rutser-oaren-totae | 1 Artisan esipater | text oe) Dosige a onerte Tien engoes 204 Scere Tint os ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION INTRODUCTION Reinforced concrete members are commonly subjected to bending moments. o trans- verse shears associated with those bending moments. and. inthe case of columns, to axial forces often combined with bending and shea. In addition, torsional forzes may act, tending to twist a member about its longitudinal axis. Such torsional forces sel- dom act alone and are almost always concurrent with bending moment and transverse shear, and sometimes with axial force as well. For many years. torsion was regarded as a secondary effect and was not cons cred explicitly in design—its influence being absorbed in the overall factor of safety of rather conservatively designed structures. Current methods of analysis and design, however, have resulted in less conservatism, Ieading to somewhat smaller mombers that, in many cases, must be reinforced to inerease torsional strength. In addition, there is increasing use of structural mombers for which torsion isa contra feature of behav ior: examples include curved bridge girders. eccentrically loaded box beams, and hel- ieal stairway slabs. The design procedures in the ACI Code were first proposed in Switzeriand (Refs. 7.1 and 7.2) and are also included in the European and Canadian mode! codes (Refs. 7.3 and 7.4). Itis useful in considering torsion to distinguish between primary and secondary torsion in reinforced eonerete structures. Prinury torsion, sometimes ealled eguilth- rien torsion or statically determinate torsion, exists when the external load has no alternative load path but must be supported by torsion, For such cases, the torsion required to maintain static equilibrium ean be uniquely determined. An example isthe cantilevered slab of Fig. 7-14. Loads applied to the slab surface cause twisting moments m0 act along the length of the supporting beam. These are equilibrated by the resisting torque T provided at the columns. Without the torsional moments, the structure will collapse In contrast to this condition, secondary torsion, also called conpanibilty torsion or statically indeterminate torsion, arises from the requirements of continuity, i. compatibility of deformation between adjacent parts of a structure, For this case, the torsional moments cannot be found based on static equilibrium alone, Disregard of con- timuity inthe design will often lead to extensive cracking, but generally will mot eause collapse. An internal readjustment of forces is usually possible and an alternative equi- librium of forces found. An example of secondary torsion is found in the spandtel or edge beam supporting a monolithic conerete slab, shown in Fig. 7.1b. Ifthe spandrel ‘beams torsionally stiff and suitably reinforced, and if the columns can provide the nec- essary resisting torque T, then the slab moments will approximate those fora rigid exte- ‘hor support as shown in Fig. 7. 1c. However, ifthe bear has litle torsional stiffness and 2atwiser-orwi-tolas | 1 Arts ane Oeister | Text one nkcart Desig ct Cnet Tesien Cengones, 200 Simetes Tito ioe 232 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chpter7 FIGURE 7.1 r Torsional efcets in a reinforced concrete: o primary cr equilibria m, torsion at a cantilevered slab: (5) secondary oe compatibility tesion at an edge beam: () slab ‘moments if edige beam is stiff torsional: (slab ‘moments if exige beam is exible torsional. inadequate torsional reinforcement, cracking will occur to further reduce its torsional stiffness, and the slab moments will approximate those for 2 hinged edge, 2s shown in Fig. 7.1d. If the slab is designed to resist the altered moment diagram, collapse will not occur (see discussion in Section 12.10). ‘Although current techniques for analysis permit the realistic evaluation of tor- sional moments for statically indetermninate conditions as well as determinate, design. ers often neglect secondary torsional effects when torsional stresses are low and alter- native equilibrium states are possible. This is permitied according to the ACI Code and many other design specifications, On the other hand, when torsional strength is an essential feature of the design, such as for the bridge shown in Fig, 7.2. special analy- sis and special torsional reinforcement is required, as described in the remainder of this chapter. Torsion IN PLain Concrete MemBers Figure 7.3 shows a portion of a prisinatic member subjected to equal and apposite torques Tat the ends, Ifthe material is elastic, St. Venant’s torsion theory indicates thatrutser-oaren-totae | 1 Artisan esipater | text Design af Caner Tanen engoes 204 Srvctres Thin in ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION, 233) FIGURE 7.2 Curved continuous beam bridge, Las Vegas, Nevada, ‘esi gies for worsional effects, (Courtesy of Prtand Cetens Association) FIGURE 73 Stresses caused by torsion torsional shear stresses are distributed over the cross section, as shawn in Fig. 7.3b ‘The largest shear stresses occur atthe middle of the wide faces. Ifthe material deforms inelastically, as expected for concrete, the stress distribution is closer to that shown by the dashed line.rutser-oaren-totae | 1 Artisan esipater | text oe) Dongs of ove Tonien engoes 204 Scere Tint os 234 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 7 FIGURE 7.4 r Thin-walled tube under flow path ea z ex AL act