Numerical solutions of partial differential equations by the finite element method Claes JohnsonClaes Johnson Numerical solution of partial differential equations by the finite element method INIVERSITY PRESS wk New Rochelle Melbourne Sydneypose reece SEES nce mr Tipe rete arnaraee Contents 0 ttreducton 9 OL Bicep 102 Diercnce metho Fite len methods 10 (05 Scope of ts book 12 1. Iron to FES free poten 1 11 Warational fomltion of ne mensions mod probly 113 FEM for he moss prasem wit peewee freon 18 13 menor ewite fr FEM for he! problem 25 114 FEM forthe Peso sustion 26 15 The ort spces Lae), HY) nd 60) 38 1 A geomernenereltion of FEM 38 15 A Neunaan problem. Natl an stent oandeyconions «0 8 Remo pogo 2 Abarat ormlaton te ae nt mb orl problems 21 tht, The continius problem 3) 23 The corey norm 95 224 Some omer 58 1 Same fie set space 62 Si Tevedueion Reply eguiramens 62 532 Some exampics of ne cements 68 33 Sominaey 79 4. Aporonation thoy for FEM. Herr inate oi robles AV inwoduenon 8 42. Inerpoltn uh psi Hear fenton neo dimensions $4443 Imerptation with polyno oper depce 90 114 Enoresimate foc FEM for sige pobl 445 On the repuaiy of teen sleion 92 46 Alapive mtn 9 447 Anerrrestinate inthe L2}0m 97 ‘Som apptiaion tipi probime 10) 5 The etme pote 10 552 Stokes problem 106 53 Ala poten 108 6. Diet maids fr Sling itr sysems a equations 112 G1 tnwedacton 112 {62 Gioia sirinatun. Choket’s metal 112 163 Oprntun cote Bon ree 8 Ga Pitan te {4 Newel decton 120 2: Maiizaton lors. era Ti iwroduton 128 72 The aden metod 128 13 The conjure gratin method 13. 714 recontionng 136 35 Matigd mete 197 1 Pent tr paraoiprodies 148 Ex Imvostcton 6 £2 A one-dmcrinal mode problem 147 £3 Somiicnzanon pce 1 FA Darton in pce ond tine 182 ‘842 Thetuckmasd ler and Cashion mato 153, [R45 The cheoniuons Gaerin method 15? [BE Exar ema fo fly dntetesppoumation and automatic ne and space scp conn "158 SY trotion 1 52 A conesiondifsn pcbem 168 93 General remarks on mater thos or hyperbolic eyutons 171 858 Outine and psa 73 95 Sandord Gaers1% 84 Che rife! in 181 972 The areamin dition mtd wih 0 18S 98 The dicontinuous Galerkin eth 19 99 Thestremtn aon metho ore dpendetcsesctonesnin obleme 13) 9.10 reds systems 208 1 Te continuous pb 25 5102 Te sanded Gaekinetbod 207 8103 The veut ditson nto 207 5.14 The dncominuousGalerin meth 10. ody tment mthode 214 102 Some nteraleeuaions 216 102.1 Animega qution fran exter Desh probie wing ase Inyeptesat 210 1022 Ameen Dict problem wt dvb yer potential 20 10.2.3 Anenteriow Neuman role with aple oer penal 22 1024 Aleman nal equation trations 23 103 Fine cement mths 2 103.1 FEB Gor Fedo unin ofthe Sst nt 228 1032 FEM fr «Fredhoin guano he second Kind 227 1, Mined ite eat methods 232 117 lowedecton 2 112 Some examples 234 12, Curved elements and ner integration 259 121 Cine clenens 23) 722 Names igation (pure) 24513) tarot 28 132 Comes mininiation rblens 248 33.2.1 Taeconinvos probe 288 1322 Drctetaons 58 13.25 Numeral methods fo cone iniiztion problems 25, 113 A nowtiner prose poem 257 13.4 The ampresibe Ever equations 258 13.41 The eonuous problem 258 1842 The seamine lasion method i (o, y)frmultlon 259 13.43 The Gocoovos Galerkin method in (oom 20 13.44 thestesmlne fon mtbr n (1 pyfarmulation 26 183 Theimeompresile Naver Stokes equstion 42 134 Compre Now Barger eqution 288 Raters 267 Inder 275 Preface ‘he pupae atti ookisto gan easy accra nnd tefinte ‘Htent eo! ogee mthod forthe mamerelslion a pari ‘Steen eqsinn im mechanics an phys cnc all the ree aia type sts mamely eli, paraol aed hyperbole equtns. The fain on tthe wnt comer wih eae problems, Dt shaper Indian exenon 10 some nica robles abo nded. Tete i achupet oie element eon euntionscona ced vith pte poems Tae hook Meson matetal that 1 hve i ndepatuntecourses et Chaim Unersy of Pech, Geog The fist olf tie bok (pe), which teat epi problone sn aesther ld vaya tana af fentbok Swe that speed US! {Ut Two chem. parts and Ingest problems peat rece ‘evlopens based on my wotk on dcominuoes Galen nd sens ‘Sires tps lee toss wing npc ne elemens or the tine dicsizton a weil For fist ele peta: posers these are theft foe clement rec wih satifactry proper sod tus show ppomisetoncrivaplction Fo ptrble probes. tie Sinton Fjtnicotnout Galerkin sa gen ew ecient mth and makes peste eran wih esate stoma ine te tel pile he emp f h et e on mathemati an murmerial apt of the fine element mete but mary applaions ro portant protein Imecunic an phys fe sagen Rae eo kee he atnematce ‘eimpl sep we sil esering gin ess nding {nar matematelfemewor. Ley {have wed te est of he Dok {Spot ofthe atrial ns sis of teyadute ours on paral ‘ire egestions eating ype grace ee ating inated fo ‘im meatal questions on exbtence ad Teplry topes th Iumesal ethos Ive fount terme rel pny wees none and the miseries mcieds cane ge he neceuary Mhepaal ockpmun.andon ether hand the acest npn ecgof wing ites eution medica wag computes an ge sr ‘oven orth tort mathesea ies nf he sti ‘otbemata sre ae timaey comme andthe ow ponies of Comput staan mates pigerwndetaong nthe mutha Secure and propric of he mata mod vey Saget ao Spptcatonn nthe peel bok ely barmiinen Of mutha Aekound ince ana he eters ered ote eae or are compe sot “Te tt freeones is aite an ny ction ingot forthe event ofthe vats bj ae en oe). hve ie ot few reerenc angina the ey chest on element ete ere Hansto for sopping ms he nea es an Dt Kent EEakwoe or eng pat fhe matnl Spal than ao o Mis Yom Karson who wil typo ft eso of the et heel pte helped me win seemingly ens ston od oecions ‘Goeborgin July 1987 (es Jbnon 0. Introduction 0.1 Background ierentitornteral equations Whe apices opment iespeed ‘impure ovr ie last Jones the poses o eee ang these brodls have dramatilly ire Using competer implemented lh matal model, one sto smelted anager compleated systems mpncctng sal ence," cece the ned for expensive and ims ensuing experimen esting a5€ makes pone fo compare many {ferent alematives fr opinion, cI lat withthe new ones “in intns city he sted a Conpater Abed Desig Easier 308 “Manutacuing (CAD. CAE und CAN) whe bringing fevoloary ‘hanger to enpicring scence aod pracice and» new serie lb Sekt computing” ie emer at complement to theoretic oucnuthemaiel models on x omputer one nec nueva metho ‘ny ate very simples cases tps fe xt aac! olatons ‘fie equations in the mods ain general one hs t rly om meme Iedigas for fang spprximate sluts. The fie lene meted (FEN) ger ecu tor pues ohion oer angoepa ‘hunions im scene and engineorng, "The method wae invobed ty anocer ine Ite an ay the mms of para ‘Btecenteqistione in sacral engnerng (lay cauatny pale ‘untans,e), A th pn the meta wae hap tn pence Poke methos instal engeeting or bene eames a pte sere the stature wap subverts pur, salle le iene ‘tk known snp behaviour. When the maternal sy of Te ke ‘mem meth wc th wie sa bee ke thal ae ‘auntnr i rots in the vraonl methods atoms tou tHe being ofthe comtry During the #0 anc 705 the eon! wasevioped, by eines, mathematics até nomena ans, sm 3 eer mth! fr marci! ston pt iletenta eons nd {neal estos wthappcitons nary sets scence andengineetig ‘oly inte sement eta are aces (fen egress AD or CAL ems) for pohcmsinstracturaegieing, tengo, Tosdmochnes nce eniewing, tee rapt, ave prpapain szeing, nest Sondctn,conetine=lsionpreec tgrted oe fhe ptreum engacering resasion press and way the 0.2 Difference methods ~ Finite element methods “Te tsi ies many merc metho fre lifereatl equation i to torent given connote problem wih innly many dees itestam aban ane pb sytem of equation with el i) ruyantnownr thei may esses sng acompue. Thess numeral tet for pil ier equine ference method whee te ‘Farteproblemiscaned by epg deriativer th flerenc quis Irving he sales othe vn ater (tly may) pit "Fh erstanton posts ng faite lemon thd ees Iai couse at fom 2 fetomlation a the pen ret eqution a an auelent vail bon Intact gatos haan ‘ble in bose ces minimization yb of he orm (8) Find ye sch that FoF oa ve. where Visage sett admissible uncon and VR ia funciona Ge Fran fra ve¥ with Renting test fv mur) he nations ‘in Ven epee» continual oyna petty uch at apace ‘nan chic a emperatuee. Fo) he tl every acted wh and (A cotespods oan eqtalet shat that the literntal neato he anton that mings theft ee ot the comidred astm. Inger te dmesson of Vi nine Ge te fancionsn Vent be deed by rite mbes prameters) ond hes tegeaal the problem (M) anno be sled exsly. To tan pce Than besle on eomgatr ede in the ites st repaes Vy 9s Vs cnsng of ump eons oly epecing on finitely hy paaete Ti ews a itesncsin meson pee hyd me Vaasa Megha ve, Thsprblen seuncke oa hestorratinsssemof eats The hope mows the slaonw Ft problem 6a safety pl “each ono he ial mniieston pre CM) {2p ral pril flere equation. Usa one cox Vuto Be = Meare ine mors Wye ess vey ton ve) adi i ee {ies cdnct Ath ncal t h ‘Shang cape coy, Te spect etre of inte element method 3 foreclr Gain med 9 te fc ft he fnctons IVa “ibscn te pcrnae pamomil. Awl bese teow, on may abo at {tomimore ener! vvaioa frm than te nization role (Gt ees cet sealed Galerkin mos Tose avon erento ual equation proximately aig te Gas cemen etd, one ao go tbagh hace he low es (sian fnnsiton a the ge pole. (i), eration ning EM: contra fhe inte demersal space (i) tion of the ert probe (0) implementation oe method on 3 computes: programing. (fen the ane ser dierent varias fomoltins that may be wed Stenting ex onthe ice of dependent var. The hace of fine Siherocl Styne Vy se stealy thee of he te leet dct ore fs leet a durce by he ail form no, cera eqns esa propeis othe cae sain ‘Tovuive he dsc yee ene nets epinsston sgh oe ‘Thess for ie amefes steon a ete oe nna stems qu ts bok nal omer athe ep (D9) with G2 Sn neacor ve tenant ont cmest mtd as compared wit ie ieee ethan a Int complencd geomet. ental owns) constr and ‘nate or owner eater popstar handed ave esi 18 Mines cur one cts snes ail completions wh ie Siterace metho. Farr Ie est autre and ses fhe {ate concn metals to cosa genera purpse ote {erapplatinr an hrc lage numberof ore rege oie ‘Hinwmt code aioe. Ako, te fine sement method is sd ‘roel fandnton wich rs aod retity and man eae {Sot tease an eine oh er0.3 Scope of the book “The puro of hs Mok to HE 2 adicon fo he ne ea mitogen chu rt eon fpr ea tea eg egetanin soe capes. The oer cn mane iG td sarc pape ofthe mbt ees conser many imparant ppesirn prem rom woe sess Aa ton Been tac ery mates pes pring sith ‘Biconadctog om poiom of paced tre “vcr es mai yes pri re sons clint, aaah sed tetas. To coma tbe te of Snot win pons amet an pyc cl ha Cpe uations mde or exam stubs nea persons Ino ocedcpnict iin. pecence, nd apron xualor at ito acre comestonor ae propationproces e SSolpre anodcion tne cement mtn bounty ep ‘Satna serie wh lip boundary sole pole mess fine. Tae metiods se leedesshoundoy seme mett (HEM ACen come tna poten ony ly ome! Some “he nel presente aig pblens ty no stand vot or pola pers pions ne pe rex develope thas ntsc see invest one a ew er onan apni Be eu tema fhe hee ain pes opt {seem eqeon we Sou earl eqston Ina cee tote th creed y hes orisha Seti de tonto te eeaponding