Formulae and Tables

for use in the State Examinations

Page 1

Draft for consultation

Observations are invited on this draft booklet of
Formulae and Tables, which is intended to replace
the Mathematics Tables for use in the state
examinations.
In 2007, the State Examinations Commission
convened a working group to review and update the
Mathematics Tables booklet, which is provided to
candidates for use in the state examinations. The
Department of Education and Science and the
National Council for Curriculum and Assessment are
represented on the working group.
The group has carried out some consultation and now
presents this draft for wider consultation.
This draft is available in English only. The final
booklet will be provided in both Irish and English.

Anyone receiving this document should note its draft

status, and should not assume that content currently
in the draft will be included in the final version. The
final version will be circulated to all schools in
advance of its introduction in the state examinations.
The working group recognises that the Mathematics
Tables booklet is used by other institutions in their
own examinations and by various individuals for
other purposes. Whereas the needs of such users will
be noted, final decisions will be taken in the context
of the booklets primary purpose as a reference for
candidates taking examinations conducted by the
State Examinations Commission.
Comments should be forwarded by e-mail to
tables@examinations.ie before 31 May 2008.

Page 2

Contents
Length and area ....................................................................................................................................................4
Surface area and volume.......................................................................................................................................5
Area approximations.............................................................................................................................................6
Trigonometry ........................................................................................................................................................7
Co-ordinate geometry .........................................................................................................................................10
Geometry ............................................................................................................................................................11
Algebra ...............................................................................................................................................................12
Sequences and series ..........................................................................................................................................12
Number sets notation .......................................................................................................................................13
Calculus ..............................................................................................................................................................14
Financial mathematics ........................................................................................................................................16
Statistics and probability.....................................................................................................................................18
Units of measurement .........................................................................................................................................26
Common quantities, their symbols and units of measurement ...........................................................................28
Frequently used constants...................................................................................................................................33
Particle physics ...................................................................................................................................................34
Mechanics...........................................................................................................................................................36
Heat and temperature..........................................................................................................................................41
Waves .................................................................................................................................................................41
Electricity............................................................................................................................................................43
Modern physics...................................................................................................................................................45
Electrical circuit symbols ...................................................................................................................................46
The elements.......................................................................................................................................................51
.
Page 3

Length and area

Parallelogram

h
C

Arc / Sector

Triangle

a
Perimeter = 2a + 2b
Area = ah
= ab sin C

When is in radians:
Length of arc = r

Circle / Disc

Area of sector =

Length of circle = 2 r
Area of disc = r 2

1
2

r 2

a
Perimeter = a + b + c

Area =

1
2

ah

1
2

ab sin C

When is in degrees:

Length of arc = 2 r

360

360

Area of sector = r 2

s ( s a)( s b)( s c) ,

where s =

a+b+c
.
2

Page 4

Surface area and volume

Cylinder

Sphere

Solid of uniform cross-section

(prism)

r
r

h
Curved surface area = 2 rh
Volume = r 2 h

Surface area = 4 r 2
Volume =

4
3

Volume = Ah , where A is the

area of the base.

Pyramid on any base

Cone
Frustum of a cone

h
r

1
3

r 2 h

Curved surface area = rl

Volume =

Volume =

1
3

h R + Rr + r

Volume =

1
3

Ah , where A is the

area of the base.

Page 5

Area approximations

Trapezoidal rule:

Area

h
[ y1 + y n + 2( y 2 + y3 + y 4 + L + y n1 )]
2

or

h
[first + last + twice the rest ]
2

y1

y2

y3

y4

yn

Simpsons rule:

Area

h
[ y1 + y n + 2( y3 + y5 + L + y n2 ) + 4( y 2 + y 4 + L + y n1 )] , (where n is odd)
3

or

h
[first + last + twice the odds + four times the evens]
3

Page 6

Trigonometry
1

Definitions
sin A
tan A =
cos A

1
cot A =
tan A

1
sec A =
cos A

1
cosec A =
sin A

(cos A, sin A)
A

Trigonometric ratios of certain angles

A (degrees)

90

180

270

30

45

60

A (radians)

3
2

cos A

4
1

3
1
2

sin A

tan A

not
defined

not
defined

3
2
1
2
1
3

2
1
2

3
2

Basic identities

cos 2 A + sin 2 A = 1
cos( A) = cos A
sin( A) = sin A
tan( A) = tan A

Page 7

Compound angle formulae

Double angle formulae

cos( A + B ) = cos A cos B sin A sin B

cos 2 A = cos 2 A sin 2 A

cos( A B ) = cos A cos B + sin A sin B

sin 2 A = 2 sin A cos A

sin( A + B ) = sin A cos B + cos A sin B

tan 2 A =

2 tan A
1 tan 2 A

cos 2 A =

1 tan 2 A
1 + tan 2 A

sin 2 A =

2 tan A
1 + tan 2 A

cos 2 A =

1
2

(1 + cos 2 A)

sin 2 A =

1
2

(1 cos 2 A)

sin( A B ) = sin A cos B cos A sin B

tan( A + B) =

tan A + tan B
1 tan A tan B

tan( A B) =

tan A tan B
1 + tan A tan B

Page 8

Products to sums and differences

Trigonometry of the triangle

2 cos A cos B = cos( A + B) + cos( A B )