on an element at oF near the wide surface, as shown in Fig. 7.30, As explained in strength of materials texts this state of stress corresponds to equal tension and compression stresses on the faces of an element at 45° to the direction of shea. These inclined tensi by transverse shear, discussed in Sectic the torsional shear stresses are of opposite sign on opposing sides of the member (Fig. 7.34), the corresponding diagonal tension stresses are at right angles 1@ each other Fig. 7.30) When the diagonal tension stresses exceed the tensile resistance of the concrete, a crack forms at some accidentally weaker location and spreads immediately across the beam, The value of torque corresponding to the Formation of this diagonal crack iy known as the enacking torque T,. ‘There are several ways of analyzing members subjected to torsion, The nonfinear stress distribution shown by the dotted lines in Fig. 7.3P lends itself to the use of the thin-walled tube, space truss analogy. Using this analogy, the shear Stresses are treated as constant over a finite thickness ¢ around the periphery of the member, allowing the beam fo be represented by an equivalent tube, as shown in Fig. 7.4, Within the walls of the tube, torque is resisted by the shear flow q. which has units of force per unit length, In the analogy, g is treated as a constant around the perimeter of the tube. AS shown in, Fig. 7.4. the resultants of the individual components of shear flow are located within the walls of the tube and act along lengths y, in the vertical walls and along lengths.x, in the horizontal walls. with y, and x, measured at the center of the walls, The relationship between the applied torque and the shear flow can be obtained by summing the moments about the axial centerline of the tube. giving ind as those eausedl gry 2+ Dap 2 @ where the Ino terms on the right-hand side represent the contributions of the horizon- tal and vertical walls to the resting torque, respectively, Thus, T= gry, ©) The product x,y, represents the area enclosed by the shear flow path A,, giving T= 2A, © and a= @rutser-oaren-totae | 1 Artisan esipater | text oe) Dongs of ove Tonien engoes 204 Scere Tint os ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION 235 Note that, although A, is on area. it derives from the moment calculation shown in Eq. (a) above. Thus. A, is applicable for hollow box sections. as well as solid sections, and in such case includes the area of the central void. For a tube wall thickness ¢, the unit shear stress acting within the walls of the tube is a 1” Ad an As shown in Fig, 7.34, the principal tensile stress = ‘Thus, the concrete will crack only when. == f,, the tensile strength of conorete. Considering that con- rote is under bioxial tension and compression, f, can be conservatively represented by 4 J; rater than the value typically used for the modulus of rupture of conerete, which is taken as f, = 7.5. Fj for normal-densty concrete, Substituting 4. J; in Eq, (7-1) and solving for 7 wives the value of the cracking torque: T= 4 Je 2A on Remembering that A, represents the area enclosed by the shear flow path. A, must be some faction of the area enclosed by the outside perimeter ofthe full con crete cross section A, The value oft can, in general be approximated as a Iroction of the ratio Ag, Pay Where py is the perimeter ofthe cross seetion, For solid members ‘with rectangular eross sections, is typically one-sixth to one-fourth ofthe minimum widih, Using a value of one-fourth for a member with a width-to-depth ratio of 0.5 yields a value of A,, approximately equal to 3 Ay. For the same member, f =F Agy Pay. Using these values for 4, and # in Eq. (7. 3) It has been found that Eq. (7.3) gives a reasonable estimate of the cracking torque of solid reinforced concrete members regardless of the cross-sectional shape. For hollow sections, T,, in Eq, (7.3) should be reduced by the ratio A, A, where A, is the gross cross section of the concrete, i., not including the area of the voids (Ref. 7.5) Torsion In REINFORCED ConcRETE MEMBERS ‘To resist torsion for values of T above T,,. reinforcement must consist of closely spaced stirrups and longitudinal bars. Tests have shown that longitudinal bars alone bbardly increase the torsional strength, with test results showing an improvement of at ‘most 15 percent (Ref. 7.5). This is understandable because the only way in which lon sgitudinal steal can directly contribute to torsional strength is by dowel action, which is particularly weak and unreliable if longitudinal splitting along bars is not restrained bby transverse reinforcement. Thus, the torsional strength of members reinforced only ‘and somewhat conservatively, predicted by Eqs. 7.2) and (3). When members are adequately reinforced, as in Fig. 75a, the concrete cracks at forque that is equal 1o oF only somewhat larger than in an une amber, 2s given by Bq, (7.3). The cracks form a spital pattem, as shown in Fig. 7.5), Upon racking, the torsional resistance of the concrete drops to about half of that of the wcracked member the remainder heing now resisted by reinforcement. This reistri- bution of internal resistance is reflected in the torque-twist curve (Fig. 7.6), which at orcedrutser-oaren-totae | 1 Artisan esipater | text oe) Dongs of ove Tonien engoes 204 Scere Tint os 236 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chapter 7 FIGURE 7.5 Reinforced eonerete beam fn tersion: (a) torsional reinforcement; (6) torsional