Giáo Trình Lộ Trình Phát Triển Thông Tin Di Động 3G Lên 4G Tập 3

(Tp 3)
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

TS. NGUYN PHM ANH DNG
GIO TRNH
L TRNH PHT TRIN

THNG TIN DI NG
3G LN 4G
(Tp 3)
NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG
GD 01 HM 10
LI NI U
Thng tin di ng l ngnh cng nghip vin thng pht trin nhanh
nht vi con s thu bao t n 3,8 t tnh n cui nm 2008. Khi
ngun t dch v thoi t tin phc v mt s t ngi di chuyn, n
nay vi s ng dng ngy cng rng ri cc thit b thng tin di ng th
h ba, thng tin di ng c th cung cp nhiu loi hnh dch v i hi
tc s liu cao k c cc chc nng camera, MP3 v PDA. Vi cc
dch v i hi tc cao ngy cng tr nn ph bin th nhu cu v 3G
cng nh pht trin n ln 4G ang cng tr nn cp thit. phc v
nhu cu hc tp ca sinh vin, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin
thng phi hp vi Nh xut bn Thng tin v Truyn thng xut bn
Gio trnh L trnh pht trin thng tin di ng 3G ln 4G do
TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng bin son.
3G l thut ng dng ch cc h thng thng tin di ng th h
th 3 (Third Generation). Mng 3G (Third-generation technology) l th
h th ba ca chun cng ngh in thoi di ng, cho php truyn c d
liu thoi v d liu ngoi thoi (ti d liu, gi email, tin nhn nhanh,
hnh nh...). 3G cung cp c hai h thng l chuyn mch gi v chuyn
mch knh. H thng 3G yu cu mt mng truy cp v tuyn hon ton
khc so vi h thng 2G hin nay. im mnh ca cng ngh ny so vi
cng ngh 2G v 2.5G l cho php truyn, nhn cc d liu, m thanh,
hnh nh cht lng cao cho c thu bao c nh v thu bao ang di
chuyn cc tc khc nhau. Vi cng ngh 3G, cc nh cung cp c
th mang n cho khch hng cc dch v a phng tin, nh m nhc
cht lng cao; hnh nh video cht lng v truyn hnh s; Cc dch v
nh v ton cu (GPS); E-mail; video streaming; High-ends games;...
Do khun kh c hn, gio trnh s ch tp trung trnh by hai cng
ngh: l HSPA (s pht trin tng cng ca WCDMA) v 3GPP
LTE. C th coi cng ngh HSPA v s pht trin tip theo ca n l hu
3G cn cng ngh LTE l tin 4G. y l cc cng ngh d kin s rt
pht trin trong nhng thp nin ti. Gio trnh c xy dng trn c s
sinh vin hc mn "a truy nhp v tuyn v l thuyt tri ph".
V y l gio trnh cho mn chuyn i hi sinh vin phi t c

nn gio trnh c bin son chi tit vi kt cu hp l sinh vin c
th t hc. Mi chng u c phn gii thiu chung, c phn tng kt
v cc cu hi.
Gio trnh bao gm 16 chng. Chng u gii thiu tng quan v
cc h thng pht trin ca 3G v l trnh pht trin ln 4G. Chng 2
cp n cc vn lin quan n truyn dn v tuyn bng rng. Chng
3 nghin cu cc cng ngh a truy nhp OFDMA v SC-FDMA ng
dng cho LTE. Chng 4 trnh by mt trong cc k thut quan trng
ca 3G pht trin v 4G l a anten. Chng 5 trnh by mt s k thut
then cht ca 3G pht trin v 4G l: thch ng ng truyn, lp biu
ph thuc knh v HARQ (pht li lai ghp). Chng 6 v chng 7
trnh by nguyn l ca HSDPA v HSUPA. Chng 8 cp n cc
vn qun l ti nguyn v tuyn ca HSPA. Chng 9 trnh by dch
v VoIP trong HSPA. Chng 10 trnh by mt s dch v tin tin ca
HSPA l MBMS - dch v qung b, a phng a phng tin v
CPC - kt ni gi lin tc. Chng 11 trnh by cc mc tiu LTE.
Chng 12 trnh by cc vn chung ca truy nhp v tuyn LTE v
kin trc giao din v tuyn LTE. Chng 13 v 14 trnh by lp vt l
v cc th tc truy nhp LTE. Chng 15 trnh by pht trin kin trc h
thng LTE/SAE. Chng 16, trnh by m phng nh gi hiu nng
HSPA, LTE v tnh ton qu ng truyn.
Ngoi ra phn Ph lc ca gio trnh, trnh by cc yu cu i vi
phn v tuyn ca my u cui HSPA v c thm phn Thut ng vit
tt, Ti liu tham kho bn c tin tra cu.
Gio trnh c th l ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin cc trng i
hc, cc chuyn gia, cc cn b qun l v k thut trong lnh vc thng
tin di ng. Mc d c nhiu c gng, song qu trnh bin son s kh
trnh khi thiu st, Hc vin rt mong nhn c kin gp ca cc
bn ng nghip v bn c gn xa.
Xin trn trng cm n!
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
MC LC
Li ni u..............................................................................................5
Chng 11. Cc mc tiu thit k LTE v SAE ............................. 419
11.1. Cc mc tiu thit k LTE...................................................420
11.2. Cc mc tiu thit k SAE ..................................................430
11.3. Tng kt...............................................................................434
11.4. Cu hi ................................................................................435
Chng 12. Truy nhp v tuyn
v kin trc giao din v tuyn LTE...............................437
12.1.Tng quan truy nhp v tuyn LTE .....................................438
12.2. Kin trc giao thc LTE......................................................449
12.3. iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC) ....................................451
12.4. iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) ..........................453
12.5. Lp vt l (PHY).................................................................465
12.6. Cc trng thi LTE ..............................................................468
12.7. Lung s liu.......................................................................470
12.8. Tng kt...............................................................................471
12.9. Cu hi ................................................................................472
Chng 13. Lp vt l LTE................................................................473
13.1. Cu trc tng th min thi gian .........................................473
13.2. S truyn dn ng xung ...........................................476
13.3. S truyn dn ng ln ................................................502
13.4. Tng kt...............................................................................521
13.5. Cu hi ................................................................................522
Chng 14. Cc th tc truy nhp LTE............................................523

14.1. Tm ...................................................................................523
14.2. Truy nhp ngu nhin..........................................................529
14.3. Tm gi ................................................................................539
14.4. Tng kt...............................................................................540
14.5. Cu hi ................................................................................541
Chng 15. Pht trin kin trc h thng, SAE .............................. 543
15.1. Phn chia chc nng gia mng truy nhp v tuyn
v mng li..........................................................................544
15.2. Mng truy nhp v tuyn HSPA/WCDMA v LTE ..........548
15.3. Kin trc mng li...............................................................558
15.4. Tng kt...............................................................................568
15.5. Cu hi ................................................................................568
Chng 16. Hiu nng v qu ng truyn ca HSPA v LTE .. 571
16.1. nh gi hiu nng..............................................................571
16.2. nh gi hiu nng ca pht trin 3G v LTE da trn
m phng tnh .....................................................................573
16.3. nh gi LTE trong 3GPP da trn m phng ng ..........588
16.4. Qu ng truyn HSPA ....................................................593
16.5. Qu ng truyn LTE .......................................................598
16.6. Tng kt...............................................................................602
16.7. Cu hi ................................................................................602
Ph lc ...............................................................................................605
Thut ng vit tt...............................................................................623
Ti liu tham kho .............................................................................633
ii
THUT NG VIT TT
2G
Second Generation
Th h th hai
3G
Third Generation
Th h th ba
3GPP
3rd Generation Partnership Project
n cc i tc th h th ba
3GPP2
3rd Generation Partnership Project 2
n i tc th h th ba - 2
AAS
Adaptive Antenna System
H thng anten thch ng
ACLR
Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio
T s r knh ln cn
ACK
Acknowledgement
Cng nhn
AGW
Access Gateway
Cng truy nhp
AM
Acknowledged Mode
Ch cng nhn
AMC
Adaptive Modulation and Coding
M ha v iu ch thch ng
AMR
Adaptive MultiRate
a tc thch ng
ARQ
Automatic Repeat-reQuest
Yu cu pht li t ng
AWGN
Additive Gaussian Noise
Tp m Gauss trng cng
BCCH
Broadcast Control Channel
Knh iu khin qung b
BCH
Broadcast Channel
Knh qung b
BES
Best Effort Service
Dch v n lc nht
BER
Bit Error Rate
T s li bit
BLER
Block Error Rate
T s li khi
BM-SC
Broadcast/Multicast Service Center
BPSK
Binary Phase Shift Keying
Trung tm dch v qung b/a

phng
Kha chuyn pha hai trng thi
BS
Base Station
Trm gc
BTS
Base Tranceiver Station
Trm thu pht gc
CAZAC
CC
Constant Amplitude Zero AutoCorrelation

Convolutional Code
T tng quan bng khng bin

khng i
M xon
CDMA
Code Division Multiple Access
a truy nhp phn chia theo m
CN
Core Network
Mng li
CP
Cyclic Prefix
Tin t chu trnh
CPC
Continuous Packet Connectivity
Kt ni gi lin tc
CPICH
Common Pilot Channel
Knh hoa tiu chung
CQI
Channel Quality Indicator
Ch th cht lng knh
CRC
Cyclic Redundancy Check
Kim tra vng d
CS
Circuit Switch
Chuyn mch knh
CTC
Convolutional Turbo Code
M ha Turbo xon
DCCH
Dedicated Control Channel
Knh iu khin ring
DCH
Dedicated Channel
Knh ring
DFT
Discrete Fourier Transform
Bin i Fourier ri rc
DFTSOFDM
DL
DFT-Sread OFDM
OFDM tri ph
Downlink
ng xung
DPCCH
Dedicated Physical Control Channel
Knh iu khin vt l ring
DPCH
Dedicated Physical Channel
Knh vt l ring
DPDCH
Dedicated Physical Data Channel
Knh s liu vt l ring
DRX
Discontinuous Reception
Thu khng lin tc
DSCH
Downlink Shared Channel
Knh chia s ng xung
DTX
Discontinuous Transmission
Pht khng lin tc
DUSP
Switching point from downlink to uplink
E-AGCH
Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel
E-DCH
Enhanced Dedicated Channel
im chuyn mch t ng
xung sang ng ln
Knh cho php tuyt i
tng cng
Knh ring tng cng
E-DPCCH
Enhanced Dedicated Control Channel
Knh iu khin ring tng cng
E-DPDCH
Enhanced Dedicated Data Channel
Knh s liu ring tng cng
eNodeB
E-UTRAN Node B
Nt B ca E-UTRAN
EPC
Evolved Packet Core
Li gi pht trin
E-RGCH
Enhanced Relative Grant Channel
E-UTRA
Evolved UTRA
ErtPS
Extended Real Time Packet Service
E-TFC
E-DCH Transport Format Combination
E-TFCI
E-DCH Transport Format Combination

Index
Evolved UTRA/Evolved-RAN
Knh cho php tng i

tng cng
Truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS
pht trin
Dch v gi thi gian thc m
rng
Kt hp khun dng truyn ti
E-DCH
Ch s kt hp khun dng truyn
ti E-DCH
Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t
UMTS pht trin
EUTRAN/ERAN
FACH
Forward Access Channel
Knh truy nhp ng xung
FBSS
Fast Base Station Switching
Chuyn mch trm gc nhanh
FCC
Federal Communication Commision
y ban thng tin lin bang
FDD
Frequency Division Duplex
FDM
Frequency Division Multiplex
FDMA
Frequency Division Multiple Access
F-DPCH
Fractional DPCH
Ghp song cng phn chia theo

thi gian
Ghp knh phn chia theo
tn s
a truy nhp phn chia theo
tn s
DPCH mt phn (phn on)
FEC
Forward Error Correction
Hiu chnh li trc
FFT
Fast Fourier Transform
Bin i Fourier nhanh
GERAN
GSM EDGE Radio Access Network
GGSN
Gateway GPRS Support Node
Mng truy nhp v tuyn GSM

EDGE
Nt h tr GPRS cng
GPRS
General Packet Radio Service
Dch v v tuyn gi chung
GPS
Global Positionning System
H thng nh v ton cu
G-RAKE
Generalized-RAKE
RAKE tng qut
GSM
HARQ
Global System For Mobile

Communications
Hybrid Automatic Repeat reQuest
H thng thng tin di ng

ton cu
Yu cu pht li t ng lai ghp
HCR
High Chip Rate
Tc chip cao
HHO
Hard Handover
Chuyn giao cng
HLR
Home Location Register
B ghi nh v thng tr
HSDPA
High Speed Downlink Packet Access
HSPA
High Speed Packet Access
Truy nhp gi ng xung

tc cao
HS-DPCCH High-Speed Dedicated Physical Control Knh iu khin vt l ring
Channel
tc cao
HS-DSCH High-Speed Dedicated Shared Channel Knh chia s ring tc cao
Truy nhp gi tc cao
HS-PDSCH High-Speed Physical Dedicated Shared Knh chia s ring vt l

Channel
tc cao
HSS
Home Subscriber Server
Server thu bao nh
HS-SCCH
High-Speed Shared Control Channel
HSUPA
High-Speed Uplink Packet Access
IDFT
Inverse Discrete Fourier Transform
Knh iu khin chia s

tc cao
Truy nhp gi ng ln
tc cao
Bin i Fourier ri rc ngc
IFDMA
IFFT
Interleaved FDMA
Inverse Fast Fourier Transform
FDMA an xen
Bin i Fourier nhanh ngc
IMS
IP Multimedia Subsystem
Phn h a phng tin IP
IMT-2000
Thng tin di ng quc t 2000
IP
International Mobile
Telecommunications 2000
Internet Protocol
IPv4
IP version 4
Phin bn IP 4
IPv6
IP version 6
Phin bn IP 6
IR
Incremental Redundancy
Phn d tng
IRC
Interferrence Rejection Combining
Kt hp loi nhiu
ISDN
Integrated Services Digital Network
Mng s a dch v tch hp
ITU
International Telecommunications Union Lin minh Vin thng quc t
ITU-R
International Telecommunications
Union- Radio Sector
Giao thc Internet
LCR
Low Chip Rate
Lin minh Vin thng quc t b

phn v tuyn
Giao din c s dng thng
tin gia RNC v mng li
tin gia nt B v RNC
tin gia cc RNC
Tc chip thp
LTE
Long Term Evolution
Pht trin di hn
MAC
Medium Access Control
iu khin truy nhp mi trng
Iu
Iub
Iur
MBMS
MBS
MBSFN
Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service Dch v qung b a phng a

phng tin
Multicast Broadcast Service
Dch v a phng qung b
MCCH
Multicast Broadcast Single Frequency

Network
MBMS Control Channel
Mng a phng qung b n

tn s
Knh iu khin MBMS
MCE
MBMS Coordination Entity
Thc th iu phi MBMS
MCH
Multicast Control Channel
Knh iu khin a phng
MC-CDMA Multi Carrier- Code Division Multiple

Access
MC-WCDMA Multi Carrier- Wide band Code Division
Multiple Access

a sng mang
bng rng a sng mang
MDHO
Macro Diversity Handover
Chuyn giao phn tp v m
MICH
MBMS Indicator Channel
Knh ch th MBMS
MIMO
Multi-Input Multi-Output
Nhiu u vo nhiu u ra
ML
Maximum Likelihood
Kh ging cc i
MLD
Maximum Likelihood Detection
Tch sng kh ging cc i
MMS
Multimedia Messaging Service
Dch v nhn tin a phng tin
MMSE
Minimum Mean Square Error
MRC
Maximum Ratio Combining
Sai s bnh phng trung bnh

cc tiu
Kt hp t l cc i
MSC
Mobile Services Switching Center
MSCH
MBMS Scheduling Channel
Trung tm chuyn mch cc dch

v di ng
Knh lp biu MBMS
MTCH
MBMS Traffic Channel
Knh lu lng MBMS
Non-Acknowledgement
Khng cng nhn
NACK
NodeB
Nt B
nrTPS
Non-Real-Time Polling Service
Dch v thm d phi thi gian thc
OFDM
OOK
Orthogonal Frequency Division

Multiplexing
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access
On-Off Keying
Ghp knh phn chia theo tn s

trc giao
a truy nhp phn chia theo tn
s trc giao
Kha tt bt
OVSF
Orthogonal Variable Spreading Factor
H s tri ph kh bin trc giao
PAPR
Peak to Average Power Ratio
PAR
Peak to Average Ratio
PARC
Per-Antenna Rate Control
T s cng sut nh trn cng

sut trung bnh
T s nh trn trung bnh (ging
nh PAPR)
iu khin tc cho mt anten
PCI
Precoding Control Indication
Ch th iu khin tin m ha
PDCCH
Physical Dedicated Control Channel
Knh iu khin ring vt l
OFDMA
PDCP
Packet-Data Convergence Protocol
Giao thc hi t s liu gi
PDSCH
Physical Downlink Shared Channel
Knh chia s ng xung vt l
PDU
Packet Data Unit
Khi s liu gi
PF
Proportional Fair
Cng bng t l (mt kiu lp biu
PHY
Physical Layer
Lp vt l
PRB
Physical Resource Block
Khi ti nguyn vt l
PS
Packet Switch
Chuyn mch gi
PSTN
Public Switched Telephone Network
QAM
Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
Mng in thoi chuyn mch

cng cng
iu ch bin vung gc
QoS
Quality of Service
Cht lng dch v
QPSK
Quadtrature Phase Shift Keying
Kha chuyn pha vung gc
RAB
Radio Access Bearer
Knh mang truy nhp v tuyn
RAN
Radio Access Network
Mng truy nhp v tuyn
RAT
Radio Access Technology
Cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
RB
Resource Block
Khi ti nguyn
RF
Radio Frequency
Tn s v tuyn
RLC
Radio Link Control
iu khin lin kt v tuyn
RNC
Radio Network Controller
B iu khin mng v tuyn
RNTI
Radio Network Temporary Identity
ROHC
Robust Header Compression
Nhn dng tm thi mng v

tuyn
Nn tiu bn chc
RR
Round Robin
Quay vng
RRC
Radio Resource Control
iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn
RRM
Radio Resource Management
Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
RS
Reference Symbol
K hiu tham kho
RSN
Retransmission Sequence Number
S trnh t pht li
RTP
Real Time Protocol
Giao thc thi gian thc
rtPS
Real Time Polling Service
Dch v thm d thi gian thc
RU
Resource Unit
n v ti nguyn
RV
Redundancy Version
Phin bn d
SA
System Aspects
Cc kha cnh h thng
SAE
System Architecture Evolution
Pht trin kin trc mng
SC-FDMA
SCH
Single Carrier Frequency Division

Multiple Access
Synchronization channel

tn s n sng mang
Knh ng b
SDMA
Spatial Division Multiple Access
SDU
Service Data Unit

khng gian
n v s liu dch v
SF
Spreading Factor
H s tri ph
SFBC
Space Frequency Block Code
M khi khng gian tn s
SFN
Single Frequency Network
Mng tn s n
SGSN
Serving GPRS Support Node
Nt h tr GPRS phc v
SIC
Successive Interference Combining
Kt hp loi b nhiu ln lt
SIM
Subscriber Identity Module
Mun nhn dng thu bao
SINR
SMS
Signal to Interferdence plus Noise Ratio T s tn hiu trn nhiu cng

tp m
Short Message Service
Dch v nhn tin
SNR
Signal to Noise Ratio
T s tn hiu trn tp m
SOHO
Soft Handover
Chuyn giao mm
SRNS
Serving Radio Network Subsystem
Phn h mng v tuyn phc v
STBC
Space Time Block Code
M khi khng gian thi gian
STC
Space Time Code
M khng gian thi gian
STTD
Space Time Transmit Diversity
TCP
Transmission Control Protocol
TD-CDMA
TDD
Time Division -Code Division Multiple

Access
Time Division Duplex
TDM
Time Division Multiplex
TDMA
Time Division Multiple Access
Phn tp pht khng gian thi

gian
Giao thc iu khin truyn dn
TD-SCDMA Time Division-Synchronous Code

Division Multiple Access
TF
Transport Format

phn chia theo thi gian
Ghp song cng phn chia theo
thi gian
Ghp knh phn chia theo
thi gian
thi gian
ng b - phn chia theo thi gian
Khun dng truyn ti
TFC
Transport Format Combination
Kt hp khun dng truyn ti
TFCI
TM
Transport Format Combination Indicator Ch th kt hp khun dng

truyn ti
Transparent Mode
Ch trong sut (cu hnh RLC)
TR
Technical Report
Bo co k thut
TrCH
Transport Channel
Knh truyn ti
TS
Technical Specication
c t k thut
TSG
Technical Specication Group
Nhm c t k thut
TSN
Transmission Sequence Number
S trnh t pht
TSTD
Time Switched Transmit Diversity
TTI
Transmission Time Interval
Phn tp pht chuyn mch theo

thi gian
Khong thi gian pht
UDSP
Switching point from uplink to downlink
UE
User Equipment
im chuyn mch t ng ln
sang ng xung
Thit b ngi s dng
UL
Uplink
ng ln
UM
Unacknowledged Mode
Ch khng cng nhn (cu

hnh RLC)
UMTS
USIM
Universal Mobile Telecommunications

System
UMTS Subcriber Identity Module
UTRA
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access
UTRAN
UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access