proprio hepa Sire nea euten “heehee of cre bokin Swe the ator thats ind forse yn deans oun for ening ‘tdem a chaimes Uns Techno, Coton, Swen abo The necenary regis ely toler: cow i alata erat some wears wth he toot wttgow ca pr teria feats wean faye tthe Poison en the Ln inte ae un" we oermpiaton we may yt the moti feos nctin the bok selec he folowing Cron va Casey Seas and emery cote nner ie, ‘ne pe sstinn play an imtoo ror nd ie he he ihe getl cco ging eet rola fhe ata in Chop 11 5, mele [i Gee abo [SF For varatoml methods ‘pan lees equation in machanc 4 ys. seep [1 [ET] sa1. Introduction to FEM for elliptic problems hischapr wo itoduce FEM fr some clip mde protest thc aicpropertesofthe meth. Weft some suimpiconeaimessonl ‘Pabiom and he sme twedinenonl generzaoes 1.1 Variational formulation of a one-dimensional moda problem ‘Let ws conser he pit boundary value probe -v9)=16) ‘or Gx )ayeuc, swieew $Y and Cs w sven womiaoe fain. By lteetng the qunon -=f twice, teas 0c that hi poben hc aunque sition Werecal that the bounty salaeprble (D)san besten mone, ‘pater, he olin stunner econ Conse a lait Hine at Bo end subs 10 tangential Ha of inert fs) (Gee Fp 1. Let (an fs) the ation an tangent “Snplcement se, spestiney, ae hel Une he spon | Srl duplacements an ney elec mater, we have i he ness oy a -Ee (Hooke am, saat ave eqetion, MO}=UY=D_—thundy contin), rete ithe mas of cats Kw ae here Et al eine 9, wren) neu ‘Cone a clei coed with esion 1, Had at Bth es ad subject 10 tren ooo inns ce Fa 2) Assimig gan smal pce tne hve th the wate dnpcenet usar (Dt Probes 1 Letute the tempeatre ani th het fv in heat condctig ht bie to dntedated tea! sure of nesiy 1 ASUmIng Ie teperaure 0 Be ‘eat he ond point, me have nthe Maton eee na ~ke"——(Fouers ian, (conseraion fener) where kis the hes: sondacviy, which gun ges (D) 31-1 ‘We shall ow sow hat the lation of he Bown vue bien Serna genom (D) sa he cation 4 mition prion Sn wsinesl pasion (V). To forme re dems (MD and (V7) we Ince te ocatonCoo eeawtente ‘elias ‘Va(u © 6 comnuons lancion on [Oth ¥ piecewise “uminuous unde on [ed v0)“ 00°0) a he ine ftona : V-eR pen by Forbeiy 5 ‘The probe (M) and (¥) ae the fling (8) Find ueV ouch tha Fa}SFis) Wes (ad ve ceo that (reel) Woe Let esha te ott th bm A 8 ae. he iy Ho cps te ona es see ih etc ve. Them wept thease ea) ‘al pte Ts he mission pln (3) eres we [ERtmen Pac ofan acters metas Fes he ‘Sno! pon (0 ent the Dp a wo Tete ho tare wn f(D) shh ston of rae ate ny een say fans Nien ang nr ental ohh pes “eet We aov inept te wen by pari sig he hha ()>M(1}=0 (6, s)=- WOM OMDS( WAL, Cy WIE Wey, ‘who shows that ication of (0 Neat me tom fot the probes (1) a (have the ste sltons Sappos hen that wis sation 1 (7 et veV and yet = ¥—0 50a Foes) Jwsw.wsw y(t new Hor wy arate wy emped ow WEF, soe By (1.1 (0, w)-(6 w) =H and (00, which hows ta wis a ‘in of (i). On the oer hand slain of ee we bane foray veV and eal nuts © FisieFluse sine weve, Th, the difectable anction roetteroyel epee vie 7, yeh at min at C= and Hence (0)=0 a ORY and no 00 that visa solation of (1) Lalo show hat sown) sahil determined Supper hay and ae slton f(t, (9 Wey, O Wev res Subrcting these eqns en cooing vou ee, we get fu ap? n=, ‘00 e)(u-vaye)e0 Weel 1 fows that (a=) constant om 01] which togeter wih te ondary sonton w)=¥s)=0 gine W/O). YA. ad te queef, “To sum 4p, ave shown that the ction t(D). hen we the solution abe eset probes (M) and (when we wee yoy o>rmeu0, {et fay aa nae that whe ston of (then ‘io tie (D). Tn we usu that se ae ie ‘axfinneo ev. {we no ase alin that ene and continuo, the we can integrate te ft by pares et, sig te fact that )=¥ 1) ”—foreneis-o wer. suc th ne stmt a ("31 st th tion an ony ol ite Pebien (wsomt——deaat, an folowe hat he slo of). "Tn we have stm ee stn of (Y) and aon sees a rept asemplon (i coninuos,ten ution of) ow pst ooo ht fs he won of (V)hen vi fasts he dated epaary sumtin a hn whe (19-9(D) whch oes the the pobre (D)- 7) and (MP) Me cyan (et Seton 13 Mwy Ty Show tai i cominsos mt and fwuteed Wey, hen n= 86, 1.2 Show shat under suitable assumptions the pol B shove can Ye ten he formation (1) 1.2 FEM for the model problem with piecewise linear functions We sa gow conve fitesnemioelstopace Vio the space V Akfined shows soning 0 pecsve ness fencoms O this re et Degen by eaney el 6 erage trl (0 no aver tain eer) beng Mester at MeL ade Roman “he quanhy bs then a oar fo te tc parton We now kt Vy tet au of lott sch tot Scar on each suber ‘atu oo [| ane 0}=¥)90 (FE 13) F512 Ecmplecf «actin vy stoos the values Gn) at he nae Mel lar Ineaduce he ans from eV, Fetes Mr eine 7 (Oe pete amt ‘isthe ominanns pace aarti tata he alae a ade oi ante value Ow ober nae pots (ce Fp 18) ig 14 Teds anon ‘A lncin ve ten has the representation “ Snmte, xe ete nt ech ven wl a i wy ws ewe ‘ential aig, pro ins cr space of dimension M with basis (1 ie vsti tos(6) Find eVy ssh tharFgcH(o) Wee In the sume way’ sve forthe peers (M) and (Vw ee hat (6) Sequvalnt tothe ide dimenscnalvavtionl poem (Vi) Fad aye Vb Ce ee “Ths the fie element mein fr (0) ean be formated = (9) oF xuvalenty (Te problem (F) i msl rele too Clos Inhod ae (hy) Rie mura We svar tat yea tins (12) {en patie 3) ee giriad iM and hese evans lt by ang a combats, we ee hat Sh sttn (12). Sine cs Few, Vem monet) an Eetarey 9) tM whic 2 sear seo of equains wih Mequon ie M salacens Ena Sy IR mate fo he near ste (1 exe wen 8) A. sere =(4) 6 he xB mai ih ements a= 3) ad where ele. a) and Boon bu) wh BHU) ae Neves [2 lca] ‘The mmc A called the ser marisa 8 the fod ver, wi ‘erm fay ctlyappestons of FM rca mechanic, (gym thewives mari Acanessy be comptes We fi serve that (Yi => ice ns ae Fra ter is) or 6) ea (0 70 Th, he sea Aegon alte sees nh he wo ating agonal my vosteyn. tiesn0 nee ghee Note sho thot the mits A ik goimaric and ponive die sce (er efetg mtn ame sit gut oti sine ¥u)~€ ony if 0. or =O f0r = EW reel ares Neb mate SU) 5d be postive Eanes ane, het be dt ea yo 6. We he a one ea np teen Se Tayo Pt state a oa a foe ew rs Se as ets man ply Pree ome fr rt vm a (azn Tver) eee ieee an tata sare" tetiacyevvier neue ane nor Se i ee a betty Coe Ne een cco so ns ok spec ase of ifr pttion with == gz the OMe (5 tere om bea y= wo ean « ° kabAlte isin by tiny Beineseten vain of astanrdernce ‘ethudfor(D)whre he eens het ads nare means foe he neva Ot a) role 19, “Tosa apne have scent inte slement meth (Pfr (D) ede rohtnn ocmotegatio ntaspae ames te 13 "ConaretsSnite-dimsoasubnace Vs of Veonssting func seh are goto ech subsea of» pane ed How con one haae the pastes to deste ch neon? Find the roped Bais fncione.Then fart te Deen eth for () wing the pace Vy und write down he oresporoe LA Roum deren med fr (D) and compare wit (1.6 1S Cone the ovndiy sue poem ymyaw'y Hare repent he defection of mp enn ito Acansversal force with intensity {Gee Fig | vw cl Bers (24 mechanic ths Bem poe wold ry be Sma toto " (iam) Mow, dene, (ism) wee eee G8) HOO“ -wAYH0 Wat des hee the guaaiy Meese apd what sth mechanical Interpretation 9 (1) (0) Stow tha the pn (1.148 iene following wt Foci: Fad geW 26 ot Wet weet whee Wefv:¥ and! fe continous [tl vm pcsewe Comumooys and vO) -w@)evtd}ev)"O) (9 For [a,b anneal sine ye: vie pobmomia of epee=3.0 Ie, vba the fom Wayeairomtsaecae, el where ne) ‘Show tat veP (sigue determine bythe aes) Stree Sento ermapued as fet (he bas ation cerponang oe sl () fhe eae polyoma vee ha Sajetswtoheb, oer t0)"0, 8). (Stating tom () cos Ste dimensional subspace Wa of W Nae cellent cab facvne Speci sabe parame SERDAR ms and deren he conesonding bass ‘acto (6) Fano seen et for (bso eo Me nde coreposing hear see of equation nthe coe of norm puss, Determine the saution i ep te ce of (40 Merson conta. Compa wih the xt sohton 1.3 An error estimate for FEM for the model problem ‘We stall now ye ror w= here a the solution f(D) a on ‘beau ofthe fit teen probe (Veuve aw 5 1.2) he prot bem the flowing equation forthe err 09) ume =d WEN “Tico by sealing that (+!) = (9). MUEV. than pati ine Ga) ee WeSebi (1.2) ram 110) we ota 1.9) We hall we te oxation tena way UL enor nated is he slr produc ¢ he nea 1) 9. oh. We ao sat stall pone tbe oomingestinae ore: vy whshshowshtinaceidy ‘ene isthe es pout opronimati wee esa oi No-mse-sy. Proof Let veV be aba a tw wih ep Then we and ing) YW. we get, wsing Cauchy's inequality also, “aes Nea Tatie-my. (0-9) a) oy ata ode ag tae se-avillatoy Desig by Neil we obi te sunenee a te seen W-eaV'lS0, thee the shearer eleaely Molde) 0 " " From Them it ve hermit incon Wesson 20 obi 4 Gustave eae foe the sre iu whore dye it mull chee i Vato be the mean yee 6-669) je. Ariseas noe hs ourcn meralansyso PabmIelom) 412) WO) -HG as 9) (1.27 ay gc Using (12) ay Theorem 1 we mW aan the ling ete oe the fernave othe ror (138) Moms oa 0. Sic (-1)=0 we oan fom (30) by nin th fone Sima ft ero sat on 8) G1) homage event “Tetvasonte mero 110 edo tee ocoetl ante oe oem eam ns ne Pram Te Pros (15) using (18) and he handy conditions ‘HO)=oN0}2. Ht Use he velaion Jun together wih Cay’ ingeai (wong1.4 FEM for the Poisson equation ‘We wil ow consider he olawig bounty valve pe foe Pe, (im) a8 9 8, (8) ub on sere 2 bonded open domi inte plane RE=(s=(a. ER) wh own sa pen faction adh al an Annie foes np ad mc ten by (19: sy epost ape pt ‘8 Sacre ef site moninee Ihe at Ey rrr mest ne Pn compe a th robe on . " Pst? Ls nom bore continuing ila cena Gro’ frmal hich wll be ottandamenal portance whats, Leu om eaergence tere 0 Sesion [oe Adrefarnay, whee AAs i) ea vesorwaed faction defied on 2, y ivan anaine (0s the outward un normal oF Hered dete the men ‘fara in Read dete clement of engl ang IC we apply Be ‘egeaeeteerem ole 0 ad Auf a) we tt mt (1.10 the oon Gren’ forme preven Bt Ble cy fe or sete normal denne, te, devine he ote oma esio® 1 Te a vat orl fo (116). We a Ce NS Pans (ten he ein fe ows dent pbten Find we ach a (ud) ua WER fn oy 302 atop zur voone ff BEARER] coop ‘veterans on 2, 3 and Bane eee coningoss on 4987008) ye ayia Scion 1,5 ht weV sien (129) Je on ate flora inne rover Fade ase aon Woes ere Fe) se ol porte! et Feels 99-t61 ee th 19) sow fan 116) em Roseman rap (68 wih an ity ‘ napster, tore Green vnel TN) wethen have oe fonder 28 [De B oste where he pound {eV sats 119) and sae fear hen we sean Scan fn ies (6 Pate 11, een rat oso ke dcr base VV, Fr Sgt ve alae hit Ff ptygnal urve i hi ae we gy ha ‘Tpongonat demain cute may apposite oh SENG Lanes Sanco ‘! Ke oases mae 1,9, R= KIUKS. UK ch tv vere of etal 08 om le os on the geo aneter irl ae Pe te ten angln We sti the mesh parameter nets im (8), lam (Kame of Kop eK We wm define V8 ons: Ye(ew cominuoueon sc is nea for Key, v= on) lana tce vo f-On the ott hd i tte vate ion of 10 Ke gh an gsi K Mee wep ram Te spc’ cea aman tons ha saree Marte and wansh nT We ntice hal Vac VAS at Hae Saute freon ven we cath aa WN) a 3 Pa ee Mu ec Fig 8) bt exe te modes on th eae eon tthe evesprcine bas Tunes @se¥s TEN gre hen cers ty = Fe 18) win) se (5 tie) Bae eee tat th spon af (ee of dns x for whi aye cons, Fe hiner noe Nhe sade ae 9 Fg 19 A ve Bam ero ec caus i fi ee mata Lagan