cracks, FIGURE 76 Torque twist curve in enforced concrete member || Yo Ld. | x. —_— (a) © = the cracking torque shows continued twist at constant torque until the intemal forces bbave been redistributed from the concrete to the steel. As the section approaches the ultimate load, the concrete outside the reinforcing cage cracks and begins to spall off contributing progressively less to the torsional capacity of the member. ‘Tests show that, affer cracking, the area enclosed by the shear path is defined by the dimensions x, and y, measured to the centerline of the outermost closed transverse reinforcement, rather ihan to the center of the tube walls as before. These dimensions define the gioss area A, = 4,y, and the shear perimeter p, = 24, + y,) measured at the steel centerline, Analysis of the torsional resistance of the member is aided by eating the m ber as a space muss consisting af spiral concrere diagonals tat are able to take load licutar to the torsional cracks, tranyverse rension the memberstes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 7.7 Space truss anal ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien cengrer, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION 237 Stirups Concrete ‘compression struts that are provided by closed stirrups of ties, and rension chords that are provided by longitudinal reinforcement. The hollow-tube, space truss analogy represents a simpli fleation of actual behavior, since, as will be demonstrated, the calculated torsional strength is controlled by the strength of the transverse reinforcement, independent of cconereie strength. Such a simplification will be used here because it aids understand: ing, although it greatly underestimates torsional capacity and does not reflect the higher torsional capacities obtained with higher conerete strengihs (Refs. 7.6 and 7.7) With reference to Fig, 7.7, the (orsional resistance provided by a member with 3 rectangular eross section! can be represented as the sum of the contributions of the shears in each of the four walls of the equivalent hollow tube, The contribution of the shear acting in the right-hand vertical wall of the «ube 16 the torsional resistanee, for example, is @ Following o procedure similar to that used for analyzing the variable angle trus shear model discussed in Section 4.8 and shown in Figs. 4.19 and 4.20, the equilib- rium of a section of the vertical woll—with one edge parallel to a torsional crack with angle -—can be evaluated using Fig. 7.8a. Assuming that the stirrups crossing the crack are yielding, the shear in the wall under consideration is Y= Ata ® where A, = area of one ley of a closed stirrup Jo, = yield strength of transverse reinforcement 1 = number of stirrups intercepted by torsional erack Since the horizontal projection of the crack is y, cot - and n = y, cots where is the slope angle of the strut and sis the spacing of the stirrups, ASN y cot oy Combining Egs. (¢) and (a) gives @tatsersoaris-totae: |r ratyisaedOosionter | Text ‘otmaakan-Ht Design af Caner Tanen Gengaios a0 Srvctres Thin in 238 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapier7 FIGURE 7.8 rss Basis for torsional design a vertical tensioa in siraps: by diagonal compression in vertical wall, of beam: (e) equilibrium, siagram of forces dve to sear in vertical wall Me Ve Vz cot (o) © Ic is easily shown that an identical expression is obtained for exch horizontal and ver- tical wall, Thus, summing ever all four sides, the nominal capacity of the section is + Adoke =F ibook oop ©) Noting that yr, 4) ‘The diagonal compression struts that form parallel to the torsional cracks are necessary for the equilibrium of the cross section, As shown in Fig. 7.8b and c, the horizontal component of compression in the struts in the vertical wall mast be equil brated by an axial tensile force AN. Based on the assumed uniform distribution of shear flow around the perimeter of the member, the diagonal stresscs inthe struts must be uniformly distributed, resulting in a line of action of the resultant axial force that coincides with the midhcight of the wall. Referring to Fig. 7.8 the total contribution of the right-hand vertical wall to the change in axial force of the member due to the presence of torsion is Nebo 5 cot? Ny = Vycot Again, summing over all four sides. the total inerease in axial force for the member is (50) (7.56) where pis the perimeter of the centerline of the closes stirrupsrutser-oaren-totae | 1 Artisan esipater | text oe) Dongs of ove Tonien engoes 204 Scere Tint os ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION 239) FIGURE 79 Aion of torsional and shear stresses: (¢) hollow soction: (h) solid section, (Ould fom Ret 77) Longitudinal reinforcement must be provided co earry the added axial force AN. Ie that sedis designed to yield th Ah = 1 8) and where A, = total area of longitudinal reinforcement to resist torsion, in? fy = yield strength of longitudinal torsional reinforcement, psi {thas been found experimentally that after cracking. the effective arca enclosed by the shear flow path is somewhat less than the value of A., used in the previous evelopment, [ts recommended in Ref. 7.7 that the reduced value be taken as OSSA,,. where, it will be recalled, Ay, is the arca enclosed by the centerline of the transverse reinforcement. This recommendation is incorporated in the ACI Code (se Scetion 7.5) and in a modified form of Hq. (7.4) with A, substituted for