Network
H thng thng tin di ng

ton cu
Mun nhn dng thu bao
UMTS
Truy nhp v tuyn mt t UMTS
WG
Wideband Code Division Multiple

Access
Working Group
Mng truy nhp v tuyn mt t

UMTS
Giao din c s dng giao
tip gia nt B v UE
bng rng
Nhm cng tc
WLAN
Wireless Local Area Network
Mng ni vng khng dy
AMR
Adaptive Multirate
a tc thch ng
AMR-WB
Adaptive Multirate- Wide Band
a tc thch ng bng rng
VoIP
Voice over IP
Thoi qua IP
Uu
WCDMA
X2
Giao din gia cc eNodeB
ZC
Zadoff- Chu
ZF
Zero Forcing
Cng bc v khng
Chng 11
CC MC TIU THIT K LTE V SAE
Trong cc chng 6,7, HSPA c trnh by. Nh gii thch

trong cc chng ny, HSPA l pht trin ca 3G WCDMA c xy
dng trn cu trc c s ca WCDMA cng vi yu cu cht ch v
tng thch ngc n cc mng hin trin khai. Song song vi
vic pht trin HSPA, 3GPP cng c t mt cng ngh v tuyn mi
c gi l LTE. Mc tiu ca LTE l s dng cc tnh trng ph
phc tp hn v yu cu tng thch ngc t hn. Nh vy pht trin
3G i theo hai hng song song pht trin truy nhp v tuyn v c
hai u c nhng phm cht ring. Quan h gia HSPA v LTE
c xt trong chng u.
h tr cc kh nng s liu gi mi m cc giao din v tuyn
ca LTE cung cp, mt mng li pht trin mi cng c nghin cu.
Cng tc c t mng li ny c gi l SAE (System Architecturre
Evolution: Pht trin kin trc h thng).
Cc ch c trnh by trong chng ny bao gm:
- Cc mc tiu thit k LTE
- Cc mc tiu thit k SAE
Mc ch chng nhm cung cp cho bn c cc tiu ch c bn
trong thit k LTE v SAE.
420
Gio trnh L trnh pht trin thng tin di ng 3G ln 4G
hiu c chng ny bn c cn c k t liu c trnh

by trong chng, tham kho thm cc ti liu [11], [14] v tr li cc
cu hi cui chng.
11.1 CC MC TIU THIT K LTE
Nh xt trong chng 1, hot ng 3GPP vo u nm 2005

t ra cc tiu ch, cc yu cu v cc mc tiu cho LTE. Cc mc
tiu v cc yu cu ny c ghi li trong 3GPP TR 25.91. Cc yu
cu cho LTE ny c chia thnh by lnh vc khc nhau:
- Cc kh nng
- Hiu nng h thng
- Cc kha cnh lin quan n trin khai
- Kin trc v pht trin
- Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
- Mc phc tp
- Cc kha cnh chung
Di y ta s xem xt tng nhm ni trn.
11.1.1. Cc kh nng
Mc tiu cho cc yu cu tc s liu nh ng xung v
ng ln l 100Mbit/s v 50Mbit/s, khi lm vic trong bng thng
20MHz. Nh vy ta c th biu din cc yu cu ny l 5bit/s/Hz cho
ng xung v 2,5bit/s/Hz cho ng ln. Nh s trnh by di y,
LTE h tr c FDD (Frequency Division Duplex: ghp song cng
phn chia theo tn s) v TDD (Time Division Duplex: ghp song
cng phn chia theo thi gian). Trong trng hp TDD, c ng
xung v ng ln u s dng chung mt bng tn, v th khng th
p ng ng thi yu cu tc nh. i vi FDD, ng xung v
ng ln s dng hai bng tn khc nhau v th ng thi pht thu
u t c cc tc s liu nh c t trn.
Chng 11: Cc mc tiu thit k LTE v SAE
421
Cc yu cu tr c chia thnh cc yu cu cho mt phng iu

khin v cc yu cu cho mt phng ngi s dng. Cc yu cu tr
mt phng iu khin cp n tr chuyn t cc trng thi khng
tch cc khc nhau ca my u cui sang trng thi tch cc khi u
cui c th pht v (hoc) thu s liu. Tn ti hai s o:
1. S o c biu th nh thi gian chuyn t trng thi ri
(trng thi ri trong R6 l trng thi trong mng truy nhp
v tuyn khng bit UE v n khng c context (ng cnh),
ca UE cng nh khng n nh ti nguyn cho UE. UE c th
ng v nh k thc gic nghe thng tin t mng trong cc
on thi gian quy nh), yu cu ny l 100ms.
2. S o khc biu th thi gian chuyn t trng thi ng
(dormant) (trng thi Cell_PCH trong R6, trong trng thi ny
mng truy nhp v tuyn bit UE v bit n no nhng
khng n nh ti nguyn cho n. UE c th ng v nh k
thc gic nghe thng tin t mng trong cc on thi gian
quy nh), yu cu ny l 50ms.
Yu cu tr mt phng ngi s dng c biu din nh l thi
gian cn thit pht mt gi IP nh t u cui n nt bin ca
RAN hoc ngc li ti lp IP. Thi gian truyn dn mt chiu khng
c vt qu 5ms trong mng khng ti, ngha l khng c cc u
cui khc trong . i vi c hai yu cu, tr ch ng v bo hiu
khng phi RAN c loi tr.
Mt yu cu b sung i vi yu cu tr mt phng iu khin l
LTE phi h tr t nht 200 u cui di ng trong trng thi tch cc
trong bng thng 5MHz. i vi bng thng rng hn 5MHz, t nht
400 u cui phi c h tr. S u cui khng tch cc khng
c cng b r rng, nhng phi cao hn ng k.
422
11.1.2. Hiu nng h thng

Cc mc tiu thit k hiu nng h thng ca LTE cp n
thng lng ca ngi s dng, hiu sut s dng ph tn, vng ph
v MBMS tng cng hn.
Ni chung, cc yu cu hiu nng ca LTE c biu din tng
i so vi h thng tham kho s dng R6 HSPA nh trnh by
trong cc chng trc. i vi trm gc, gi thit l mt anten pht
v mt anten thu, trong khi u cui c cc i mt anten pht v
hai anten thu. Tuy nhin cn nhn mnh rng mt s tnh nng tin
tin ca HSPA khng c a ra trong m hnh tham kho. V th
u cui trong h thng tham kho c hai anten thu, mt my thu
RAKE n gin. Tng t ghp knh khng gian khng c trong h
thng tham kho.
Yu cu thng lng ca ngi s dng ca LTE c c t
hai im: Vng ph v 5% ca phn b ngi s dng (95% ngi s
dng c hiu nng tt hn). Mc tiu hiu sut s dng ph tn cng
c c t, trong hiu sut s dng ph tn c nh ngha
nh l thng lng h thng trong c o bng bit/s/MHz. Cc
mc tiu thit k ni trn c cho trong bng 11.1.
Bng 11.1. Cc yu cu thng lng ca ngi s dng
v hiu sut s dng ph tn
S o hiu nng
Thng lng trung bnh ca
ngi s dng (trn MHz)
Thng lng ti bin ca
ngi s dng
Mc tiu ng xung
so vi tham kho*
Mc tiu ng ln
so vi tham kho**
3x - 4x
2x 3x
2x - 3x
2x 3x
3x - 4x
2x 3x
(trn MHz, nm phn trm)

Hiu sut s dng ph tn
(bit/s/Hz/)
423
* Tham kho c chn l hiu nng ca HSDPA R6 (xem bng

1.2 chng 1)
** Tham kho c chn l hiu nng HSUPA R6 (xem bng 1.3
chng 1)
Cc yu cu v tnh di ng tp trung ln tc ca cc u cui
di ng. Mc tiu ra phi t hiu nng cc i ti cc tc thp
ca u cui di ng, 0-15km/gi, hiu nng c th gim mt cht ti
cc u cui tc cao hn. i vi cc tc ln n 120km/gi,
LTE phi m bo hiu nng cao duy tr kt ni trn ton mng t
ong. H thng LTE c th qun l tc n 350km/gi (hay thm
ch 500km/gi ph thuc vo bng tn). LTE phi m bo dch v
thoi ngang bng vi WCDMA/HSPA.
Cc yu cu v vng ph tp trung ln vng ph (bn knh) ,
ngha l khong cch cc i t trm n mt thit b u cui trong
. Yu cu i vi cc kch bn khng b gii hn nhiu l phi p
ng cc yu cu v thng lng ca ngi s dng, hiu sut s dng
ph tn v di ng cho cc c bn knh n 5km. i vi cc c
vng ph ln n 30km, cho php gim nh thng lng v cho php
gim kh ln hiu sut s dng ph. Tuy nhin vn phi p ng tnh
di ng. Tiu chun cng khng c cn tr cc vng ph n
100 km, tuy nhin cc yu cu v hiu nng trong trng hp ny
khng c cng b.
Cc yu cu MBMS tng cng cp n ch qung b v
ch pht n phng. Tng qut, LTE phi m bo cc dch v
MBMS tt hn cc dch v m R6 cung cp. Yu cu cho trng hp
qung b l hiu sut s dng ph tn 1bit/s/Hz, tng ng vi 16
knh truyn hnh, trong mi knh s dng 300kbps trong bng
thng 5MHz. Ngoi ra phi c th cung cp dch v MBMS nh l
424
dch v duy nht trn mt sng mang, ng thi cng c th cung cp

dch v ny trn ln vi cc dch v khc khng phi MBMS. Tt
nhin chun LTE phi m bo cung cp ng thi cc dch v thoi
v cc dch v MBMS.
11.1.3. Cc kha cnh lin quan n trin khai
Cc yu cu lin quan n trin khai bao gm cc kch bn trin
khai, tnh linh hot ph tn, trin khai ph v ng tn ti cng nh
tng tc vi cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn ca 3GPP khc chng
hn GSM, WCDMA/HSPA.
Yu cu v kch bn trin khai bao gm c trng hp h thng
LTE c trin khai c lp ln trng hp n c trin khai cng
vi WCDMA/HSPA v (hoc) GSM. Nh vy trong thc t yu cu
ny khng gii hn cc tiu ch thit k. Cc yu cu v tnh linh hot
ph tn c trnh by c th hn trong mc 11.1.3.1.
S ng tn ti v tng tc vi cc h thng 3GPP khc v cc
yu cu tng ng t ra yu cu v tnh di ng gia LTE v
GSM, gia LTE v WCDMA/HSPA cho cc u cui h tr cc cng
ngh ny. Bng 11.2 lit k cc yu cu v gin on, ngha l gin
on cho php cc i trn ng truyn v tuyn khi chuyn ng
gia hai cng ngh truy nhp khc nhau, cho cc dch v thi gian
thc v phi thi gian thc. Cn lu rng cc yu cu ny l rt nh
i vi thi gian gin on chuyn giao v c th k vng l cc gi
tr ny tt hn nhiu trong cc trin khai thc t.
Yu cu ng tn ti v tng tc cng cp n chuyn mch
lu lng truyn a phng c LTE cung cp theo kiu qung b
n lu lng n phng c GSM hoc WCDMA cung cp. Mc
d khng con s no c a ra.
425
Bng 11.2. Cc yu cu thi gian gin on,

LTE-GSM v LTE-WCDMA
Phi thi gian thc (ms)
Thi gian thc (ms)
LTE sang WCDMA
500ms
300ms
LTE sang GSM
500ms
300ms
11.1.3.1. Tnh linh hot ph v trin khai

C s i vi cc yu cu v tnh linh hot ph l yu cu i vi
h thng LTE c trin khai trong cc bng tn c ca IMT-2000,
c ngha l s ng tn ti gia cc h thng trin khai trong cc
bng ny bao gm GSM v WCDMA/HSPA. Yu cu tnh linh hot
ph ca LTE l phi c kh nng trin khai truy nhp v tuyn da
trn LTE trong c cc n nh bng kp v bng n, ngha l LTE
phi h tr c ghp song cng phn cia theo tn s (FDD) v ghp
song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD).
S ghp song cng hay sp xp ghp song cng l mt thuc
tnh ca cng ngh v tuyn. Tuy nhin mt cp pht ph tn cho
trc thng lin kt vi mt cch sp xp song cng c th. Cc h
thng FDD c trin khai trong cc n nh kp vi mt bng cho
truyn dn ng xung v mt bng khc cho truyn dn ng ln.
Cc h thng TDD c trin khai trong cc n nh bng n.
Ta xt th d ph tn IMT-2000 ti 2GHz (c th coi nh bng
gc ca IMT-2000). Nh thy trn hnh 11.1, ph ny gm mt cp
bng tn 1920-1980MHz v 2110-2170MHz dnh cho truy nhp v
tuyn theo FDD, v hai bng tn 1910-1920MHz v 2010-2025MHz
dnh cho truy nhp v tuyn TDD. Lu rng cc quy nh a
phng v vng c th s dng ph IMT-2000 khc vi ph c ch
ra y.
426
Hnh 11.1. Cp pht ph bng li IMT-2000 ti 2GHz

Cp pht bng kp cho FDD trn hnh 11.1 l 2x60MHz, nhng
ph kh dng cho mt nh khai thc c th l 2x20MHz hay thm ch
2x10MHz. Trong cc bng tn khc thm ch ph kh dng c th t
hn. Ngoi ra vic chuyn dch vo ph hin ang c s dng cho
cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc phi c thc hin t t
m bo lng ph cn li cho h tr cc ngi s dng hin c.
Nh vy lng ph chuyn cho LTE lc u c th kh nh, nhng s
tng dn (hnh 11.2). S thay i cc kch bn ph c th c cho thy
cn c mt yu cu v tnh linh hot ph i vi LTE h tr cc
bng thng truyn dn.
Hnh 11.2. V d v qu trnh chuyn dch tng bc ca LTE vo

vng ph ca WCDMA hin trin khai
427
Yu cu tnh linh hot ph ca LTE ch ra rng LTE phi c kh

nng nh li kch c trong min tn s v hot ng trong cc bng
tn khc nhau. Yu cu tnh linh hot a ra danh sch cc n nh
ph ca LTE (1,25; 1,6; 2,5; 5; 15 v 20MHz). Ngoi ra LTE cng
phi c kh nng lm vic trong ph n cng nh ph kp. LTE phi
c th c trin khai trong cc bng tn khc nhau. Cc bng tn
c h tr phi c c t da trn tnh c lp vi pht hnh,
ngha l pht hnh u ca LTE khng cn phi h tr tt c cc bng
ngay t u.
Ngoi ra tiu chun cng cp n ng tn ti vi GSM v
WCDMA trn cc tn s ln cn cng nh ng tn ti gia cc nh
khai thc trn cc tn s ln cn v cc mng trong cc nc khc
nhau s dng ph chng ln nhau. Ngoi ra cng yu cu rng khng
cn c thm h thng no khc mt u cui c th truy nhp LTE,
c ngha l LTE phi c tt c cc bo hiu iu khin cn thit cho
truy nhp.
11.1.4. Kin trc v chuyn dch
3GPP cng b mt s nguyn tc mang tnh hng dn cho thit
k kin trc LTE RAN nh sau:
- Kin trc LTE RAN n nht phi c ng thun.
- Kin trc LTE RAN phi da trn gi, mc d lu lng thi
gian thc v hi thoi c h tr.
- Kin trc LTE RAN phi gim thiu s tn ti mt im s c
m khng lm tng gi thnh ng trc.
- Kin trc LTE RAN phi n gin ha v gim thiu s giao
din c a ra.
- Tng tc gia lp mng v tuyn (RNL: Radio Network
Layer) v lp mng truyn ti (TNL: Transport Network Layer)
phi khng b cm nu cn ci thin hiu nng h thng.
428
- LTE RAN phi h tr QoS u cui u cui. TNL phi m

bo QoS tng ng do RNL yu cu.
- Cc c ch QoS phi xt n cc kiu lu lng khc nhau
m bo s dng bng thng hiu qu: Lu lng mt phng
iu khin, lu lng mt phng ngi s dng, lu lng khai
thc v bo dng
- LTE RAN phi c thit k gim thiu thay i tr (Jitter),
chng hn cho TCP/IP.
- Kin trc phng. Trong pht trin kin trc, trm gc c b
sung thm tr tu, tng t nh xu th i vi HSPA. Lc u
kin trc UMTS c nh ngha theo phn cp, trong cc
chc nng lin quan n v tuyn c t trong RNC. Trong
kin trc phng cc chc nng lin quan n v tuyn c t
trong trm gc. Khi lp biu gi c t trong trm gc, qu
trnh lp biu s nhanh hn k c lp biu min tn s.
3GPP quyt nh t ton b chc nng v tuyn trong trm gc
(hnh 11.4). Cc chc nng v tuyn mi trong BTS so vi HSPA l:
iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC), iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn
(RRC) v giao thc hi t s liu gi PDCP. Kin trc trn hnh 11.4
cho thy s phn chia chc nng gia mng truy nhp v tuyn v
mng li. Trong khi mng truy nhp v tuyn ch cn mt phn t duy
nht l e NodeB th nhiu phn t hn c s dng trong mng li.
T quan im mng truy nhp v tuyn, xu th quan trng l
khng cn chuyn giao mm trong h thng. y cng l xu th
c thc hin trong HSDPA. Trong HSDPA ch thng tin iu khin
lp vt l l vn c phn tp v m, cn s liu ca ngi s dng
khng c. y l mt trong cc l do cho php t tt c cc chc
nng v tuyn vo mt e NodeB nh vy c th h tr kin trc phng
d hn. Cng c th h tr phn tp v m trong kin trc phng,
429
nhng cn c cc yu cu b sung i vi cc lin kt truyn dn gia

cc trm gc.
RB (Radio Bearer): Knh mang v tuyn

MME (Mobility Management Entity): Thc th qun l di ng
SAE (System Architecture Evolution): Pht trin kin trc h thng
PDN (Packet Data Network): Mng s liu gi
Hnh 11.4. Phn chia chc nng gia mng truy nhp v mng li
11.1.5. Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
Cc yu cu qun l ti nguyn v tuyn c chia thnh: (1) h
tr tng cng cho QoS u cui u cui, (2) h tr hiu qu cho
truyn dn cc lp cao hn, (3) h tr chia s ti v qun l chnh sch
trn cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau.
H tr tng cng cho QoS u cui u cui yu cu mt dch
v phi hp ci tin v cc yu cu v giao thc (bao hm c bo
hiu lp cao hn) cho cc ti nguyn RAN v cc c tnh RAN.
H tr hiu qu cho truyn dn cc lp cao hn yu cu rng LTE
RAN phi cung cp cc c ch h tr truyn dn v khai thc hiu qu
430
cc giao thc lp cao hn trn giao din v tuyn, chng hn nn tiu

IP.
H tr chia s ti v qun l chnh sch trn cc cng ngh truy
nhp v tuyn khc nhau yu cu xem xt cc c ch la chn li
hng dn cc u cui di ng chuyn n cc cng ngh truy nhp
v tuyn tng ng trong tt c cc kiu trng thi cng nh h tr
QoS u cui - u cui trong qu trnh chuyn giao gia cc cng
ngh truy nhp v tuyn.
11.1.6. Mc phc tp
Cc yu cu v mc phc tp ca LTE cp n phc tp
ca ton b h thng cng nh phc tp ca my di ng u cui.
Thc cht, cc yu cu ny c ngha l phi gim thiu cc ty chn
v m bo cc tnh nng bt buc khng b tha. Ngoi ra iu ny
cng dn n gim thiu s lng cc trng hp th nghim cn thit.
11.1.7. Cc kha cnh chung
Cc yu cu chung i vi LTE cp n cc kha cnh lin
quan n gi thnh v dch v. R rng rng cn gim thiu gi thnh
trong khi vn m bo hiu nng mong mun cho cc dch v d kin.
i vi gi thnh, cc vn v ng trc, bo dng v khai thc
c cp. Nh vy khng ch giao din v tuyn m c truyn ti
n cc trm BS v h thng qun l cng phi c cp trong
LTE. Trong s cc yu cu ny cng c mt yu cu rt mnh i vi
giao din gia cc nh cung cp thit b. Ngoi ra cng yu cu u
cui phi c gi thp v tiu th t cng sut.
11.2. CC MC TIU THIT K SAE
Cc mc tiu ca SAE c m t trong cc danh mc nghin

cu SAE v mt s mc tiu mc cao c TSG SA WG1 khi tho.
Cc mc tiu SAE c chia thnh mt s lnh vc:
431
- Cc kha cnh khai thc v ngi s dng mc cao.

