp(jwt)
Vicoswt

Vr

+
R
-

Vrexp(jwt)
Vr
Vrcos(wt+/_Vr)
-

ZR
R
Vi
Vi
1
Z L ZC Z R
j L
R
jC

jCR
Vr
Vi
1 2 LC jCR

43

Mch lc
nh ngha:
Mch lc l mch c nhim v cho qua hoc loi b mt tn s
hoc mt di tn s theo mong mun.
Phn loi:
1. Mch lc thp qua ( H thng LPF))
2. Mch lc cao qua (thng thng- HPF)
3. Mch lc di thng ( BPF)
4. Mch lc di loi ( BSF)
Vo(t)

vo(t)

vo(t)

vo(t)

f
44

Mch Op. Amp.

Cu trc mch OP.Amp.
c tnh mch Op.Amp.
Cng thc c bn :
- Khuch i o
- Khuch i khng o
Cc mch lm ton:
- Mch nhn
- Mch tng
- Mch tr (mch khuch i vi sai)
- Mch tch phn, Mch vi phn
- Mch ly logarit, mch ly antilogarit
Cc mch khc : mch lc,
mch so snh.

AV

RF
RI

AV 1

RF
RI

45

. Mch lm tan
1.Mch nhn

vo = - kvi vi k = - RF / RI
R

+
_

iI

vS

iF

i in
v

+
v out

46

2. Mch cng ( tng)

p dng nguyn l chng cht, cho:

47

3. Mch tr - Mch khuch i vi sai

RF
iF

R1

i1
+
_

v2
v1

+
_

+
R3

v out

48

 Mch khuch i tr cn c thc hin nh

sau:
RF
R

R
v1

O.A .1

R1

O.A.2

-v1

vo

R2
v2

RF

R
F
V o -V O1 V O 2 V 1
V 2
R2
R1
Nu chn R1 = R2 = RF ta c:
Vo =V1 V2
49

 4.Mch tch phn

Ta c :
dq = iF dt
dq = C dvc = Cdvo iF = C dvo / dt ( 1)
Mt khc : ii = -iF v ii = vi / R ( 2) Thay (2) vo
(1) :

1
dvO

vO
vi Ri i RC
v idt v O 0

dt
RC

50

5. Mch vi phn:
R
iF
C
vi

Op-Amp3
0V

ii

vo

Theo trn ta c:
dq = C dvc = Cdvi
dq = iit
ii = Cdvi / dt
v
ii = iF = -Vo /R

VO

dV i
RC
dt

51

L. Nng lng v cng sut

Nng lng
Cng sut
Cng sut ca MOSFET
Cng sut tiu tn ca CMOS ( cng sut tnh = 0 )
Cng sut tiu tn ca BJT
Cng sut tnh ca MOSFET khi dn:
Pstatic

VS2

RL RON

Cng sut ca cng Inverter

VS2
Pstatic
2 RL RON
Pdynamic

VS2 RL2CL

RL RON

VS2 RL2CL f

RL RON

52

M. Chuyn i nng lng

Chuyn i AC DC
Chuyn i DC DC
Mch chnh lu
Mch chnh lu v lc
Mch n p Zener
IC n p tuyn tnh
B cp in DC
Mch n p chuyn mch ( giao hon)

53

Khi nim chuyn i cng sut

Chuyn i AC DC
Chuyn i DC DC

+
220 V
50Hz

3V
solar cell
battery

5 VDC

PCC

PCC

5 VDC
-

Hiu sut cng sut ca b chuyn i quan trng thng

dng mt l linh kin sau: Bc MOSFET, t in, cun cm,
diod,Op. amp.

54

Cac mach diod

I. Mach chnh lu
1.Chnh lu ban ky( H.1)
VLDC = 0,318Vp

VDC
0

II

2II

55

2.Chnh lu toan ky ( toan song)

a. Chnh lu toan ky 2 diod
D1
n1: n2

i1
VL

Vip

i2
RL

Vip
D2
VLDC = 0,636 Vp

56

b.Cau chnh lu ( 4Diod)

Xet mach chnh lu toan ky 4 diod :

Bridge
D1
D4
Viac
=Vpsinwt
50Hz

D3

D2 VoDC

ILDC
RL

57

3.Mach loc

a.

Mach loc trong chnh lu ban ky

Do tu loc co tr so ln,nen dang song nap

nhanh va xa cham , nen dang song ra kha
thang ( phang)
Ta co hnh ve sau ( vi cach ve phong ai):

Vcmax =Vp
Vrp Vrpp

II

Vcmin VLDC

4II
58

Dang song ngo ra mach chnh lu

va loc toan ky:

Vcmax = Vp Vrp Vrpp

VLDC T2 =T Vcmin
59

1. Chnh lu v lc bn k

1
0, 01

V LDC V p 1
V
p 1

2
f
C
C
R
R
L

0, 01V p
1

V rp V p
2 f R LC
R LC
2.Chnh lu ton k

1
0, 005
V LDC V p 1
V p 1

4
f
C
C
R
R
L

0, 005V p
1

V rp V p
4 f R LC
R LC
60

Bo cap ien DC

1.Bo cap ien n gian

Mach gom cac thanh phan chu yeu sau:

VAC

Bien the

Ch.lu

Loc

Tai

ien the
khu vc
Trong hau het cac thiet b ien t ban dan
eu s dung bien the ha the .
61

2.Bo cap ien on nh n gian

a.Mach ien:

Rs ien tr gii han dong

RL ien tr tai
62

Cc cng thc mch n p Zener

in th ng ra:
VODC = VLDC = VZ
Dng in:
I1 = I Z + I L
I1 = (ViDC VZ) / RS
IL = VLDC / RL
I Z = I 1 - IL
Cng sut tiu tn :PZ= VZ IZ < PZM
PRS = I 12 RS
PL = VL2 / RL
63

n p chuyn mch
1. B tng th
Mch nguyn tc

Tai

Co 3 trang thai
1. S dan, diod ngng
2. S khi ngng, diod khi dan, C nap, vo tang
3. S ngng, , diod khi ngng, C gi vng vo ( xa qua tai )
64

e gi vng vo, ta pha ieu khien thi gian S dan/ ngng

L

DIODE
+

+
VI

vo

Tai

T
Tp

ieu khien
thay oi T

+ Vref

Cach ieu che o rong xung (PWM) cho:

- Neu (vo vref) tang th T giam, Vo giam lai e gi vo khong oi
- Neu (vo vref) giam th T tang, Vo tang len e gi vo khong oi
65

2 Mch h th

1. Mch c bn

66