2 sin A cos B = sin( A + B ) + sin( A B )
2 sin A sin B = cos( A B) cos( A + B)

cos A + cos B = 2 cos

A+ B
A B
cos
2
2

cos A cos B = 2 sin

A+ B
A B
sin
2
2

Area =

2 cos A sin B = sin( A + B ) sin( A B )

Sums and differences to products

ab sin C

a
Sine rule:

1
2

a
b
c
=
=
sin A sin B sin C

Cosine rule: a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos A

In a right-angled triangle,

A+ B
A B
sin A + sin B = 2 sin
cos
2
2

sin =

opposite
hypotenuse

A+ B
A B
sin A sin B = 2 cos
sin
2
2

cos =

adjacent
hypotenuse

tan =

opposite
adjacent

Page 9

Co-ordinate geometry
Line

Slope: m =
Distance =

y 2 y1
x 2 x1

( x1 , y1 )

( x 2 x1 ) 2 + ( y 2 y1 ) 2

( x2 , y 2 )

x + x 2 y1 + y 2
,
Midpoint = 1

2
2

Equation of a line: y y1 = m( x x1 ) or y = mx + c
Area of a triangle with one vertex at the origin =

1
2

x1 y 2 x 2 y1

bx + ax 2 by1 + ay 2
,
Point dividing a line segment in the ratio a : b = 1

a+b
a+b

Distance from a point to a line =

ax1 + by1 + c
a2 + b2

Page 10

Circle

Equation of a circle, centre (h, k ) , radius r: ( x h) 2 + ( y k ) 2 = r 2

Circle x 2 + y 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0 has centre ( g , f ) and radius
Tangent to circle through given point:

g2 + f 2 c

( x h)( x1 h) + ( y k )( y1 k ) = r 2 or
xx1 + yy1 + g ( x + x1 ) + f ( y + y1 ) + c = 0

Geometry
Notation

Line through A and B:

AB

Vector operations
v 1 = x1i + y1 j , v 2 = x 2 i + y 2 j

Line segment from A to B:

AB

Scalar product:

Distance from A to B:

AB

Vector from A to B:

AB

Vector from origin O to A:

OA = a

v 1 v 2 = x1 x 2 + y1 y 2
= v 1 v 2 cos

Norm:

v = x2 + y2

Page 11

Algebra
Roots of quadratic equation: x =

b b 2 4ac
2a

Binomial theorem: ( x + y ) n =

r =0

n n r r n n n n 1
n
n
n
x y = x + x y + x n 2 y 2 + L x n r y r + L + y n
r
0
1
2
r
n

De Moivres theorem: [r (cos + i sin )] = r n (cos n + i sin n ) = r n e in or (r cis ) = r n cis(n )

n

a b
:
Inverse of matrix A =
c d

1 d b

, where det A = ad bc
det A c a

Sequences and series

Arithmetic sequence or series
Tn = a + (n 1)d

Sn =

n
[2a + (n 1)d ]
2

Geometric sequence or series

Tn = ar n 1

Sn =

a (1 r n )
1 r

S =

a
, where r < 1
1 r
Page 12

Number sets notation

Natural numbers:
Whole numbers:
Integers:
Rational numbers:
Real numbers:
Complex numbers:

N = {1, 2, 3, 4, L}
W = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, L}
Z = {L 3, 2, 1, 0, 1, 2, 3, L}

p Z, q Z , q 0
Q=
q

R
C = a + bi a R, b R, i 2 = 1

Page 13

Calculus
Differentiation

f (x)

f (x)

xn

ex

nx n 1
1
x
ex

e ax

ae ax

ax
cos x

a x ln a
sin x

sin x

cos x

tan x

sec 2 x
1

ln x

cos 1

x
a

x
a
x
tan 1
a
sin 1

a x
1
a2 x2
a
2
a + x2

Product rule

y = uv

Quotient rule

dy
dv
du
=u
+v
dx
dx
dx

u
y=
v

dy
=
dx

du
dv
u
dx
dx
2
v

Chain rule
y = u (v( x))

dy du dv
=
dx dv dx

Newton-Raphson Iteration
f ( xn )
x n +1 = x n
f ( x n )
Maclaurin series
2

f ( x) = f (0) + f (0) x +

f (0) 2
f ( r ) ( 0) r
x +L +
x +L
r!
2!

Taylor series
f ( x + h) = f ( x) + hf ( x) +

h2
hr
f ( x) + L +
f
2!
r!

(r )

( x) + L

Page 14

Integration
Constants of integration omitted.