- Cc kh nng c s.
- a truy nhp v di ng.
- Cc kha cnh giao din ngi my.
- Cc yu cu hiu nng i vi h thng 3GPP pht trin.
- An ninh v ring t.
- Cc kha cnh tnh cc.
Mc d cc yu cu SAE c nhiu v c chia thnh cc phn
nhm nh trn, nhng cc yu cu SAE ch yu khng lin quan n
truy nhp v tuyn. V th phn ny s tng kt cc yu cu SAE quan
trng nht c nh hng ln hoc mng truy nhp v tuyn hoc kin
trc SAE.
H thng SAE phi c kh nng hot ng vi cc mng truy
nhp v tuyn khc vi LTE v phi c cc chc nng di ng cho
php mt u cui di ng chuyn dch gia cc h thng truy nhp
v tuyn khc nhau. Thc t, cc yu cu ny khng gii hn di ng
gia cc mng truy nhp v tuyn m cn m rng di ng n mng
truy nhp c nh. Cn xt n c cc mng truy nhp khng do 3GPP
trin khai.
Chuyn mng cng l mt yu cu quan trng i vi SAE bao
gm c chuyn mng n cc mng SAE khc cng nh n cc mng
hin c. Ngoi ra tng tc vi cc dch v chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi hin c cng l mt yu cu. Tuy nhin khng i
hi phi h tr cc dch v chuyn mch knh t min chuyn mch
knh ca cc mng hin c.
Cc yu cu SAE cng a ra mt danh sch hiu nng nh l
mt yu cu quan trng nhng khng chi tit nh cc yu cu ca
LTE. Cc kch bn v mc s dng lu lng khc nhau cng
c xem xt, chng hn thng tin t ngi s dng n ngi s
432
dng v thng tin t ngi s dng n nhm. Ngoi ra cng c yu

cu v hiu sut s dng ti nguyn nht l hiu sut s dng ti
nguyn v tuyn (ging nh yu cu hiu sut ph i vi LTE). Hiu
sut s dng ti nguyn v tuyn khng c yu cu phc tp nh
i vi LTE. V th chnh yu cu ny ca LTE l yu cu thit k.
Tt nhin cc yu cu SAE cp n cc kha cnh dch v khc
nhau v i hi cc dch v truyn thng nh thoi, video, nhn tin v
chuyn file phi c h tr v thm vo l cc dch qung b v
a phng. Thc t, cng vi yu cu h tr kt ni IPv4 v IPv6 (bao
gm c di ng gia cc mng h tr cc phin bn IP khc nhau cng
nh kt ni gia cc u cui s dng cc phin bn khc nhau), mi
dch v IP u s c h tr, tuy nhin vi cht lng dch v khng
phi ti u.
Yu cu v cht lng dch v ca SAE cng c son tho chi
tit. Chng hn h thng SAE phi m bo gim cp cht lng m
thanh cuc gi mc khng cm nhn c trong khi v sau
chuyn giao gia cc mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch
gi khc bit. Ngoi ra SAE phi m bo rng khng mt gi s liu
do chuyn giao gia cc h thng truy nhp di ng v c nh. Mt
yu cu quan trng i vi khi nim QoS l khi nim QoS phi
tng thch ngc vi cc khi nim QoS trc y trong 3GPP. iu
ny m bo di ng m gia cc cng ngh truy nhp khc nhau
ca 3GPP (LTE, WCDMA/HSPA v GSM).
H thng SAE phi cung cp cc c ch an ninh tin tin tng
ng hoc tt hn an ninh i vi WCDMA/HSPA v GSM. Ngha
l vic bo v chng li cc e da v tn cng bao gm c cc e da
v tn cng trn Internet v c ch bo v ny phi l mt b phn ca
SAE. Ngoi ra h thng SAE phi m bo nhn thc thng tin gia
u cui di ng v mng, nhng ng thi cho php chn bt lu
lng theo lut.
433
H thng SAE cng c cc yu cu cao v tnh ring t ca ngi

s dng. Cn m bo mt s mc ring t ca ngi s dng,
chng hn bo mt thng tin, bo mt v tr v bo v nhn dng. V
th, cc h thng SAE s gi kn nhn dng ca ngi s dng i vi
nhng ngi th ba khng c php, bo v ni dung, ni pht v
ni nhn ca cuc truyn tin i vi cc bn khng c php v bo
v v tr ca ngi s dng i vi nhng ngi ny. Cc bn c
php thng l cc c quan chnh ph, nhng ngi s dng c th
cho php mt s bn no bit c v tr ca u cui di ng.
Chng hn qun l on xe iu hnh xe ti.
SAE h tr mt s m hnh tnh cc bao gm tr cc t pha
ch gi, cc c nh v cc trn c s QoS. Cc kha cnh tnh
cc i khi c th nhn c trong mng v tuyn, nht l cc m
hnh tnh cc da trn QoS v khi lng s liu c chuyn. Tuy
nhin hu ht cc m hnh tnh cc ch cho php nhn thy thng tin
cc trong mng li.
Kin trc SAE vi cc cng kt hp c cho trn hnh 11.5.
PCRF (Policy and Charging Rules Function): chc nng cc quy tc tnh
cc v chnh sch
Hnh 11.5. Kin trc SAE vi cc cng kt hp
434
Trong mng li trn hnh 11.2 ca kin trc SAE ta thy cc thc
th sau:
- Cng SAE phc v v cng SAE mng s liu gi (PDN SAE)
x l s liu ca mt phng ngi s dng. Cc nhim v x
l ny lin quan n qun l di ng bn trong LTE cng nh
gia cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc ca 3GPP. Nh
thy trn hnh 11.2, SGSN ca WCDMA c th ni n cc
cng ni trn v cc cng ny s x l cc chc nng ca
GGSN trong mng WCDMA.
- Phn t qun l di ng (MME) x l bo hiu mt phng iu
khin, nht l i vi qun l di ng v x l ch ri. Khi
ny giao din S11 kt ni MME vi cc cng SAE/PDN nu
chng c thc hin trong cc phn t vt l ring bit.
- Server thu bao nh (HSS: Home Subscriber Server) thc hin
cc chc nng nh HLR, cha cc thng tin c th thu bao
nh cc mc u tin, tc s liu
- Chc nng cc quy tc tnh cc v chnh sch (PCRF) lin
quan n chnh sch cht lng dch v v chnh sch tnh cc
c p dng.
Vic s dng kin trc phng c ngha l tnh kh nh c cao khi
tng th tch s liu cng vi vic ph thuc t vo bn thn th tch s
liu ny. Nh vy t c hiu qu kinh t cao khi trin khai mng
v khi m rng dung lng mng do tng lu lng.
11.3. TNG KT
Chng ny trc ht xt cc mc tiu ra cho thit k LTE

theo by kha cnh:
- Cc kh nng
- Hiu nng h thng
435
- Cc kha cnh lin quan n trin khai

- Kin trc v pht trin
- Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn
- Mc phc tp
- Cc kha cnh chung
Tip theo chng ny xt cc mc tiu ra cho thit k SAE
theo cc lnh vc:
- Cc kha cnh khai thc v ngi s dng mc cao
- Cc kh nng c s
- a truy nhp v di ng
- Cc kha cnh giao din ngi my
- Cc yu cu hiu nng i vi h thng 3GPP pht trin
- An ninh v ring t
- Cc kha cnh tnh cc
Ngoi ra chng ny cng xt vic phn chia cc chc nng gia
mng truy nhp (LTE) v mng li (SAE) ca LTE. S phn chia ny
m bo kin trc phng tt nht. im c bit trong s phn chia
ny l ton b chc nng x l lin quan n v tuyn c t trong
trm gc (e Node B) v khng s dng cp trung gian nh RNC ca
WCDMA.
11.4. CU HI
1. Trnh by cc kh nng ca LTE

2. Trnh by hiu nng h thng ca LTE
3. Trnh by cc kha cnh lin quan n trin khai LTE
4. Trnh by kin trc v pht trin LTE
5. Trnh by mc tiu qun l ti nguyn v tuyn trong LTE
436
6. Trnh by tiu ch v mc phc tp trong thit k LTE

7. Trnh by kin trc v chuyn dch trong LTE
8. Trnh by cc kha cnh khai thc v ngi s dng mc cao trong
SAE
9. Trnh by cc kh nng c s ca SAE.
10. Trnh by a truy nhp v di ng m ca SAE.
11. Trnh by cc kha cnh giao din ngi my ca SAE.
12. Trnh by cc yu cu hiu nng i vi h thng 3GPP pht trin.
13. Trnh by an ninh v ring t ca SAE.
14. Trnh by cc kha cnh tnh cc ca SAE.
Chng 12
TRUY NHP V TUYN V KIN TRC

GIAO DIN V TUYN LTE
Cc chng trc xt cc mc tiu ca LTE v t xem xt ny

ta thy r rng LTE c pht trin vi cc mc tiu hiu nng rt
tin tin. Trc ht trong chng ny ta s xt mt s phn t v tnh
nng quan trng nht ca LTE. Sau ta s xt chi tit hn giao din
v tuyn v cc tnh nng then cht ca LTE.
Ging nh WCDMA/HSPA v hu ht cc h thng thng tin di
ng hin i khc, cc c t chun LTE c cu trc thnh cc lp
giao thc khc nhau. Mc d mt s trong cc lp ny ging vi cc
lp c s dng trong WCDMA/HSPA, nhng cng c mt s khc
bit do cc khc bit kin trc tng th gia WCDMA/HSPA v LTE.
Chng ny s m t cc lp giao thc trn lp vt l, tng tc gia
chng v giao din vi lp vt l. hiu c kin trc giao din
v tuyn LTE ta ch cn xt mt nt: nt B vi k hiu mi cho
LTE l e NodeB (nt B tng cng).
- Tng quan truy nhp v tuyn LTE
- Kin trc giao thc LTE
- iu khin lin kt v tuyn, RLC
438
- iu khin truy nhp mi trng, MAC

Mc ch chng nhm cung cp cho bn c hiu c nguyn
tc truy nhp v tuyn LTE v kin trc giao din v tuyn.
hiu c chng ny bn c cn c k t liu c trnh
by trong chng, tham kho thm cc ti liu [3], [4], [5], [6], [11],
[14] v tr li cc cu hi cui chng.
12.1. TNG QUAN TRUY NHP V TUYN LTE
12.1.1. Cc s truyn dn
S truyn dn ng xung ca LTE da trn OFDM. Nh
xt trong chng 3, OFDM l mt s truyn dn hp dn v mt s
l do. Do thi gian k hiu OFDM kt hp vi tin t chu trnh kh
di, OFDM m bo bn chc chng li chn lc tn s ca knh
v tuyn cao hn. Mc d v nguyn tc c th x l s mo dng tn
hiu do knh chn lc tn s gy ra bng cch cn bng ti pha thu,
nhng phc tp ca cn bng tr nn qu cao i vi thc hin u
cui ti cc bng thng ln hn 5MHz. V th OFDM vi kh nng
khng phainh chn lc sn c l mt k thut hp dn cho ng
xung c bit khi c kt hp vi ghp knh khng gian.
Mt s li ch khc ca OFDM l:
- OFDM cung cp truy nhp n min tn s, v th cho php m
rng mc t do cho b lp biu ph thuc knh so vi HSPA.
- OFDM d dng h tr n nh bng thng linh hot (t nht t
quan im bng gc) bng cch thay i s lng cc sng mang con
s dng cho truyn dn. Tuy nhin cng cn ni rng h tr n nh
nhiu ph cng i hi b lc RF linh hot v mt khai thc chnh xc
vi s truyn dn lin quan. Mc d vy, vic gi nguyn cu trc
x l bng gc khng ph thuc vo bng thng cng cho php thc
hin u cui d rng.
Chng 12: Truy nhp v tuyn v kin trc giao din
439
- OFDM cho php thc hin n gin truyn dn qung b/a

phng, trong cng mt thng tin c pht i t nhiu trm gc
i vi ng ln ca LTE, truyn dn n sng mang da trn
OFDM tri ph DFT c s dng (xem chng 3). S dng iu ch
n sng mang cho php gim t s cng sut nh trn cng sut
trung bnh PAPR (Peak to Average Power Radio) so vi truyn dn a
sng mang nh OFDM. PAPR cng nh, th cng sut pht trung bnh
cng cao i vi mt b khuch i cng sut cho trc. V th truyn
dn n sng mang cho php t c hiu sut s dng b khuch
i cng sut cao hn v iu ny dn n tng vng ph. iu ny
thc s quan trng i vi u cui di ng c cng sut hn ch.
ng thi vn x l mo tn hiu n sng mang do phainh chn
lc tn s gy ra trn ng ln cng khng phi l quan trng v n
c thc hin ti trm gc ni c kh nng x l tn hiu mnh hn.
Khc vi ng ln ca WCDMA/HSPA cng da trn truyn
dn n sng mang, ng ln ca LTE da trn phn cch trc giao
nhng ngi s dng trong min thi gian v min tn s. Trong
nhiu trng hp, phn cch trc giao nhng ngi s dng rt c li
v n trnh c nhiu ni . Tuy nhin nh cp trong chng 3,
cp pht ng thi ti nguyn bng thng rt rng cho mt ngi s
dng l mt chin lc khng hiu qu trong cc tnh trng m
tc s liu ch yu b hn ch bi cng sut truyn dn ch khng
phi bng thng truyn dn. Trong cc tnh trng ny, mt u cui
thng c cp pht mt b phn trong bng thng truyn dn tng,
cn cc u cui khc c th pht song song trong phn ph cn li.
V th ng ln LTE cha mt phn t a truy nhp min tn s, v
s truyn dn ng ln ca LTE cng c gi l FDMA n
sng mang (SC-FDMA).
12.1.2. Lp biu ph thuc knh v thch ng tc
Ct li ca s truyn dn LTE l s dng truyn dn knh chia
s, trong ti nguyn thi gian - tn s c chia s gia nhng
440
ngi s dng. iu ny cng ging nh cch x l trong HSPA, mc

d vic thc hin ti nguyn chia s gia hai cng ngh ny khc
nhau: trong LTE l thi gian v tn s cn trong HSPA l thi gian v
m nh knh. Vic s dng truyn dn knh chia s l hon ton ph
hp vi cc yu cu ti nguyn thay i rt nhanh do truyn dn gi
gy ra v n cng cho php LTE s dng cc cng ngh then cht khc.
i vi tng thi im, b lp biu iu khin vic ngi s
dng no c n nh ti nguyn chia s. N cng quyt nh tc
s liu s c s dng cho tng lin kt v thch ng ng truyn
cng c th c coi nh l mt b phn ca b lp biu. B lp biu
l phn t then cht v mc rt ln n quyt nh hiu nng tng
th ca ng xung, c bit l trong mng c ti cao. C ng
xung v ng ln u chu s iu khin cht ch ca lp biu. T
chng 5 ta thy rng c th t c li dung lng h thng
ng k, nu xt n cc iu kin knh trong quyt nh lp biu, hay
cn gi l lp biu ph thuc knh. iu ny c khai thc trong
HSPA, trong b lp biu ng xung cho php pht n ngi s
dng c iu kin knh u vit t c tc s liu cc i.
mc no iu ny cng c thc hin trn ng ln cho
HSUPA. Tuy nhin ngoi min thi gian, LTE cng c th truy nhp
n min tn s nh vic s dng OFDM cho ng xung v
DFTS-OFDM cho ng ln. V th, i vi tng min tn s, b lp
biu c th chn ngi s dng c iu kin knh tt nht. Ni mt
cch khc, lp biu trong LTE c th xt n cc thay i iu kin
knh khng ch trong min thi gian nh HSPA m c trong min tn
s. iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 12.1.
Kh nng lp biu ph thuc knh trong min tn s c bit hu
ch ti cc tc s liu thp, ni mt cch khc khi knh thay i
chm theo thi gian. Nh xt trong chng 5, lp biu ph thuc
knh da trn cc thay i cht lng knh nhn c li trong
dung lng h thng. i vi cc dch v nhy cm tr, b lp biu
441
ch cho min thi gian c th b buc phi lp biu cho mt ngi s

dng cho d cht lng knh ca ngi ny khng tt lm. Trong
trng hp ny, vic khai thc c cc thay i cht lng knh trong
min tn s s h tr ci thin tng hiu nng h thng. i vi LTE,
cc quyt nh lp biu c thc hin mt ln trong 1ms v tnh ht
trong min tn s l 180kHz. iu ny cho php b lp biu bm theo
cc thay i knh kh nhanh.
Pha inh tn s thi gian,
Ngi s dng #1
Pha inh tn s thi gian,
Ngi s dng #2
a)
b)
f=15kHz
Ngi s dng #1
Ngi s dng #2
Th
i
gia
n
1
m
s
Ngi s dng #1
Tn s
180kHz
Ngi s dng #2
Hnh 12.1. Lp biu ph thuc knh ng xung

trong min thi gian v min tn s
12.1.2.1. Lp biu ng xung
Trn ng xung, mi u cui bo co c tnh cht lng
knh tc thi cho trm gc. Cc c tnh ny nhn c bng cch o
442
mt tn hiu tham kho c pht i t trm gc v cng c s

dng cho c mc ch gii iu ch. Da trn c tnh cht lng
knh, b lp biu ng xung n nh cc ti nguyn cho nhng
ngi s dng. V nguyn tc u cui c lp biu c th c n
nh mt t hp bt k gm cc khi ti nguyn rng 180kHz trong
mi khong thi gian lp biu 1ms.
12.1.2.2. Lp biu ng ln
ng ln ca LTE c xy dng trn c s phn tch trc giao
ngi s dng v y l nhim v ca b lp biu ng ln. B lp
biu ng ln n nh cc ti nguyn cho nhng ngi s dng khc
nhau (TDMA/FDMA) trong c min thi gian v min tn s. Quyt
nh lp biu c a ra mi 1ms mt ln iu khin vic cc u
cui no c quyn pht trong trong khong thi gian cho trc v
trn cc ti nguyn tn s no cng nh tc s liu ng ln l
bao nhiu (khun dng truyn ti). Lu rng u cui c n nh
mt vng tn s lin tc do truyn dn n sng mang c s dng
cho ng ln ca LTE.
Cc iu kin knh cng c xt trong qu trnh lp biu ng
ln ging nh trong lp biu ng xung. Tuy nhin nhn c
thng tin v cc iu kin knh ng ln khng phi l mt nhim v
d dng. V th cn b sung thm cc phng tin t c phn
tp ng ln trong trng hp khng s dng lp biu ng ln ph
thuc knh.
12.1.2.3. iu phi nhiu gia cc
LTE m bo tnh trc giao gia nhng ngi s dng trong mt
cho c ng ln v ng xung. V th c th ni rng hiu nng
lin quan n hiu sut s dng ph ca LTE b gii hn nhiu hn
bi nhiu n t cc khc (nhiu gia cc ) so vi WCDMA/HSPA.
443
V th phng tin gim nhiu hay iu khin nhiu gia cc

s em li li ch rt ln cho hiu nng lin quan LTE (tc s liu
chng hn) nht l i vi nhng ngi s dng ti bin .
iu phi nhiu gia cc l mt chin lc trong cc tc
s liu ti bin c tng nh xt n nhiu gia nhng ngi s
dng. V c bn, iu phi nhiu gia cc c ngha l a ra cc hn
ch nht nh (min thi gian) cho cc b lp biu ng ln v
ng xung iu khin nhiu gia cc . Bng cch hn ch cng
sut ca mt s b phn ph trong mt , nhiu trong cc ln cn
trong phn ph ny s gim. Phn ph ny c th c s dng
cung cp tc s liu cao hn cho nhng ngi s dng trong cc
ln cn. V thc cht, h s ti s dng tn s trn cc phn khc nhau
ca s khc nhau (hnh 12.2).
Hnh 12.2. V d v iu phi nhiu gia cc ,

trong mt s phn ph b hn ch cng sut
Lu rng iu phi nhiu gia cc ch yu l mt chin lc
lp biu xt n tnh trng trong cc ln cn. Nh vy, iu phi
nhiu ln cn l mt vn ca thc hin v c l kh c a vo
cc c t. iu ny cng c ngha l iu phi nhiu gia cc c
th c p dng ch cho mt tp cc c chn ph thuc vo cc
yu cu ca mt trin khai c th.
444
12.1.3. HARQ vi kt hp mm
Cng ging nh HSPA, HARQ nhanh vi kt hp mm c s
dng u cui c th yu cu pht li nhanh cc khi truyn ti b
mc li v cung cp mt cng c cho thch ng tc s liu n
tng. Cc giao thc y cng ging nh cc giao thc c p dng
cho HSPA: Nhiu x l HARQ dng v i. gim thiu nh hng
ln hiu nng ca ngi s dng u cui, cc pht li c yu cu
nhanh sau mi ln pht gi. Tng phn d c s dng nh l mt
chin lc kt hp mm v my thu nh m cc bit mm c th
thc hin kt hp mm gia cc ln pht.
12.1.4. H tr a anten
Ngay t lc u, LTE h tr a anten ti c trm gc v u
cui v y l mt b phn ca cc c t trong chun. Xt v nhiu
kha cnh, s dng a anten l cng ngh then cht t c cc
mc tiu tng cng mnh m hiu nng ca LTE. Nh xt trong
chng 4, a anten c th c s dng theo cc cch khc nhau cho
cc mc ch khc nhau:
- a anten c th c s dng cho phn tp thu. i vi truyn
dn ng ln, k thut ny c s dng trong nhiu nm. Tuy
nhin, v hai anten thu l mc tiu cho tt c cc u cui ca LTE,
nn hiu nng ng xung s c ci thin. Cc s dng nhiu
anten thu n gin nht l phn tp thu kinh in trit phainh. Tuy
nhin cng c th s dng nhiu anten thu trit nhiu t c
li trong cc kch bn b hn ch bi nhiu nh xt trong
chng 4.
- Ghp knh khng gian (i khi cn gi l MIMO) s dng
nhiu anten c hai pha thu v pht cng c h tr trong LTE.
Ghp knh khng gian cho php tng tc s liu khi cc iu kin
445
knh cho php trong cc kch bn b hn ch bng thng nh xt