Tes ina a) at detee) WM teat as Seton 2 wee hat (12) eget othe bears, for equatons aay Abe,ese A=(a), Me aliens mate, an MXM mutric with elements Bysatgr @) and ECE). b>(} oe Misc with element un), ”. ‘CiilyAinsymimeticandain Section. te that Apo inte thu in pater norsagler that (1.2) aon in Norever Ais fit pase: We Bat thal unless Nand re ma the sme way Seton 2 we realize tht ayes 4 the Best apgonimation of he eae Shai wi ha ee (12) [Ve-9alelVe-9e] We, [lina = gi (129 [Ie Telsli96- 9a, rhc the interpola fo 6 Se Vn ait GuSINUIN) bets ML In Ohater 4 we prove th he rpes Key at ot aed 0 Bee oh then (2H Iu vaiec, Here and below ne deo by Cx postive cont, posi ferent a “Stee ecurense that Ses nt dap ee mesh preter te {Sse (129 the constant dpendeon he ae of he esr at ae {ue th les ange of the angles Key. One ca an ove (ee ‘Seton 47 tt lo-wile((e-enPen ech? ih sir depend oC ta parce hese esinates show mati ee station stent rou the he ra ed teases of he {stor ts end zero he Hom ashen OP Example.) Leb square sides 1 ane Tye he io iagaicn of acorn To F110 wth be tia enumeration Pero Pett in this case te inary (1.21) 40 lows: wo titty ote ht eee etn ed feqtion Ie ae combination ofthe Cottvof oat the mute ete ia Fig 1Dwith covets ge 9 Pg TH binding by Heron th a8 the near stm obtained by Seelvng he socalled Spit sifereace method fr (14) wih the em pve fn ag nse ane weighed neapes of arcu tenes Arter bom 1 boon). “Te ements 6, the silles moti A are way in prati compute by suing te sonore dierent ange 120) as 0) Eas 9, were on b=] madeCE) axle) aeiG Daal) sta tam pe te eemen ifs mate or KT basses an A ay he be Competedby i cmpaing he semen ies matics freaeh Re 8d {ten sori corbin ra each rane eer to (1.28) Ina fonreiponng may me compute the righthand sie tT proven Simating and by simmaion ald the sso of A a "Tocampethe clement inte ifen ma (137) me ty work Ah ‘he resictom ofthe bans function gy anus f0tetrange K Denn ‘hese resins ty yy. aly. ne have ht each nar uncon fm K tht takes the vie on te veres ed weds th tr ta fevteec ot K- Weal andthe as ft ohe ngl Kk Fg Liz Iw incr fencion On Ky then w hi he represen AEIEMNDNEDEMENDHDEWMING. — nek i ; robles 17 Tormustes erence method fo 16) atbecasemea Risanguze 2a.) x) ‘and a corresponding approximation for 2%, Compare with Example mn coms ih sa 16 Fad the far nas fonctions for he angle K with vcs a (070) (90) and (0), Show ate conesponsin semen ne. mari (1.27) gen by lp 2 Ib ‘Using hisses show habe car sytem (125) Example 1s 19nd he elmet ses matic (127) for sneal one Ki terms he cordate 1.2, Avot the verter ot K 1.40 Show that 2eV eis (19) and we ie cooinaously die tl, te sats (116. 1.11 Fd he element ifn mati or the role £ forberet, west, stews piecewise quartic futons acudigto Probie | 3 Then Getemie the erresponing tal sinc ai in the case 0 8 “norm subsisison Can you terpet the tsling exer “erence approximations he egusion “w= 1.5 The Hilbert spaces L3(@), H'(Q) and HYQ) hen evn variational formulations dary value problems fo: otal ete equation, trom be athena pot fw satura and ‘ery ofa to work wih fanon par Vth sep ager Ge sonal Somenat more functions) thn the spaces of cominuoa fresh [Meco contnuour dors wad athe pti sections. Is 280 Wel o cod the space Vt vaio ser pou wh the el prac rel v the Boundary ae prodtem. Mave psy Vw ea Fhe spore oe bo)efor inten these Hilbert spas etl af dpe concepts fom Ear ager Ve ee pace ten we yt La foe fon VAL: VonBy ie, Lis)eR for ve¥, and Lis ae fra, we sna Been Lpr+0m) 8694 4L¢0 Furthemose, we ey that 9) dinar form ob AV a XV, Lekenek vance esc mcthana. ora. aa, Boe0¥) fale, ala.) Gns v,w)= fae, w) to “The bins lo .) 9m VV Sd oe rumen Aombrabns) Vevey, (A symmeti iee f a..).68 WH al 1 be alr prot 08 ve lesjad Wev, 90 “The norm ln amid ih ena pot a.) ted Ilona wn! Wey. ure i> sar rode homed. nom: then 6 tive Cac’ equa <2 lex, wsati il We fuer slat Vis neat sPae with ala prot wh Soreipendag pom then Vand oe Hi spcrt Vege, fevitevery Cauchy Seuone with spect || isomerget Wesel Eieqiene sh 9r valslement inthe space V wn norm asa toa Cuchi segues nl 0 there aan amber 8 3h hat Ieuseitc >8 tutes cmergesto vit [emu = Oani Tae ‘ese tami wih te coop competence may Bp he ema nd of» Hilbert pce simply a ea ace mi a ser pro! antec ooe Hib pace tat ae trl arora formulations of the body vale roblens te wl opie. LE ta with he one-act ie. T=2,0) a ere, wedeie he pace (i sagueeitegrabeFnctions on Lathe fede on ta fhe the pace i Hb pee wih he seal product (ford ante cometpondigg nom (he Lem Ininanmfton—t. 9 By Cav nega les meta (sm) wettbtne. 6, the intra (¥ 8) eX, and ona To ey pect he ion of nt ee a i et cp tees some fmt be Lebesgue, 8 TSE acer tice opt en of Lt wig te al Re ‘Sits bee tow the pen eu we Pay tk of "ra fncion Tetiay ca pec witout, psy shown, sch Tapearee. 2 vomple 2 Weave hatthefanstions(a)=1-, x0, TBC wpe o Weslo nose hepace ()=(¥¥ an’ elongto ths space i he eat poe py) sodwesquin fone a the conrespoding nom Inwne(fbecoI00 the guts HC) tho is the onto ¥ ened on Twi aster sr ters dervnve ae sre snterale Je tong 0 130 Th tecang of boda ole poems th oum w= onT=(, bith trounce nao ua)a(ope0, we shall we he space n=bveH"Ch: ar=nb=01 wih nse sen rode an norm as for HYD,(ar ieeucory body value problem es oe ogo {eta rsp conse the olin aan of ou previous problem cute cave in, wo ont, ({Protem 2 below). Toe coping variational problem reds: Find ‘en seh tat am [0 Soir deo wertan, aay ene werthoy, sig the tation es ee Note tnt <> nt he elt peu te space Hi. {ete afte dinenvnasubspce of i), eg eset pcesse nee Tentiom of Secon 1, and conte he flowing fine sement mato fr (1): Find wpe Soh that (13) emerald Weve Sie Vuc HO) we my cove VeVi (1.3) and om beatin from (139, se bin 039) cm d Weve ie the evar ous othogonal to Vy wth cepa, We my ‘iprew sfc t foows Te fae clement wltony the projeion Sith resgest to >of he eat aston Vy ey te eet a Vpstoet ou with ress the HY norm | pay Ori ter wor (1.39 telhgaele-vlicy WEY “Tis sation i symbols atate in Fig 13 where HYD) roe: {estes theme plane wh the spt ine ough Desa ese ve reuse Acorn 0 (1.6), he best approsimaion of he eat seation in The sente ht fr mo her Santon vey, the ero salle he ‘eased in he HP}. We Have son th! can fous by ne {new sytem o€ eats wth sight ond sie depending on The geen function Thus, we con compte bet appotmation Wy of, mht rowing ie knowing oly hat ~ Dustin @ a g=0 on TS remrhale fart ref the lpi othe boda ale poe (132), TS "Prove tat (1.35) nd (38) te equivalent (the rot of There 1,1.7 A Neumann problem. Natural and essential boundary conditions ‘Westalt ow cose a probe ih atthe ype of bound condo, rane he owing Merne prdten(D) (im) guerra tm Be oer, ‘where ghin a nouced conn wih towns and 2 deste ne ‘outward normal deste 0 F, The boundary soni 9 Newmenn ‘ondton whe the ada conden sy oF conse proven Sail to be a Diehl endian. In macance oF py he Neuman ‘andi (.50) espa o» gien fore ow fon "We an ge te pros (37th follwing vara Yomalaie (V1 Fed wel ach ae (13 aa. Wee Wert, Ma, pe f[9us Preis (905 enh “Tiss etoteat wo the flowing mination frmeltion(): Find ‘eH(O) Such a FabaF Ce), Wwe (By, whee Feed ae. att vine “osetht (3) fom (1.37) we min 379 witb tetotion vell@andimegrt over sont Gen foal (.8).methon pep antoye deaf Bdes fo. Doe fv ee most ve Deemed 9)-< vie roves (38). Letovaow ako sntne hy a ousionseH (2) obi vations (18s soo sty (2.37). Using Gees forma gin we ed om (03a ht eaten regatta Covet erate def By ef Oe 0.3) faurutvaesRgr deo Wena aw 2.9) i pres HY) a ets omnes oe eos) gered a Th.) sent fe-mvonr weno But ying now ower 0), wich ens that» willy Fel om me fay et ae sed (1.7) flows, ‘We note ht the Neuman contin (39) dos aot appear esti 0 thevatinional fralston (Vs thesluon vat) ons eqaredroblong te Ha) a patel regued to sas (1370) Ts boundary ‘onan esa mpl one (8; by varying "ie {2's obtain (1.3%) ae hen (1575) by saying von he Bounty FSi 8 boundary cording, hat does at have to Be exp pose in he Contest Wo 2 socalled nent boundary conan ike the Dice Eondton'v=0 on Tam cy {13 hat hes ob amply sid in ‘Sarl frmsaton a te form (183) Ta stow formulate afte cmon msn forthe Neumann poem (455) Let hen Ty bea ingsaton of = Seton Tun dle Yee(v v ecotinious on@, ves iner VKeT) [Acpaamcet deste he nto in Veo ous hoo the als ‘ihe ntcy now ing the abs on he Dounary Note hatefanalon in Vy at equ t tty any Penis como a hat pct). By stares low (39) we nom hve he flloning ete chen rerio er (1-9): oye Vy sh at (10) ata weve ‘Asin Section 1.4 456 ta hs problem as. ria ston tt can fe cnc by ulin symm onthe ei ear Hees unto she ne he lower esate ™ i yetie (ta-anitovslu-sihtcy We le alheoysen, 18 segtrenoaph The fanton wy il ty the Newnan conon (37) apponimaty ie 88 tio, n be an appocinaion topo ef Problem Rema When forewing ieee method or (1.37) one ess severe “ices de ome ody conion 1.37) unless Das vey np hape sah as eta. On tees a te ite mer ora tne ame boundary condition dn hea compat. Problems 116 Show that the pole wOyow' cane enthefoing atonal emulsion Find eV seth ie) We sere V=(velt(): (0)=0)- Fonte sft emer eto for ‘ho problem wing psvense liner iets, Dato he ‘poning ner ster cotinine es tm arf prion {hd study a partdar bow the boundary conan W's proximate ty the eho 1.17 Stow oe ie proses (9 and (7 of is sctian ae oes 1S Let be» bound domain athe page ad ee Houma of te dedinte eo pars Hed FG alternation Stine llwing ee: a in, exe pang rte fuetions Then fore a ie lement Inet frst paler. Ao ge an pcan of his robles In mechs phi 11 Consider Me fine clement metbod (1.2) forthe mode problem (OR) LA Ged sty (14 (,6)=v69 Wed. hee 98. cn mode IM Bane hat Gis gen by (ny br 05x, (U's) or xexel 64 Note shat Gn the e's fnew for (129) amid wit 8 {faction Be) a ote (Gy sais ~G,= 865) 0 1 Sioyecrcy=oy Parner oe hat opps ht Coe, Now, chosing eesti (hl) stat er. G0, LM “Ta, in ft ena xu to Wat the node pons Ts sone vena sopiing acters tre ane-ieina eet eto heft ha The Gress fenton GeV nd des at exis higher mesons. The techn of woking wih 9 Grecas fee this wa (Gosia on etna) ibe diners, 1.8 Remarks on programming Le ty css some of Ne ena eaaes pa Ome ‘roprem memorize element method. Tobe concrete we onder Mre'Neomann pros ofthe roo sncon, Thy Bt TTR) BE «trangulton of he somain RE with Noundy F and lt Vb the Corespondig spe of cowie pce Harter Let eins Mi aoe the nodes Tyan yyy the gata ber Ve {esd We wat to find Re ston So af te a ym (1) Abe», ete Am(ays Bales gb 3 8h ws [00m Pot omte Stefi fa “Te computer prota natural vided int avout crying othe foto at (G) Inpaof ata, © ae cet ofthe eget. (©) Cons tin aed vepresemtaion of he saretion My (6) Computation ofthe wemer les tes ne lennon {@) Amon of he pla sifets mati A ad od vce (6) Solation of te per of equations AS (© Presentation of ett er mow consider te ses (O)~e) a more deta, (0) Construction and epee of ewan Ts | program for auomatic aguliion of + gen sain maybe tse on the caf sicenive refinement of anil eons Wane or ‘xumple, te ay ene seh angle utente midpn cse Geers Is) ‘A tianguation proce of hi typ eno guar meses whet Ganges have