368 Basi engincringthermodynanies 4. Steam enters a group of convergent-dvergent nozzles ats pressure of 3 MNjqt Chapter 13 Steam turbines 1); 6125 m9 5994 lhe circumference of a disc and the dise were fre to rotate on a shaft, steam blown, ‘eros the blades, as ilusrated, would cause the dise to rotate. This i the principle of he steam turbine, Force Z Sot ‘Steam on "9185 Steam tow across a curved blade tes the idea of the steam turbine. The blades are set round the turbine disc. The tops of the blades are connected together, for by means of the blade Semterence of ion F the ANS turbine. The higher the load, ‘nozzles are put into serviceFig. 132 Stoamtwrbine: basic concept ‘The turbine just described is a simple turbine and was one of the fist tote ly rotates at a very high speed, some 300 to 400 revs he size of the turbine dise for meal reasons such ascent ‘0 it has a small power output. Also, due to the high speed of ro between the turbine dise and external equipment is not generally poss reason, a reduction gearbox sd between the turbine disc and the ‘equipment. ‘A problem in steam turbine development has been fo red in the nozzles. And the velocity of the steam is reduced as some of the kite in the steam is used up in producing work on the turbine shaft sure drop from boiler to condenser pres the de Laval turbine, then the steam vel this speed may be reduced by three I sure compounding and pressure-velocity compoundi"é Seam rrbines 308 3 velocity compounding ‘ snsty compounding (Fi 1¢ steam is expanded in a single row of pre the nozzles passes on to the first des passes into a row of fixed blades which are ine casing. This row of fixed blades serves to redirect the steam ‘of motion such that it is correct for entry into a second row jades which are mounted on the same turbine dise as the fist row of lex. The steam velocity is again partially reduced in the second row of ‘These processes are shown in Fig. 13.3(b). Graphs of pressure and uded, Once again, all the pressure drop occurs pozles; the pressure in the turbine remains constant. Only part of the the steam is used up in each row of blades, so a slower turbine results. the rows of blades are connected to the same shal. This turbine is sometime quite common in the higvpcessure stage of a large turbine, If necessary, further rows of fixed and roving blades may be added. tick cd movi bl soving bla inoing blades Fa "3 Velocity compounding: (a turbine and () graphs 4 "e8sure compounding ‘ee oes on io a second row of moving blades where hc ‘The steam then pastes into third row of nozzies and son, velocity is againThree stages of pressure drop 0 stage. ‘Since only part e as high, so the there is no loss of output. T ‘compounding the pressure deo? =” bbe uccommodated i the height of ‘Moving blade Sieh row mow rs 9.128 Pressure-volocity compounding: (a) turbine and (b) graphs. uc fther point which wil contribute to the inreas i diameter isthe velocity of tte sea, the through the turbine then, once ain greater in order to preserve the mass A, Somewhs different from that ine, the rection turbine consists of rows of Blades on a drum. These drum blades are separated by rows of fixed blades he cingS14 Basic enginering thermodynamics Direction Casing ‘of steam ‘ow ‘Steam gland Fiat section |S High iui i mn —— velocity = = = Pressure o turbine an (b) graphs Fig. 138 i set ving les fa reaction tarine with ma “Thi expansion in ihe moving DE, hat sat ‘the moving blades, beyond one 0 reaction turbine, a stage is made up of a row of fixed blades followed by a ‘occurs in rows of fixed blades $0 the speed of the turbine i relatively ‘drop occurs in the moving blades is called the degree of to have $0 per cent of the ae is said to have 50 per ce that im the low-pressure sections of @ reaction turbine ume of steam Sam pa Steam enoust "= 7 cca owpressur turbine316. Basic ergincering thermodynamics 18.7. The practical steam turbine Figure 13.8 shows “The top haif ofthe casing. The two ions, or eylinders, of an actual stea ger diameter). The low-pressure ace rg flange shown, F938 Steam turbine assemély Siam turbines 377 ‘te ‘has wn output of 135 MW with steam inlet conditions of 11.0 MN/m? CO ee a en oe idler ton jas volo diagram for impulse turbin brado blade, Inlet and exit veloc is. Re te i gan ae to dent hs igh elec sem one Ottection ‘of motion Fig 129. Impulse wrbine blade and velocity Wiangles The velocity of the steam as it leaves the nore scaled the absolute velocity at inet, 4 The nozaleis inclined at am angle o the plane of rotation of the turbine Blades. 