trong chng 4.
Ni chung cc k thut a anten khc nhau c li trong cc kch
bn khc nhau. Chng hn, ti SNR v SIR thp (ti cao hoc ti bin
), ghp knh khng gian ch em li t li ch. Trong khi ti cc
kch bn ny, k thut a anten da trn to bp ti pha pht cn c
s dng tng SNR/SIR. Tri li trong cc kch bn khi SNR v SIR
kh cao, chng hn trong cc nh, vic tng thm cht lng tn hiu
ch em li li ch khng cao v tc s liu c th t c ch yu
b hn ch bi bng thng ch khng bi SIR/SNR. Trong cc kch
bn ny tt nht l s dng phn tp khng gian thay v s dng k
thut a anten khai thc ton b cc iu kin knh tt. Trm gc
iu khin s a anten cn s dng, n chn s ph hp cho
mi cuc truyn dn.
12.1.5. H tr qung b v a phng
Qung b a thc hin pht cng mt thng tin t nhiu nh
xt trong chng 10. Khai thc dch v ny ti u cui v s dng
hiu qu cng sut tn hiu t nhiu trm cho php ci thin c
ng k vng ph (hay cc tc s liu cao hn). Dch v ny
c khai thc trong WCDMA, trong trng hp qung b/a phng
a , u cui di ng c th nhn tn hiu t nhiu v kt hp mm
cc tn hiu ny ti my thu.
LTE ci tin thm dch v ny cung cp qung b a phng
hiu qu cao. Bng cch khng ch pht cc tn hiu ging nhau t
nhiu trm (vi m ha v iu ch nh nhau), m cn ng b thi
gian gia cc , tn hiu ti u cui s th hin ging nh tn hiu
c pht i t mt . Do OFDM c kh nng chng phainh a
ng tt, pht a cng cn c gi l pht ca mng a
phng qung b n sng mang (MBSFN: Multicast - Broadcast
446
Single - Frequency Network). Cch pht ny khng ch ci thin c

cng tn hiu thu m cn hn ch c nhiu gia cc (chng 3).
Nh vy i vi OFDM, thng lng qung b/a phng a c th
ch b gii hn bi tp m v v th trong trng hp cc nh c th
t c thng lng ny rt cao.
Cn nhn mnh rng vic s dng pht MBSFN cho qung b/a
phng a i hi s dng ng b cht v ng chnh thi gian cho
cc tn hiu c pht i t cc trm khc nhau.
12.1.6. Linh hot ph
Nh xt trong chng 11, mc linh hot ph cao l mt
trong cc c tnh ca truy nhp v tuyn LTE. Mc ch ca linh
hot ph l cho php trin khai truy nhp LTE trong cc dng ph
khc nhau, cc sp xp song cng khc nhau, hot ng ti cc bng
tn khc nhau v cc kch thc ph kh dng khc nhau.
12.1.6.1. Linh hot trong sp xp song cng
Mt trong cc tnh nng quan trng ca LTE lin quan n linh
hot ph l kh nng trin khai LTE trong ph kp v ph n, ngha
l LTE phi h tr c s ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s
(FDD) v ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD). Trong
ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD) truyn dn ng xung
v ng ln xy ra trong cc bng tn khc nhau (12.3a). Trong ghp
song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD) truyn dn ng xung v
ng ln xy ra trong cng mt bng tn nhng lun phin theo thi
gian (hnh 12.3b). V th TDD c th hot ng trong ph n cn
FDD i hi ph kp.
H tr c ph kp ln ph n c trong c t ca 3GPP ngay
t pht hnh R3, mc d hin nay mi trin khai FDD cho WCDMA
v HSPA. Tuy nhin chi tit cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn FDD
v TTD cho WCDMA l khc nhau. Tri li LTE h tr c FDD v
447
TDD trong cng mt cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn, do s khc

nhau gia FDD v TDD i vi truy nhp v tuyn LTE l rt t. V
th truy nhp v tuyn c trnh by trong cc chng sau s ng
cho c FDD v TDD. Trng hp xy ra khc bit s c gii thch
ring.
Hnh 12.3. FDD v TDD

12.1.6.2. Linh hot trong khai thc bng tn
LTE c thit k trin khai theo nhu cu, trong ph kh
dng c th l ph c n nh mi cho thng tin di ng (bng
2,6GHz chng hn) hay chuyn dch n LTE t ph hin ang s
dng cho cc cng ngh thng tin di ng khc, nh h thng GSM
hay thm ch khng phi l cc cng ngh thng tin di ng. V th
truy nhp v tuyn LTE phi hot ng trong di cc bng tn rng t
tn s thp 450MHz n t nht l 2,6GHz.
Kh nng hot ng trong mt cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
trong cc bng tn khc nhau thc ra khng phi l mi. Chng hn
cc u cui GSM ba bng hin rt ph bin c kh nng hot ng
trong cc bng 900, 1800 v 1900MHz. T quan im hot ng truy
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nhp v tuyn, s khng c g cn tr vic cc c t lp vt l LTE s

bao trm mi bng c th. iu khc bit gia c t cho cc bng
tn khc nhau ch yu l cc yu cu v tuyn c th hn nh: Cng
sut pht cho php cc i, cc hn ch pht x ngoi bng S d
nh vy v cc quy nh bn ngoi do cc c quan quy nh t ra c
th khc nhau gia cc bng tn khc nhau.
12.1.6.3. Linh hot bng thng
Kh nng trin khai truy nhp v tuyn LTE trong cc bng khc
nhau ph thuc v kh nng LTE hot ng vi cc bng thng truyn
dn khc nhau trn c ng ln ln ng xung. L do chnh l
lng ph kh dng cho LTE c th thay i rt ln gia cc bng tn
khc nhau v cng cn ph thuc vo tnh trng ca nh khai thc.
Ngoi ra kh nng hot ng trong cc n nh ph khc nhau cho
php chuyn dch t t ph t cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc
sang LTE.
LTE h tr hot ng trong di rng cc n nh tn s. h tr
hiu qu cc tc s liu cao khi c ph kh dng cn c bng thng
truyn dn rng. Tuy nhin khng phi bao gi cng c khi lng
ph cn thit, mt mt l do bng tn khai thc mt khc l do vic
chuyn dn mt cng ngh khc m ti y LTE c th hot ng vi
bng thng nh hn. R rng rng trong cc trng hp ny tc s
liu s b gim tng ng.
Cc c t lp vt l LTE theo trit l khng th bit bng thng
v khng a ra quy nh c th bt k no v vic h tr cc bng
thng truyn dn ngoi mt gi tr ti thiu. Trong cc chng sau ta
s thy, c t truy nhp v tuyn c s bao gm cc c t lp vt l
v giao thc, cho php mi bng thng truyn dn trong di t 1MHz
n 20MHz vi bc nhy 180kHz. ng thi, ti giai on u, cc
yu cu tn s v tuyn ch c c t cho mt tp hn ch bng
thng truyn dn tng ng vi d bo lin quan n cc kch thc
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n nh ph v cc kch bn chuyn dch tng ng. V th, trong thc

t truy nhp v tuyn LTE h tr tp hn ch cc bng thng, nhng
c th d dng h tr b sung cc bng thng truyn dn bng cc cp
nht cc c t v tuyn.
12.2. KIN TRC GIAO THC LTE
Tng quan kin trc giao thc LTE cho ng xung c minh
ha trn hnh 12.4. Trong cc phn trnh by di y ta s hiu rng
khng phi tt c cc thc th c minh ha trn hnh 12.4 l u
c p dng trong tt c cc tnh hung. Chng hn c lp biu MAC
ln HARQ vi kt hp mm u khng c s dng cho qung b
thng tin h thng. Ngoi ra, cu trc giao thc LTE lin quan n truyn
dn ng ln cng ging vi cu trc ng xung trn hnh 12.4, mc
d c mt s im khc bit lin quan n chn khun dng truyn ti
v truyn dn a anten.
Hnh 12.4. Kin trc giao thc LTE (ng xung)
450
S liu cn pht trn ng xung s c a vo cc gi IP

trn cc knh mang SAE. Trc khi c pht trn giao din v tuyn,
cc gi IP c a qua nhiu thc th giao thc. Di y ta s xt
tng quan cc giao thc ny (chi tit s xt trong cc phn sau):
Giao thc hi t s liu gi (PDCP: Packet Data Convergence

Protocol) thc hin nn tiu gim s bit cn thit pht
trn giao din v tuyn. Nguyn l nn tiu da trn ROHC,
l gii thut nn tiu chun c s dng trong WCDMA
cng nh trong nhiu tiu chun thng tin di ng khc.
PDCP cng chu trch nhim mt m ha v bo v ton vn
s liu pht. Ti pha thu, PDCP thc hin gii mt m v gii
nn. Mi u cui di ng c lp cu hnh mt thc th
PDCP trn mt knh mang v tuyn.
iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC: Radio link Control) chu

trch nhim phn on/mc ni, x l pht li v chuyn theo
th t n lp cao hn. Khc vi WCDMA, giao thc RLC
c t trong e NodeB v ch c mt kiu nt duy nht trong
kin trc mng truy nhp v tuyn ca LTE. RLC cung cp
cc dch v cho PDCP dng cc knh mang v tuyn. Mi
u cui c lp cu hnh mt thc th RLC trn mt knh
mang v tuyn.
iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC: Medium Acccess

Control) x l cc pht li HARQ lp biu ng ln v
ng xung. Chc nng lp biu c t ti e NodeB, mi
nt ny c mt thc th MAC cho mt , cho c ng ln v
ng xung. Mt b phn ca giao thc HARQ c t
trong u pht v u thu ca giao thc MAC. MAC cung cp
cc dch v cho RLC trong dng cc knh logic.
Lp vt l (PHY) x l m ha/gii m, iu ch/gii iu ch,

sp xp a anten v cc chc nng in hnh khc ca lp vt
451
l. Lp vt l cung cp cc dch v cho lp MAC trong dng

cc knh vt l.
Cc phn di y s trnh by chi tit hn cc giao thc LTE
RLC v MAC.
12.3. IU KHIN LIN KT V TUYN (RLC)
Ging nh WCDMA/HSPA, LTE RLC chu trch nhim phn

on cc gi IP (c nn tiu ), cc gi IP ny nhn c t PDCP
v c gi l cc RLC SDU (Service Data Unit: n v s liu dch
v), thnh cc n v nh hn c gi l cc RLC PDU (Packet Data
Unit: n v s liu gi). N cng x l vic pht li cc PDU thu b
li cng nh loi b thu kp v mc ni cc PDU thu. Cui cng RLC
m bo vic chuyn cc RLC SDU theo ng trnh t ln cc lp trn.
C ch pht li RLC chu trch nhim m bo chuyn s liu ln
cc lp cao hn khng b li. thc hin iu ny, giao thc pht li
lm vic gia cc thc th RLC pha pht v pha thu. Bng cch gim
st cc s th t thu, RLC thu c th nhn ra cc PDU b mt. Bo co
trng thi c phn hi n RLC pht yu cu pht li cc PDU b
mt. Thi im phn hi trng thi c th lp cu hnh c, tuy nhin
bo co thng thng cha thng tin v nhiu PDU v v th c
pht khng thng xuyn. Da trn bo co trng thi thu c, thc
th RLC ti my pht c th a ra cc hnh ng thch hp v pht
li cc PDU b mt theo yu cu.
Khi RLC c lp cu hnh yu cu pht li cc gi b mt nh
ni trn, ta ni n hot ng trong ch c cng nhn
(AM: Acknowledged Mode). iu ny cng ging nh trong
WCDMA/HSPA. AM thng c s dng cho cc dch v da trn
TCP nh chuyn file khi m chuyn s liu khng b li l mi quan
tm u tin.
452
Ging nh WCDMA/HSPA, RLC cng c th c lp cu hnh

trong ch khng cng nhn (UM: Unacknowledged Mode) v ch
trong sut (TM: Transparent Mode). Trong UM, chuyn theo trnh
t ln cc lp cao hn vn c m bo, nhng khng yu cu pht
li cc PDU b mt. Mc d TM c h tr, nhng n ch c s
dng cho cc mc ch c bit nh truy nhp ngu nhin. Mc d
RLC c th x l cc li truyn dn do tp m, cc thay i knh
khng th d bo,, nhng cc nh hng ny ch yu c x l
bi giao thc MAC HARQ. V th c v nh s dng pht li RLC l
tha. Tuy nhin trong mc 12.4.4 ta s thy khng phi nh vy, vic
s dng c pht li RLC v MAC trong thc t xut pht t cc khc
nhau trong bo hiu phn hi.
Hnh 12.5. Phn on v mc ni RLC

Ngoi x l pht li v chuyn theo th t, RLC cn chu trch
nhim phn on v mc ni nh minh ha trn hnh 12.5. Ph thuc
vo quyt nh ca b lp biu, mt khi lng s liu nht nh c
chn pht t b m RLC SDU v cc SDU c phn on/c
mc ni to ra cc RLC PDU. Nh vy i vi LTE, kch thc
RLC PDU thay i ng, trong khi WCDMA/HSPA trc R7 s dng
kch thc PRU bn tnh. i vi cc tc s liu cao, PDU c kch
thc cao dn n chi ph thm (tiu chng hn) tng i nh, tri
li i vi cc tc s liu thp, yu cu kch thc PDU phi nh
nu khng ti trng s qu ln. V th, do cc tc s liu ca LTE
c th thay i t vi kbit/s n ln hn 100Mbit/s, nn cn c cc
kch thc PDU ng cho LTE. V RLC, b lp biu v cc c ch
453
thch ng tc u c t trong e NodeB, nn d dng h tr cc

kch thc PDU ng cho LTE.
12.4. IU KHIN TRUY NHP MI TRNG (MAC)
Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) x l ghp knh

logic, cc pht li HARQ, lp biu ng ln v ng xung. Khc
vi HSPA, trong s dng phn tp v m v th phi nh ngha c
phc v v cc khng phc v, LTE ch nh ngha phc v v
khng c phn tp v m ng ln. phc v l m u cui di
ng ni n v chu trch nhim lp biu v hot ng HARQ.
12.4.1. Cc knh logic v cc knh truyn ti
MAC cung cp dch v cho RLC trong dng cc knh logic. Knh
logic c nh ngha bi kiu thng tin m n mang. Ni chung cc
knh ny c phn thnh cc knh iu khin (c s dng
truyn dn thng tin iu khin v cu hnh cn thit vn hnh h
thng LTE) v cc knh lu lng truyn dn s liu ca ngi s
dng. Tp cc knh logic ca LTE bao gm:
Knh iu khin qung b (BCCH: Broadcast Control

Channel) c s dng truyn thng tin iu khin h
thng t mng n tt c cc my di ng trong . Trc khi
truy nhp h thng, u cui di ng phi c thng tin pht
trn BCCH bit c h thng c lp cu hnh nh th
no, chng hn bng thng h thng.
Knh iu khin tm gi (PCCH: Paging Control Channel)

c s dng tm gi cc u cui di ng v mng khng
th bit c v tr ca chng cp v v th cn pht cc
bn tin tm gi trong nhiu (vng nh v).
Knh iu khin ring (DCCH: Dedicated Control Channel)

c s dng truyn cc thng tin iu khin ti/t mt
454
u cui di ng. Knh ny c s dng cho cu hnh ring

ca cc u cui di ng chng hn cc bn tin chuyn giao
khc nhau.
Knh iu khin a phng(MCCH: Multicast Control

Channel) c s dng truyn thng tin iu khin cn
thit thu knh MTCH.
Knh lu lng ring (DTCH: Dedicated Traffic Channel)

c s dng truyn s liu ca ngi s dng n/t mt
u cui di ng. y l kiu knh logic c s dng
truyn tt c s liu ng ln ca ngi s dng v s liu
ng xung ca ngi s dng khng phi MBMS.
Knh lu lng a phng (MTCH: Multicast Traffic Channel)

c s dng pht cc dch v MBMS.
Cc knh logic c cu trc nh cc knh c s dng cho

WCDMA/HSPA. Tuy nhin so vi WCDMA/HSPA, cu trc knh
lgic ca LTE phn no n gin hn vi s lng kiu knh t hn.
T lp vt l, lp MAC s dng cc dch v trong dng cc knh
truyn ti. Knh truyn ti c nh ngha bi cch thc v cc c
tnh m thng tin c pht trn giao din v tuyn. Cng ging nh
HSPA, s liu trn mt knh truyn ti c t chc thnh cc khi
truyn ti. Trong mi khong thi gian truyn dn (TTI: Transmission
Time Interval) ti a mt khi truyn ti vi mt kch thc nht nh
c pht trn giao din v tuyn khi khng c ghp knh khng gian.
Trong trng hp c ghp knh khng gian (MIMO) c th c n
hai khi truyn ti trn mt TTI.
Lin kt vi mi khi truyn ti l khun dng truyn ti (TF:
Transport Identity) c t cch thc s truyn khi truyn ti ny
trn giao din v tuyn. Khun dng truyn ti bao gm thng tin v
kch thc khi truyn ti, s iu ch v cch sp xp anten. Cng
455
vi n nh ti nguyn, t l m cng c th c rt ra t khun dng

truyn ti. Bng cch thay i khun dng truyn ti, lp MAC c th
thc hin cc tc s liu khc nhau. V th iu khin tc cng
c coi l chn la khi truyn ti.
Tp cc knh truyn ti c nh ngha trong LTE bao gm:
Knh qung b (BCH: Broadcast Channel) c khun dng

truyn ti c nh do chun cung cp. N c s dng
pht thng tin trn knh logic BCCH.
Knh tm gi (PCH: Paging Channel) c s dng pht

thng tin tm gi trn knh PCCH, PCH h tr thu khng lin
tc (DRX: Discontinous Reception ) cho php u cui tit
kim cng sut c quy bng cch ng v ch thc thu PCH
ti cc thi im quy nh trc.
Knh chia s ng xung (DL-SCH: Down Link Shared

Channel) l knh truyn ti c s dng pht s liu
ng xung trong LTE. N h tr cc tnh nng ca LTE
nh thch ng tc ng v lp biu ph thuc knh trong
min thi gian v min tn s. N cng h tr DRX gim
tiu th cng sut ca u cui di ng m vn m bo cm
gic lun kt ni ging nh c ch CPC (Continous Packet
Connectivity: Kt ni gi lin tc) trong HSPA. DL-SCH TTI
l 1ms.
Knh a phng (MCH: Multicast Channel) c s dng

h tr MBMS. N c c trng bi khun dng truyn ti
bn tnh v lp biu bn tnh. Trong trng hp pht a s
dng MBSFN, lp biu v lp cu hnh khun dng truyn ti
c iu phi gia cc tham gia pht MBSFN.
Knh chia s ng ln (UL-SCH) l i tc ng ln ca

DL-SCH.
456
Mt b phn ca chc nng MAC l ghp cc knh logic v sp

xp chng ln cc knh truyn ti tng ng. Khc vi MAC-hs trong
HSDPA, MAC trong LTE h tr ghp cc RLC PDU t cc knh
mang v tuyn khc nhau vo cng mt khi truyn ti. V kiu thng
tin v cch phi pht n c mi quan h nht nh, nn s c cc quy
nh v sp xp cc knh logic ln cc knh truyn ti. V d sp xp
cc logic ln cc knh truyn ti c cho trn hnh 12.6.
Hnh 12.6. V d v sp xp cc knh logic ln cc knh truyn ti