Integration by parts

f (x)

f ( x)dx

x n , (n 1)

x n +1
n +1

1
x
ex

ln x

cos x

sin x

cos x

tan x

ln sec x

a x (a > 0)

1
2

a x
1
2
x + a2

(a > 0)
(a > 0)

sin 1

Solid of revolution about x-axis

Volume =

ex
1 ax
e
a
ax
ln a
sin x

e ax

udv = uv vdu

x =b

y 2 dx
x =a

x
a

1
x
tan 1
a
a
Page 15

Financial mathematics
In all of the following, t is the time in years and i is annual rate of interest, depreciation or growth, expressed as a
decimal or fraction (so that, for example, i = 008 represents a rate of 8%)1.
Compound interest: F = P(1 + i )

Present value: P =

(1 + i )t

(F = final value. P = principal)

(F = final value. P = present value)

Depreciation reducing balance method: F = P(1 i )

(P = initial value. F = later value.)

Depreciation straight line method: Annual depreciation =

initial cost residual value

useful economic life

Amortisation (mortgages and loans equal repayments at equal intervals):

R=A

i (1 + i ) t
(1 + i ) t 1

(R = repayment amount, A = amount advanced)

The formulae also apply when compounding at equal intervals other than years. In such cases, t is measured in the relevant
periods of time, and i is the period rate.
Page 16

Annual percentage rate (APR) statutory formula

The APR is the value of i (expressed as a percentage) for which the sum of the present values of all advances is
equal to the sum of the present values of all repayments. That is, the value of i for which the following equation
holds:
k =M

k =1

Ak
=
(1 + i )Tk

j =m

Rj

(1 + i)
j =1

tj

where:
M is the number of advances
Ak is the amount of advance k
Tk is the time in years from the relevant date to advance k
m is the number of repayments
Rj is the amount of repayment j
tj is the time in years from the relevant date to instalment j.

Converting period rate to APR/AER

i = (1 + r ) m 1
where:
i is the APR or AER (expressed as a decimal)
r is the period rate (expressed as a decimal)
m is the number of periods in one year.

Page 17

Statistics and probability

Mean
From list: =

x
n

From frequency table: =

The standard error of the mean is

fx
f

From list: =

( x ) 2
n

From frequency table: =

f ( x ) 2
f

Sampling
The sample mean x is an unbiased estimator of the
population mean . The adjusted sample standard
( x ) 2
is an unbiased estimator
deviation s =
n 1
of the population standard deviation .

standard error of the proportion is

Hypothesis testing
Tukey quick test:
Significance level
Critical value of tail-count

Standard deviation

t-test:

t=

-test:

pq
.
n

1%
10

0.1%
13

X
s

n
k

5%
7

and the

i =1

(Oi E i ) 2
Ei

Page 18

Probability distributions
Binomial distribution:
n
P (r ) = p r q n r
r
= np

Binomial coefficients
n n
n!
= C r = C (n, r ) =
r!(n r )!
r
n
Some values of C r :

= npq

Poisson distribution:
P(r ) = e

r
r!

, = np

=
Normal (Gaussian) distribution:
f ( x) =

( x )2
2 2

Standard normal distribution:

1
1 2 z2
f ( z) =
e
2
x
Standardising formula: z =

10

10

15

20

15

21

35

35

21

28

56

70

56

28

1
1
1

36

84

126

126

84

36

10

10

45

120

210

252

210

120

45

11

11

55

165

330

462

462

330

165

12

12

66

220

495

792

924

792

495

13

13

78

286

715

1287

1716

1716

1287

14

14

91

364

1001

2002

3003

3432

3003

15

15

105

455

1365

3003

5005

6435

6435

Page 19

Area under the standard normal curve

P ( z z1 ) =

1
2

z1 1 z 2
e 2 dz

-3

-2

-1

1 z 2
1

z1

000

001

002

003

004

005

006

007

008

009

00

05000

5040

5080

5120

5160

5199

5239

5279

5319

5359

01
02
03
04

05398
05793
06179
06554

5438
5832
6217
6591

5478
5871
6255
6628

5517
5910
6293
6664

5557
5948
6331
6700

5596
5987
6368
6736

5636
6026
6406
6772

5675
6064
6443
6808

5714
6103
6480
6844

5753
6141
6517
6879

05

06915

6950

6985

7019

7054

7088

7123

7157

7190

7224

06
07
08
09

07257
07580
07881
08159

7291
7611
7910
8186

7324
7642
7939
8212

7357
7673
7967
8238

7389
7704
7995
8264

7422
7734
8023
8289

7454
7764
8051
8315

7486
7794
8078
8340

7517
7823
8106
8365

7549
7852
8133
8389

10

08413

8438

8461

8485

8508

8531

8554

8577

8599

8621

Page 20

Area under the standard normal curve (continued)