cently th ene ec nl prs © I the body ot ‘scored this techmgor has 9 be moc ss the Bundy. ‘As duced teow, fen dea fo be abet somite Iai bere the seo tbe nls saris cna niet parts 110 Tn fact one wou ned amar eagles in eis where the ext Solan vans quel or were eam vai fhe eat solo re tage see Fig 1 where he nls go anal inthe reat the salon asa ik aan Example) A posi lone iatety Smt i Fig 18. Here aera! come gd anes ate rtd tte. None ss be dnd bes ou vo compete te ang Tato nthe tsiton zone bem eo sh clement of diferent ae Reset, mato whch suomatcly ftv Wangations where needed {Sra alae ethos bare Bee nbeccel. et Secion £8 eon “Torepetn a gven angulation Ty one may proceeds fms: Let N ety ciNtand Kesn=ts Nhe enumeration of tessa anges fT epee Then Ty tay Be pel ge wo 898 22M) nd"iG, Ny wbere 2 j=}, 2 are the coeiates of nae Ny and Ti.ahyot,2-3 are theounbe he vert of tangle Ky Asan example {eros coer folowing angulation see th ue oh tans are indcated bya sie eybi2s4s3 3873) wloi be es oT ow basdso teow tse wan owe Gams linination soe the stm fotos > Chapter 8s portant tt he ode te emomerte in suble sy Forinsan se tend torte siete Aas aed mn, ‘en we want he bandwith of Af be oe) i ‘Weting spent rote lr ramelto, inci refinement and nade numeration (needed). compheaed ask at we wl 91 cornet of {anker Latur jot tt tthe pom of spe and west tied "We now assume tat some wy have obtained a eanguaon Ty ad oat Ty epresete by the ars Zana T above, (61 Computin fh ements mais “The neat sep 10 some the net ves mates with enon jee by (1), We know that ony th NaN te sods of {etn yeTy Thee Tle) 1,23 ae te amor the verte of Ke, ad he xcorats, tm 2, fr ise vero are gen bY Zl Tl ‘j,i, 3,} Knowing te veer Kee an sow compute the mont ices mii Atay) B=, 2, 3 for clement Ky = [0D where yu the liner fron on Ky hat takes the towing wales De flutes feeds, ont. 2.3 “Th, tans pots routine tat comptes the clement ifnsi mace ‘N= ( and a fand side H™=(8) fora sve rane Ky. We then Joop ove a ements Ky an tore me res on a eae (0 Assembly of eoba iff: marc To ame the gba sifess A=() we st Wop ont all ments Ky tnd oes ld in the contin rom illerent Re alos (here ‘ACMLM) and BM) ate strays whee te mat A aed ik ae sie be tre SLAG. D=O, BDO For pads Neh A al and (4 fom rth ie andl ACT, 9), 1, a) =AITL9 THB) 40. (tla ajenTle, mA a. fet 23 (6) Solon of he nea yt B= To solve Atm we may use various eran of Gaui elinination oe ertive methods Thi Scie ie ore deta Chapter ara 7 Remark ta race we do nt we a0 aay AM. MY fr testes mate [Avner this woh ot ho economia wou req orage ‘swied, then ony the nonzero elements of Aare stored (Soe Chapters Gand Teelow) 0 ‘Remark In. crtin varia of Gan mination (fonts neo) he ‘semi umclaination meatal spall which ay sav sovaee (| Secon 65 below). Remark Once te snes ic A fr th Neumann problem (137) at teen determined, for whch the fn ia Vy dont st) ay Dowdy Eondtons, we may ie Jerve testes af equations AE~beorespond ing wo wher oundary tos, a yt Ty ofthe Goundry Fe replace the Neu condition 2 wh he Dikhit Boundary cotion ‘on Fi, then me obtain the crsesponding sysem Ab by simpy Satu a ges Uy the Dede ound onion.1.9 Remarks on finite element software footiens (cl Example 27 tlow) i ery me Fesey CLUB MODULEF based at INRIA Francs (CM) sch a Dynami Amlss Package) Oy M.S. Engl [Fo oben as Inechane, he adie mula cod or etic a parte pss PLUME (Pieconse Lear Teangulr Mati ri) by Re Bank (Ba, me sme DIEM Fer eas REMACFEM page forthe Macintosh onal canter O Prone, Theses ave 0" "Wee compute progam implementing the ideas of Sesion 8 Avan ft nl Ee an» rm example 15 Constr the Psion equation (1.16) 2 35 with das 1 fener a (08.03). aad fqua ato ekewhete To Fig 16 me give the Tne element mesh together wih the Kvel caves a the rap of te ‘ortpeating ne semen slatnn ebtnine yepppng 4 madeton of IWeltve PLM ota ptm te [ED (E] LTR aus2. Abstract formulation of the finite element method for elliptic problems 2.1 Introduction. The continuous problem ‘We stl row gives aban formation of he ite eement meth for hip poten ofthe pe tat weave tid tn Cupter1,Thi 0 tal fest bar alent pole To gve a unied estment of ay ‘ableeninmecharisansphyean ha we Jono at rcp nine The same argument sn difercr coca ese. Fie the abt ora Ion ey easy to rsp a elo 10 uosersand ts basics "thus tbe aber ps Wilh el rod. eandcorespnig sami tv ape ia Ss 3)0) (.. syne ina.) is cominao 56 Pere 3 cows YU sch tat 21) te merivllly Ys veVs Gia) is Wp, here costa C>0 se ha 22) ws. orale wev. () Ls comnts, ther comant A>0 sch eat 23) Loyeailiy ev. Lets ow some the flowing abstract miiation problem (M) Find 24) Fly=Mie Fe, Foye} toot, ‘fie ening tia ation tm (ave 25) aust) wev. Let 0m Gist pov ‘Theom 2. Te peoblems (2.4) and (2.5) ae oauateny, e, we sis and oly sates (2), Moeiner ee es eng 108 Scot thee probe and he llwig satya hl co) tale Sof Eaten fashion laws ton ie Ln Mga ows on he Lak Mg tere hh tatu fe Rise repent hee tbe ac eye pine [eae Tne fw), Tne esr ungmaree ‘Sheep ay spy pe eae To pon at (2) ae 3) Seach Sec eth i Sintra sh (2) fs eke he ro of eee ‘Mion tote sender Pom kr ve ed eee any. Ts (u-Hev}eV so that since w is @ minimum. ~ Flujsfwte) Week. Using the notation le)=Fla ts), FER, we hs be AEH weer, satay inna at end Hone 0) eae Res wo! {at uboy-Lsse + fetes Stes Sabah Bape Li Jan o-tnsate etre Sas se el My ot) a a ongteae.y-Uich roves 29). To prove he tatty Yes We choo (he 22) and (25119 ote ula, w)=Lia) sal as roves (26) upon eon lh ay. he aque fllows {tom the say ema (25) ince iw a ato ston 5 hat evan sKam=LO) Wel, in 2)ant thon by subtraction we ose hat wane ior a mew, ‘Applying the sity eae to ts stanton (sith Lm0, fe, A=D) we onelae that Juslv=0"se, moa 0 Remark 21 Even without he yet condion () a win aly (8-9) ‘Btufod oe cor poe toe ent urigue UeV 802 that sunLO) ev, ste tity estimate (26 ofr hls Example 2 elo). ati ‘Ge there coor ascnted minition pole.) 2.2 Discretization. An error estimate iow kt Vs be Fnite-tmensions sniase of V of dimension ML Let (yrs spa) bee bs for Vs s0 ha eV and any 64D eure 2 ve En, where mek, ‘Wi en vom omit the folowing Sete nalagves of he probes (6) and (0. a ey ach tha 2) Fame we, ‘regan: Fd ye ch at 29) Mayviebiy Wes 2 [Asin Section 12 we sc hat (28) sequen om Lt am wr Ste te em.an enters Exeomeeuin et ae ey Abe, where E=(GJER™, bo(he with BL, an Acta) am BAM Ic ih cements 9,4, Prom te repetenatin (2,7, me hve wesiet Ene Font An uoru Ean Hatay-r ste ess a "fotos a (2) my om amy Teatorteny Hein We abo have eating (22), oo) 2ali>0, Ake 9a. Sse a0 aoa) ts os he ning Theorem 2.2 The ifles matte A i yma and posite efi, We can oom prove the following Ba res whet he eine fons‘Teorem 23 There cits aig lion RM othe equ probis Gi) ml 2.1). there enn ui Slsion we te eat postin (2.8) and (3). Fate flowing ay eto Rls 20) tive Prof Since pov dite. A np-snglr whih proves existence nJunigeness. Tesi ctinatelaweycooungy oy 29) ch gees ing 22) ad 23), ann) Lea le {oom wbch (218) lows upon nso by Hall 8, enrk The stability ema (2.13) 0 he ie elena chin, wed ‘em arloge ofthe aby estimate (26) for the cots ble. Fonts yn oye of tei eet meio. te cet (Shi it ca be newest theres bas forthe SAS fe {Let wm prove te flloing err estimate ‘Theorem 2.4 Let weV be th slaton of (25) ad eV tao 9} whee ev Then Prof Since V4cV we have om (23) pair atuw-tiw) Ywevy otha alter abtcing 29). 1) aeugmeD Wee Foran abiraty veVs, define w=ty=. Thon weVi, vty andy (22) tnd 210,08 have sian aly, ws) aa—t, MO) aoa vain, aougee)ealinmy, evyelemalitvy where he it ns fllow fom (21). Dating by Fuel we ota The ceied enimate 0 From the abwract quan estimate of Tare 24 we may ot quanti eximate by chosing ate facon vey an siting Tsevly. Ustaty one then css veya whete mies 16 a sable Inepaanofw (ep muny tthe pieewse linea iyo yf Sein 15) InChaper we gine eaimater forthe terplation ere 2.3 The energy norm By 2.1 and (2.291 foows Hat we may nods 2 aw aor Jeon Y ‘tne by Ia). 96¥ “Thi oem is quel the em fo 6 tt se posve const © (215) dhslivhcct More pesiely, wemay choose e=V"GandC=V. Tec pba) Cecrenpnding 10 Tn en by fo. “The norm it ler to she energy nom: Te eto egution (214) Gomer Wee from which fos 8 Seton 13 oy the pool of Theor 2 21) mln, Wes or qsnaeny a wth projet of ao Vy ih expect he see broet C(t Sesion 19) Cen (16) shows that oy 4 Bes! [rprouiason of ein the esr orm stat 2.4 Some examples Let a now comer ome concrete empl of the form (2.5) Chapt $turher examples fom mechanics and pose wl be peer Lt be "oud dain in Rr wth Douay The tina a Ra Rare dnotd by x=(4 4) and =OEuample 2. Vet V=A0O), DERE, ao, wef Jo Devs Leys fens. where 6) inbih a3} ovation of heNeamane problem (1.3) wh ga, Let eit the con (ave ae ined, lety a) asymm ner forman V2 and Li eat ate lve aby Couey: egy en a 9 90 ih rowes (1) an (22) i Ihotel either ies Example 22 Let V=HU(), 0,0 wd, Lo)=ftre bio theoy. bio roves (23) th ate 9} here feL()isven, which oregon 9 orinroducary boundary alae [robler (13) To ey tat ht) are said, me te ha a.) {Tobesoly some ap otmcr and L ier apd Se ans latvia “ne hive tha af.) conto. The contin of L fons a Een Ti desires orn 0 pove the eli ©), Fe the nga 2) forrwenyrene sya) — went for ume postive constant a We shal pose hat C1) feel Wet, from wich (2.17 lo wit 0-4, Sine 0) for vel, we hve sinus enkefrnney refed Suing his inequity and ten inepratingovee we bain (2.1), Wenote ‘ute ine gly (28) es ot st"). lees he hard side in an he pt and ade 0 Tas We ne eg a bounty codon Stik frm s(Q)0 for (2180 Bol oder to cnt the nm he faction vy ben Of he deat se, we eed ie ps1 sf, Tae rhose Vs 0 cn of peewee funtion 1 Seton Ilias, i uieamoot enough, Example 2.3 Let VQ), DR Hoo [0-16 here feL 40), Jambi cine (2s aration formation the Die pobre 6 fordhe Foo gusten Wedheny ce at (i eG) slain his se. Thu, on he lic, the ies ay ) fIPoeaassdoabtieat fs) e tes omen 0 prove 2m) femwcy|voEo Wet. 2), scent to rove tht hee sine men (2.19) follows with amc. ne prot of (2.2 i aeslogce 0 Ge the prot of 2.18) (cf Prblem 21 Belon). With the Vp of Sesion L4 we ie-wlnaecr He wissuncenty smooth Lxampie 2.4 Conse he olbwing Yount rate problem ‘es a 2m) forxetet, 0.2.2) wor=wOHW)=V ete fel) Problem 15), We nace the suse WAy=foelal) vel. ‘ih orm Ine oer oor Hn) =veH"C: WO}=HO)=="40)=0) he sate nm Te pb 2) 8 ere evan 0) We, He 180), isn =f, Usa o ese a hss (a) tie By (2.1 wane Iorect » preecforPaxcpere. since 0)=¥ (0). which proves tat Iligg® 80°F 3 a6 9. 1 (9 ote wih a=! 