12.4.2. Lp biu ng xung
Mt trong cc nguyn l c bn ca truy nhp v tuyn LTE l
truyn dn knh chia s trn DL-SCH v UL-SCH, ngha l ti nguyn
thi gian tn s c chia s ng gia nhng ngi s dng trn c
ng ln v ng xung. B lp biu l mt b phn ca lp MAC,
n iu khin n nh ti nguyn ng ln v ng xung. Trong
LTE, lp biu ng ln v ng xung c tch ring v cc quyt
nh lp biu ng ln v c xung c th c a ra c lp
(trong cc gii hn c t ra bi vic phn chia ng ln/ng
xung trong trng hp khai thc TDD). Phn cn li ca phn ny s
xt lp biu ng xung cn lp biu ng ln s c xt trong
12.4.3.
Nguyn tc chung ca b lp biu ng ln l quyt nh ng
(trong tng khong thi gian 1ms) u cui no s c thu truyn
457
dn DL-SCH v trn cc ti nguyn no. Nhiu u cui c th c

lp biu ng thi, trong trng hp ny mt DL-SCH c dnh cho
mt u cui c lp biu, mi DL-SCH c sp xp n mt tp
cc ti nguyn tn s. n v thi gian-tn s c s trong b lp biu
c gi l khi ti nguyn. Cc khi ti nguyn s c trnh by chi
tit trong chng 15 cng vi sp xp s liu ln cc ti nguyn vt l,
nhng v nguyn tc mt khi ti nguyn l mt n v rng 180kHz
trong min tn s. Trong mi khong lp biu 1ms, b lp biu n
nh cc khi ti nguyn cho mt u cui thu truyn dn DL-SCH.
B lp biu cng chu trch nhim chn kch thc khi truyn ti, s
iu ch v cc sp xp anten (trong trng hp pht nhiu anten).
Nh vy thc cht b lp biu iu chnh tc , v th phn on
RLC v ghp knh MAC cng chu nh hng ca quyt nh lp biu.
Cc u ra ca b lp biu c minh ha trn hnh 12.4.
Mc d chin lc lp biu l mt thc hin c th v khng
c 3GPP c t, nhng mc ch chung ca hu ht cc b lp biu
l li dng cc thay i knh gia cc u cui v lp biu u tin
truyn dn n u cui c cc iu kin knh u vit. V th hot
ng b lp biu LTE v nguyn l ging nh b lp biu trong
HSPA. Tuy nhin do s dng OFDM lm s truyn dn ng
xung, nn LTE c th khai thc c cc thay i knh c trong
min thi gian v min tn s, trong khi lp biu HSPA ch c th
khai thc cc thay i min thi gian. i vi cc bng thng ln hn
c LTE h tr, khi m phainh chn lc tn s xy ra kh ln, kh
nng b lp biu khai thc cc thay i knh min tn s s cng tr
nn quan trng so vi ch khai thc thay i knh min thi gian. Nht
l ti cc tc thp, khi thay i knh trong min thi gian kh chm
so vi cc yu cu tr c t ra bi nhiu dch v, kh nng khai
thc c c cc thay i min tn s li cng c li.
Thng tin v cc iu kin knh ng xung cn thit lp
biu ph thuc knh c phn hi t u cui di ng n e NodeB
458
thng qua cc bo hiu cht lng knh. Bo co cht lng knh

(cn c gi l ch th cht lng knh: CQI) khng ch cha thng
tin v cht lng knh tc thi trong min tn s m cn thng tin cn
thit quyt nh x l anten ph hp trong trng hp ghp knh
khng gian. C s ca cc bo co CQI l cc kt qu o cc tn hiu
tham kho ng xung. Tuy nhin, cc ngun thng tin knh b sung,
nh tnh o ln knh trong trng hp khai thc TDD, cng c th
c khai thc bi mt thc hin c bit ca b lp biu nh l mt
thng tin b sung thm cho cc bo co CQI.
Ngoi cht lng knh, b lp biu hiu nng cao cng phi xt
n trng thi b m v cc mc u tin trong cc quyt nh lp
biu. Ngoi ra cc khc bit v kiu dch v v kiu ng k cng c
th nh hng ln mc u tin lp biu. Chng hn, mt ngi s
dng VoIP vi ng k t tin s c m bo cht lng dch v
ca mnh ngay c khi ti h thng cao, trong khi mt ngi s dng
ti file xung v c ng k gi r c th phi tha mn vi cc ti
nguyn khng dng cho nhng ngi s dng khc.
iu phi nhiu cng l mt b phn ca b lp biu. V chun
khng quy nh chin lc lp biu ny, nn s iu phi nhiu
(nu c s dng) l c th ca nh cung cp thit b v chng c
th n gin hoc phc tp.
12.4.3. Lp biu ng ln
S c s ca b lp biu ng ln cng ging nh ng
xung, ngha l n quyt nh trong tng khong 1ms cc u cui
no s c pht trn cc DL-SCH ca chng v pht trn cc ti
nguyn ng ln no. Lp biu ng ln cng c s dng cho
HSUPA, nhng do cc s a truy nhp khc nhau c s dng,
nn gia cc s ny c cc khc bit ng k.
459
Trong HSUPA, ti nguyn ng ln chia s trc ht l nhiu

cho php ti trm gc nh xt ti chng 7. B lp biu ng ln
HSPA ch thit lp mt gii hn v lng nhiu ng ln m mt
u cui di ng c php to ra. Da trn gii hn ny, u cui di
ng t quyt chn khun dng truyn ti ph hp. Chin lc ny
ch c ngha cho ng ln khng trc giao nh trng hp HSPA.
Mt u cui nu khng s dng ton b ti nguyn c cho php s
pht cng sut thp hn v v th gim nhiu gia cc . Do ti
nguyn chia s khng c s dng ht bi mt u cui di ng c
th c mt u cui di ng khc s dng thng qua ghp knh
thng k. V chn la khun dng truyn ti c t trong u cui
di ng i vi ng ln ca HSPA, nn cn c bo hiu ngoi bng
thng bo cho nt B v chn la ny.
i vi LTE, ng ln l trc giao v ti nguyn chia s c
iu khin bi b lp biu e NodeB l cc n v ti nguyn thi
gian-tn s. V th khi mt ti nguyn khng c s dng ht bi
mt u cui di ng, phn tha ca ti nguyn ny khng th c
s dng cho mt thit b di ng khc, nn rt t li ch nhn c khi
u cui di ng t chn khun dng truyn ti nh trong HSPA.
V th ngoi vic n nh ti nguyn thi gian tn s cho u cui di
ng, b lp biu ca e NodeB cng chu trch nhim iu khin
khun dng truyn ti (kch thc ti tin, s iu ch) m u cui
di ng cn s dng. V b lp biu bit c khun dng truyn
ti m u cui di ng s s dng pht, nn khng cn bo hiu
iu khin ngoi bng t u cui di ng n e NodeB. Xt t gc
vng ph cch lm ny l c li v nu xt gi thnh trn mt bit cho
pht thng tin bo hiu ngoi bng so vi gi truyn dn s liu, th
gi cho trng hp u cao hn nhiu v thng tin bo hiu phi c
thu vi tin cy cao hn.
460
Ngoi vic b lp biu e NodeB quyt nh khun dng truyn ti

cho u cui di ng, cn nhn mnh rng quyt nh ng ln c
a ra cho mt u cui di ng ch khng phi cho mt knh mang
v tuyn. Nh vy, mc d b lp biu e NodeB iu khin ti tin ca
u cui di ng c lp biu, u cui ny vn chu trch nhim
chn knh mang (cc knh mang) v tuyn no m t s liu c
ly ra. V th u cui di ng t quyt x l ghp knh logic. iu
ny c minh ha trn phn phi ca hnh 12.7, trong b lp biu
e NodeB iu khin khun dng truyn ti v u cui di ng iu
khin ghp knh logic. so snh, phn tri ca hnh 12.7 minh ha
tnh trng trong e NodeB iu khin c khun dng truyn ti v
ghp knh logic.
Hnh 12.7. Chn khun dng truyn ti trn ng xung (tri),

trn ng ln (phi)
Ghp knh mang v tuyn trong u cui di ng c thc hin
theo cc quy tc, trong cc thng s ca cc quy tc ny c lp
cu hnh bi bo hiu RRC t e NodeB. Ni knh mang v tuyn
c n nh mt mc u tin v mt tc bit u tin. u cui di
461
ng s chn ghp knh mang v tuyn sao cho cc knh mang ny

c phc v theo th t u tin cho tc s liu u tin. Cc ti
nguyn cn li, nu cn sau khi phc v tc bit u tin, s c
trao cho cc knh mang theo th t u tin.
h tr lp biu ng ln khi a ra cc quyt nh, u cui
di ng c th pht thng tin lp biu n e NodeB bng mt bn tin
MAC. R rng rng thng tin ny ch c th pht nu u cui di ng
c cp mt cho php lp biu hp l. Nu khng c cho php lp
biu, u cui s pht i mt ch th rng n cn ti nguyn cho ng
ln v ch th ny c cung cp bi mt b phn ca cu trc bo
hiu iu khin L1/L2 (s xt trong chng 13).
Lp biu ph thuc knh thng c s dng cho ng xung.
V nguyn tc, n cng c th c s dng cho ng ln. Tuy
nhin, nh gi cht lng knh ng ln khng n gin nh trong
trng hp ng xung. Cc iu kin knh ng xung c o
bi tt c cc u cui di ng trong ch n gin bng cch quan
trc cc tn hiu tham kho pht i t e NodeB v tt c cc u cui
c th chia s cng mt tn hiu tham kho cho mc ch c tnh cht
lng knh. Tuy nhin c tnh cht lng knh ng ln i hi
pht tn hiu chun thm d t tng u cui di ng m e NodeB
mun c tnh cht lng knh. LTE h tr tn hiu tham kho thm
d ny (xem chng 13), tuy nhin phi tr gi bng chi ph thng tin
b sung. V th cn c thm phng tin cung cp phn tp ng
ln ph tr cho lp biu ng ln.
12.4.4. HARQ
LTE HARQ vi kt hp mm phc v mc tiu ging nh
HARQ cho HSPA m bo tnh bn vng chng li cc li
truyn dn. y cng l cng c tng cng dung lng. V pht
li HARQ xy ra nhanh, nn y cng l c ch iu khin tc n
tng (vng kn) i vi nhiu dch v. Cng nh HSPA, giao thc
462
HARQ l mt b phn ca lp MAC, trong khi hot ng kt hp

mm c thc hin ti lp vt l.
R rng rng HARQ khng th p dng c vi tt c cc kiu
lu lng. Chng hn, pht qung b trong cng mt thng tin
c pht cho nhiu ngi s dng. V th HARQ ch c h tr cho
DL-SCH v UL-SCH.
Giao thc LTE HARQ cng ging nh giao thc tng ng c
s dng cho HSPA, ngha l nhiu x l dng v i song song c
s dng. Khi thu c mt khi truyn ti, my thu gii m khi ny
v thng bo my pht v kt qu gii m thng qua mt bit
ACK/NAK ch th rng gii m thnh cng hay cn pht li khi
truyn ti ny. gim thiu chi ph, ch mt bit ACK/NAK c s
dng. Tt nhin my thu cn bit bit ACK/NAK thu c ny thuc
v x l HARQ no. Qu trnh ny c minh ha trn hnh 12.8. Lu
rng trong trng hp khai thc TDD, quan h gia thu s liu trong
mt x l HARQ v pht ACK/NAK cng chu nh hng ca n
nh ng ln/ng xung.
Hnh 12.8. Giao thc HARQ ng b v khng ng b
463
Ging nh HSPA, giao thc khng ng b l c s cho hot

ng HARQ ng xung. V th cc pht li ng xung c th
xy ra ti mi thi im sau ln pht u v mt s th t HARQ
tng minh c s dng ch ra x l no c cp. Tri li,
cc pht li ng ln da trn giao thc ng b v cc pht li xy
ra ti mt thi im quy nh trc sau pht ln u v s th t x l
c th rt ra n tng. C hai trng hp ny c minh ha trn hnh
12.8. Trong giao thc HARQ khng ng b, cc pht li v nguyn
tc c lp biu ging nh cc pht ln u. Trong giao thc ng b
thi im pht li l c nh mt khi pht ln u c lp biu v
cn xt iu ny trong hot ng lp biu. Tuy nhin cn lu rng t
thc th HARQ trong e NodeB, b lp biu bit rng u cui s pht
li hay khng pht li.
Hnh 12.9. Nhiu x l HARQ

S dng nhiu x l HARQ song song (hnh 12.9) i vi tng
ngi s dng c th dn n vic s liu c chuyn n pha thu
khng theo th t. Chng hn khi truyn ti 5 trn hnh v c gii
m thnh cng trc khi 3 v khi ny i hi pht li. V th cn c
c ch sp t li. Sau khi gii m thnh cng, khi truyn ti c
phn knh vo cc knh logic tng ng v sp t li c thc hin
theo tng knh logic bng cch s dng s trnh t. HSPA s dng s
trnh t MAC sp xp li. S d nh vy v HSPA c xy dng
trn WCDMA v v l do tng thch ngc, kin trc RLC hay MAC
464
gi nguyn khng i khi a ra HSPA (xem chng 6). Tri li i

vi LTE, cc lp giao thc u c thit k ng thi t c t
cc quy nh hn trong thit k. Tuy nhin nguyn tc sp t li l
ging nhau trong c hai h thng, ch c cc s trnh t l khc nhau.
C ch HARQ s hiu chnh cc li truyn dn do tp m v cc
thay i khng d bo c ca knh. Nh xt trc y, RLC
cng c kh nng yu cu pht li, thot nhn c v nh iu ny l
khng cn thit. Tuy nhin, mc d cc pht li RLC t khi cn thit v
HARQ da trn MAC c kh nng sa hu ht li truyn dn,
HARQ c th i khi tht bi khi truyn cc khi s liu khng mc
li n RLC v gy ra khong trng trong chui cc khi li s liu
khng mc li c chuyn n RLC. iu ny thng xy ra do bo
hiu phn hi b li, chng hn NAK b my pht nhn nhm l ACK
dn n mt s liu. Xc sut ca vic xy ra iu ny c th khong
1%; y l mt xc sut li qu cao i vi cc dch v da trn TCP
i hi chuyn cc gi TCP hu nh khng mc li. c bit hn na,
i vi cc tc s liu cao vt qu 100Mbit/s, yu cu xc sut
mt gi thp hn 10-5. V cn bn, TCP nhn nhn tt c cc li gi
nh l do nghn. V th cc li gi s khi ng c ch loi b nghn
bng cch gim tc s liu v duy tr hiu nng tt ti cc tc s
liu cao, RLC-AM phc v mc ch quan trng ny m bo (hu
nh) chuyn s liu khng mc li n TCP.
T phn tch trn ta thy, nguyn nhn cn c hai c ch pht li
chng ln nhau l bo hiu phn hi. V mc ch ca c ch HARQ
l pht li nhanh, nn cn gi bit bo co trng thi ACK/NAK n
my pht cng nhanh cng tt trong mt TTI. Mc d v nguyn tc
c th t c mt xc sut li thp bt k ca phn hi ACK/NAK,
tuy nhin iu ny phi tr gi bi cng sut truyn dn ACK/NAK.
Gi thnh ny s c duy tr hp l nu t s li hi tip vo khong
1% v iu ny quyt nh t l li bit d ca HARQ. V cc bo co
465
trng thi RLC c pht tha hn nhiu so vi ACK/NAK nn gi

thnh nhn c tin cy 10-5 l kh thp. V th, kt hp
HARQ v RLC cho php nhn c kt hp gia thi gian truyn
vng nh v chi ph hi tip khim tn trong hai phn t ny b
sung cho nhau.
V RLC v HARQ c t trong cng mt nt, nn c th m
bo tng tc cht ch gia hai giao thc v v th vic pht li cc
PDU b mt ca RLC nhanh hn. Chng hn nu c ch HARQ pht
hin mt li khng th khi phc c, th pht bo cc trng thi
RLC c khi ng tc th v khng cn ch pht bo co trng thi
nh k. mc nht nh, kt hp HARQ v RLC c th c coi
nh l mt c ch vi hai c ch bo hiu phn hi trng thi.
V nguyn tc, cng c th p dng phng php ni trn cho
trng hp HSPA. Tuy nhin RLC v HARQ c t ti cc nt
khc nhau i vi HSPA, nn ni chung khng th m bo tng tc
cht ch.
12.5. LP VT L (PHY)
Lp vt l chu trch nhim m ha, x l HARQ lp vt l,

iu ch, x l a anten v sp xp tn hiu n cc ti nguyn thi
gian-tn s vt l tng ng. Hnh 12.10 m t tng quan qu trnh x
l DL-SCH. Trn hnh 12.10, cc khi lp vt l c iu khin
ng bi lp MAC c mu xm, cn cc khi vt l c lp cu hnh
bn tnh c mu trng.
Khi mt u cui di ng c lp biu trong mt TTI ln
DL-SCH, lp vt l nhn c khi truyn ti (hai trong trng hp
ghp knh khng gian) ca s liu cn pht. i vi mi khi truyn
ti, CRC c gn thm v mi khi truyn ti vi CRC gn thm ny
c m ha ring. T l m ha bao gm c thch ng tc nu cn,
c xc nh n tng bi kch thc khi truyn ti, s iu ch
466
v khi lng ti nguyn c n nh cho b lp biu ng xung.

Tt c cc i lng ny c la chn bi b lp biu ng xung.
Phin bn d s s dng c iu khin bi giao thc HARQ v n
s nh hng ln x l phi hp tc to ra tp cc bit c m
ha ng. Cui cng trong trng hp ghp knh khng gian, sp xp
anten cng c iu khin bi b lp biu ng xung.
Hnh 12.10. M t n gin cu trc v x l lp vt l cho DL-SCH

u cui di ng thu tn hiu c pht v thc hin x l lp vt
l ngc vi pha pht. Lp vt l ti u cui di ng cng thng bo
cho giao thc HARQ v vic truyn dn c c gii m thnh cng
hay khng. Thng tin ny c phn chc nng HARQ ca MAC
trong u cui di ng s dng quyt nh c nn yu cu pht li
hay khng.
467
X l lp vt l cho UL-SCH gn ging vi x l DL-SCH. Tuy

nhin, cn lu rng b lp biu trong e NodeB chu trch nhim
chn ra khun dng truyn ti ca u cui di ng v cc ti nguyn
s s dng cho ng ln nh trnh by trong 12.3.3. X l lp vt
l UL-SCH c minh ha dng c n gin ha trn hnh 12.11.
Cc knh truyn ti ng xung cn li u da trn qu trnh
x l tng qut nh DL-SC, mc d c mt s quy nh trong tp cc
tnh nng s s dng trong tng lai. i vi pht qung b thng tin
h thng trn BCH, u cui di ng phi c kh nng thu c knh
thng tin ny nh l mt trong cc bc u tin truy nhp h
thng. V th khun dng truyn dn knh ny phi c u cui bit
trc v khng c bt k iu khin ng no ca lp MAC i vi
cc thng s truyn dn trong trng hp ny.
Hnh 12.11. X l lp vt l dng c n gin ha cho UL-SCH

i vi pht cc bn tin tm gi trn PCH, mc nht nh
thch ng ng cc thng s truyn dn cng c th c s dng.
Tng qut, qu trnh x l trong trng hp ny cng ging nh qu
468
trnh x l chung ca DL-SCH. MAC c th iu khin iu ch, khi

lng ti nguyn v sp xp anten. Tuy nhin v ng ln vn cha
c thit lp khi u cui di ng ang c tm gi, nn khng th
s dng HARQ v u cui di ng khng th pht ACK/NAK.
MCH c s dng pht MBMS, thng thng bng khai thc
mng mt tn s (nh xt trong chng 3) vi pht i t nhiu
trn cng mt ti nguyn vi cng mt khun dng trong cng mt
thi gian. V th, lp biu cc ti nguyn phi c phi kt hp gia
cc tham gia v MAC khng th chn lc ng cc thng s
truyn dn.
12.6. CC TRNG THI CA LTE
Trong LTE, u cui c th nm trong mt s trng thi nh

minh ha trn hnh 12.12. Khi bt ngun, u cui di ng nhp vo
trng thi LTE-DETACHED. Trong trng thi ny mng khng bit
u cui. Trc khi c th thc hin bt k mt cuc truyn tin no
gia u cui di ng v mng, u cui di ng phi ng k vi
mng bng cch s dng th tc truy nhp ngu nhin vo trng
thi LTE-ACTIVE. LTE-DETACHED ch yu l trng thi c s
dng khi bt ngun, sau khi u cui ng k vi mng, thng n
vo mt trong hai trng thi sau: LTE-ACTIVE hoc LTE-IDLE.
Hnh 12.12. Cc trng thi ca LTE
469
LTE_ACTIVE l trng thi c s dng khi u cui di ng