'n operation, the turbine blades wil be rotating. Let the mean blade speed be U. Themean Blade speed -am at inlet will have an ongoing, veloci lover the blade, its direction will be The Nyeo"POnent OF Cag which is along, the axis of ro Cie is called the velocity of Ment378 Basi engineering thermdynamics 139. The combination of i 1nd exit velocity triangles : Change’ vod of ow = Gy lute velocities start from A. Both relative velocities st fo jon in the blade then Cy = Ce and the extremities of lie on the are of «circle, centre B, as shown 13.10 Work done by the blades “The components ofthe absolut velit in he direction of motion ofthe Bale the effective parts of the velocities in producing motion in the bla components concerned ae the velocities of whit Now, by Newton's laws Force = range of change of momentum = mass x change of velocity wi ‘The change of velocity which produces the foree on the blades in the # is the change in velocity of whith Change in velocity of whirl = ~Cye — Ci = Cnt Ed =Car Ce) Steam turbines 379 isthe mass of steam flowing through the blades in kg/s, then to change the velocity of from Cuu 10 = Cap = 18x [~ (Cas + Co wi Fo -reneatve sign shows that this fore acts ina direction opposite to the rotation. sy Nevin’ third law, to every action there is an equal and opposite reaction, the soesin newtons imparted 10th Blades in the direction of rotation is given by Fama + Cn) oy hen ‘vis measured in kes Cand Cue are measured in mys sothat gm _ KEM poke m Kem [Now the mean velocity ofthe blades is U m/s and Work done = force x distance Hence Work done(s = power = ritCy + Cue) N= daw 1) Im the expressions for work done there appears the term (Cy. + Cac. This shows, the advantage of constructing a combined diagram as illustrated in Fig. 13.9. It stows that the overall length of the diagram isin fact (Cyy+ Ca) Now the kinetic energy of the steam supplied is a z i steams (Wyk steam) ry From this, the blade or diagram efficiency is Notk done by blade/kg steam _ U(Cus + Cue) Energy soppiedikg steam C32 = 2 Cay + Coed The a ° “elocity diagram includes the vel of flow at inlet and exit, The velocity thal velocity whieh ty which passes the steam across the Why Of flow across the blades, there is mo en welecty of Mow changes, there is an end-thrus be a function of whether Cie is greater than, or less than Cr F ‘SIE mass x change of velocity = HC, ~ Ca) ~end-thrust 1380 Basic engineering thermodynamics Note that (Ce-+ Ca) can be obtained directly, by measurement from the diagram. wey Ci < Crs the force is negative and, by Newton's thitd law, the end long the turbine shaft in the direction of the velcity of low. If Ci ‘thrust is inthe opposite direction to the velocity of ow. 1 1 The effect of trietion Fig. 13.11 Friction: eect on turbine blage Note how friction has reduced the change in the velocity of whirl, and MO reduced the power output. blade speed is 168. angles for the Blades monde #21 Fy ‘Phall be no axl thrst on the Blades, allowing forthe velocity af the steam a pose it the blades add Steam ines 16% 088 of ive velocity ‘Change in velocity of whi » 320 mis 15,1912 Diagram for Example 18.1 ya exit, Ce. AD represents the abso From the velocity dingramn Sees ATL SS382 Basie engineering thermodynamics ‘Charge in velocity of whit = 580 me Fig. 13.19 Diagram for Example 132 ® Entry angle ofthe blades = ¢ “4 » Work done on the blades = (Cys + Cu) WIKE ity of “tom the diagram the change inv wi Cu) = 590 mis ‘Work done on the Blade = 255 x $90 450 Wie = 1504S Lie ‘Steam turbines 383 2 ® ficiency = 2K Cs) 201Ca + Ce) cP 232555590 ‘ou? =086 =86% © cggaheat = (CoC Nihe s from Fig. 13.13 the change in velocity of Row is (Go-Go = —90mis Endsthrst = -90 N/kg s ‘The negative sign shows tha the end-thrust is along the shal inthe dieetion f steam flow. 1012 Velocity diagram for two rows of blades Figure 1.14 shows the velocity diagram for wo rows of impulse blades having the sane mein blade speed U; Subscript I indicates the first row of blades and subscript 2indcates the second row of blades. Between these two rows of moving blades must tea fixed row of blades in order that the steam can be turmed to the correct far enry into the second row of blades. The velocity diagram for the ‘just as before. The absolute velocity at exit from the first row of Blades is Goat angle f, which isthe entry angle of the fixed blade. With centre A and taking the account of loss due 10 he absolute velocity at the second row of blades, Cua, which is at angle a the exit angle ofthe Fixed "om then on the construction for the second row of blades proceeds as384 Basi ongincringtermndynam Fig. 1218 