00 (| + (4), oye rong nator amber an alae [Asamenanpe opt detvative tea vats bw» Dov wt '22(2,0), afi.) ra=(0,2, which ate he «with ol. We nom Sine renee HA) =(veL AO) DEL AO, lest, iar, Dean “Tha the sace HY) sos fa neon ¥ on together wih he fires Dv of oo [el st mos long Lo) The ae (a) Hier gc wth he estes ov and saresgonng wala rue The prs (Sate examples fel Soe pacer armed her the Rese tematic 8 Lobos XR [A Enonpe 25 Let now comer sounder prota nano dimen. ‘al domain, say te harmon ple ex) abet ine, a2 Bho ont, woe 2; doo ferentiation inte outward somal cin 1016 teoundiry Thi problem sire formato afte Stokes gention nad Ine rnlem 3) nao modes tne placement of neat nts clampe Counc. ander a ranies lo (Poem 5). Te {oes aviaona ormaaon of @2), me nec these foes=faauv den 2 f& (aweae [ota Pudee [5 lowed fetan)- 2 sven voice fou st [anavoee fur ‘We re tus eo the owing artina arma ofthe aren rob (225) Find ve mash at aul) Wey,thee v= HO) ant M0 Wiefaw dv dh Lads de ‘Azan we se ey that i (0) and) te said nh ce and he Veli (i) cm cay be prved aig the his Polen 2 som, 4 Chapter3 Peon wes const ie semen spices ea Example 2 Conier the flowing pen in homain OR2 BH) wus MG Mere we, 28) -naueg, Boge 99, en ston iccnamdie Acoma ihn an cam cf ssney conection prem: eLearn ae a ‘ituson netic wane ete dernier concent ey inte ein BG Later msm tary yh SEN ied (or conecton ston prema i eles oe Chai 3) By rating yy ate cone Hla cee et ody Cress ovma Lapae ci an eh {ote ovina mason tay dae eae 22 AFL) Wee. Moo VOR ahead Uefa Wesco ac a6. ig Vapi sce eV, ne ane by Crce' formu: forStoot Soaked fr Pr Sov See fo, am Soh Jit 26, Sy oo, {U9 ng, ® "xiene of gue wet solution of (2.2) ne slows rom Kemah 2 Sting rom (22) we ea formulate he lowing fe elemento (or (225 Fam we sch at em ate 0) Ween where Vy ite sonal subspace of VAC oy Fu a hss Tor¥ we hve anabore tht (225) equate tothe ea Sto AB wtere A=(a)- gna) and mPa} UC q), NOLe at Ms ate By the Veli lowe tha lations (225) re ee and te AA Smomsingult soa Az as une stone hee eh = User sue 225) tesa rman he a Peace Eve aha have he err etmate ere). Ia-eulnosSew-tinien Wea -Ezanpie 27 Let whe te tpt in abou condi ody oeepyiee ‘he dain BCR We hve the stony ce he omg eons 22%) -whis) in, Jat. 2.3. (routers, 2m) divert 1.2 (conereation oF ene) wee the det 16 heat Blowin he Aeon. Ks) i he het onducy nt on he Saacton af) te fet poding © Efpar nea. ici 2 lr ant exon ca deel [i ectoms ten siming'@ (28), 9 Stan Paso pon siseet in the meen, C30) ban toe fy ‘cea eqnion wh sare to owes esc ‘emt snanedn pen ontesolton® fiat eon he et Saf dele eps en 230) wa ‘Simp fn ar pra eta gut se Coat blo ites nw res al sone (23) wh te stay canbe wc trite acne med 26) te the pre of vate wfc rd ot ede ay ates, Ne Spment (308 theta onions amy eon, 2m) vane on tswhere Peruri pron of th unday Pa denote theater {i ora Te onion (2 2 correspon stain hr the Beat flow gra on Fr "We rae he pce YVe(sch¥(Q} v=00n Tp. kip (2.280) by veV an ine ove By Gree’ formals we hen sehr the st equity ais fn (2280), (226) athe fe that v= fof thus te aeled tosh fllowngvaitealfomubtn of (20) Fd 2) ust wey, whee efi es fv toon] 3800) ‘We easy wet tthe soos ()~() ares under the following Iya Tee ar postive como and Coch ch(s)2€. ve, 121,2.5, 48), get). athe are fT poe ‘Saaing rom (77) me may om formate a aie eemes! method for (2.26) by woluing Vy atte ment space Wye. Th edo alee ‘prem Ach nih atte mtn Acta) wth chet = there Thi vga! hase for Vy Tofnd thea we hn wompate eas ineling the aie cefient 0). In pce we my fr hi purpse BL be nage with ee, Show hat (gpanvegsryray® Wetton, heeft vet, by osing te today contr v= 2-00 Fa the fo ay 2% ace Bye Yer [ee (S Ba wate, a hte. hen ho 2 Fhe (Give a variation foetion oF he oe a, oe wow Ow (euro ands tat he contin (i)=(h) at aie. Which hounds ions are essen and which re tra? What ithe nterpe {aon of the faurdiry condos is present he desi 38 {trex ese sorta © (QmyscIotian weet sig thie sow that the Her fan H(0) Reinet oy of ore isconious i geLaPh ie {B= ‘Give 4 varional txmulston ofthe itomogeseous Neumann pobien sautet ino, Bee cor.ard check tte conn (i f Sein 21 ae sated Ge resent hes ths orm 24 Ghe avai mnt een oer wile ar seca When aod 0 ates Gin Imcrretona he bossy sation abiehfomeime etre to abe Robi or thi pe Pound cnn) 27 Consider the vation probe (2.27) with vai coeff. Soy ht & compared of wn prs an th omnen nay Ste 2) andere thecoticents is) re deine Me fen (ra fornea ete Bee pov ont In this se (2.27 md stot Rat condton in n trop tidy composed ol wo materials ith hes condo ction {nd vs ecg thereon Oy an8 Wy. Sbow Gorm tat we Staes @27 and ot amy gavel Om snr Gm gare me 02) Ba ons were dente he esate o-oo arma 2 Noe hat (2284) repel et Boing hese ind Sy one tht vs ‘ston ote (22 So xmay attebn of he tional em 22) Me paw f a where I-10, 1, and and only ster -Rteye9)=1 and am where nye if. 2. Then fom» Gt eee math for (230) wing piscenve near anc Determine he eesfondng, Tne stm in tbe seo = wafocn patton a ve a erp atom ofthe etm aes litene mato fr (230, ‘Show tai isthe oun of he Dict pbs ~as ina. ont, aay hee feb) and SARE, then 239, pat, i he ion f he were (atk dv 9-0 in), Hs(@rtan a9! wet) “The inition problem (22) corwapa to te Pringle of ‘minimum complonenary energy im mec. Sig fom (233) ‘epnc bys tte cimesonalatbpace.neinay cons int20 komen metho of wile euivian ype Uorsueh a metod ihe ‘aulivivmsosion Seg FoOni he ttsfedesot nthe asete fre) Macthod te ype ay enn caer Rave hates 5 ‘Smpret wo the coment chen method, so-abed {fpecnent methods tht we hove aie bon fo depen tethed for (2.2) he compat reaton (22%) 1 sats ‘ray. Hin Fit sbow ta peti esluton a (2 82) anony [paseo wel shee Hy [gst sy Sune Pon 2. ith he following ternative boundary condos a= -wODFWO)=0. oH }=UT EW shee 1 postive conta. Ako ge a meas iterpetaion ‘tthe boundary contns Coie the Neuinann probe, (2m) austin a ina} am Bernt. any Jute Note that i stines (23,0), then 30 des we fo any constant and that the condition (2.33) aed to pe anienes Give = “arti loemaltio of (2.35) sing the sce Vaivetlay J vbo0, 1 rove tht he coon) te sas. 3. Some finite element spaces 3.1 Introduction. Regularity requirements ‘We stall ow present se commonly aed tee ment spaces Vy. Tse spaces wil ovat of pecewhe pojnomi! Tuto ef suRdSION oF ‘ianglatone” Tas (Ky of 4 boarded domain SRS du. 2, 3.00 chines K Ford. fclement Killen for do age "Wes eet say ther Yue YO) oF Ve HAR). corespording to Second oer o four ede bound vale pablens. especie ‘he pace Vy ona pscene pom we Base BN YeHt@evcca) a Mamajsvicenay, (Cys [is cominsous anton tne on 3} CUD (vey DEED, ela. “Tov, Vac) fondly ifthe fatons vee ar sotowos, amd ‘YscH#(G) Hn oly he funstne vey ond toe fist devas ae atinanae. ‘The squalene (St) depends the ft ha fe eon lofcts esa and sve pcre Sontnuos 0 tat vel). Op the ther han, i'w ie comin Rr erin inerlemeat Roundy, SeC4G), then he devenivn Ds l= 0 xt a easinn ie LAB) hdr vel (Q) (vie continous sero smslemen! eS thon De [al=1 would ea dunctonsyppored ys wihch's mt asquremegrtie famiony. ar way me le that (22) Robe a the eat(©) the gore of the functions ¥ in Vy ow coh element (ee ‘uaa cai, eo (6) ie parameters to he ed 0 deebe he fontions nV 3.2 Some examples of finite elements tet us now consider se stamps We st omsider he cane when ‘ona the ple KE with polygonal boeniry TL TyoK) He phen Wnngttn acura Secon 14h angles K. We shal wee flowing notation for 2.1.2 PK) =o ea polyoma f depree ton K ‘Thus, RK) the spc of 1 tuncon defined on Ke, tions of he seaman. cK: te he ae, We see at Ei Ve whee WG WN WS 1s tsi for Pk), and tat chm (KI=R, where im W does te imenvon fhe nee space Further Pah) ste space ot unda ectins.on Ke. fotos fhe tom sop =antansstantetann| where he ae, We see (12x a asso PK) Chat din PAR) 6. emcee wakes wn, Zsa a whee ye, oo yale (602) an nga sample Let GH Myatrecy: ogc. VRE, te. Vpinte spac of continous icewin cafe hat we hae oe in Secon 17, AS parameter laa deer of redo, to esr the Fanatons in Vay me core (64) te vaes the node poi tT, Gocating the node pois oF. Let ws ow comin orcs tha his "pie choice and som that nton vey niu Sresmined The tates (24). Thin wo coue tive gb ovou a it yy ‘ore complted stations blow. We thon it ootie that if Res {ag wih verter ay fel, 20. then the degrees of teem fr K Conreipncing 0 (8), eth lament dees of edo, are 5) te esa the veto a it, 2.8 1 show that a fancion vey i nis determined hy the ders of ret (3) sale 1 ow ‘here 1 Let Key be angle mh ets ta) af. 2. 3A FanctionveP(k)isangn determinedly the detest redo 0.9) fe. penthevater =i, Sheetsu ungucyeacmieseRcton VPC) 69 se)=0 faa Prof Sine ws) =cuy 42244 fo sme conan eR, (3.6) scaualent "othe tna tem of equtions 67 caltemitorm, F123 inthe unknowns Thi system ha unique oation or given 4 ly Irn teria dt ot he cetera ‘teen fom 20 However by bc Har ln 0H deatrenes ok ndthas dtd Hence Bs a0 in Sc he argent wil be wed el ‘erin fe pout. We woe st at lar who prone the ested est teak yve seme erentim PK) {e.(87)hssthesame mister ofunkowat sequins Isbieeeitfllows, gn yb ar tera, a ei ae soars oF (3.7) a0 ue cen her nod ihe nly Slaton of (3.7) with a=. 23, [pvc 1.2.3.0 oma G9) HveP\K) and) =0, 91.2, 3, ten wm, pe of degen of een (=), Inti ato prove (3.9 dst tou wing (3.8), which shows that [Rswe tle below ths ater mb of proof maker t pone oem pro anloues of Theorem 31 for hg oder porombl ir wth a ec empath deerme espn ee ‘Wecan nom determine tha fed) bane or i(k) aorta ih tnedereeof recom 3), ete Hcy PR). 2, sua (cece. Ml Dial A fvton va) the as he eposaation by hahaa am oe Seni ak Tedcumietenis nm eet rete (0 forere specil eles fran and name. 0.0). (1,0) feds0. Dh ANE ZS ‘The Dass uncton 53, nao be eerie lows Let ante te the equation for he aight ie hough the verte and) The Aisleweinaedn, thee the art! chosen so hat fl), a sae way we may ‘etme ty Hf the eagle Khas vets (0 0), 01) (0). ten yr, Sgmsg and het aya. The ptton yz and gfe pol "as fenton fo PK) wl be ep eo ‘Ginen the coe of pal copes 9 eto (3.4) 1 mura 0 scribe the space hen by (23) arate ae G1) VpctvevgeP8), VReTy, at continues athe nde) Wether vewafuseion ey teenie ea fanctintaing on crn ‘aloe ie vod Ty Let ste cael cs ta (3.1) tins the ime space st (33) above: We neo chook anton veVy astning {Oi ctiuaes. ie, C(O) Ces, sue to heck tht Vis cominous ats ll trl stn“ It Ky nd Ke 80 “engl in ang the oan eS with th cad pine Ny an sy, Supp ve acoring19 (8.11) an te (112 bee resitons ft he Ky Ten the fein wos vy dln hes 1 eed poms Ny and Ny nee en nS koe ta st arsesonS Hear, vs coma us S and we ba he eed ‘Shon tat ve), Example 3.2 Lt ws nw show how wo contuct» space Vs ung pec pita ee PR) Lets iy eh ere ges ‘ced. Let Ke, te a age ih vere sh? 3. an den Imipois of theses oF Ky ict, 2 3 ae Fig 82 peeTheorm 3.2 A fonction veP(K) i ninasy dee Byth owing ve, 23, TO, Nika ean Prof Since dim PK) ie 0 the numberof degrees of freedom (=) 1 ie te pol of Theorem 31) sale he prev tat two) aed on 23 linda. Tht Probie 31) voice ently on hah ess fe Problem 8) hat we an "tor ut he nein yan rte SE)ehtsImeh— xeK, ere me (K) a 2.3, tthe basi fonetins for PK) eeorng te Example Inthe some ay wesc that to sani slo the see {Se thar ht we my stn set the foto a SACs sek whet nom my has dese 06, == we lye I MeO, isis hie erator Ek 0 nat = ad Bence v= and he poo complete, © | farcon eP(K) bs he repeseiton oy ih, $y “Tose his by Theorem 3.2 ice! o check hs the ight and ie RH, an eit andes LH of (1) ae tesa ales aT nse pos a, sce he dieence L=RHePsK). Pom (314) ts et wh ‘heed bss ations for 24K eaespodng tone degrees of reel (G12) ae-the bss fenton corespondng lo pric degre eedom. thovelueat the sertoe for iastanee, four the foto Ye PAK) ch thal yet and y voices athe he fxe pos 9! ce Fa). a aN Fe 8 ira aon fo PA) Let wsehoshow aif ePa(Ki el, 2, ere Ky an Kor mo angles with he common se Sandy an 7 ae are vale a eee pos nthe pon ofS. hen andy agi on. Bat fons etal ftom he feta os varie guaran nog an» anes theese pis on 59 that wa 0 ‘Beng re Vie vey vkePA, RETA, we ve fon that be lal degra fade of the anton eV a8 be chosen lo 6) Pe ater ov athe moder {Ghee ates va the mi pois Oa teks be anges at ‘The comegnag pobal bos ations have te ftowng on rare ample 55 We nw deine apace Vy ung cee ce Fart 6 vai hat vies). Vey Let Re gl th sand deine ee Fe 3.5)‘Theorem 3.3 foeon YEP) I argu de 20,0 we 2s) i ieh23, be ‘Prof Sins Px) equate nue of ders oF eedom (20), Ae icen oshow that 9ePK) on 0.1) an=vnpmn)90,4, 561,23, 44 ‘hen #50, Obs half a ace varaton log tee? thea v=) ‘ons In same may lows av vases on Tei a? and a dhe = PACD. whee isa constant. we now ane sea gt (2.16) Yee otha ya tus ¥=0. 