ang tch cc pht s liu v thu s liu. Trong trng hp ny, u
cui di ng c ni n mt trong mng. Mt a ch IP c gn
cho u cui di ng cng vi mt s nhn dng (C-RNTI: Cell
Radio-Network Temporary Indentifier: s nhn dng mng v tuyn
tm thi) c s dng cho cc mc ch bo hiu gia u cui di
ng v mng. C th coi LTE_ACTVE c hai trng thi con,
IN_SYNC (ng b) v OUT_OF_SYNC (khng ng b) ph thuc
vo vic ng ln c ng b hay khng ng b. V LTE s dng
ng ln da trn FDMA/TDMA trc giao, nn cn ng b truyn
dn ng ln t cc u cui di ng. Th tc t c ng b
v duy tr ng b c xt trong chng 14, nhng c th ni ngn
gn l e NodeB o thi gian ti ca cc truyn dn t tng u cui di
ng pht tch cc v gi lnh hiu chnh thi gian xung ng
xung. Chng no cn trong trng thi IN_SYNC, truyn dn s liu
ngi s dng ng ln vn tn ti v bo hiu iu khin L1/L2
c m bo. Trong trng hp truyn dn ng ln khng xy ra
trong mt ca s thi gian cho trc, ng b thi gian khng c
m bo v ng ln c thng bo l OUT_OF_SYNC. Trong
trng hp ny, u cui di ng cn thc hin th tc truy nhp ngu
nhin khi phc ng b.
LTE-IDLE l trng thi tch cc thp trong u cui di ng
ng hu ht thi gian gim tiu th c quy. ng b ng ln
khng c duy tr v v th ch c th tch cc truyn dn ng ln
dng truy nhp ngu nhin l c th thc hin chuyn vo
LTE_ACTIVE. Trn ng xung, u cui di ng c th nh k
tnh gic nghe tm gi cho cc cuc gi v (xem chng 14). u
cui di ng gi a ch (cc a ch) IP v cc thng tin ni b khc
c th chuyn nhanh vo LTE-ACTVE khi cn. Mng ch bit mt
phn v tr ca u cui di ng, chng hn mng bit nhm cc
trong s thc hin tm gi u cui di ng.
470
12.7. LUNG S LIU
tng kt qu trnh chuyn lung s liu qua tt c cc lp giao

thc, v d minh ha cho trng hp ba gi IP, hai trn mt knh
mang v tuyn v mt trn knh mt mang v tuyn khc c cho
trn hnh 12.13. Lung s liu trong trng hp truyn dn ng ln
cng tng t. PDCP thc hin (ty chn) nn tiu IP v sau l
mt m ha. Tiu PDCP c b sung mang thng tin cn thit
cho gii mt m trong u cui di ng. u ra ca PDCP l RLC.
Giao thc RLC thc hin mc ni v (hoc) phn on cc PDCP
PDU v b sung tiu RLC. Tiu ny c s dng chuyn
theo ng th t (trn mt knh logic) trong u cui di ng v
nhn dng cc PLC PDU trong trng hp pht li. Cc RLC PDU
c chuyn n lp MAC, lp ny ly ra s th t ca RLC PDU,
lp rp cc RLC PDU vo mt MAC SDU v gn tiu MAC to
nn mt khi truyn ti. Kch thc khi truyn ti ph thuc vo tc
s liu tc thi do c ch thch ng ng truyn chn. V th
thch ng ng truyn nh hng c x l MAC ln x l RLC.
Cui cng lp vt k gn thm CRC cho khi truyn ti pht hin
li, thc hin m ha iu ch v pht tn hiu tng vo khng gian.
Hnh 12. 13. v d v lung s liu
471
12.8. TNG KT
Chng ny trc ht xt tng quan cc vn lin quan n truy

nhp v tuyn ca LTE. Truy nhp v tuyn s dng truyn dn
OFDM cng vi mt s cng ngh v tuyn tin tin nh: Thch ng
ng truyn v lp biu theo knh, cc k thut a anten v HARQ.
Cc cng ngh mi c p dng cho truy nhp v tuyn cho php
tng hiu nng truyn dn v tuyn ca LTE c bit l dung lng h
thng mt cch ng k. LTE ci tin thm qung b a phng
tng thm tnh hiu qu cho dch v ny. Bng cch khng ch pht
cc tn hiu ging nhau t nhiu trm (vi m ha v iu ch nh
nhau), m cn ng b thi gian gia cc , tn hiu ti u cui s th
hin ht nh tn hiu c pht i t mt . Do OFDM c kh nng
chng phainh a ng tt, pht a cng cn c gi l pht ca
mng a phng qung b n sng mang (MBSFN: MulticastBroadcast Single- Frequency Network). Cch pht ny khng ch ci
thin c cng tn hiu thu m cn hn ch c nhiu gia cc
. Nh vy i vi OFDM, thng lng qung b/a phng a c
th ch b gii hn bi tp m v v th trong trng hp cc nh c
th t c thng lng ny rt cao. LTE h tr c s ghp song
cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD) v ghp song cng phn chia theo
thi gian (TDD) v cho php s dng a dng bng thng tng
thm tnh linh hot ph.
Tip theo chng ny xt kin trc phn lp tng qut ca giao
din v tuyn. Sau xt c th cu trc ca cc lp ca kin trc ny
nh: Cu trc v x l lp iu khin lin kt v tuyn (RLC), cu
trc v x l lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng, cu trc v x l
lp vt l. Ngoi ra chng ny cng xt mt s vn c th ca
giao din v tuyn nh: HARQ, cc trng thi LTE v cu trc lung
s liu ca LTE.
472
12.9. CU HI
1. Trnh by tng quan truyn dn LTE.

2. Trnh by kin trc ngn xp giao thc ca giao din v tuyn LTE.
3. Trnh by RLC.
4. Trnh by MAC.
5. Trnh by lp vt l LTE.
6. Trnh by cc trng thi ca LTE.
7. Trnh by t chc lung s liu ca LTE.
Chng 13
LP VT L LTE
Trong chng trc, kin trc giao din v tuyn LTE c c

trnh by, trong cc chc nng v cc c tnh ca cc lp khc
nhau c xt tng quan. Chng ny s trnh by chi tit hn v
trng thi hin thi ca lp thp nht ca cc lp ny, lp vt l.
Chng sau s xt chi tit mt s th tc truy nhp LTE c th bao
gm th tc truy nhp ngu nhin v tm .
Cu trc tng th min thi gian ca LTE
S truyn dn ng xung ca LTE
S truyn dn ng ln ca LTE
Mc ch chng nhm cung cp cho sinh vin hiu chi tit hn
v t chc hin thi ca lp vt l l lp thp nht trong m hnh giao
thc LTE.
hiu c chng ny sinh vin cn c k t liu c trnh
by trong chng, tham kho thm cc ti liu [3], [4], [5], [6], [14],
[15] v tr li cc cu hi cui chng.
13.1. CU TRC TNG TH MIN THI GIAN
Hnh 13.1 minh ha cu trc min thi gian mc cao cho truyn
dn LTE vi mi khung (v tuyn) di Tf=10ms bao gm 10 khung
con di bng nhau Tsub=1ms.
474
cung cp quy nh thi gian chnh xc v nht qun, c th

biu din cc khong thi gian khc nhau trong quy nh truy nhp v
tuyn LTE l cc bi s ca mt n v thi gian gc Ts=1/30720000
(gi tr chnh xc s c xt trong phn sau). Cc on thi gian trn
hnh 13.1 v th c th c biu din nh sau: Tf=307200.Ts v
Tsub=30720Ts.
Hnh 13.1. Cu trc min thi gian LTE

Trong mt sng mang con, cc khung con khc nhau ca mt
khung c th c s dng hoc cho ng xung hoc cho ng
ln. Nh minh ha trn hnh 13.2a, trong trng hp FDD (khai thc
trong ph kp), tt c cc khung con ca mt sng mang con hoc
c s dng cho truyn dn ng xung (sng mang con ng
xung) hoc cho truyn dn ng ln (sng mang con ng ln).
Tri li trong trng hp khai thc TDD trong ph n (hnh 13.2b),
khung con th nht v th su ca mi khung (khung con 0 v 5) lun
lun c n nh cho truyn dn ng xung trong khi cc
khung con cn li c n nh linh hot cho c ng xung v
ng ln. L do quy nh trc n nh khung con u tin v th
su cho ng xung v cc khung con ny cha c cc tn hiu ng
b LTE. Cc tn hiu ng b c pht trn ng xung ca mi
v c s dng cho tm ln u cng nh tm ln cn. Nguyn
l tm ca LTE bao gm c cc tn hiu ng b s c xt chi tit
trong chng 15.
Chng 13: Lp vt l LTE
475
Ghp song cng phn chia theo tn s (FDD)

Mt khung v tuyn (Tf =10ms)
Sng mang
ng xung
Sng mang
ng ln
Mt khung con (Tsub =1ms)

Ghp song cng phn chia theo thi gian (TDD)
Gn nh i
xng
Khng i xng (tp
trung cho ng xung)
Khng i xng (tp
trung cho ng ln)
Khung con th nht v th su c
n nh c nh cho ng xung
Truyn dn ng xung
Truyn dn ng ln
Hnh 13.2. Cc th d v n nh cc khung con ng xung/ng

ln trong trng hp FDD (a) v TDD (b)
Nh thy trn hnh 13.2, n nh cc khung con trong trng hp
TDD cho php n nh linh hot cc khi lng ti nguyn khc nhau
(hay t l ti nguyn) cho ng xung v cho ng ln. V cn n
nh khung con nh nhau cho cc ln cn trnh nhiu gia truyn
dn ng xung v ng ln gia cc , nn khng th thay i
ng n nh t l ti nguyn ng xung ng ln, chng hn theo
tng khung. Tuy nhin c th thay i t l ny chm hn, chng hn
thch ng cc c tnh lu lng khc nhau (cc thay i lu lng
ng xung/ng ln).
Cu trc min thi gian c minh ha trn hnh 13.1 i khi
c gi l cu trc khung LTE kiu 1 hay tng qut. Cu trc khung
ny c th p dng cho c FDD v TDD. Ngoi cu trc khung tng
qut, i vi LTE hot ng vi TDD cn c cu trc khung LTE
kiu 2. Cu trc ny c thit k cho ng tn ti vi cc h thng
c xy dng trn c s 3GPP TD-SCDMA. Di y, ta ch xt
n cu trc khung kiu 1.
476
13.2. S TRUYN DN NG XUNG

13.2.1. Ti nguyn vt l ng xung
Nh trnh by trong chng 12, LTE ng xung da trn
OFDM. Ti nguyn vt l ng xung ca LTE c th xem nh l
li tn s-thi gian (hnh 13.3), trong mi phn t ti nguyn
tng ng vi mt sng mang con OFDM trong khong thi gian mt
k hiu.
Th
n
gia
i
Hnh 13.3. Ti nguyn vt l ng xung ca LTE

i vi ng xung LTE, khong cch gia cc sng mang
c chn vi f= 15kHz. Vi thc hin my pht/my thu da trn
FFT, tc ly mu tng ng s l fs= 15000.N, trong N l kch
thc FFT. V th n v thi gian Ts c nh ngha trong phn
trc c th coi l thi gian ly mu ca thc hin my pht/my thu
da trn FFT vi N=2048. Cn nhn mnh rng mc d n v thi
gian Ts c a vo chun truy nhp v tuyn ch lm cng c
cho nh ngha cc khong thi gian khc nhau v khng t ra bt c
quy nh no i vi thc hin my pht v (hoc) my thu, ngha l
tc ly mu. Trong thc t, mt thc hin my pht/my thu vi
N=2048 v tc ly mu tng ng fs=30,72MHz s thch hp cho
cc bng thng LTE rng hn c gi tr 15 MHz v cao hn. Tuy
nhin i vi cc bng thng truyn dn nh hn, kch thc FFT nh
477
hn v tc ly mu tng ng thp hn cng c th s dng rt

thch hp. Th d, i vi truyn dn bng thng 5MHz, kch thc
FFT N=512 v tc ly mu tng ng fs=7,68MHz c th l .
L do tip nhn khong cch gia cc sng mang con bng
15kHz cho LTE l n gin ha thc hin cc u cui a ch
WCDMA/HSPA/LTE. S dng kch thc FFT ly tha hai v
khong cch gia cc sng mang con f=15kHz, tc ly mu
fs=f.N s l bi s hoc c s ca tc chip WCDMA/HSPA
Rc=3,84Mcps. Cc u cui a mode WCDMA/HSPA/LTE c th
c thc hin d rng bng mt mch ng h.
Ngoi khong cch gia cc sng mang con 15MHz, khong cch
gia cc sng mang con rt ngn fth =7,5kHz cng c nh nggha
cho LTE. Mc ch s dng khong cch gia cc sng mang con rt
ngn l thc hin cc truyn dn a phng/qung b da trn
MBSFN (s xt trong phn 13.2.6). Trong phn cn li ca phn ny
v cc chng sau ta s coi rng khong cch gia cc sng mang con
l 15kHz nu khng c gii thch g thm.
T minh ha trn hnh 13.4, trong min tn s cc sng mang con
c nhm thnh cc khi ti nguyn tng ng vi bng thng khi
ti nguyn chun 180 kHz. Ngoi ra sng mang con DC (mt chiu)
ti tm ca ph ng xung s khng c s dng. S d khng s
dng sng mang con DC l v n c th trng vi tn s ca b dao
ng ni ti my pht trm gc v (hoc) my thu u cui di ng.
Hu qu l c th b nhiu cao do d b dao ng ni.
Tng s cc sng mang con trn mt sng mang ng xung, k
c sng mang con DC, v th s bng NSC=12.NRB+1, trong NRB l
s lng cc khi ti nguyn. c t lp vt l LTE cho php ng
xung c th c s lng khi ti nguyn bt k trong di t 6 khi ti
478
nguyn cho n hn 100 khi ti nguyn. iu ny tng ng vi

bng thng truyn dn trong di t 1MHz n 20MHz vi tnh ht
mn. iu ny m bo tnh linh hot bng thng/ph ca LTE rt
cao, t nht l t gc c t lp vt l. Tuy nhin cc yu cu tn s
v tuyn ca LTE ch c c t cho tp c hn cc bng thng
tng ng vi tp c hn s lng cc khi ti nguyn NRB.
Hnh 13.4. Cu trc min thi gian-tn s ng xung ca LTE.
TCP=160.Ts5,2s (k hiu OFDM th nht), 144.Ts4,7s (cc k hiu OFDM

cn li).
TCP-e=512Ts16,7s.
Hnh 13.5. Cu trc khung con v khe ng xung
479
Hnh 13.5 cho thy cu trc min thi gian cho truyn dn ng
xung ca LTE. Mi khung con 1ms gm hai khe ng kch thc c
di Tslot=0,5ms (15360.Ts). Mi khe gm mt s k hiu OFDM.
Mt khung bao gm hai khe ng kch thc. Mi khe gm by hoc
su k hiu OFDM trong trng hp CP bnh thng v trong trng
hp CP m rng
Theo chng 3, khong cch gia cc sng mang con f=15 kHz
tng ng vi thi gian hiu dng ca k hiu TFFT=1/f66,7s
(2046.Ts). Tng thi gian ca k hiu OFDM khi ny s l tng thi
gian hiu dng ca k hiu v di tin t chu trnh TCP. Nh thy
trn hnh 13.5, LTE nh ngha hai di CP, CP bnh thng v CP
m rng cho cc trng hp by v su k hiu trn mt khe. Cc
di chnh xc ca CP c biu din theo n v thi gian c s Ts v
c cho trn hnh 13.5. Cn lu rng trong trng hp CP bnh
thng, di CP cho k hiu OFDM u tin ca khe hi ln hn so
vi di CP ca cc k hiu OFDM cn li. L do l lp y khe
0,5ms v s n v thi gian Ts trn khe (15360) khng chia ht cho 7.
C hai l do cho vic quy nh hai di CP:
di CP ln hn (i hi chi ph nhiu hn) c li trong cc
mi trng tri tr ln, chng hn trong cc rt ln. Cn lu rng
mc d di CP ln hn khng nht thit c li trong trng hp
cc ln, thm ch tri tr rt ln trong cc trng hp ny. Khi trong
trong cc ln, hiu nng ng truyn b gii hn bi tp m ch
khng phi mo tn hiu do tri thi d v di CP khng ln,
nn bn vng b sung cho tri thi knh v tuyn m CP di hn
em li c th khng b li c tn hao nng lng ca tn hiu thu.
Nh cp trong chng 3, trong trng hp pht a
phng/qung b da trn MBSFN, CP khng ch ph ht phn ln
tn thi thc t m c phn chnh ca s khc nhau v nh thi gia
480
cc truyn dn thu c t cc tham gia vo pht MBSFN. V th

thng thng trong trng hp khai thc MBSFN tin t chu trnh m
rng l cn thit.
Nh vy ng dng ch yu ca CP m rng ca LTE c l l pht
MBSFN. Cn lu rng cc di CP khc nhau c th c s dng
cho cc khung con khc nhau trong mt khung. Th d, pht a
phng/qung b da trn MBSFN c th gii hn trong mt s
khung nht nh v ch trong cc khung con ny cn s dng CP di
m rng.
Khi xt n cu trc min thi gian ng xung, cc khi ti
nguyn ni trn bao gm 12 sng mang con trong thi gian 0,5ms
(hnh 13.6). V th mi khi cha 127=84 phn t trong trng hp
CP bnh thng v 126 =72 trong trng hp CP m rng.
Hnh 13.6. Mt khi ti nguyn trng hp CP bnh thng gm

by k hiu OFDM trong mt khe tng ng vi 84 phn t ti
nguyn. Trong trng hp CP m rng, mt khi ti nguyn gm 6 k
hiu OFDM trong mt khe tng ng vi 72 phn t ti nguyn.
13.2.2. Cc tn hiu tham kho ng xung
Chc nng ca tn hiu tham kho ng xung nh sau:
o cht lng knh ng xung.
c tnh knh ng xung gii iu ch ti UE.
Tm v bt ban u.
481
thc hin gii iu ch nht qun ng xung, u cui di

ng cn c tnh knh ng xung. Nh xt trong chng 3,
cch trc tip c tnh knh ng xung trong trng hp truyn
dn OFDM l chn cc k hiu tham kho bit trc vo li thi
gian-tn s. Trong LTE, cc tn hiu tham kho ny c gi chung l
cc tn hiu tham kho ng xung.
Nh minh ha trn hnh 13.7, cc k hiu tham kho ng
xung c chn vo k hiu OFDM u v k hiu th ba trc cui
ca mi khe vi khong cch l su sng mang trong min tn s.
Ngoi ra khong dch gia k hiu tham kho th nht v th hai l ba
sng mang. Nh vy trong mi khi ti nguyn vi 12 sng mang
trong mt khe s c bn k hiu tham kho. iu ny ng cho tt c
cc khung con tr cc khung con c s dng cho truyn dn da
trn MBSFN (xem phn 13.2.6).
c tnh knh trn ton b li thi gian-tn s ng thi
gim tp m trong c tnh knh, u cui di ng phi thc hin ni
suy/ly trung bnh trn nhiu k hiu tham kho. V th, khi c tnh
knh cho mt khi ti nguyn, u cui di ng c th khng ch s
dng cc k hiu tham kho trong khi ti nguyn ny, m cn c cc
khi ti nguyn ln cn trong min tn s, cng nh cc k hiu tham
kho ca cc khe/cc khung con c thu trc . Tuy nhin phm
vi cc khi ti nguyn trong min tn s v (hoc) trong min thi
gian m u cui di dng c th thc hin trung bnh ha ph thuc
vo c tnh knh. Trong trng hp chn lc tn s ca knh cao,
kh nng trung bnh ha trong min tn s b hn ch. Tng t, kh
nng trung bnh ho trong min thi gian (kh nng s dng cc k
hiu tham kho trong cc khe/cc khung con c thu trc ) cng
b hn ch trong trng hp cc thay i knh nhanh, chng hn do
tc chuyn ng ca u cui di ng cao. Cng cn lu rng
trong trng hp TDD, kh nng trung bnh ha theo thi gian c th
482
b hn ch v cc khung con trc c th khng c n nh cho

ng xung.
Hnh 13.7. Cu trc tn hiu tham kho ng xung trong trng

hp CP bnh thng (7 k hiu OFDM trong mt khe)
13.2.2.1. Chui cc k hiu tham kho v nhn dng lp vt l
Tng qut, cc gi tr phc ca cc k hiu tham kho s thay i
gia cc v tr k hiu tham kho khc nhau v gia cc khc nhau.
V th k hiu tham kho ca mt c th c coi nh l mt chui
hai chiu, trong cc c t ca LTE chui ny c gi l chui k
hiu tham kho hai chiu. Ging nh m ngu nhin ha ca
WCDMA/HSPA, c th coi chui k hiu tham kho LTE nh l mt
ch th ca nhn dng lp vt l ca LTE. LTE nh ngha 510 chui
k hiu tham kho tng ng vi 510 nhn dng khc nhau.
Xt chi tit hn, mi chui k hiu tham kho c th c coi
nh tch ca chui gi ngu nhin hai chiu vi chui trc giao hai
chiu. Tng cng c 170 chui gi ngu nhin khc nhau c nh
ngha trong c t ca LTE tng ng vi 170 nhm nhn dng . Cc
chui k hiu tham kho v cu trc ca n (tch ca chui gi ngu
nhin v chui trc giao) c th c s dng trong qu trnh tm (s
xt trong chng 15).
Nn p dng cc chui tn hiu tham kho cho cc sao cho cc
thuc cng mt eNodeB s c n nh cc nhn dng lp vt l
483
nm trong cng mt nhn dng , ngha cc tn hiu tham kho c

n nh theo cng mt chui gi ngu nhin nhng vi cc chui trc
giao khc nhau. Cc p dng ny cho php gim thiu nhiu gia cc
tn hiu tham kho ca cc khc nhau thuc cng mt eNodeB.
13.2.2.2. Nhy tn tn hiu tham kho
Trong cu trc tn hiu tham kho trn hnh 13.7, cc v tr trong
min tn s ca cc k hiu tham kho l nh nhau gia cc khung
con. Tuy nhin cng c th thay i cc v tr ca cc k hiu tham
kho trong min tn s gia cc khung con lin tip, cch lm ny
c gi l nhy tn k hiu tham kho.
Trong trng hp nhy tn k hiu tham kho, cc v tr tng
i ca cc k hiu tham kho trong mt khung con vn ging nh
trn hnh 13.7. Nh vy, nhy tn c th c coi nh l b sung thm
mt chui dch tn cho mu k hiu tham kho c s trn hnh 13.7
vi dch tn nh nhau cho tt c cc k hiu trong cng mt khung
con, nhng thay i gia cc khung con lin tip. V th ta c th biu
din cc v tr p ca k hiu tham kho trong khung k nh sau:
Cc k hiu tham kho th nht: p(k)=(p0+6.i+dch(k))mod(12)
Cc k hiu tham kho th hai: p(k)=(p0+6.i+3+dch(k))mod(12)
Trong i l s nguyn. Chui dch tn ca mu nhy tn c chu
k 10, ngha l mu nhy tn lp li gia cc khung con lin tip.
Tng s c 170 mu nhy tn c nh ngha, trong mi chui
tng ng vi mt nhm nhn dng .
p dng mu nhy tn khc nhau cho cc cnh nhau, ta c th
trnh c s va chm lin tc cc chui k hiu tham kho gia cc
cnh nhau. iu ny c bit quan trng khi cc k hiu tham kho
c pht vi cng sut cao hn so vi cc phn t ti nguyn cn li
(pht tng cng sut tn hiu tham kho).
484
13.2.2.3. Cc tn hiu tham kho cho truyn dn nhiu anten