z1

000

001

002

003

004

005

006

007

008

009

11
12
13
14

08643
08849
09032
09192

8665
8869
9049
9207

8686
8888
9066
9222

8708
8907
9082
9236

8729
8925
9099
9251

8749
8944
9115
9265

8770
8962
9131
9279

8790
8980
9147
9292

8810
8997
9162
9306

8830
9015
9177
9319

15

09332

9345

9357

9370

9382

9394

9406

9418

9429

9441

16
17
18
19

09452
09554
09641
09713

9463
9564
9649
9719

9474
9573
9656
9726

9484
9582
9664
9732

9495
9591
9671
9738

9505
9599
9678
9744

9515
9608
9686
9750

9525
9616
9693
9756

9535
9625
9699
9761

9545
9633
9706
9767

20

09772

9778

9783

9788

9793

9798

9803

9808

9812

9817

21
22
23
24

09821
09861
09893
09918

9826
9864
9896
9920

9830
9868
9898
9922

9834
9871
9901
9925

9838
9875
9904
9927

9842
9878
9906
9929

9846
9881
9909
9931

9850
9884
9911
9932

9854
9887
9913
9934

9857
9890
9916
9936

25

09938

9940

9941

9943

9945

9946

9948

9949

9951

9952

26
27
28
29

09953
09965
09974
09981

9955
9966
9975
9982

9956
9967
9976
9982

9957
9968
9977
9983

9959
9969
9977
9984

9960
9970
9978
9984

9961
9971
9979
9985

9962
9972
9979
9985

9963
9973
9980
9986

9964
9974
9981
9986

30

09987

9987

9987

9988

9988

9989

9989

9989

9990

9990
Page 21

Chi-squared distribution inverse values

The table gives the value of k corresponding to the
indicated area A.
That is, given a required probability A, the table gives
the value of k for which P 2 > k = A .

Degrees of
A = 0995
freedom
00000
1
00100
2
00717
3
02070
4
04117
5
06757
6
09893
7
13444
8
17349
9
21559
10
26032
11
30738
12
35650
13
40747
14

099

0975

095

005

0025

001

0005

00002
00201
01148
02971
05543
08721
12390
16465
20879
25582
30535
35706
41069
46604

00010
00506
02158
04844
08312
12373
16899
21797
27004
32470
38157
44038
50088
56287

00039
01026
03518
07107
11455
16354
21673
27326
33251
39403
45748
52260
58919
65706

38415
59915
78147
94877
11070
12592
14067
15507
16919
18307
19675
21026
22362
23685

50239
73778
93484
11143
12833
14449
16013
17535
19023
20483
21920
23337
24736
26119

66349
92103
11345
13277
15086
16812
18475
20090
21666
23209
24725
26217
27688
29141

78794
10597
12838
14860
16750
18548
20278
21955
23589
25188
26757
28300
29819
31319

Page 22

Chi-squared distribution inverse values (continued)

Degrees of
A = 0995
freedom
46009
15
51422
16
56972
17
62648
18
68440
19
74338
20
80337
21
86427
22
92604
23
98862
24
10520
25
11160
26
11808
27
12461
28
13121
29
13787
30
20707
40
27991
50
35534
60
43275
70
51172
80
59196
90
67328
100

099

0975

095

005

0025

001

0005

52293
58122
64078
70149
76327
82604
88972
95425
10196
10856
11524
12198
12879
13565
14256
14953
22164
29707
37485
45442
53540
61754
70065

62621
69077
75642
82307
89065
95908
10283
10982
11689
12401
13120
13844
14573
15308
16047
16791
24433
32357
40482
48758
57153
65647
74222

72609
79616
86718
93905
10117
10851
11591
12338
13091
13848
14611
15379
16151
16928
17708
18493
26509
34764
43188
51739
60391
69126
77929

24996
26296
27587
28869
30144
31410
32671
33924
35172
36415
37652
38885
40113
41337
42557
43773
55758
67505
79082
90531
10188
11315
12434

27488
28845
30191
31526
32852
34170
35479
36781
38076
39364
40646
41923
43195
44461
45722
46979
59342
71420
83298
95023
10663
11814
12956

30578
32000
33409
34805
36191
37566
38932
40289
41638
42980
44314
45642
46963
48278
49588
50892
63691
76154
88379
10043
11233
12412
13581

32801
34267
35718
37156
38582
39997
41401
42796
44181
45559
46928
48290
49645
50993
52336
53672
66766
79490
91952
10421
11632
12830
14017
Page 23

Students t-distribution two-tailed inverse values

The table gives the value of k corresponding to the indicated area A
in the two tails of the distribution.