0 Nowle cP). 1, 2 where Ky and Kear no anges with common side Sant upon tha + pd tke theme ves a ee oles aed the wo pooner of Sines -oy vanes acy om alome ay on Gee HE). ov VA Yer ee viePtK). YKeT) with he owing degrees oF freon: SEUNSGN IR pom sone eo, Eup 34 Thee i arr nay of casing the depres ot reedhm for Pinienee Kosong sah vee 1,2, 8d emer of aly Theorem 34 A fostion veP(K) fg determines by he oowing aos of reed vr a om Boy iat aaiena “0, Pr Since gin dn PK) equ tthe naber of degrees eedom, ‘uate pow hn eFC) ad um) sade tape el 2.3 Fol 2 ‘he YH ations am 1) B® eeryed. iat, 23,whee Sth detvatveinaiectons=(.5. tn pater we herhave siete she dition rom 38199) Together wth heft ato") =f) ‘ss that» vansber slg He Se a sige ye 2 abe onan lon hv sd, the ue ways at te 8 and otandte aru ton coveted cts prot Theorem 33. Werther ate ties 2-nher Ky and Kade oes win ne common se writin 5-7-2. amd ads oes oper Ben vs “Te sorespomting Ste sme space VncCXE) is Hen by Vie tveaeP AK), YKeTysand and 2 tot 2 comnts a he Poses it he abi degrees oF eed (theese and BE, et, 2, odes Of, Gi) the vals ofa ee emer of prvi of ea KET. Feomple 3S Let us now conser» fie Semen ape Vp stn the fenton YyaC'(G) We wl en work wit onions hal are polynomials Df degre ve on each tage wits polyno ower dere. seta ‘ona ae Feu toa the Cheon, Theorem 35 Let be s angle with verso, 2,3 and a te he opin one side l= 1. 2.34 Ge Fi 3.) A tunis PR) nis dered byte lowing dees of eo, De), 2, 5.082, ow Laas Bom a sere 3 dente sieettion the onward normal de oe Prof since dn PK) i eu he nb dope of eedom (20 ieee eal 0 pone ta a he dees Heesom morn to .19)ate mea, ten v0, T em teas detest 0m ‘is vis phono he sd 22 of degree at most 5 flows ha + varies OF a! Fare 2 plbaoi fds it #09 0 62 Boe=Rer=8 Bere, Br lent that we ma tor (a2) r of vn) bE Hn he pec Uc han sm he ae Tero Hev=ChianFetel. XK, ners ye yK). nthe se may we se ha we ns i stor out OD. si sony posible 0 080. Tha, both wand 2 vanish on 33 wos, sntere YER. But PK) aod the oly pouty hen isthty= 40 tat =O me o Now et vcPtks side un pe that Dayelby_attheenipante, a2, 22 sine nip of 2, were Ky and Kaa 0 nes with whee isthe umber of wana, Next, pute fit etme foltion wy 8 te new mesh Tyan rept the poses Un 39 Gi "owes bythe vost ows ts sl enough) tha Ke ei sesh Tysaeyng (39) teenie sum il appro eal [ote so tat ater eenement of sen Wamp, he reting meth ‘ompleted oto gunna Te 1, Tura pone octal he vor other nems thn the HA)-4m sot (439), orn nay 0 cata fe aad ero feninui norm Inti eae we Dose the aaapve mead 99 the er rite 425) and ck ids eck Ty (Ks hat 65 Cagmantosaley8 YT. ere above Dw) compute apyroximation of [DI ‘Azan heal mech sig (436) conten trough a sequence of Sezeinly efined mete were rare K for which et end eo (436) lager han Sate reed. In Fig. 42 we pe te eonace of meshes Frith ssom atthe oie itl es) dened sping apie method i fo th to he poten fan in 2,wep eset the Seaguemesouagnbeneron 60) Soeione coeur neem eevee Sep eens pe een ee eon crane hur }rtseseiemsi eter? 4.7 An error estimate in the L2(2)-norm We have seen tht if we apy the finke semen! mod wth teense Vie (ve s|eP4(K), YET] tothe Fson equ (11) sh AE ‘mvgna ore tea we hav the fllowigestinate forte etry fate HI). (63 a-elttvy se ly ges he foming (Oana (438) oral Chiliy (nthe other han Py (4:18) he iteration er, wm, aise he Second oer ten Healers. ‘We sal go prove th we hse aires for Jl 9 tat the gant in fc covers at the pi te. Weta hen ae at thepohponn domain scone #iBhar soot boundary encom Isnoeeaune). ‘Theorem 4.3. 1/6 cave lyons demain an yi te fine cement soltion fe Paason equation (6) wi pests ee fares ‘Stes (1.3, thes ther sa conan independent of nd hc lomo cna Prof, Seircting (118) a (1.20 we ain he err equation 49) ena We, shee =u ad the otation of (129) a. We shall om eimate (Gre) ley snga soca day ypmen which ssn ete "Sent ase ee ao Chapter 8). Let ¢ Be th alton of be wg ny al posers cayre 2, 0 of ‘Sie © is connet me Ye om (4.27) wth 0, (0) lille,whee te constant C des ao depend on Using Gres ora an he eth e=0 on, (02-6, Ag)eate, 26. where the st inauaty flows fom (439) since mageVh 9h Me syq)=0. Appling aw the etepaaion estimate (4.18) 09 2nd wg ‘eo 0), fd elated orm ntllavaPinr ay ‘Chilis Diving yl a caling (437) we Bly pt tla CalliaysCaeo) andthe pooris compre. Rena 4. bse ity sequy (2.6) for 4.26) sess (4a alien Tuoeeemeaiinw wala) ema pause A grey Wt eye op vet Ilion “tery the quant defined by 2) wears he a Fina Sea fem td me may ie pr Rt BY 6) etos op fea vein “ “ete om inte soca de Hf HY). esi Ihawe a em vetgen ll tod sine wake sp over larger seme leary ve that fin Seonger nae ha Fay ov gn By (4.4) 9 fotos a te Base stat nity (4A) may Heth th ih fol erespond 10 (4:7) wth ==, robe 47a yajocelanse ve be the neriterpoa ha agree ith eC) a the end pan 31. Using te tec: he pro “Taorem 4 ove etinates orn yond =U oer 42 Prone (418), 43 Estimate he cro ul fr Probie 15 and Expl 23 444 Prove thatthe tll aber of leet wih carne regres of me teem (230) mike 45 Dewamine a sabe reiement ince De exe seiton fs sega of he fr (425) with eed and aa 0 cone Ta Wah gy vn he esimate (£28). ot ee, by Gree’ formals (1.17) we st ove fovn = [yaya fay nih proves (5:2), Let net choos atest anton van a) CGeeath component eH) sch that «= oT, Sum over rom 03a intetae over By Gees om fote-— fant fog fa, vere se Boundary tpl over Fy vanes ace v=0 08 Fy. Us aio (Sig) we es foot fates fras Fly, we limit oy by ing (518) 1 et fai 9 ar vereloe ier feves, 9 4 jefe yw We are thu ed the atoning val fommulaton ofthe elsy oti (51) Fo ve sh that 63 ale y=te) Wey. were fo, sph v i veel Me fn (et v0 09 Tt‘Let w gow heck ithe aston (i) of Sein? ae ses a Insease. We cam routinely ve), 8) a (hy) nd Ma eas toprove he Veli seo prove here pote consti atch (4) ale vieulbilh Wey lniv=iMivia 3 bap imu sows dec Kas eh Tee ne 5) feidvadvltetntpatlvsa) ‘We notice npc tha (5.5) aunts proving ha the orm any pia derivate wy ae be estate byte Learns ofthe eiraons is) evoting on erin omnaon of ey Stes (3.5) 6 the snormon the right had side, we nce fave poste mest Example 21 oe a poo of Korn’ neal me oer ep! asym the cae Tae Problem $3), ‘No we are ale formulates fe tee! method Yor ou ety problem Lt then Ty) beans oo eras Ke ‘eserves in Esomple 36 a detne Vor ve¥ wee P(0)% VKOTH) Esch compen w of fenton ve i nd pleenite Hea fiton ‘antigo. We i era fomig ie lest seh ft (51 Fu ye uch hae Hop, v)=L6) Wei ‘Acoring ro the general theory of Chapter 2 hic prem hs a onque ‘otton an bythe meroltion rele Char # we Mave the own I-elioy< Cha robin SIP Comer the elaciy pope (5:1) na threcimenoes dows B2Ox(- 41) wih QR’, ema and yet Ti corpo ‘oth ene pit wih idle surtce sutyect on pan oe ‘rly (ao tramera ous). Asaming “ne wre” (le, a5 FE1L2"3) pom that tik ce G1) 8 Fecal amunioendenier fa eh = EM cne, jin Ehyge Er ant C2 dcmpion of ‘Smo eta en rode ft ‘net me! Deu ocr mee poe a Sep tapi ed ese Mes open nh ‘Sind wagon re sh pte stg th pena th esd be ln Teng sn eset per ‘heaters sp be 5.2 Pro Kor’ it theese Fo Hi row hat Saran forse5.2 Stokes problem “The saionty Soke equations fo ae acpi Newnan fi ih ‘icy enclosed eth dona QR and wre upon by ihe volome nd [reat the notation of Seton 5 ing, oat iat, 23, here u(t sues pth presen w= th vey Els 1 we obtain he folowing equalet formulation (8) Haman, ea ean (se) ‘ieee no. ee) fs oer, int,23, We pow seek» variations ormition of (54), Let wel OV be atest funcon sing he inompreniity conan dv i 2. ily (5a) by vinta over nd ne Green's nam Ten smn et Neve eet eer wf psd fae {28 sas09{ 00 Pte fone ona mf a- Po since 20 0 Pan iv vy That we ae Le 6 te foning rater ofthe Stoke problem (6) Find eV auch tt Mayet) wey, as whan Po: wa Lo fv, v=veltanp a 99 60. ‘We cn easy check ta the contin ()~() of Seton 2.1 are aiid Nite hat the forlatinn (5.1 the pres ps "sappcre which Comer fromthe ie hat wee wrkingiaspace Vf the velatesuhe ‘he lcapresiy condone += 9 te, “To formulate efit loner metho for (5) based on he variational {ovmoiton {7} we nnd to onstrate deenvonal space Vo "Tarn ut tah ot eter eny seme ate tN he coin v=Dexaty Forsimpiy el woe the alae ot (8.7), nwo dimensions in whch cose Yetvet welHkOe dn v= + 3 pio) where QER! By «ganda wale advanced clas it foDws that if imply comet, tif dos nc onan any "Boes" end =D verv on 28, 28) for some anton. Moe pred ( Pode § (8 veVewreng, eH) ‘The fection the near faci connected withthe veloc fll» “etaow Wa boa ie detonate of He peomiacted ing the Clsument of Exanple 35 ed detne Yi (erat 6, pea) “Then YiCV ant oman a fine seem method ie the wt way by fepincng Vy Vy in (57) ee oan 4 eet ote saying Me {slowing oor eins Ian» ‘Chapter gives oer fit clement methods (ad mined ethos) {or the rw cnenonal analog of he Sots prt (38) mt ein ‘he veloc spe Vt salt lanes condone5.3 A plate problem Consiters hin clipe Pi mie sitce ven bythe dain BR? ‘St toundsy Fa ed upon ty the wane oad see Fe 8 We sek tne sss ect w ogter withthe moment 5 2 ander the fond (Heveo the fending mine ec aa ‘urcon the ising morn, suing ml eect ass ate Iter we have te owing conse lon (Hooke au) (59) rAdudytoee, i1.2 where hand jae pov cman sd % hasan hte te caatre fens, Father we bive te follwing equiv pate 64, hte aun the summation conven i use "To die the houndy condor et n(n, 3) be the award uit normal fT (, (0) the anger oP and ei a Bop, (corel drat, tangent eri), oe 84 (ormal omeet a (srg momen Rise e288 (anmens t Nos lt the boundary Fe psn im tice pss Fy sie he allowing Boundary oman 2. sand (iy aBao on Famed, ony ons desl sepa) (5.16) eR(o)=0 on Fy ee bendy) Let w 20m ive 8 varies Let ven be a est frat fhe plate podem (5 8)-(9.1. (2) veo ots 1 me now matiy te eauri eunin(5.1) by vn nerate over then rept tar of Gras ean ges (19 [pa fous oyna fos ats fo fy foe Sin ye yt Mt it, 2, wet eunnrann dt amt Reon Sts 04%, shat (9.13) em be ten (518) foysenne fo d4- Ja, tf Bie oadite boundary Fis soot, paral ntepraton along I ges fodonf ge In icc (5.18) am be wen poner fe fo FR It we now ue the Boundary condor (511) an (6.12), wes tat he rudy mera disappear and om eliminating a9, by sing 39). me Say ge [Paeartmasensesnf de “Thus we ate othe flowing