Trong trng hp pht ng xung nhiu anten, u cui di
ng phi c kh nng c tnh knh ng xung tng ng vi
tng anten pht. lm c iu ny, s c mt tn hiu tham kho
pht t tng anten. Cn lu rng thay v ni v anten, cc c t truy
nhp v tuyn ca LTE thng ni v ca anten nhn mnh rng
c t khng nht thit ch tng ng vi mt anten. Thc cht, mt
ca anten c nh ngha bi s tn ti mt tn hiu tham kho c
th ca anten. V th nu cc tn hiu tham kho nh nhau c pht
i t mt s anten, u cui di ng khng th phn gii c cc
anten ny v cc anten ny c th c coi nh mt ca anten. Tuy
nhin n gin ha y ta vn s dng thut ng anten.
Trong trng hp hai anten pht (hnh 13.8a), cc k hiu tham
kho ca anten th hai c ghp tn s vi cc k hiu tham kho
ca anten th nht vi dch tn trong min tn s l ba sng mang.
Trong trng hp bn anten pht (hnh 13.8b), cc k hiu tham
kho cho anten th ba v anten th t c ghp tn s vi k hiu
OFDM th hai trong khe thi gian. Lu rng cc k hiu tham kho
cho anten ba hay anten bn ch c pht trong mt k hiu OFDM
ca tng khe.
Cng cn nhn mnh rng, nu mt phn t ti nguyn mang k
hiu tham kho cho mt anten no , th phn t ti nguyn ny s
khng c pht ti cc anten khc. V th, cc k hiu tham kho ca
anten ny s khng b nhiu bi pht t cc anten khc trong cng mt .
R rng rng trong trng hp bn anten mt k hiu tham
kho trong min thi gian ca anten th ba v th t gim so vi
anten th nht v th hai. L do gim l hn ch chi ph tn hiu
tham kho trong trng hp bn anten. ng thi iu ny cng s
nh hng tiu cc ln kh nng theo di cc bin i knh nhanh.
485
Tuy nhin c th k vng rng ghp knh khng gian bn anten ch

yu c p dng cho cc kch bn c tc thp. L do duy tr mt
k hiu cao hn cho anten th nht v th hai trong trng hp bn
anten l cc tn hiu tham kho ny s c s dng nh l mt b
phn ca tm ban u, v trong qu trnh ny u cui di ng vn
cha nhn c thng tin y v s lng anten pht trong mt .
V th cu hnh ca cc tn hiu tham kho ca anten th nht v anten
th hai phi nh nhau khng ph thuc vo s anten.
a)
Anten #1
Anten #2
Tn s
Th
i
b)
Anten #1
Anten #2
Anten #3
gia
n
Anten #4
Tn s
Th
i
gia
n
Hnh 13.8. Cu trc tn hiu tham kho trong trng hp pht ng

xung nhiu anten: (a) hai anten pht, (b) bn anten pht
13.2.3. X l knh truyn ti ng xung
Nh xt trong chng 12, lp vt l giao tip vi cc lp cao
hn c bit l vi lp MAC thng qua cc knh truyn ti. LTE tha
hng nguyn l c s ca WCDMA/HSPA rng s liu c chuyn
n knh vt l trong dng cc khi truyn ti c kch thc nht nh.
V cu trc chi tit knh truyn ti, LTE tip nhn gii php ging
nh HSPA:
486
- Trong trng hp pht mt anten, nhiu nht ch c mt khi

truyn ti vi kch thc ng cho tng TTI.
- Trong trng hp truyn dn nhiu anten, c th c n hai khi
truyn ti kch thc ng cho t TTI, trong mi khi truyn ti
tng ng vi mt t m trong trng hp ghp knh khng gian
ng xung. Ngha l mc d LTE h tr ghp knh khng gian
ng xung vi bn anten, nhng s t m vn gii hn bng hai.
Chi tit v truyn dn nhiu anten ng xung ca LTE c xt
trong phn 13.2.5.
Khi (cc khi) truyn ti c
chuyn n l lp MAC
Chn CRC
M ha knh
Chc nng HARQ

lp vt l
iu ch s liu
CRC
CRC
M ha
M ha
HARQ
HARQ
iu ch
iu ch
Sp xp anten
Sp xp anten
n bn anten
RM
RM
n iu ch OFDM cho tng anten
RM: Resource Mapping: sp xp ti nguyn

Phn ng t nt ch c khi s dng ghp knh khng gian,
trong hai khi truyn ti c truyn song song trong mt TTI
Hnh 13.9. X l khi truyn ti ng xung
487
X l knh truyn ti ng xung, c bit l x l DL-SCH,

c minh ha trn hnh 13.9 vi hai chui x l ring bit, trong
mi chui tng ng vi x l mt khi truyn ti. Chui x l th
hai tng ng vi khi truyn ti th hai ch tn ti trong trng hp
ghp knh khng gian. Trong trng hp ny, hai khi truyn ti c
kch thc khc nhau (trong trng hp tng qut) c kt hp nh
l mt phn ca sp xp anten phn di ca hnh 13.9.
13.2.3.1. Chn CRC
Trong bc x l knh truyn ti u tin, CRC c tnh ton v
c gn vo khi truyn ti (hnh 13.10). CRC cho php pha thu
pht hin li d trong khi truyn ti c gii m knh. Ch th li
tng ng sau c th c s dng bi giao thc HARQ ng
xung.
Hnh 13.10. Tnh ton v chn CRC ng xung vo khi truyn ti

13.2.3.2. M ha knh
Cc pht hnh u tin ca chun truy nhp v tuyn WCDMA
(trc HSPA) cho php p dng c m ha xon v m ha turbo cho
cc knh truyn ti. i vi HSPA, m ha knh c n gin v ch
s dng m ha turbo cho cc knh truyn ti lin quan n HSPA
(HS-DSCH cho ng xung v E-DCH cho ng ln). iu ny
cng ng i vi knh chia s ng xung LTE, ngha l ch c m
turbo c p dng trong trng hp truyn dn DL-SCH. Cu trc
tng th ca m ha turbo LTE c minh ha trn hnh 13.11. M
ha turbo s dng cc b m ha thnh phn tm trng thi ca
WCDMA/HSPA t l , ngha l tng t l m bng 1/3, Tuy nhin
488
b m an xen bn trong ca b ha turbo WCDMA/HSPA c thay

th bng an xen da trn QPP (Quadratic Polynomial Permutation:
hon v a thc cu phng). Khc vi b an xen WCDMA/HSPA
hin thi, b an xen da trn QPP l mt an xen trnh va chm ti
a, ngha l gii m c th c thc hin song song m khng b va
chm khi truy nhp b nh ca b an xen. V LTE h tr cc tc
s liu rt cao, nn s dng an xen da trn QPP cho php gim ng
k phc tp ca b m ha/gii m turbo.
Hnh 13.11. B m ha turbo

13.2.3.3. Chc nng HARQ ca lp vt l
Hnh 13.12. Chc nng HARQ lp vt l ly ra tp bit

sau m ha s pht trong mt TTI cho trc
489
Nhim v ca chc nng HARQ lp vt l l ly ra t cc bit

c m ha sau b m ha knh tp cc bit s pht trong mt TTI
cho trc (hnh 13.12). Tp bit ny c xc nh bi cc khi ti
nguyn c n nh, s iu ch v bc ghp knh khng gian.
Cn lu rng mt s phn t ti nguyn trong khi c n nh s
b chim bi cc k hiu tham kho nh trnh by trn v b
chim bi bo hiu iu khin (s xt trong phn 13.2.4).
Nu tng s bit sau m ha knh ln hn s bit c th c pht,
chc nng HARQ s ly ra tp con ca cc bit ny v th t l m ln
reff>1/3. Tri li nu tng s bit sau m ha nh hn s bit cn pht,
chc nng HARQ s lp tt c hay tp con ca cc bit sau m ha, v
th t l m hiu dng reff<1/3.
Trong trng hp pht li, chc nng HARQ trong trng hp
tng qut s cho ra cc tp bit sau m ha khc nhau cn pht, ngha l
HARQ cho php kt hp phn d tng.
13.2.3.4. Ngu nhin ha mc bit
Trong qu trnh ngu nhin ha ng xung, cc bit sau chc
nng HARQ c trn (thao tc hoc loi tr) bi chui ngu nhin
ha mc bit (hnh 13.13). Ni chung, ngu nhin ha s liu m
ha cho php m bo rng gii m pha thu c th tn dng c
ton b li x l do m knh cung cp. Nu khng ngu nhin ha
ng xung, b gii m ha knh ti u cui di ng c th (t nht
v nguyn l) nhm ln tn hiu gy nhiu vi tn hiu ch, v th
khng th trit nhiu. Bng cch p dng cc chui ngu nhin ha
cho cc ln cn, tn hiu (cc tn hiu) nhiu sau gii ngu nhin b
ngu nhin ha v th m bo tn dng ht li x l do m ha
knh cung cp.
Khc vi HSPA, trong ngu nhin ha ng xung c p
dng cho cc chip phc sau khi tri ph (ngu nhin ha mc chip),
490
LTE p dng ngu nhin ha ng xung mc bit sau m ha ca

tng khi truyn ti (ngu nhin ha mc bit). Ngu nhin ha mc
chip cn thit i vi HSPA m bo rng li x l do tri ph
cung cp c th c tn dng mt cch hiu qu. Tri li, ngu nhin
ha bit sau m ha ch khng phi cc k hiu iu ch phc cho
php mc nht nh gim phc tp thc hin v khng nh
hng tiu cc hiu nng trong trng hp LTE.
Hnh 13.13. Ngu nhin ha ng xung

Trong LTE, ngu nhin ha ng xung c p dng cho tt c
cc knh truyn ti. Ngu nhin ha cng c p dng cho bo hiu
iu khin L1/L2 ng xung (xem phn 13.2.4). i vi tt c cc
knh truyn ti ng xung ngoi tr MCH cng nh bo hiu iu
khin L1/L2, cc chui ngu nhin ha phi khc nhau i vi cc
khc nhau (ngu nhin ha c th ) m bo ngu nhin ha
nhiu gia cc . Tri li trong trng hp truyn dn MBSFN s
dng knh truyn ti MCH, ngu nhin ha nh nhau c p dng
cho t c cc tham gia v mt truyn dn MBSFN (ngu nhin ha
chung cc ) (xem phn 13.2.6).
13.2.3.5. iu ch s liu
iu ch s liu ng xung chuyn i khi bit sau ngu nhin
ha vo cc k hiu iu ch phc (hnh 13.14). Tp cc s iu
ch c LTE h tr cho ng xung gm QPSK, 16QAM v
64QAM, tng ng vi hai, bn v su bit trn mt k hiu iu ch.
491
Tt c cc s iu ch ny u c th p dng cho trng hp

truyn dn DL-SCH. i vi cc knh truyn ti khc c th c mt
s quy nh hn ch. Chng hn, ch iu ch QPSK l c th c p
dng cho truyn dn BCH.
Hnh 13.14. iu ch s liu chuyn i n bit vo n/L k hiu iu ch

phc QPSK: L=2, 16QAM: L=4 v 64QAM: L=6.
13.2.3.6. Sp xp anten
Sp xp anten thc hin x l kt hp cc k hiu iu ch, trong
trng hp tng qut, tng ng vi hai khi truyn ti v sp xp kt
qu nhn c n cc anten khc nhau. T hnh 13.9 ta thy, LTE h
tr ti bn anten pht. Sp xp anten c th c lp cu hnh theo cc
cch khc nhau cung cp cc s a anten khc nhau bao gm c
phn tp pht, to bp v ghp knh khng gian. Chi tit hn v sp
xp anten v v truyn dn a anten ng xung ca LTE s c
xt trong phn 13.2.5.
13.2.3.7. Sp xp khi ti nguyn
Sp xp khi ti nguyn thc hin sp xp cc k hiu s pht
trn tng anten n cc phn t ti nguyn ca tp khi ti nguyn
c n nh bi b lp biu MAC truyn dn khi (cc khi)
truyn ti (hnh 13.15). Nh xt trong chng 13, vic chn la
khi ti nguyn da trn c tnh cht lng knh ca cc khi ti
nguyn khc nhau nhn t u cui di ng ch.
Nh cp trong chng 13, lp biu ng xung c thc
hin trn c s mt khung con (1ms). Do mt khi ti nguyn ng
xung bao gm mt s cc sng mang con trong thi gian 0,5ms, nn
n nh khi ti nguyn ng xung lun lun c thc hin cho
492
cc cp khi ti nguyn, trong mi cp, trong min thi gian, bao

gm hai khi ti nguyn lin tip trong mt khung con.
Tng s, mi khi ti nguyn cha 84 phn t (12 sng mang con
trong by k hiu OFDM). Tuy nhin, nh nhc trn, mt s
phn t ti nguyn trong mt khi truyn ti khng c dng cho sp
xp knh truyn ti v chng b chim bi:
Cc k hiu tham kho ng xung bao gm cc phn t ti
nguyn khng c s dng tng ng vi cc k hiu tham kho ca
cc anten khc nhau xt trong phn trc.
Bo hiu iu khin ng xung L1/L2 (s xt trong phn sau).
V trm gc c y thng tin v cc khi ti nguyn no c
s dng cho cc tn hiu ng xung cng nh bo hiu iu khin
L1/L2 v v th chng khng kh dng cho sp xp knh truyn ti,
nn c th d rng sp xp knh truyn ti ln cc phn t ti nguyn
kh dng cn li. Tng t, ti thi im thu, u cui di ng bit
c cc phn t ti nguyn no c s dng cho cc tn hiu tham
kho ng xung v bo hiu L1/L2 nn n c th d rng ly ra s
liu knh truyn ti t tp phn t ti nguyn dnh cho knh ny.
Lu : trong trng hp tng qut, s c mt tp cc ti nguyn v mt sp xp

ti nguyn tng ng cho tng anten
Hnh 13.15. Sp xp khi ti nguyn ng xung
493
Trong chun LTE, ti nguyn vt l m ti DL-SCH c sp

xp ln c gi l knh vt l chia s ng xung (PDSCH).
13.2.4. Bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 ng xung
h tr truyn dn cc knh truyn ti ng xung v ng
ln (cc knh DL-SCH v UL-SCH), cn c bo hiu iu khin
ng xung i km. Bo hiu iu khin ng xung ny thng
c gi l bo hiu iu khin ng xung L1/L2 ch th rng
thng tin tng ng mt phn bt ngun t lp vt l (lp 1) v mt
phn t MAC lp 2.
Bo hiu iu khin ng xung L1/L2 lin quan n DL-SCH
v UL-SCH bao gm:
Cc bn tin lp biu lin quan n DL-SCH cn thit cho u cui
di ng c lp biu n c th thu, iu ch v gii m DL-SCH.
Cc bn tin ny cha thng tin v n nh ti nguyn DL-SCH (tp
cc khi ti nguyn), khun dng truyn ti v thng tin lin quan n
DL-SCH HARQ. Bo hiu ny cng ging nh HS-SCCH c nh
ngha cho HSPA.
Cc bn tin lp biu lin quan n UL-SCH, chng hn cc cho
php lp biu thng bo cho u cui di ng c lp biu v ti
nguyn v khun dng no s s dng truyn dn UL-SCH. Bo
hiu ny cng ging vi E-AGCH ca HSPA.
V cc u cui di ng c th c lp biu ng thi, nn phi
c kh nng pht i nhiu bn tin lp biu cho tng TTI. Mi bn tin
ny c pht nh mt knh iu khin ng xung L1/L2. Nh
minh ha trn hnh 13.16, mi knh iu khin tng ng vi mt bn
tin lp biu trc ht c x l ring bao gm chn CRC, m ha
knh, ngu nhin ha bit v iu ch QPSK. Sau cc k hiu iu
ch c sp xp ln ti nguyn vt l ng xung, ngha l ln li
494
thi gian-tn s OFDM. Trong LTE, ti nguyn vt l m bo hiu

iu khin L1/L2 c sp xp ln c gi l knh iu khin vt l
ng xung (PDCCH).
Hnh 13.16. Chui x l cho bo hiu iu khin ng xung L1/L2

Nh minh ha trn hnh 13.17, cc knh iu khin L1/L2 c
sp xp ln cc k hiu u tin (n 3 k hiu) OFDM trong tng
khung con. Bng cch sp xp cc knh iu khin L1/L2 ln u
khung con, thng tin iu khin L1/L2 (bao gm n nh ti nguyn
DL-SCH v khun dng truyn ti) c th nhn c trc khi kt
thc khung con. V th c th bt u thc hin gii m DL-SCH ngay
sau khi kt thc khung con m khng cn i gii m thng tin iu
khin L1/L2. iu ny gim thiu tr khi gii m DL-SCH v v th
gim thiu tng tr truyn dn ng xung.
495
Ngoi ra, bng cch pht knh iu khin L1/L2 ti u khung

con, ngha l cho php gii m thng tin iu khin L1/L2 sm, cc
u cui di ng khng c lp biu c th tt cc mch in ca
my thu trong phn ln khung con, v vy gim tiu th cng sut.
Hnh 13.17. Li thi gian-tn s ca LTE trong mt s phn t

ti nguyn c dnh cho cc k hiu tham kho v iu khin bo
hiu ng xung L1/L2
Xt mt cch chi tit hn, ti nguyn vt l c s dng
mang bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 bao gm mt s cc phn t knh
iu khin, trong mi phn t knh iu khin gm mt s phn t
ti nguyn quy nh trc. Khi ny cc k hiu c iu ch ca mi
knh iu khin c sp xp ln mt hoc nhiu phn t knh iu
khin ty theo kch thc (s cc k hiu iu ch) ca mi knh iu
khin L1/L2. Lu rng kch thc ny c th khc nhau i vi cc
knh iu khin L1/L2 khc nhau.
Mng thng bo tng minh s lng cc phn t knh iu
khin chung mt khung con. V cc phn t knh iu khin c kch
thc nh trc v c t ti u khung con, nn u cui c
lp biu s bit c cc knh iu khin L1/L2 chim cc phn t ti
nguyn no v nh vy DL-SCH c sp xp ln cc phn t ti
nguyn no (cc phn t ti nguyn cn li).
Tuy nhin u cui di ng khng c thng bo tng minh v
chi tit cu trc iu khin L1/L2 v s lng chnh xc cc phn t
496
ng c CCH 10
ng c CCH 9
ng c CCH 8
ng c CCH 7
ng c CCH 6
ng c CCH 5
ng c CCH 4
ng c CCH 3
ng c CCH 2
ng c CCH 1
knh iu khin m knh iu khin c sp xp ln. Nn u cui

di ng phi t tm cch gii m nhiu ng c knh iu khin tm
ra knh iu khin mang thng tin lp biu cho u cui di ng ny.
Hnh 13.18 minh ha mt th d trong c su phn t knh iu
khin v c th sp xp cc knh iu khin L1/L2 n mt, hai hay
bn phn t knh iu khin. Ta thy, trong trng hp c bit ny,
c 10 ng c knh iu khin khc nhau. u cui di ng gii m
tng ng c mt sau kim tra CRC tm ra knh iu khin ng.
Hnh 13.18. Cc phn t knh iu khin v cc ng c knh iu khin