A, Ithas fur- ther been found experimentally that the thickness of the equivalent tube at loads near ultimate is closely approximated by t= A., pi. where p, is the perimeter of A, Torsion PLus SHEAR Members are rarely subjected to torsion alone. The prevalent situation is that of a bbeam subject tothe usual flexural moments and shear forees, which, in addition, must also resist torsional moments. In an uneracked member, shear forces as well as torque produce shear stresses. In-a eracked member, both shear and torsion inerease the forces inthe diagonal stuts (Figs 4.20¢ and 7.8h). they increase the width of diago- nal cracks, and they increase the forces required inthe transverse reinforcement (Figs 4.2 and 7.82 Using the usual representation for reinforced conerete, the nominal shear stress caused by an applied shear force Vis -, = V by. The shear sess caused by torsion given in Eg, (7.1) is -, = T-QA,). As shown in Fig 7.91 for holiow sections, these stresses are directly additive on one side of the member. Thus, for a cracked concrete cross section with A, ~ D.8SA,, and f= Ayy pj the maximum shear stress can be expressed as v Try. Toa Tras, os rq HEM) HA ee Wott, dha Ld (a) (0)tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien engoes 204 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapier7 For a member with a solid section, Fig. 79, -, is predominately distributes! around the perimeter, as represented by the hollow cube anslogy, but the full cross see~ ‘ion contributes «0 carrying - ,. Comparisons with experimental results show that Eq, (7.8) is somewhat overconservative for solid sections andl that a better representation for maximum shear stress is provided by the square roo of the sum of the squares of the nominal shear stresses: a7 Ra 17a, a9) Equations (7.8) and (7.9) serve as a measure of the shear stresses in the concrete under both service and ultimate loading. ACI CODE PROVISIONS FOR TORSION DESIGN ‘The basic principles upon which ACI Code design provisions are based have been pre= sented in the preceding sections. ACT Code 11.6.3.5 safety provisions require that net 7.10) where 7,, = required torsional strength at factored Foads T,, = nominal torsional strength of member ‘The strength reduction factor = 0.75 applies for torsion. 7, is based on Eq. (7.4) with A,, substituted for A,y, thus DAA cot oan) In accordance with ACI Code 1.6.2, sections located less than a distance d from the face of a support may be designed for the same torsional momeat T,, as that com- puted at a distance d, recognizing the beneficial effects of support compression, However, if a concentrated torque is applied vrithin this distance, the critical section ‘must be taken at the face of the support. These provisions parallel those used in shear design, For beams supporting slabs such as are shown in Fig. 7.1, the torsional load- ing from the slab may be treated as being uniformly distributed along the beam, T Beams and Box Sections For'T beams, a portion of the overhanging flange comiributes to the cracking torsional capacity and, if reinforced with closed stirrups, to the torsional strength. According to ACI Code 11.6.1, the contributing width of the overhanging flange on either side of the web is equal to the smaller of (1) the projection of the beam above or below the slab, whichever is greater, and (2) four times the slab thickness. These criteria are the slabs with beams, ilustrated in Fig, 13.10. As with ns. A, for box sections, with or without flanges, represents the area Josedl by the outside perin Afier torsional cracking, the applied torque is resisted by the por tion represented by A,,, the area enclosed by the center transverse torsional reinforcement. 4,,, for rectangular, box, and T sections is illus- same as those used for two-wa solid see rer of the conerete section. n of the see- ne of the outermost closed!tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 7.10 Defiition of 4 rom kes 773 depted ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien engoes 204 ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION 241 Closed stirrup RNS [KS Lis A Aon = shaded area trated in Fig. 7.10, For sections with flanges, the Code does not require that the see- ton used to establish A,,, coincide with that used to establish A.,, Minimal Torsion If the factored torsional moment T,, does not exceed 77 -A3, p.y torsional effects ray be neglected, according to ACI Code 11.6. This lower limits 25 percent of the cracking torque, given by Eg. (7.3). reduced by the factor as usual, for design pur poses. The presence of torsional moment ator below this imit will have a negligible fffect on the flexural and shear strength of the member For members subjected to an axial lozd 1, (Positive in compression), tor- sional effects may be neglected when T, does not exceed fe Aly Pp T+N, 44, J. For hollow sections (with or without axial load), A, must be replaced by the gross area of the conerete A, to determine if torsional effects may be neglected, This has the effect of multiplying 25 percent of the cracking torque by the Ino A, A,y twice once to account for the redaction in cracking torque for hollow Sections from the value shown in Eq. (7.3) and a second time to account forthe tran- sition from the circular interaction of combined shear and torsion stresses in Eq, (7.9) to the linear interaction represented by Ba. (78). Equilibrium versus Compatibility Torsion A distinction is made