arin formustion of the pate problem Go.) int wow sch ae Hele) Wey. wher aeo=fPaowdvelonsonkse Lopes, ve(ren(ar = on .vd0e 5) We immediatly se ht the onions (9. (8) and (i) 2 Section 2 ae ‘Sted and poe to very the Velity tr cup he ce ene neh ine, ohn Pde a et "Wc now ne out wsy formulates fie clemestnebatortheplte problem ang the lst of Example 15. We ete he deta othe render ‘Romar The sonst and wi (9) ae een by Rey a ‘were Ee Ne Young nad a6 the Pion i oe eke materia ie pte Prbtone s ss sa Prove (3.8) ‘Show at he analogue of Soke equation (56 ina two menial simply comected domain can be fouled at he barons probe (22) by intscing the seam fen uno Show thatthe le problem (595.1) takes the fm (2.2) if6. Direct methods for solving linear systems of equations 6.1 Introduction "Nena seen in Chptrs an that apleainofthe ate element metho ‘ona elie poem ical leads to a bear str of euaons Naser, were (i) i ym, pst definite nd sparse MxM mat an BeRM. We ato Know tat the nigie nltion Eel of (61) cam be ‘aaiety characteris eth sluon of he gue snsiton pose w “To compute the shin Ewe ca at eer from (61) 0 (6.2). hi “hater we hall say ms deer mets, Methods ad on Gn ttimioaton. fer thelton (1) Inthe est copter we hal te ‘minimizatan agoritons forthe soon of (62) tho my be viewed ‘uvlely erate meteor 0) Rona Fst eemest metho fs one hyperolprodens ah Iho oon aynmer near ete of equations sb Chute baw. theme there oad miacton role one en gute {emulation wd) andi ly es how to cotta erate rthads for general clases of ronsymetinprelens Thos for So podem Gaussian eirnation (wth pong belo) fen WS. 6.2 Gaussian elimination, Cholesky’s method We scl (tay bi ourse in names aass tha wing Gavsinn mination wo soe (6) me ebsin LU farina of he farm 6 a whet L=0)) ita lomer angular MXM mai (=O i), UA 1 a apper tagaar mas Ge yj), or grammy ws) reo te teas foul SY . oes Fm he fatto (63 1 the essen Age by ne fora a bcd ono ee ga, (64s) Le eu Werte a= AM werent AM, Mae comput aes Alen ©) Give A oft om 8 “ ame fo at er er devenine Aa) stato « ~ apg Magy Mant Ei nde the sumo hy We ao rl hat = (9, where he, ™, tye ine ae ett o 1420, lick‘Oe can som att As smmetrc postin dete, then a>, Ber. Thas, Gnian ciation cn he pecormed who! pati. nadsion under hea hyped nesesey perfor pong 1 peveat humeral stay et 09 small pot clement) To ‘sey pertorm be Gaumianciminaton ay ese ode, We wll ce Beko ia een cect ets for (1) etal te in the hoe ‘fhe order fhe eatin, the eimai he per eae we ‘esorm he elation cording othe cern the mes. ‘Stee A ssymetre poste dete we may alerts tor As Aeat, swim B=DL ana where ix Sapna marc wth goal lees ce VRE be ar Land a are bei hoop the Gain limiting seve ite Bt dents the anor ot hema The ements oe at ferme be determined wing Coty method 8 ows 6.3 Operation counts, Band matrices sf sritmelc pean 0bainan LUfaterinton fades ‘ema wahicwsrosemen)# metal o heart othe mati pre thn is pose aly eo he mb ‘Stopeatoncy ung the pay Ts parry ey ote mae ‘Atta ond mors, ee fa tala nerd he and wach ‘Abad mass a hewn fm, where sade ateindates wher ‘ome cements mayan (me lament nthe band ay be 0 “Fotacor a MxM mai whan wii done ae sympoicaly MEE ‘pratons ( role 61, wich buch es tan the er A as Seve tt mc sata (ceninictnnenate nb ie a bem (hig and areata wih detest teedom long tbe see element ‘testy, be and with depends onthe choses ensmeaton ofthe Nees, ad {5 Gausian cinmation ito bese. then we wtf emma the node oa to make the Don wis net) a mals pose Eun 6.1 Let ws conser he long enumert giving wim hand ‘neces hv J (esa on ee isdn aoc ithExample 62 tnx yp pit with ify tangltion othe unit Sr eih seh se bate enmeration coring fo Exam est M008) an (4), an ths he wor estat for aus ‘Sinton inhi ene "24M. Note haa band matic A sored at ect withthe cola the tuna comecnne eer IA ao sme tbe ony ee Ope ‘angle prt of ees Decor Ts, fA) asym and tah bn wih ay 2, hen 29 Ye stored as vector a=(4) with Ihe teentsn eoucnondng to the se elements fallow: Jom ah an “od enark tssontime coment llow he band with ovary Gomone Som enter To store Ain hice, we agin store the cles be ‘nd oncutely ina aclora~(a). Wethenaohavetosaplyafomation ‘incrnng the nes fhe apna elements Ae example, # mae 8 Shh flowing arble and sractare a Baro 0 om Boao canbe toned athe ecto (a, ay gee with he it of nies of ‘Saget etme 36.9.1 15.19) Thosselered ase shynemetbod oliorage. 2 6.4 Fill-in ing 6:5) Hives to ea Aa and mec wih Bae wh hen Soureth crs Land Usman LUctoraatan of A Hower, theates {Cy U may hve nonera lements wi te a at ons here He “oma of ee, Th ced fin In he apeatins wos othe ‘ements ofA winnie band ace tro (cee (0), we wth wa ‘Sling ss asin Bul 8 eto te clement fhe factor ad ‘Gwin tebe at barr. Thun.the ars Land Ucotan any Hore romero elements than A and we havea cone iin Diet “rameratns ofthe aos may gine dierent ees 9 in he este ‘Ehccon metod Below Note ht the deny the fa aU nent ent of be backward an ovr nti (6 9). WN tot ofthe cients somrro win the Fan, a ype ith wea ‘Sra teat NE) ration ame the oma maod (i abe nosed secon (et []). 6.5 The frontal method In this method the asenbly of th lies matin and the Gassan linintion ae cred tm patel. Moreover, nt meen to one theme mates A obaed ug he einai roe Ie at Inemory. which my be it M res ca aca ach ‘Sepot tie eiminaton oor us sae part of Ain he st meory tn commarcate wih scary memory ony a he Deng 9d €03 Tet re sme move dts ot hs precede adobe specie ax ‘oie the same stastion a in Secon 18. That het (ay) be the Sites tic ssacted wh the Newman poem of Example 2 ad the sna ne element spc: of peewee fensons or 4 eng Tnon y=) wih a ().Sapose further hat the noes hurd Stat Ae aan mate woh bad wath deM Tae Hol ‘mc vedo te following face. ©) Themaces AM, he Mobi rou Gain ‘ln, a a an ae wed wed. oes ‘x8 AS gen we ed ange mens By cing the anonIn ther wos to compute A its sient © work with he (Genscae pom csuying the faoning pst A. 6) the assendty ar BaelG sweat contribution (om angles Kin which bh ‘ode and ms ae ves, Now 1 ehiminae he ane, {estotake step tom NS 0 An ny ree one he padre cotrbatins a) 0 et ded. F(a (lw tt we uy evo te ass ad etiaton tn paral. tn sap k wth Agen, we Gist eee al romain “onrnoton from ranges Kh nde Fas ees, the ee compa ‘Ahn he wna way. threo the eee st Byte soa ‘tv ae, weil be nie. At he ea Of ep & we soe row at A (or ‘Atiy whch al be row of the upper anu fat Un Me fleocatn 8-11, Ima secondary monty ad then move te ae ae “Te ve ding th angle ik lly were comtbutions and he ‘emining angle with oot e ly ane cnttaons, called he rnt The ascny eivy Taken lice atthe front a ih sae fumeration ie los wll sap aver the rennin The combiaed ‘Seem siminstion We now cond sn vamp ‘ample 6.3 Consider the owing ianpalaton of the elo tab, Rep secs the nade hve bea aumbered nde rag te Des yt Jeers The cresondingsfece matt ste following re shee rnd newts eament xept fe roe Sup 1. Assemble conto om rages wih ade 1 vere, the tages a and Eliminate noe | se) snl sre rw Let x denote the kmens maid it Sip 1. We have now obtained he folowing stuton note he fine lent at eaion23 3 now none ‘orerponding othe fst out nade 2a cups to noe 3 hough ‘Sonate naeSep 2, ASenble the remain contbaton rom anes wth nse 2 svc er the tae © Elian Noe 2. Sep We re ew the sci. tanglaton of suv inoue rcs oD ns clave nner noses eh suture the os ow cme A and Bit oe strate AB. apd Cand Dnt 1 We then slninate ene sen AB and CD. an cambine A (5h CD nto one sree ABCAnalonousy, is posible on more general tanuistins to pron the ‘imntion by sccesvely erating ager and lager snicy td liinaing er noes Soppore i the eit sare with « unform ‘cangulation wih step engin h(P—1, whee P=? paar umber, with M=P nodes. Ooe ean then show (Problem 62) thatthe aed Session metod requires OM) apen for LU ft toreipodig snes max A. Thi shoule be compare wt he OS) bperatonsreecedusing the wulenumerion an srg 8 nm ‘ith band wath M(t Example 62), ‘The reton hr the need section methods mor efficent inhi ste, ‘theta hati podues sm Foe ental gost, Rowen ay beater ie to implemen the aed dosent. Problems 1" Show thatthe number fapersins to fcors MM mtn wd sah io he onder M2 162 Show that he operation count for th nse seston meth is (80%) i te exam somiered shove 7. Minimization algorithms. Iterative methods 7.1 Introduction In hs taper we cutee wet metodo the amen slstion of nsimation podem ofthe fem 2) Mint, sere RMR guna fonction 02) tiyebnran-ben. ‘wih A aap symmeii pte definite MieM mari al ERMC Ase en above, appestae ofthe Une element meted fo ear elie problem typical lsd oa probe ofthe fore (71) We Bow ha 71) Mm emgue Slaton SK equally curacterze bythe equation oat erative etd fr the solution of (71), equally (73). ay an ‘nets porn roi fle lament applsions. ky fcc making ‘ere metho aceantasous he entre apart of the mate A Stand appkatons. For pve typeof fie element the number of ttorerocnnesincachvow ef Ai bounded independent he met, “Thnmeans thar if only th nn erent of Are stored hen to compte An fora given neR takes OM) operation (Conpare to WMA sl). ‘We emphasize that achieve the operation coon Oh) we nay vo sor A sega and ts aly the wonaero ene of Asbold be sored (e Remark 7 bee). ‘We ill contr erie method or minimization agora (7) a (heer: Given stitial sppronamaton eR of heer Slaton. ed sutcesiveapprnimations SRM kn], 2, of the fom oy Beatiesere dRERY i ch lertion a oy ic 2s enh (ne at he Zimmtion someon sted ahs ciples). Deen metho ie fhe cosa the sere econ dad tp kth ox Ne wil comer (th ric method.) secon grace method gether wh ‘ele prvonianed veins of thee metho. ‘Wee the ellowng orton Gen moo acon RM dee tye or Ug be gradient of peal) te reve 2, 2 3) ares, sie te Meson fg be the MANE ml asi. Bs oe EZ an 2 oe Sway ok Fo the quit funtion fof (7.2), me have Ciatman- ee Fara, ner" wn pny 78. we eT ah se ya@ eae Fat ro er meson tee Segment ten an he ee a THGMEGR shinee ot nthe Ena ote 0-0. stow at 03) edo then!) yi stent ema Wi hematin wey i dette org (5) has, Sean hen pw decree ‘remove ata eiace rome? the dicton 3 tp) hs Wve chose ee Fp 71) an) and tg. tts cme (74) crespant to one sep a the rade Irth or the sje detent maha fo the ean abe in) To choos te Sep tenth oy we may for example, erin ert enin sa, in wich uso 1 Be opin To tri we pet 8.8 xs pti then 84a) or ani that ee Fi ?2 a7 ge hda1 pct the faction & en by (2), en By (27) (grad) dhe (a(ehemd—)- (AB) sot Aah be hatin tice i ten by th lowing simp rma aso. AP cow Remark 7. Nove tat 9) enhogons (ctv cure for gic a Bo Rac ht) mconstant for tele bh see Fett) 0) We ibe partnered inthe a of consergon oe dierent ethos tbe sued, we willbe iran eimating Wm may pe ‘rteratoas fhe com (7) willbe needed toresce the nil eae Ci brace actor, We wl tan seat he ate convene open on the eondion mamr (A) 09 ie By 09 Daas -Mt hs beni 1M, atthe (poi) egevaceof A We sme he je ate rere 30 that edge De Wh ee fc Jeena hi Example 71 Conder the pecalce of(7.1) ih the D2 gona matt sith sottion§-0, Th vel eres fate in hi cate igs wit aa Proportional o Vy aed Vig The sequence Sl, ote by poling the pron meted wilh epi step lenght (7 10) ed & wag? way