A
2

That is, the table gives the value of k for which P ( t > k ) = A .
degrees of
freedom

A
2
-k

Significance level
20%

10%

5%

2%

1%

02%

01%

002%

001%

1
2
3
4

3078

6314

1271

3182

6366

3183

6366

3183

6366

1886
1638
1533

2920
2353
2132

4303
3182
2776

6965
4541
3747

9925
5841
4604

2233
1021
7173

3160
1292
8610

7070
2220
1303

9999
2800
1554

1476

2015

2571

3365

4032

5893

6869

9678

1118

6
7
8
9

1440
1415
1397
1383

1943
1895
1860
1833

2447
2365
2306
2262

3143
2998
2896
2821

3707
3499
3355
3250

5208
4785
4501
4297

5959
5408
5041
4781

8025
7063
6442
6010

9082
7885
7120
6594

10

1372

1812

2228

2764

3169

4144

4587

5694

6211

11
12
13
14

1363
1356
1350
1345

1796
1782
1771
1761

2201
2179
2160
2145

2718
2681
2650
2624

3106
3055
3012
2977

4025
3930
3852
3787

4437
4318
4221
4140

5453
5263
5111
4985

5921
5694
5513
5363

15

1341

1753

2131

2602

2947

3733

4073

4880

5239
Page 24

Students t-distribution two-tailed inverse values (continued)

Significance level

degrees of
freedom

20%

10%

5%

2%

1%

02%

01%

002%

001%

16
17
18
19

1337
1333
1330
1328

1746
1740
1734
1729

2120
2110
2101
2093

2583
2567
2552
2539

2921
2898
2878
2861

3686
3646
3610
3579

4015
3965
3922
3883

4790
4715
4648
4590

5134
5043
4966
4899

20

1325

1725

2086

2528

2845

3552

3850

4539

4838

21
22
23
24

1323
1321
1319
1318

1721
1717
1714
1711

2080
2074
2069
2064

2518
2508
2500
2492

2831
2819
2807
2797

3527
3505
3485
3467

3819
3792
3768
3745

4492
4452
4416
4382

4785
4736
4694
4654

25

1316

1708

2060

2485

2787

3450

3725

4352

4619

26
27
28
29

1315
1314
1313
1311

1706
1703
1701
1699

2056
2052
2048
2045

2479
2473
2467
2462

2779
2771
2763
2756

3435
3421
3408
3396

3707
3689
3674
3660

4324
4299
4276
4254

4587
4556
4531
4505

30

1310

1697

2042

2457

2750

3385

3646

4234

4482

40
50
60

1303
1299
1296

1684
1676
1671

2021
2009
2000

2423
2403
2390

2704
2678
2660

3307
3261
3232

3551
3496
3460

4094
4014
3962

4321
4228
4169

80
100

1292
1290

1664
1660

1990
1984

2374
2364

2639
2626

3195
3174

3416
3390

3899
3861

4095
4054

1282

1645

1960

2326

2576

3090

3290

3719

3891
Page 25

Units of measurement
Base units
The International System of Units (Systme International dUnits) is founded on seven base quantities,
which are assumed to be mutually independent. These base units are:

Base quantity

SI base unit

Symbol for unit

length (l)

metre

mass (m)

kilogram

kg

time (t)

second

electric current (I)

ampere

temperature (T)

kelvin

amount of substance (n)

mole

mol

luminous intensity

candela

cd

Page 26

Prefixes
Prefixes are used to form decimal multiples and submultiples of SI units. The common prefixes are:
Factor

Prefix

Symbol

Factor

Prefix

Symbol

1012

tera

1012

pico

109

giga

109

nano

106

mega

106

micro

103

kilo

103

milli

centi

deci

10

10

hecto
deka

da

10
10

The symbol for a prefix is combined with the unit symbol to which it is attached to form a new unit symbol,
e.g. kilometre (km), milligram (mg), microsecond (s).

Page 27

Common quantities, their symbols and units of measurement

Quantity

Symbol

SI unit

Symbol for
SI unit

Non-SI unit used

absorbed dose

gray

Gy = J kg1

acceleration

metre per second squared

m s2

acc. due to gravity

metre per second squared

m s2

activity

becquerel

Bq

amount of substance

mole

mol

amplitude

metre

angle

radian

rad

degree ()
minute (')
second ('')

angular velocity

radian per second

rad s1

rpm

area

metre squared

m2

are (a) = 100 m2

hectare (ha)
=100 a = 10 000 m2

atomic number

capacitance

farad

F = C V1

charge

coulomb

C=As
Page 28

Quantity

Symbol for
SI unit

Non-SI unit used

mole per litre

mol l1

ppm; %(w/v), %(v/v)

g cm3

Symbol

SI unit

concentration

critical angle

density

kilogram per metre cubed

kg m3

displacement

metre

dose equivalent

sievert

Sv = J kg1

electric current

ampere

electric field strength

volt per metre

V m1 = N C1

electronic charge

coulomb

C=As

energy (electrical)

joule

J=Nm

energy (heat)

joule

energy (kinetic)

Ek

joule

energy (potential)