in the ACI Code between equilibrium (primary) torsion and compatiblity (secondary) torsion, For the first condition, described earlier with ref- erence to Fig. 7.14, the supporting member mus be designed to provide the torsional resistance requited by static equilibrium. For secondary torsion resulting from com- patibility requirements, show in Fig. 7.10, itis assumed that cracking will result in 4 redistribution of internal forces: and according to ACI Code 11.6.2, the maxi- ‘mum torsional moment 7,, may be reduced to 4 f-A2, py ord fi Ale Pay TN, 4d, fp for members subjected to axial load” In the czse of hollow sec- tions, Ay is nor replaced by 4,"The design moments and shears inthe supported mnem= ber mist be adjusted acconingly. The reduced value of 7, permite by the ACT Code is intended w approximate the torsional cracking stength of the supporting be bined torsional and flexural Toeding. The large wotaions tha oecut at essentially coustat ‘would result insignificant redistribution of internal Forces, justifying use of the reduced value for design ofthe torsional member and the supported elem n, for com torsional242 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien engoes 204 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapier7 d. Limitations on Shear Stress Based largely on emupirical observations, the widih of diagonal eracks caused by con bined shear and torsion under service Toads can be Timited by limiting the calculated shear stress under factored shear und torsion (Ref. 7.4) so that HS Te 12) Vax if Eq, (7.12) corcesponds to the upper limits on shear capacity described in Section 4.5d. Combining Eq. (7.12) with Eq. (7.8) provides limits on the cross- sectional dimensions of hollosr sections, in accordance with ACI Code 11.6.3. 19) Likewise, for suf seesions, combinil Eq. (7.12) with Ey, (7.9) gives TPs nd ima aa 8 ow Either member dimensions or caner in Eq. 7.13) o (7.14) are not “ ACI Code 11.6.3 requires that, ifthe wall thickness varies around the perimeter of a hollow section, Eq. (7.13) must be evaluated at the location where the left-hand side of the expression is a maximum. IF the wall thickness is Tess than the assumed value of f used in the development of Fq. (7.8) Ay-p,. the actual value of rmust be used in the calculation of torsional shear stress. Asa result, the second term on the le band side of Faq. (7.13) must be taken as r T7Agi strength must he increased if the crite where 1 is the thickness of the wall of the hollow seet stresses are being checked atthe location where the Reinforcement for Torsion ‘The m pinal torsional strength is given hy Eq, (7.11) _ WAS, T= cot any According to ACI Code 11.6.3, the angle may axsume any value between 30° anid 60°, with t value of » = 45° suggested. The area enclosed by the shear flow A, may be determined by analysis using procedures such as suggested in Ref, 7.8, 0r 4, ‘may be taken as equal to 0.85A,,. Combining Eq. (7.11) with Eq, (7.10). the required cross-sectional area of one stirrup leg For torsion is ts A= sah 7.15) ‘The Code limits, to a maximum of 60,000 psi for reasons of erack controltes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE 7.11 Stinvp.ties and longitadinal reinforcement for exsion (@ spaniel beam with flanges on one side: ()imerior beam: fe) soared rectangular beam: (dh wide spandret bean: (e) Thea ‘with torsional reinforcement in flanges, Tarren | To ctw ier Tenia Canoes ANALYSISAND DESIGN FORTORSION 243, Continent Confinement No confinement= from sab from siab- 485 hooks (a) (b) © q L v id) te) ‘The enforcement provided foe torsion mast bo combined with hat reuied for bear Beal on te typical two ke srups tho my be expressed few og 9 . 7 tat (7.16) As described in Section 7.3, the transverse stirrups used for torsional reinforce- ‘ment must be of a closed form to provide the required tensile capacity across the diag ‘onal cracks of all faces of the beam, U-shaped stirrups commonly used for transverse shear reinforcement are not suitable for torsional reinforcement. On the other hand, ‘one-piece closed stirrups make field assembly of heam reinforcement difficult, and for [practical reasons torsional stirrups are generally two-piece stirrup-ties, as shown in Fig. 7.1L. A U-shaped stirrup is combined with a horizontal top bar, suitably anchored. Because concrete outside the reinforcing cage tends to spall off when the mem ber is subjected to high torque, transverse torsional reinforcement must be anchored ‘within the concrete core (Ref. 7.9). ACI Code 11.6.4 requires that stirrups or ties used for transverse longitudinal reinforcement must be anchored with a 135° standard hook ‘round a longitudinal bar, unless the concrete surrounding the anchorage is restrained against spalling by a flange or a slab, in which case 90° standard hooks may be used, as shown in Fig. 7.114, b. and d. Overlapping U-shaped sticrups, such as shown in Fig. 5.12d, may not be used, If flanges are included in the computation of torsional strength for T or L-shaped beams, closed torsional stirrups must be provided in the flanges, as shown in Fig. 7.1. The required spacing of closed stirrups, satisfying Eq, (7.16), is selected for the trial design based on standard bar sizes. To control spiral cracking, the maximum spacing of torsional stirrups should not exceed pj-8 or 12 in., whichever is smaller. In addition, for menibers requiring both shear and torsion reinforcement, the minimum area of closed stirups