ars ig 72. We se that athe condom mmber bare grand he vel cores more loge the soqunce BE, sw mote promunced Bitar and eoverence bsomes slower. CD “The hove examples tha tis inportan to andentand he beso rte copaionnmbery(A) We wise than ati cane wher reat {tom sppicaton of the fin semen method t's send ede eligi ‘robiem (ech a he Poon equation (18) then ey Hay there as isthe mesh porate For a prbie ofr fout sich | {ethebiharmonc problem (272), ane s3(A}-0(h"). To deere pee, ‘neat have oughly the sme ste fe (7) belo), and the ab Inn angle sumpion (6.1 val 0, sore denotes the wa Guten ou Inia S biefoe tbe MeM matin we hve by esi (118) Briel ere UBlsaymatiewihcigevaues. a then weave (fanybaiccouse ‘nine algebra) 0.19) (Blea. 7.2 The gradient method We mt om stay the ae of conerence of he gradient eto 0 (2), ‘ith conan ie leg the ethos oe ce 1 @=-(8-D, Hee a ic ai chosen (stficeny seni ove sos. The topopiai as of il esome der through te fNDwIng ma. SNe (736) BeR-wtae-oy, hi fer strston mth (715) ge he lowing rin Yr thee Ga) Maan, be, Ths, by (7.3) we have (ris) fetal We mould 0% et be bt arate tat 9) fn thiscve the error would pet eed the actor yt each tp ad te Stns 7 a he more apis the comertence. Now, by O14) we Me eadlemer lta 0 that (19) ols aon ot ahi jo My since the y are poine, We ths conde tat «has 08 chosen eth (G2. Chasing an egies anette beste we bave I aalet— Maa Wenn Ma From (18) we tus have lesa wis an by indton leer ket etc ow eat the amber of eps a ei o edie the ror le bya cern een tatr c= Tat we seh the sae ch hat om a igh sy poe aoa) for ch we seta (29) (ran sen} We conclude that he requ wero trans the ret method (7.15). th ssutabiy cone ott .propartonl tothe cniion ‘ume (9) andthe umber of dma the ere ection ft Ia {iyi FEN ppl noha = ene or elie gaan We have ta \}=0Qh-) ane inh cae We wou Hve wh). Fe, 8 ve ne umber of erations woul hve 1 be performed young a ener enact poule ae more easly why she prs tho sn et (A age Ton et, yneB be the ethos has of gener cotepomng the oemales ost ot Atexponding he ere abe basso, We ve Lon geen die elton (7.17) these oe ey gta Ze set am, i tg Te retan 2) se the er ton nh ‘ompmncin ofthe ore Acie se rst eng oe Jeg fom (22 Oa sh tga or the emespenig component gt rau tat ator heh itp toner redone pins. On ote hd ova isinach ams han teers edacionatr(ese ‘reduced quick. whe composes efor imal ate oly lowly rede ‘Rnotierway of spn hither samponens the ror {Sc ly fhe wile more only aig comgonets only fe 0) ‘edted. Tht srbesoe te epee yore ae op xe {Sn for seal jhe ay more sash of rote 1 "To mp wa) sy ha he ent tod ise ede hy cctorysorponeie ofthe sor whe The smth cmponets ‘ecome sat tery sly and th i 8 whe the git mead intent Serie 75 eo a eu-gd meth whee he prawn! ret ptt vey effet ase) ema 72"The raient metho for (7.1) with the opal sep eth of (7A) een by (ry BHlepaast-b) ae 2) ae PH ‘Tue sonverence properties ons method re arto Row fhe pant method wt comnts ost i andi parle eget trations proportional o (AJeef Problem 7.2." 7.3 The conjugate gradient method Wet som dsb a mute fen tere seid fr (1. of be torn (13), namely the cong grate mato ns method te ep eopt ‘es chnen oe opin andthe stich eins de compe 02) B-aal—a. be) Sie As pve SEK we may deine «sear prodct <...> on RY LSB AN SHER ed (724 an then Be wit aloo, Te norm a comrespnding to =. > ig the ney norm: Hlnm and thar me have proved (7.28 for SSRN Tye nano tp now compete ad the ls lw ee fe ttemor cleat te for et ‘We can now prove thatthe conju eaten method gives the exact solution ater st mess M pe ‘Theorem 7.1 Fo some we. me Have AE"=D, Prof By (729) te pais =D. 1. ate pri orthoana nd sine there ae in Ra mow M pense oop nonseo ears fotows tat m= ABS-beb oc some meMt. By Theorem 7.1 the conju erat method ges. the ssence of roanoterons te eat npn ater asst steps Inout appr Inowever me wl vi he conju aim method an erative meth {ndthe equved numberof ration wil emacs han MTostay ‘Me canvergece proper of he method wef at at by (7.25) me ave for a0, 3m) gaat By the otoponaliy (28 it flows tat stidtenesats, kel Using ako te ets Sth dhe {AR AAR) DRED, deck bo lh tows ta (7.28) cm be writen 0, “Tha, by (7.30) we Rave fn parte EMME S01 KL‘ath he sme syog a =A te Projection oh i enor Sh espect a <> om espace Uo spec by theft enc det, hs 3) UE Bae HB-B AMENIAIE as YW Rec Lesa. andthe facta Pag! Ab~~ALE-R we se tha Wael AM ALI aLAtEe th. ARGS Using (31) we thas hae the allowing ss heen 7.2 Forte coat patient wetho (7.25), Ve-BaslaCAXeBasinac Oh [E-Bala. Yves sere the sto olson e)= $8, eR. of ere at monk oer ‘ etimatethe edton 0 th iii eoe EB alter steps ty Theorem 2 enw one» ply py gree 3 mot Sh mat py(Q)nt and py at als pose on te ie! (yal Cota the egrvalues of Ae, 50a the ants i is ar small a posible. Te best promi it Cbyeher goto ei oom in approuimaion hoy, ne corespondig valu ote eB (ash ne wea" 0,102, Tsuba ‘nisin ta oe # cach Ha yr, by a mp somputition, sch 73) wea on? eth conte tht the Fogle number af rts for ts conjugate rao shod i roponionalt VSIA) wich boul be compared wil ne “(Aint ato he ran tho Tf (A) ls te tailen ethos ima moe etfet thn he padet sth ft cement sppinaon we Have X(A)=1h-) a ‘eed rahe teres would be he ods OE othe cofepte ten menos snd) fore rant eto Remark Te subspace Wy=[2 AM, ASHE dH iscled the Krylov subspace ees the conugate patter method (725) Dy (sn) have hat fash norm oe dferenoe Dewees he a ‘ior GB and it proeaton on Wy D an 72 Lt i in ent Em 03) Me Yasin, ih Asp Apping ie rue! metho wh opm constant ep length, me vet the fequed umber of tears groper Yo Do otaducing thenew vari by, SoU Whi VBa he pro ‘he codon number of he eorrstondng matrix soa 61, an the eee method with pina se eg for (8) fd the ex slion {Fotin stone ration Tht hws asta hung of varies ay ‘lc hembra tesone signet Were tha te very gid ‘Sip eve aves (7.5) a epic bythe seu eve ves of (731) The possi of reducing the enon number lor moe genera Frat: hy > sable change of arbi corresponding toca recone, wil be dace sn Secon 7 bem TH Show tat By of (284) can lest be oma llons pete oe 7.2 Promethean! metho mith pin ep gi 7.) at We mat- Dy moving wei be7.4 Preconditioning. Weel gate nition pel 3) (735) 9-8 {yao that Ee td tne WOmngiane ted (ey AE 1b - st Te0 oe ee ete mT betta irom inneted 3) mal ae-8 “The raion metho with cons efor sis problom reads cay leat “The rate of connerzence ofthis metho depends om the sontion number MAD IF (A}eea(A), hea the padint mth for (230) will covey fic ter ha these method ape ote oii probe (58) "Belore dicing how vo hoo te matrix Enea sting = td mating by Ein (7.3), me st ther uEEMA-D) ‘has, sting C=ETE so hat 10 te following meted foe (738) 738) lanPeuc-Heartooy, Ae. ‘We ay that his ia precondbione vesion ofthe wus eaten metho or (735) withthe ate € being the preoaitoner. To eempute y= om (738) oe gies, we have sae The sstom Can (Ani-¥), (oat hat we would no exit for C“). ‘We can now stat the obviously desired properties of he mais (ce that AB AE 3h) AETAE")eenlA), EF, we te hat (737 cotespoeds (7380) the stem Cae van be wae wih fw (IND) aperatine fr ren eM bad ie © Suppo nat C=EE the Cols aration of. anihene Einupet tnagaar Then (739) wl batted Em en aapte st Ae ‘ibe umber of nonzero cas in each ow of Es baosed indepen th On heuherbud. ost (39) betel tec AMEE sth ETE ihe Cholesky farorzation at. in whch exe n{E-TAR-!)=1 ower, with hs ee the mats ym at spate Sse (the iouion of lle Seton 64). nd (79%) wil he voted Wah ths bgt we are ft ry 1 const C= ENE sch dat Es spare std ETE ian apprormate Chole avurtionol A We my cee Erba 2 sary acre that slr that ofA for exams me igh aw Srcen! cy of E19 be nono al ithe corepondg clement 9 of {is onaso, To obtain an approsinate trast tla A si it eneats appearing in se tmnt poses toad hast ste Simply pled bp soe. Suh modified elimination prceser (eo sabed Incl facto) ont ake UM) operations 3% appr ile actosmone mith corepondingcrstavaerautnn of he ond om number (eg. aE !AE"H-O(h Hse [AX] (Mel 7.8 Multigrid methods Recetas mets for ouFpesptm ofegtaons (7) ato been ‘Seopa we opnaonne sesh he required amber oop ont isc nts QQ whee M te mmr ow et Optimal snes amount wor rd tt we down hoon. These stds ar the sosed mug method (ee € (0D, [a ive. Aut gr nctbodtsan treme whee ones 30k "Tose anc lh us etre te mur method we conser tne standard fate semen metodo Secton on # ranean Te ‘Shui hang each inp of caer tanga To fut tramps ig 14 Let the covrexponeing ite cet res be Vy tn Vn Then he corresundey mates a tnd Ax Dive Gestion HM Sn (Wa}e(at.sepeceey. Ase tne wa 0 se these ‘Anshan wth sme hale ysten Aaa a en Seah Pesod mo opatons A step of he mt method eng fee {even pronation eR! ian tproed approcimaion eM aecont of wo susp: smoking tp and x coe ri crection The Soot ep eos of wu gen eps O40) oP lnnimal APD), 0.2, mod Sih ably ence (Section 73), and Ah Thi ep res he proximation § fey, The cote rid creston in obtaind follows Let eV be the station ofthe proton 4) avian ey Weve vies tes, is the finite element fnetion with oda vaues = 2 a1 5 Fen we the vector of al vale of and define poet bast, were the components tae RM ae given hy the component forthe nes of Ta and se ve of 8"? at other odes ate obi by Ince interpoltion rom the vasa he pager of Went at he ‘erection sep (1) earesponds oa prob of the arm Aad wich an be see OM) operations by asampton. our op» mai ep eg em 18 ems of ile sinoothig step tog wih a case pid oretion requing few ope tons. User stb ssunpions on cet pove at here conan © Incependent of and ksh ht Bette Sig, ‘which roves that form see gs cick muligdsep rede the eat “Th algorithm is now spleen 50 hat ose «probit foun Aninndn the ep deeb above, we vee a cour grid wih forreponding mati A, suns tat Ts obtained ae ature by {stncmon ofthe cower ged Tay Th ves procedure whee we werk Ot SSequate Ty Ts Tay Ti. Of ese cower pe ening wth § cones gi for wich the corpo liter system ean be Sled by Greet Gaus limiation with few operations One ca show that he ‘imine pos il pve 2 ston The original rai problem y= Ih) epertons, "The aon nh the mid meth i let ous apeaking, ne ‘or (responder any reduced Ti at aby undead tom tee th pratent method n Sain 1? Thor Eben the ome ad eoreton he low and ae eae) fomposens tthe sor ie ako pen fede and thus S44 frutgrd step sl component o the ewor ae reduced Spica 7.6 Work estimates for direct and iterative methods Here we ills the pepe preset above concerning Ne UE wok soit solve eu tpl stem of eto cay Ath by diet anditerntve meth were Aisa pune. smmets a ose tate MxM qe Wetton spo a2) eta asteondorcer ip prod im Re d-2 oth eave M= 10) a he conion Sumber )G-2), We here tate precoiione alas ‘rth conjogte rdien metho ie gion numbers recut 00, Shoe Chole ctoran waa at stores aband mates Shtond with fhe". Wi these sumptions we hve a apt ‘ov cuss forthe sition of (14) of te ort (MP). where che rons are pen mou gator sm mage a ‘ley. the mui ond precondtonsdsonugte yates! method have the mot favourite nd for M se enough wl be sued 0 benccholsky aed need dseton THs huh par for Fiowsser, the muir method requester cpl parr with