Ep

joule

joule

energy (food)
enthalpy

joule

focal length

metre

force

newton

N = kg m s2

kW h

kcal = 4182 J = 1 Cal

Page 29

Quantity

Symbol

frequency

SI unit

Symbol for
SI unit

hertz

Hz = s1

half-life

T1/2

second

length (distance)

l, s

metre

magnetic flux

weber

Wb

magnetic flux density

tesla

T = Wb m2

magnification

mass

kilogram

kg

mass number

mole per litre

mol l1

molarity
moment of a force

newton metre

Nm

moment of inertia

kilogram metre squared

kg m2

momentum

kilogram metre per second

kg m s1

permittivity

farad per metre

F m1

periodic time

second

power

watt

W = J s1

pascal

Pa = N m2

pressure

P, p

Non-SI unit used

tonne (t) = 1000 kg

bar = 105 Pa
Page 30

Quantity

Symbol

SI unit

Symbol for
SI unit

refractive index

resistance

ohm

= V A1

resistivity

ohm metre

metre per second

m s1

watt per metre squared

W m2

speed
sound intensity
sound intensity level

u, v
I

knot = 0.514 m s1
bel (1 B = 10 dB)

I.L.

specific heat capacity

strain

stress

Non-SI unit used

joule per kilogram per kelvin

J kg K

Newton per metre squared

Pa = N m 2

temperature

kelvin

temperature

t,

degree Celsius

change in temperature

kelvin

tension

newton

thermal conductivity

watt per metre per kelvin

W m1 K1

Page 31

Quantity

Symbol

SI unit

Symbol for
SI unit

time

second

torque

newton metre

Nm

metre per second

m s1

volt

V = J C1

watt per metre squared per

kelvin

W m2 K1

velocity
voltage
potential difference

u, v
V

U-value
volume

metre cubed

m3

wavelength

metre

weight

newton

N = kg m s2

work

joule

J=Nm

Youngs modulus

Newton per metre squared

Pa = N m 2

Non-SI unit used

minute (min)
day (d)
hour (h)
year (y)

litre (l) = 1000 cm3

Page 32

Frequently used constants

Constant
alpha particle mass
Avogadro constant
Boltzmann constant
electron mass
electron volt
electronic charge
Faraday constant
gravitational constant
neutron mass
permeability of free space

Symbol
m
NA
k
me
eV
e
F
G
mn
0

permittivity of free space

Planck constant
proton mass
proton-electron mass ratio
speed of light in vacuo

h
mp
mp/me
c, c0

universal gas constant

Value
6.644 6565 1027 kg
6.022 1415 1023 mol1
1.380 6505 1023 J K1
9.109 3826 1031 kg
1.602 176 53 1019 J
1.602 176 53 1019 C
96 485.3383 C mol1
6.6742 1011 m3 kg1 s2
1.674 927 28 1027 kg
4 107 N A2
8.854 187 817 1012 F m1
6.626 0693 1034 J s
1.672 621 71 1027 kg
1836.182 672 16
2.997 924 58 108 m s1
8.314 472 J K1 mol1

Page 33

Particle physics
Class

Leptons

Symbol

electron

stable

stable

neutrino
muon
tau
pi meson

(mass of electron = 1)

< 10
+

207
3500

Mesons

Baryons

Mass

Name

Mean life

Year of
discovery
1897
1956

2 10 s
12

1 10

1937
1975

273

2.6 10 s

1947

264

8.4 1017 s

1947

1947

K meson

K K K

970

proton

1836

> 1032 y

1897

neutron

1839

960 s

1932

lambda

2183

2.6 1010 s

1947

sigma

2327

~ 10

1953

chi

+ o

2573

~ 1010 s

1954

omega

3272

~ 10

10

10

1964

Page 34

quark
u
s
t
d
c
b

up
strange
top
down
charmed
bottom

antiquark
u
s
t
d
c
b

Page 35

Mechanics
Linear motion with constant acceleration

v = u + at
s = ut +
2

1
2

at

v = u +2as

u + v
t
2

s=

average speed =

Relative motion

distance
time

sbc = sb sc
vbc = vb vc
abc = ab ac

Momentum of a particle

mv

Newtons experimental law (NEL)

v1 v2 = e(u1 u2)

Conservation of momentum

m1 u 1 + m2 u 2 = m1 v 1 + m2 v 2

Impulse (change in momentum)

mv mu
Page 36

s
r

Angle in radians

Angular velocity

Linear velocity and angular velocity

v = r

Centripetal acceleration

a = r 2=

Centripetal force

F = mr =

Newtons law of gravitation

F=

Force and acceleration

F = ma

Weight and acceleration due to gravity

W = mg = Vg ;

Period of a satellite

T2 =

Moment of a force

M = Fd

Torque of a couple

T = Fd

v2
r

mv 2
r

Gm1m2
d2

g=

GM
R2

4 2 R 3
GM

Page 37

Centres of gravity
Hemisphere, radius r

3
8

r from centre

Hemispherical shell, radius r

1
2

r from centre

Right circular cone

1
4

h from the base

Triangular lamina

1
3

Arc, radius r, angle 2

Sector of disc, radius r, angle 2

x + x 2 + x3 y1 + y 2 + y 3
,
from base along median = 1

3
3

r sin

2r sin
3

Moments of Inertia

Uniform rod, length 2l

Centre:

1
3

ml 2 One end:

4
3

ml 2

Uniform disc, radius r

Centre:

1
2

mr 2 Diameter:

1
4

mr 2

Page 38

Uniform hoop, radius r

Centre: mr 2 Diameter:

Uniform solid sphere, radius r

Diameter:

Parallel axis theorem

2 2
mr
5
2
I b = I c + m bc

Perpendicular axis theorem

IZ = I X + I y

Hookes law

F = ks

Simple harmonic motion

a=s

1
2

mr 2

T=

s = A sin ( t + )
2

v = ( A 2 s2)

Simple pendulum

T = 2

l
g

Compound pendulum

T = 2

I
mgh

Work

W = Fs =

Fds
Page 39

Potential (gravitational) energy

Ep = mgh

Kinetic energy

Ek =

Principle of conservation of mechanical energy

Ep + Ek = constant

Mass-energy equivalence

E = mc 2

Power

P=

1
2

mv 2

W
= Fv
t

power output 100

Percentage efficiency

power input

Youngs modulus

E=

Stress

F
A

Strain

l
l

Density

m
V

Page 40

F
A

Pressure

p=

Pressure in a fluid

p = gh

Thrust on an immersed plane surface

T = A pcentroid

Boyles law

pV = constant

Heat and temperature

Celsius temperature

t / C = T /K 273.15

Energy needed to change temperature

E = mc

E = C

Energy needed to change state

E = ml

E = L

Waves
Velocity of a wave

c = f

Doppler effect

f =

Fundamental frequency of a stretched string

f =

fc
cu
1

2l

Page 41

Mirror and lens formula

v
u

Magnification

m=

Power of a lens

P=

Two lenses in contact

P = P1 + P2

Refractive index

n=
n=

Diffraction grating

sin i
real depth
=
sin r apparent depth
1

sin C

c1
c2

n = d sin

Page 42

Electricity
Coulombs law

F=

q1 q2
4 d 2

Electric field strength

E=

F
q

Potential difference

V=

W
q

Ohms law

V = IR

Resistivity

Resistors in series

R = R1 + R2

Resistors in parallel

RA
l

R1

Wheatstone bridge

R 1 R3
=
R2 R4

Joules law

P = RI 2

R2

Page 43

Force on a current-carrying conductor

F = IlB

Force on a charged particle

F = qvB

Induced emf

E=

Alternating voltage and current

Vrms =

Capacitance

C=

q
V

Parallel-plate capacitor

C=

A 0
d

Energy stored in capacitor

W=

Power

P = VI

Magnetic flux

= BA

Transformer

Vi N p
=
Vo N s

d
dt

1
2

V0
2

I rms =

I0
2

CV 2

Page 44

Modern physics
Energy of a photon

E = hf

Einsteins photoelectric equation

2
h f = + mvmax

Law of radioactive decay

A = N

Half-life

T1 2 =

Mass-energy equivalence

ln 2

E = mc

Page 45

Electrical circuit symbols

Conductors

junction of conductors

conductors crossing with

no connection

Switches

push-to-make switch

push-to-break switch

two-way switch
(SPDP)

dual on-off switch

(DPST)

normally open
on-off switch (SPST)

normally closed
on-off switch (SPST)

dual two-way switch

(DPDT)

relay
(SPST)

Page 46

Power

cell

photovoltaic cell

battery

d.c. supply

a.c. supply

transformer

fuse

earth

variable resistor
(rheostat)

preset variable resistor

potential divider

Resistors

fixed resistor

thermistor

light-dependent resistor

Page 47

Capacitors

capacitor

electrolytic capacitor
(polarised capacitor)

variable capacitor

preset variable capacitor

(trimmer)

diode

Zener diode

photodiode

light-emitting diode
(LED)

Diodes

Meters

voltmeter

galvanometer

ammeter

ohmmeter

oscilloscope
Page 48

Amplification

pnp-junction transistor

light-sensitive transistor

amplifier
(block symbol)

microphone

earphone

loudspeaker

bell

buzzer

piezoelectric transducer

aerial (antenna)

filament lamp

signal lamp

neon lamp

npn-junction transistor

Audio

Lamps

Page 49

Other devices

M
motor

heater

inductor

inductor with
ferromagnetic core

AND

NOT
(inverter)

NAND

Logic gates

OR

NOR

Page 50

The elements
Periodic table of the elements
1

18

He

1.008

13

14

15

16

17

10

Li

Be

Ne

6.941

9.012

10.81

12.01

14.01

16.00

19.00

20.18

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

4.003

Na

Mg

A1

Si

Cl

Ar

22.99

24.31

10

11

12

26.98

28.09

30.97

32.07

35.45

39.95

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

39.10

40.08

44.96

47.87

50.94

52.00

54.94

55.85

58.93

58.69

63.55

65.41

69.72

72.64

74.92

78.96

79.90

83.80

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

85.47

87.62

88.91

91.22

92.91

95.94

(97.90)

101.1

102.9

106.4

107.9

112.4

114.8

118.7

121.8

127.6

126.9

131.3

55

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs

Ba

La

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

132.9

137.3

138.9

178.5

180.9

183.8

186.2

190.2

192.2

195.1

197.0

200.6

204.4

207.2

209.0

87

88

89

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

(209.0) (210.0) (222.0)

116

117

118

Uub Uut* Uuq Uup* Uuh Uus* Uuo

(223.0) (226.0) (227.0) (261.1) (262.1) (266.6) (264.1) (277.0) (268.1) (271.0) (272.2) (285.0)

(289.0)

(289.0)

(293.0)

* These elements have not yet been detected (2008).