is equal 10 hs Ay + 2p = 0.75 aay according to ACI Code 11.6.5.244 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien engoes 204 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapier7 ‘The area of longitudinal bar reinforcement A, required to resist by Eg. (7.7), where - must have the same value used to caleulate A Eq, (7.2) should be taken as the value calculated using Eq, (7.15). not modified based ‘on minimum transverse steel requirements. ACI Code 11.6.3 permits the portion of Ay in the flexural compression zone to be reduced by an amount equal to M,(0.9df,)). ‘where M, isthe factored moment acting a the section in combination with T, Based on an evaluation of the performance of reinforced concrete beam torsional test specimens, ACI Code 11.6.5 requires that A, not be less than 5 FAy AL Sy Aina =F Te 7.8) where 4-3 = 28by fe With fin psi The spacing of the longitudinal burs should not exceed 12 in. and they should be distributed around the perimeter of the cross section to control cracking. The ba ‘may not be less than No. 3 (No. 10) in size nor have a diameter less than (042 tir the spacing of the transverse stirups. At lest one longitudinal bar must be placed at cach corner of the stirrups. Careful atention must be paid to the anchorage of longi- tudinal torsional reinforcement so that it is able to develop its yield strength at the face of the supporting columns, where torsional moments are often maximum, Reinforcement requited for torsion may be combined with that required for other forces, provided that the arca furnished is the sum of the individually required areas and thatthe most restrictive requirements of spacing and placement are met. According ACI Code 11.6.6, torsional reinforcement must be provided at least a distance b, + d beyond the point theoretically required, where b, isthe width ofthat part of the eross section containing the closed stups resisting torsion, According to the provisions of the ‘ACI Code, the point at which the torsional reinforcement is no longer required isthe point at which 7, Fe Aly Pops tT, <0 Fe Aiy Pep LENG AA, Te for members subjected to axial oad. The value is 25 percent of the erucking torque, reduced by the factor, us given in Section 7.56, “The subject of torsional design of prestressed concrete isnot treated here, but, presented in ACI Code 11.6, it differs only in certain details from the above presen tion for nonprestessed reinforced concrete beams Lightweight Concrete As discussed in Seetion 4 5a, the ACI Code recognizes that lightweight cone esses Tower tensile strength than normal-weight concrete of the Sime compressi strength, The provisions in ACT Code 11.2 apply the same criteria members loaded in ozsion as 9 members loaded in shear: 6.7 is substituted for ~ J inall applicable equations, with the addtional restriction that f,-6.7 shall not exceed ~ fH the spite pliner strength, isnot available, - 7> must be rmuliplied by 0.75 foral-ightweight ¢ by ORS for sand-lightweight concrete pos: Design for Torsion Designing a reinforced conerete flexural member for torsion involves a seri ‘The following sequence ensures that each is covered: of stops, 1. Determine ifthe factored torque i less than J-A¥ py. oF TN T#N, 44, 7 for members subjected to axial foad. If so, torsiosrutser-oaren-totae | 1 Artisan esipater | text oe) Dosige a onerte Tien cengrer, Scere Tint os ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION = 245, EXAMPLE 7.1 neglected. IF not, proceed with the design. Note that in this step. portions of over- hanging flanges. as defined in Section 7.Sa, must be included in the calculation of Ay, and p,,. 2. If the torsion is compatibility torsion, rather than equilibrium torsion, as described in Sections 7.1 and 7.5e. the maximum factored torgue may be reduced tod F Aly pes 064 FAly Pop V+ Ny 4A, fe for members sub- jected to axial load, with the moments and shears in’ the supported members adjusted accordingly. Equilibrium torsion cannot be adjusted. 3. Check the shear stresses in the section under combined torsion and shear using the criteria of Section 7.5d. 4, Calculate the required transverse reinforcement for torsion using Eg. (7.15) and shear using Eq, (4.14a). Combine A, and A, using Eq. (7.16). 5. Chock that the minimum transverse reinforcement requirements are met for both torsion and shear. These include the maximum spacing, as described in Sections 7.5e and 4.5d, and minimum area, as given in Eg. (7.17). Caleulate the required longitudinal torsional reinforcement A, using the larger of the values given in Egs. (7.7) and (7.18), and satisfy the spacing and bar size requirements given in Section 7.Se. The portion of 4, in the flexural compression zone may be reduced by M, (0.2df,), providing that Eq. (7.18) and the spacing and bar size requirements are satisfied. 7. Continue torsional reinforcement b, + d past the point where ‘7, is less than FAY Poy OT fo Aly Pep T+ Ny 4A, fe for members subjected to axial load. 6. Design for torsion sith shear, ‘The 28 t span beam shown in Fig, 7.124 and cares ‘monolithic seb cantilever 6 pas the beam cemrfine. The resin Lea suppems ine Tond of 900 It alone the Ream centzeine plos $0 psf uniformly distbated over the upper slab surface. The effective depih to the fleura tet centroid 6 21.3 ny and the di tance fromthe beam srfaces to the centri of sip sees Ts in, Materia strengths are J = 5000 psi and. = 60,000 psi Design the vorsional and iar reinforcement for the beam SoLUHION. Applying ACT Toad factors gives the slab loud as 12g = L278 55 Lou; = L6x 50% 55 Total = 995 Bh fat 3.25 feccentrcity while the beam carries tly 12) = 12% 300 = 360 Tbe 6-900 + 50 = 1520 bt 18801 16n; Tota “Thus, the uniformly distributed load on the beam is 2815 Tivft, acting together with a uni foomily diseributed torque of 935. 