Diagram|or Example 19.3 Seam trbines 385 108 ee i selocity diagram (Fig, 1.18). From the diagram = 43% 90% 245% 150 « 1195 = 806625 W. 806.625 4 » (Cot Cus) pingtm efcency = 2st + Car) _ 2x lw 9s 7s" =o7m Sma th fixed and moving Blades, the moving blades Cie > Cy ‘other things being equal, ei th the symmet {30 there is no end-theust due to 4 presure drop across each stage. This pressure drop will combine wth the fea ofthe blade annulus to produce an end-thrust. Change in velosity of whith "056 pexcon loci386 Basi engineringthermodymomice As with the impulse turbine Power = rt! (change in velocity of whit Endathn (due to velocity change) = ni (change in velocity of flow) However, the stage efficiency must be related to the energy available 1 je eres ae Energy available tothe stage = A J/kg = specific enthalpy drop in stage Work done 1. Stage eticieney = _Wotk done in wage Stage Y= Eathalpy drop in stage HC Ca) wih from which Cat Cu Sage efficiency = 7 2 n speed of 50 rele. The Bales are dsigned for $0 percent rection wk 1 cand inlet angles $0°. The turhine is supplied with steam at the rate of 00 00 hgh moring Blades de 1 expansion Gu #281 mvs (as + Case 444 m5 Fig. 19.17 Oiagram tor Example 134 Steam turbines 387 ty of whit = (Cui + Cue) = 444 os the sage = mUICas + Cu) ist aaa 6x 109 " WG Co) sagen WNC Can) _ 1ST 444 4 Stem 085 x10 = mise 0 (oe he diagram, C= 224 mis and Cg = 341 mys ja 20 eas in relative velocity = x 100% “ t tative velocity = 28294 5 100 100% 1214 Blade height The Made eight ata partular section of «tubing ‘oltowing: . ™ be @ function of the ‘The mass low of steam through the section, rt ke/s. ‘The nee volume ofthe steam Mowing though the section, mk + The: {The area through which the steam is passing, A ‘The velocity ofthe steam as it passes the section, C ms Forte section ne AC a culation wll be based on whether the turbine is impulse or reaction, height for impulse turbine 'a) shows a plan view of two impulse turbine blades at pitch P apart. ale of the blades is 0. The projected pitch in the dreetion of the relative woe itY Cy is P sin 0. Figure 13.18(b) shows a sketch of an impulse turbine "diagram for a single blade row. The velocity of flow at inlet is given by Gee, a388 Basic engineering thermodynamics ax Cysina ig, 18.18. Blade height in impulse turbine: (a plan view of blades) velocity dagen For an impulse turbine blade row, let vit = mass flow of steam. k = specific volume of mks LN = number of blades covered by nozzles P= pitch of blades, m (Laken at mean blade height) Gh = velocity of flow at inlet, mis Then, from equation {1} tiv = AC = NP sin Hx Cy = NPH% Cy sind = NPHC, "(from equation [2}) sive a . He NPCH Suppose the nozzle coverage of the blades is complete or, in later sections of turbine, the steam has full admission, meaning that the steam flow is throu! complete blade annulus. Then [NP = citcuference at the mean blade diameter and " where d-= mean blade diameter, m This is also the casein the reaction turbine and sh Steam turbines 389 “pea partaar stage of 100 be sure of 330 Nim? angles of 37 and C= 60 mis (a+ Conde 270 rvs Fig. 1919. Diagram tor Example 135 O 1380 KN and with temperature of 175 °C += 0589 mg Sic the Blade height 7 = 0, then d= OH Now 2 13S 0.589 weld 7 nx To x6 O78 = Y0.008 22 = 0.65 m = 65 mm ® UC + Coy) = 13.8% 60 270 =218 700 = 2187 kW ® Suey = UC t Cad * bm Wu + Ca) Stage = @x270 om = 19059 kg = 1089 ka ke390 Basic engineering thermodynamics impulse turbine with a velocity of ined at an ange of 24° 2 from nozles, nine at an angle of 22° tothe direction of moto, ip 1 velocity of 680 mys on to the blades of a single-stage impulse turbine. The = iat ofthe Wade ng i 125 m The a gt ant and ext 3 fat 30° tothe plane of rotation of the blades, The steam veloc 1550 mis. There is 8 15 per cent loss of relative velocity due to Fiction aes he blades. The absolute veloc ‘along the axis of the turbiae, The steam few 4 “The mean bade sped is 230 ‘ofthe bles, There is a 10 per cent loss of the absolute velocity of the steam at exit the power output ofthe turbine Bs moving blades are 30°, The stage efficiency is 80 per cet, The ps ‘bar and the temperature x 200°C, Determine ‘the specitic enthalpy drop across the stage in ik Steam wrbines 391 hse mea Sd sed of ow. the fined cow and the second moving wey blades due to ition. Determine 7 first moving row. xed, and second moving row of blades power output ofthe two wheels of sta the inkt nozzle angle and velocity the power output of the two rows of blades if the turbine uss 1.5 kg of steam per second Hea) 385, 26°16) 24, 835 ms: () 366 RW]