See page 54 for the Lanthanoid and the Actinoid Series.

Page 51

First ionisation energies of the elements

(in kJ mol1)
1

18

He

1312

13

14

15

16

17

2372

10

Li

Be

Ne

520.2

899.5

800.6

1087

1402

1314

1681

2081

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Na

Mg

495.8

737.7

10

11

12

A1

Si

Cl

Ar

577.5

786.5

1012

999.6

1251

1521

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

418.8

589.8

633.1

658.8

650.9

652.9

717.3

762.5

760.4

737.1

745.5

906.4

578.8

762.0

947.0

941.0

1140

1351

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

403.0

549.5

600.0

640.1

652.1

684.3

702.0

710.2

719.7

804.4

731.0

867.8

558.3

708.6

834.0

869.3

1008

1170

55

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs

Ba

La

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

375.7

502.9

538.1

658.5

761.0

770.0

760.0

840.0

880.0

870.0

890.1

1007

589.4

715.6

703.0

812.1

89040

1037

87

88

89

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

380.0

509.3

499.0

580.0

Uub Uut* Uuq Uup* Uuh Uus* Uuo

* These elements have not yet been detected (2008).

See page 54 for the Lanthanoid and the Actinoid Series.

Page 52

Electronegativity values of the elements

(Using the Pauling scale)
1

18

He

2.20

13

14

15

16

17

10

Li

Be

Ne

0.98

1.57

2.04

2.55

3.04

3.44

3.98

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

Na

Mg

A1

Si

Cl

Ar

0.93

1.31

10

11

12

1.61

1.90

2.19

2.58

3.16

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

Ca

Sc

Ti

Cr

Mn

Fe

Co

Ni

Cu

Zn

Ga

Ge

As

Se

Br

Kr

0.82

1.00

1.36

1.54

1.63

1.66

1.55

1.83

1.88

1.91

1.90

1.65

1.81

2.01

2.18

2.55

2.96

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

Rb

Sr

Zr

Nb

Mo

Tc

Ru

Rh

Pd

Ag

Cd

In

Sn

Sb

Te

Xe

0.82

0.95

1.22

1.33

1.60

2.16

2.10

2.20

2.28

2.20

1.93

1.69

1.78

1.96

2.05

2.10

2.66

2.60

55

56

57

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

Cs

Ba

La

Hf

Ta

Re

Os

Ir

Pt

Au

Hg

Tl

Pb

Bi

Po

At

Rn

0.79

0.89

1.10

1.30

1.50

1.70

1.90

2.20

2.20

2.20

2.40

1.90

1.80

1.80

1.90

2.00

2.20

87

88

89

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

Fr

Ra

Ac

Rf

Db

Sg

Bh

Hs

Mt

Ds

Rg

0.70

0.90

1.10

Uub Uut* Uuq Uup* Uuh Uus* Uuo

* These elements have not yet been detected (2008).

See page 54 for the Lanthanoid and the Actinoid Series.

Page 53

Periodic table of the elements

Lanthanoid Series
Actinoid Series

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

140.1

140.9

144.2

(144.9)

150.4

152.0

157.3

158.9

162.5

164.9

167.3

168.9

173.0

175.0

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

232.0

231.0

238.0

(237.0)

(244.1)

(243.1)

(247.1)

(247.1)

(251.1)

(252.1)

(257.1)

(256.0)

67

68

69

(259.1) (262.1)

First ionisation energies of the elements

(in kJ mol1)
58

Lanthanoid Series
Actinoid Series

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

70

71

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

534.4

527.0

533.1

540.0

544.5

547.1

593.4

565.8

573.0

581.0

589.3

596.7

603.4

523.5

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

587.0

568.0

597.6

604.5

584.7

578.0

581.0

601.0

608.0

619.0

627.0

635.0

642.0

470.0

66

67

68

69

70

71

Electronegativity values of the elements

(Using the Pauling scale)
58

Lanthanoid Series
Actinoid Series

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

Ce

Pr

Nd

Pm

Sm

Eu

Gd

Tb

Dy

Ho

Er

Tm

Yb

Lu

1.12

1.13

1.14

1.17

1.20

1.22

1.23

1.24

1.25

1.00

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

Th

Pa

Np

Pu

Am

Cm

Bk

Cf

Es

Fm

Md

No

Lr

1.30

1.50

1.70

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

1.30

Page 54

Page 55