3.25 = 3040 FelbyR. At the face of the column, the design shear force is V, = 2.815 < 28-2 = 39.4 kips, Atte same location, the design tor- sional moment is 7, ="3,040 % 28 2 = 42.6 tkipsrutser-oaren-totae | 1 Artisan esipater | text oe) Onigoténmies Tolan Conn Soci rent tthe 246 N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chnster7 FIGURE 7.12 20" rp ee @ © “ Tottkps \ (4 ood west in-or i i i i i i i l razed 14 14 ic) (a ero ee | ° oo 2 & 6 8 1 12 44 Distance trom support tac, ft ) The variation of \), and 7, with distance from the face of the supporting column is given by Fig. 7.12 and respectively. The values of V, and, atthe eritieal design section, a diss ‘ance from the column face, ae 1221 a4 22 °. ns 344 kips 37.2 fipstes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien cengrer, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION 247 For the effective beam, Ay, = 12. 24 + 6. 18 = 396 in? 2x 24+ 2<30 = 108 in. According 10 the ACI Code, torsion may be negkctad if T, = 0.75 x 5000 396" 103: 12,000 = 6.4 fi-kips Torsion must clearly be considered in the present case. Sice the torsional resistance of the beam is requized for equilibeium, no reduction in Tr may be made Before designing the torsional reinforcement, the section will be checkel for sequacy in accordance with Fg. (7-14). Although A, was calculated considering the flange to check if torsion could be nepleted (as cequired by ACI Code 116.1, subsequent calculations for serviceability and srength will neglest the Mange and no torsional reinforcement will be provided in the Mange. For reference, bd = 12 21.5 = 258 i’. With 1} in, cover to the ceater of the sirup bars from al ace, 85 in. and y, = 240 ~ 35 = 2OS in Thus, Ay ~ 83 %208 = 174 in A, = O85 % 174 148 in, and p, = 2683 + 20.5) = 58 in. Using Fy. 7-1), Ba W2XReR 0% , oe = 2 Tm +8 500 258 Ls 74 1000 (0,520 ksi = 0.530 ksi ‘Therefore, the cross section is of adequate size forthe given concrete strength. The values of A, and A, will now be calculated at the coluain face (For seference only). Using Eq. (7.15) and choosing - = 45°, OT peo 1s “Fors as < 60 T = 003845 forone ley of clowed vertical stirsup, or 00768 for (wo Tees The shear capacity of the conceee alone, obtained using Eq. (4.125), is f= OTS XD FE byd 0.95. 2. 5000 x 258 7000 274 ips From Eq, (4.14a), the web reinforcement for transverse shear, again computed a the colomn race, is Vy—-Vox 394 ~ 24s al OTS OOM QS 0124s to be provided in two vertical legs. The calculated value of 4, will decrease linearly to zero at the midspan, and the calcu lated value ofA, will decrease Finearly wo zera 4.26 1 fromthe face ofthe support, the point at which ¥,, =» V,. Thus, the total area to be provided by the two vertical legs is 2A+ 4, <0 + 00126 For 0 4.26 0, where cis the distance fe the face oF the support, and Data 768s ford =e = 148248 tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os DE: ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien cengrer, N OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES. Chapter 7 Number 4 (No. 13) closed stirrups will provide a total area in the 1wo feps of 0.40 in? For 24, +A, = 0.40 in®, the requited spacing at d and at 2 ft intervals along the span can be found using the given relationships berween stirrup area and spacing: = 53018 552in 719in Satin = 122 sy = 18.2 in ‘These values oe ate ploted in Fig, 7 12¢. ACT provisions for maximum spacing should wo be checked. For torsion reinforcement, the maximum spacing i the smaller of 38 ay Saosin oF 12 in, whereas for shear reinforcement, the maxionum spacing isd 2 = 10.75 in, = 24 ja, The most restictive provision i the ist, andthe maximum spacing of 7.28 in is plot ted in Fig. 7.12e, Stimups between the face ofthe suppert and the distanced ean be spaced aaj, The revaling spacing requirements are shew by the slid Tine in the figure. These requirements are met in a practical way by No.4 (No. 13) closed straps, de is placed 2in, from the fase of the column, followed by 9 at Sin. spacing and 17 at 7 in, spacing According o the ACE Code, stirups may be discontinued a he point where Vi, <> V2 (GON from the span centering) oe (+ dh = 28-1 past the point at which 7, < TF. Az py, The later point is past the centerline ofthe member: therefore, minimum seimupsafe required thoughout the spa. The minim web steel provided, 00 i, satis fies the ACI Code minimum = 0.75" fd, f= 0.78 5000 12 7-60,000 = 0.074 in? by fy = 50 12 % 7 60,000 = 0.070 in. ‘The longitudinal stot required for torsion ata distance fom te column fae is com puted next At tha location A L7 A gash 1 = 0.0335, Hose 1-2. = on and from Eq, (7.7) 60 : Ay 00335 58% FD HT = 1.94 ‘with a total not less than given by 9, (7.18), in which A, s is not to be taken Tess than 25 x 12, 60,000 = 0.008. © ~ 083s x 8 x 2-008 0 According to the ACI Code, the spacing must not exceed 12 in. ane the bars may not be {ess than No. 3 (No. 10) in size nor have a diameter less than 0042s = 0.29 in, Reinforcement ville placed atthe top, middepth, and botiom of the member—each level to provide not less than 194.3 = 0.68 in, Two No, 6 (No, 19) bars will he used at midepth and to be placed for flexure will be increased by 0,65 in? al the top and hoxton ofthe member. ‘Although A; eeduces in direct proportion to A, and, hence, decreases linearly starting at d from the face of the colurmn co the midspan, for simplicity of construction the adged bars ang he increment in the flecural ste] will be maintained throughou the length of the mem- ber. Although ACT Code 11.6.3 states that 4, may be decreased in flexural compression zones by an amount equal to 44, (0.94f,), that reduction will not be made bere, AGequate femedment must be provided past the Face oF the column 16 fully develop f, in the bars at ‘har Iocationtes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os FIGURE P7.2 Transfer ger: (top view. (one view: fe) side view. ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien cengrer, ANALYSIS AND DESIGN FOR TORSION 249 REFERENCES 71, P Lampe and 8 Mastinana “Utinate Swegth and Design of Rene! Concrete Reams Tron snd Bending” Ie Aso. Bruge and Srace Eng, Publ. Sc, ch, 17 Topp 107-13. 72H Thurman, “Tomson Stengthof Rsatceed at Preise eans—CEH Apwoach” In Concrete Desiges US. and Eavpean Practices, SP-S9, 1979, American Concrete Institute, Detrit, Ml, pp hiss 13. CEB-FIP Model Cote 1990, Thora Ker London, 1981 74 ESA Commitee A283, Design of Conczee Souctes, Conatisn Senvts Association, Fobkoke Ontario, 194, 9.198, 75. 11 Coke, “Torsion of Stuctnal Conerte—Rohaio of Reintvee! Cons Rectangle Mere in Torsion of Sctana Concree,SP-18, 1968, American Corse Insist, Deo Ml, pp. 261-20 16. ACH Matick, Dike a “Desi of arson” hy Fi. MacGnsge ad MLC. inom Ret 77). ACI Sire. wo. 93, m0, £1996, pp. A214 77.1.6. MacGnegor and M, G, Gunelm, ‘Design of Taian.” ACT Sneed, wk 92, m0 2.1988, pp aie 20 TA TPC Hoste pp 4205-32 79, D. Mie and MPC Flom Zoe in Toshon of Renee Concrete Siac. Ero 116.091, 199, Ws. "Desang or Pasion” F ACK wh. 78, 40.9 1976, pp. 806-911 PROBLEMS JL. A beam of rectangular eross section having b= 22 in, and ft = 15 in. is to carry a total factored load of 3500 Ib/ft uniformly clistributed over its 26 ft span, and in addition the beam will be subjected to a uniformly distributed tor: sion of 1750 f-Ibift at factored loads. Closed sticrup-ties will be used to pro- Vide for flexural shear and torsion, placed with the stimup steel centroid 1.75 in, from euch concrete face. The corresponding flexural effective depth will be approximately 12.5 in, Design the transverse reinforcement for this beam and calculate the increment of longitudinal steet area needed to provide for torsion using f” = 4000 psi and f, = 60,000 psi 7.2. Architectural and clearance requirements call for the use of a transfer girder shown in Fig. P7.2, spanning 20 it bevween supporting column faces. The girder must carry from above @ concentrated column Toad of 17.5 kips at midspan, applied with eccentricity 2 ft from the girder centerline. (Load fac tors are already included, as isan allowance for girder self-weight.) The mem A A td @ 20 kips er 20kps | ke ea 20 at bo" k_— 19 ——_ 10” —4 () (tes-bara- Dean Dosige a onerte Scere Tint os ‘-araysis ee Designer | Text, oe) Tonien engoes 204 280 DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURES Chater 7 FIGURE P7.3 73. ber is to have dimensions b= {0 in,, 1 = 20in., x, = 6.5 in, y, = 16.5 in. 17 in. Supporting columns provide full vorsional rigidity’ flexural rigidity at the ends of the span ean be assumed t develop 40 percent of the moment that would be obtained if the gitder were simply supported ‘both transverse and longitudinal steel for the beam, Material strengths 5000 psi and f, = 60,000 psi ‘The beam shown in cross section in Fi. P7.3 is typical interior member of & continuous building frame, with span 30 f between support faces. At factored loads, it will earry a uniformly distributed vertieal load of 3100 Tif, acting iKaneously witha uniformly distributed torsion of 2600 f-Ib/t. Teansvers wand torsion will consist of No, 4 (No. 13) sticrup-ties, as shown, with [5 in. clear to all concrete Faces. The effective depth 10 fle ural steol is taken equal to 22.5 in, for both negative and positive bending ise reinforcement for shear and torsion, and calc to be added to the flexural requirements to provide for torsion. Torsional reinforcement will be provided only in the web, notin the Flang al srengihs are f” = 4000 psi anc f, = 60,000 psi tm Tee t No 4 (No. 13) stirupties 7A. | ‘The single-span T beam bridge described in Problem 3.14 is reinforced for Hexure with four No. 10 (No. 32) bars in two layers, which continue uninter- ‘rupted into the supports, permitting a service live load of 1.50 kips/ft to be car- red, in addition to the dead load of 0.93 kip/, including self-weight. Assume row that only half that live load acts but that it is applied over only half the ‘width of the member, entirely to the right of the section centerline. Design the transverse reinforcement for shear and torsion, and calculate the modified lon- sgitudinal steel needed for this eccentric load condition, Torsional reinforce- ‘ment can be provided in the slab if needed, as well as in the web. Stirrup. will be No. 3 or No. 4 (No. 10 o No. 13) bars, with 1.5 in, clear to all concrete faces. Supports provide no restraint against flexural rotations but do provide full restraint against twist, Show a sketch of your final design, detailing all reinforcement, Material strengths are as given for Problem 3.14.