13.2.5. Truyn dn a anten ng xung
Qu trnh x l knh truyn ti ng xung c trnh by trong
phn 13.2.3 bao gm sp xp anten, phn ny m t x l hai khi k
hiu iu ch nhn c t hai khi truyn ti c m ha v sp
xp n cc (cao nht 4 anten) anten pht. Nh minh ha trn hnh
13.19, sp xp anten ca LTE thc t bao gm hai bc, sp xp lp
v tin m ha.
Sp xp lp m bo phn knh cc k hiu iu ch ca tng t
m (khi truyn ti c m ha v c iu ch) thnh nhiu lp.
V th s lp lun lun bng s khi truyn ti cn pht.
497
Hnh 13.19. Sp xp anten LTE bao gm sp xp lp

v sau l tin m ha
Mi hnh vung tng ng vi mt k hiu iu ch
Tin m ha ly ra mt k hiu iu ch t mi lp, x l kt hp
cc k hiu iu ch my v sp xp kt qu ln min tn s v anten.
T minh ha trn hnh 11.19, ta thy tin m ha tc ng ln cc
vecto vi kch thc NL, trong mi vect bao gm mt k hiu t
mi lp.
Phn tch sp xp anten thnh hai chc nng ring bit, sp xp lp v
tin m ha trong c t LTE cho php nh ngha v m t d rng
cc s truyn dn a anten khc nhau gm c phn tp pht vng
h, to bp v ghp knh khng gian trong cng mt chng trnh
khung a anten ca LTE. Di y ta s xt mt s th d v cc s
truyn dn a anten c kt hp trong cng mt thc hin ca
chng trnh khung a anten LTE.
13.2.5.1. M ha khi khng gian-tn s (SFBC) hai anten
Trong trng hp SFBC hai anten (hnh 13.20), ch c mt t m
(khng ghp knh khng gian) v hai lp. Sp xp lp thc hin phn
knh cc k hiu iu ch ca t m ln hai lp. Sau b tin m
ha p dng m khng gian-tn s cho tng vect lp vi .
498
Hnh 13.20. M ha khi khng gian-tn s (SFBC)

trong chng trnh khung a anten ca LTE
13.2.5.2. To bp
Trong trng hp to bp (hnh 13.21) s c mt t m (khng
ghp knh khng gian v mt lp, ngha l sp xp to bp trong sut.
Tin m ha p dng vect w kch thc NA cho tng k hiu lp xi.
x1 x2 x3 x4
N A anten
Mt lp
Mt t m
Sp
xp lp
x1 x2 x3 x4
z i = w. x i
Tin m
ha
z1
z2
Hnh 13.21. To bp trong chng trnh khung a anten LTE

13.2.5.3. Ghp knh khng gian
Trong trng hp ghp knh khng gian (hnh 13.22) tng qut
s c hai t m, NL lp v NA anten vi NL2 v NANL. Hnh 13.22
minh ha trng hp c ba lp (NL=3) v bn anten (NA=4). Sp xp
lp phn knh cc k hiu iu ch ca hai t m ln NL lp.
Trong trng hp ba lp ta thy, t m th nht c sp xp ln lp
th nht, cn t m th hai c sp xp ln lp th hai v th ba.
499
Nh vy s lng cc k hiu iu ch ca t m th hai s gp i t

m th nht m bo s lng t m nh nhau trong mi lp. Sau
tin m ha p dng ma trn W kch thc NAxNL cho tng vect
lp vi .
Hnh 13.22. Ghp knh khng gian trong

chng trnh khung LTE (NL=3, NA=4)
Tng qut, ghp knh khng gian LTE da trn tin m ha theo
bng m, ngha l i vi mi t hp s lng anten NA v s lng
lp NL, mt tp cc ma trn ca b tin m ha c nh ngha bi
c t chun. Da trn o tn hiu tham kho ng xung ca cc
anten khc nhau, u cui di ng quyt nh mt hng (Rank) ph
hp (s lng cc lp) v ma trn tin m ha tng ng. Sau
thng tin ny c bo co cho mng. Trong khi ch mt hng n
c bo co (p dng cho ton mng), th nhiu ma trn khc nhau
(p dng cho cc phn khc nhau ca bng thng h thng) c th
c bo co. Mng xem xt thng tin ny nhng khng nht thit
phi lm theo n khi a ra quyt nh hng v tp cc ma trn tin
m ha s s dng cho truyn dn ng xung. V mng c th quyt
nh cc tp ma trn tin m ha khc vi thng tin m u cui di
ng bo co, mng phi thng bo tng minh cc ma trn tin m
ha no cn s dng thng qua bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 ng
xung.
Cch lm tng t c s dng cho to bp a anten ng
xung, da trn cc kt qu o cc tn hiu tham kho ng xung
500
ca cc anten khc nhau, u cui di ng quyt nh vect tin m

ha (to bp) thch hp v bo co n cho mng. Mng xem xt thng
tin ny, nhng khng lm theo n khi quyt nh vect tin m ha
no s s dng thc t cho truyn dn ng xung. Tng t nh
trng hp ghp knh khng gian, mng phi thng bo tng minh
vect tin m ha no cn s dng cho u cui di ng. V th tin
m ha ch s dng cho truyn dn DL-SCH ch khng cho bo hiu
iu khin L1/L2.
13.2.6. a phng/qung b s dng MBSFN
Nh xt trong chng 3, truyn dn OFDM c li khi cung
cp cc dch v a phng/qung ba a , nht l kh nng thc hin
pht a phng qung b ng b a ging nh truyn dn n nht
trn knh a ng. Nh cp trong chng 12, i vi LTE loi
truyn dn ny c gi l a phng/qung b trn mng n tn
(MBSFN).
LTE h tr truyn dn a phng qung b MBSFN thng qua
knh truyn ti MCH (knh a phng). Qu trnh x l knh truyn
ti i vi MCH c nhiu nt ging nh DL-SCH (hnh 10.9) vi mt
s ngoi l:
Trong trng hp truyn dn MBSFN, cng mt s liu c
pht vi cng mt khun dng trn c s cng mt ti nguyn vt l
t nhiu trc thuc cc eNodeB khc nhau. Nh vy eNodeB khng
th la chn ng khun dng truyn ti v n nh ti nguyn MCH.
V truyn dn MCH hng ng thi n nhiu u cui di
ng, nn khng th p dng HARQ cho truyn dn MCH.
Ngoi ra nh cp trong phn 13.2.3, ngu nhin ha MCH
phi nh nhau i vi tt c cc tham gia vo truyn dn MBSFN
(ngu nhin ha chung cho cc ).
501
c tnh knh cho gii iu ch nht qun ca truyn dn

MBSFN cng khng th da trn cc tn hiu tham kho bnh
thng c th nh xt trong phn 13.2.2, v cc tn hiu tham
kho ny khng c pht bi MBSFN v v th khng phn nh knh
MBSFN tng th. Thay vo , cc tn hiu tham kho b sung c
chn vo cc khung con MBSFN nh minh ha trn hnh 13.23. Cc
tn hiu tham kho ny c MBSFN pht, ngha l cc tn hiu tham
kho ng dng (cng mt gi tr phc trong cng mt phn t ti
nguyn) c pht bi tt c cc tham gia truyn dn MBSFN. Cc
tn hiu tham kho thu tng ng c th c s dng nh gi
knh MBSFN tng hp gii iu ch nht qun truyn dn
MBSFN.
M
t k
hu
ng
co
n(
1m
s)
Hnh s dng CP m rng tng ng vi 12 k hiu OFDM trn mt khung con
Hnh 13.23. Cc k hiu tham kho chung cc

trong cc khung con MBSFN
Truyn dn MCH s dng MBSFN khng th ghp knh chung
vi truyn dn ca cc knh truyn ti khc nh DL-SCH trong cng
mt khung con. V th s khng c bo hiu iu khin ng xung
L1/L2 lin quan n truyn dn DL-SCH (khun dng truyn ti, ch
th ti nguyn v thng tin lin quan HARQ) trong cc khung con
MBSFN. Tuy nhin c th c bo hiu iu khin ng xung L1/L2
khc c pht trong cc khung con MBSFN, chng hn cc cho php
lp biu cho truyn dn UL-SCH ng ln. V th cc tn hiu tham
kho bnh thng c th cng cn c pht trong cc khung con
502
MBSFN ng thi vi tn hiu tham kho da trn MBSFN. Tuy

nhin v bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 b gii hn trong phn u ca
khung con, nn trong k hiu OFDM u tin ca khung con s ch c
cc k hiu tham kho c th (cng nh trong k hiu th hai ca
khung con trong trng hp bn anten pht) l c pht trong cc
khung con OFDM (xem hnh 13.23).
13.3. S TRUYN DN NG LN
13.3.1. Ti nguyn vt l ng ln
Nh cp trong chng 12, truyn dn ng ln ca LTE
da trn truyn dn DFTS-OFDM hay SC-OFDMA. Nh trnh by
trong chng 3, DTFS-OFDM l s truyn dn n sng mang c
PAPR thp v th cho php n nh bng thng linh hot v a truy
nhp trc giao khng ch trong min thi gian m c trong min tn s.
Hnh 13.24 nhc li cu trc c s ca truyn dn DTFS-OFDM
vi DFT kch thc NTx p dng cho NTx k hiu iu ch. u ra ca
DFT sau c sp xp ln cc u vo c la chn ca IFFT
kch thc N. Kch thc DFT xc nh bng thng tc thi ca tn
hiu pht, trong khi sp xp tn s quyt nh v tr ca tn hiu
pht trong tng ph kh dng ng ln. Cui cng CP c chn cho
tng khi x l. Nh trnh by trong chng 3, vic s dng CP
trong trng hp truyn dn n sng mang cho php s dng cn
bng tn s hiu nng cao vi phc tp thp hn ti u thu.
Hnh 13.24. Cu trc c s ca truyn dn

DTFS-OFDM hay SC-OFDMA
503
Nh trnh by trong chng 3, trong trng hp tng qut c

hai dng truyn dn DTFS-OFDM chia l v phn b u c s
dng. Tuy nhin truyn dn ng ln LTE gii hn truyn dn
khoanh vng, ngha l qu trnh sp xp tn s (hnh 13.24) s sp xp
u ra ca DFT ln cc u vo lin tip ca IFFT.
T quan im thc hin DFT, DFT kch thc NTx phi gii hn
ly tha ca hai. Tuy nhin hn ch ny mu thun trc tip vi
mong mun c linh hot cao c th n nh ng ti nguyn
(bng thng truyn dn tc thi) cho cc u cui di ng khc nhau.
T quan im linh hot cao, phi cho php tt c cc gi tr c th
c ca NTx. i vi LTE, gii php trung gian c tip nhn trong
kch thc DFT gii hn tch ca cc s nguyn hai, ba v nm.
Chng hn cc kch thc DFF 15, 16 v 18 c php nhng NTx=17
th khng. Bng cch ny DTF c th c thc hin bi cc FFT c
s 2, c s 3 v c s 5 t phc tp.
Nh cp trong chng 3, cng nh c th thy trn hnh
13.24. DTFS-OFDM cng c th c coi nh l truyn dn OFDM
thng thng kt hp vi tin m ha da trn DFT. V th ta cng c
th ni v khong cc gia cc sng mang con cho trng hp ny.
Ngoi ra ging nh OFDM, ti nguyn vt l ca DTFS-OFDM c th
c xt dng li thi gian-tn s vi hn ch b sung l ton b
ti nguyn thi gian-tn s n nh cho mt u cui di ng phi
lun lun gm cc sng mang con lin tip.
Cc thng s c s ca s truyn dn ng ln LTE c
chn ng b tt nht vi cc thng s tng ng ca ng xung
LTE da trn OFDM. Nh minh ha trn hnh 13.25, khong cch
gia cc sng mang con ng ln DTFS-OFDM bng f=15kHz v
cc khi ti nguyn gm 12 sng mang con cng c nh ngha cho
ng ln. Tuy nhin khc vi ng xung, i vi ng ln khng
quy nh khng s dng sng mang con DC. L do v s c mt ca
504
sng mang con DC trong tm ph cho php n nh ton b bng

thng cho mt mt u cui di ng v vn duy tr c tnh cht
PAPR thp ca n sng mang i vi truyn dn ng ln. Ngoi ra
do tin m ha da trn DFT, nh hng nhiu DC s tri rng trn
Ntx k hiu iu ch v th n t hi hn so vi truyn dn OFDM
bnh thng.
Hnh 13.25. Cu trc min tn s ng ln ca LTE

V th tng s cc sng mang con ng ln bng NSC=12.NRB.
Tng t nh ng xung, i vi ng ln c t lp vt l LTE
cng cho php linh hot tng bng thng h thng rt cao: Mi s
khi ti nguyn t su khi ti nguyn tr ln. Tuy nhin cng ging
nh ng xung, do cc yu cu v tn s v tuyn nn s c mt s
gii hn v trong giai on u s ch quy nh mt tp hn ch cc
bng thng ng ln.
Ngoi ra v chi tit cu trc thi gian-khng gian, ng ln LTE
rt ging vi ng xung (hnh 13.26). Mi khung con 1ms ng
ln bao gm hai khe c di bng nhau Tslot=0,5ms. Mi khe gm
mt s khi DFT k c CP. Ngoi ra cng ging nh ng ln,
hai di CP c nh ngha cho ng ln, CP bnh thng v
CP m rng.
Khc vi ng xung, khi ti nguyn ng ln c n nh
cho u cui di ng phi lun lun lin tip trong min thi gian
(hnh 13.27). Lu rng ging nh ng xung, khi ti nguyn
ng ln l 12 sng mang DFTS-OFDM trong mt khe 0,5 ms. V
505
th, tng t nh ng xung, n nh ti nguyn ng ln trong

min thi gian c thc hin trong hai khi ti nguyn lin tip.
TCP=160.Ts5,2s (khi DFT th nht),

144.Ts4,7s (cc khi DFT cn li).
TCP-e=512Ts16,7s.
Hnh 13.26. Khung con LTE ng ln v cu trc khe

Trn hnh 13.27, ti nguyn ng ln c n nh tng ng vi
cng mt tp sng mang con trong hai khe. Mt cch khc, nhy tn
gia cc khe cng c th c p dng cho ng ln LTE. Nhy tn
gia cc khe c ngha l cc ti nguyn vt l c s dng cho truyn
dn ng ln trong hai khe ca mt khung con khng chim cng tp
sng mang con (hnh 13.28). Lu rng v bng thng truyn dn v
tuyn ca u cui di ng bao ph ton b ph ng ln, nn nhy
tn thun ty l hot ng bng gc, n gin ch l thay i sp xp
DFT n IFFT ca qu trnh x l DTFS-OFDM trn hnh 13.24.
C hai ch li nhn c t nhy tn ng ln:
Nhy tn ng ln cung cp phn tp tn s b sung vi
gi thit rng nhy cng i lng hay ln hn bng thng nht qun
ca knh.
506
Nhy tn cung cp phn tp nhiu (trung bnh ha nhiu) vi

gi thit l mu nhy tn khc nhau trong cc khc nhau.
Hnh 13.27. n nh ti nguyn ng ln LTE
Hnh 13.28. Nhy tn ng ln LTE

13.3.2. Cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln
Tng t nh ng xung cc tn hiu tham kho c tnh
knh cng cn cho ng ln LTE c th gii iu ch nht qun
ti trm gc. Do s khc nhau gia cc s truyn dn ng xung
v ng ln (OFDM v SC-FDMA da trn DFTS-OFDM) v tm
quan trng ca vic thay i cng sut thp i vi truyn dn ng
ln, nn nguyn l cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln s khc vi cc
tn hiu tham kho ng xung. Thc ra, i vi ng ln khng
th ghp tn hiu tham kho theo tn s vi truyn dn s liu t cng
mt u cui di ng. Thay vo , tn hiu tham kho c ghp
knh theo thi gian vi s liu ng ln. Ngoi ra (hnh 13.29) tn
hiu tham kho c pht trong khi th t ca tng khe v vi bng
thng tc thi bng bng thng truyn dn s liu. Lu rng trong
trng hp tng qut, c th s dng nhy tn trong hai khe ca
hnh 13.29 c pht trn cc tn s khc nhau, Trong trng hp ny,
ni suy gia hai khi tn hiu tham kho ca mt khung l khng th v
knh do s khc nhau v tn s c th rt khc nhau gia hai khi.
507
Mt cch thc hin cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln l to ra

mt tn hiu tham kho min tn s XRS(k) di MRS tng ng vi
bng thng dc n nh (s lng cc sng mang con DFTSOFDM hay kch thc DFT tc thi) v a n vo u vo ca IFFT
nh minh ha trn hnh 13.30. Chn CP c thc hin ging nh i
vi cc khi ng ln khc. mt kha cnh no c th coi iu
ny nh l nh ngha tn hiu tham kho ng ln ging nh tn hiu
OFDM. Tuy nhin ta cng c th m t tn hiu tham kho nh l mt
tn hiu DFTS-OFDM nhn c bng cch thc hin IDFT kch
thc MRS cho chui min tn s XRS(k). Chui nhn c sau
c a n x l DFTS-OFDM nh trn hnh 13.24.
Hnh s dng CP bnh thng, ngha l by khi trn mt khe v khng c nhy
tn s
M RS
Hnh 13.29. Cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln

c chn vo khi th t ca tng khe ng ln
Hnh 13.30. To tn hiu tham kho min tn s
508
Cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln cn c cc thuc tnh sau:

Bin khng i hoc hu nh khng i ging nh c tnh
ca s truyn dn ng ln LTE (sng mang n PAPR thp).
Cc thuc tnh t tng quan min thi gian tt cho php
c tnh knh ng ln chnh xc.
Cc chui c cc thuc tnh ny i khi c gi l CAZAC
(Constant Amplitude Zero-Auto-Correlation).
Mt trong cc chui c thuc tnh CAZAC l tp chui ZadoffChu. Trong min tn s, chui Zadoff-Chu di MZC c th biu
din nh sau:
X
(u )
ZC
(k ) = e
j u
k ( k +1)
M ZC
(13.1)
trong u l ch s ca chui Zadoff-Chu trong tp cc chui

Zadoff-Chu di MZC.
S lng cc chui Zadoff-Chu kh dng (s lng gi tr c th
c ca u) bng s lng cc s nguyn t tng i ca di chui
MZC. Ngha l cc i ha s lng cc chui Zadoff-Chu v nh
vy cc i ha s lng cc chui tham kho c th c, cn s dng
cc chui Zadoff-Chu di nguyn t. Tuy nhin, di min tn s
MRC ca cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln phi bng bng thng c
n nh, ngha l bi s ca 12 (kch thc khi ti nguyn) v r rng
y khng phi l s nguyn t. V th cc chui Zadoff-Chu
khng th s dng trc tip cho cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln ca
LTE. Nn cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln c rt ra t cc chui
Zadoff-Chu.
Hai phng php rt ra cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln
di MZC t cc chui Zadoff-Chu di nguyn t c nh ngha
cho chun lp vt l ca LTE:
509
Phng php 1 (ct ngn): cc chui Zadoff-Chu di MZC,

trong MZC l s nguyn t nh nht ln hn hoc bng MRS c
ct ngn c di MRS.
Phng php 2 (m rng vng): cc chui Zadoff-Chu di
MZC trong MZC l s nguyn t ln nht nh hn hoc bng MRS
c m rng nh k c di bng MRS.
Phng php 2 (m rng vng)
XRS(k)
Chui ZC
n u vo IFFT
MZC= MRS - 1
M RS
MZC= M RS+ 1
Chui ZC
XRS(k)
M RS
Phng php 1 (ct ngn)
n u
vo IFFT
Lu rng: Trng hp tng qut, ct ngn (phng php 1)

hay m rng vng (phng php 2) c th cho nhiu hn mt k hiu.
Hnh 13.31. Phng php to ra cc tn hiu tham kho

ng ln t cc chui nguyn t Zadoff-Chu.
Hai phng php ny c m t trn hnh 13.31. Cn lu rng
hnh v ny gi thit l ct ngn hay m rng vng vi ch mt k
hiu v y khng phi l trng hp lun lun xy ra. Chng hn,
nu cn di tn hiu tham kho MRS=96, tng ng vi tm khi ti
nguyn, phng php 1 c th s dng chui Zadoff-Chu c di
MZC=97 (mt s nguyn t) nh l im khi u. Tuy nhin s
nguyn t ln nht nh hn hay bng 96 l 89, v th cn s dng
phng php 2 cho chui Zadoff-Chu di MZC=89 nh l im
khi u v s dng m rng vng by k hiu c di tn
hiu tham kho l 96.
510
R rng rng c hai phng php ny phn no gim cp thuc

tnh CAZAC ca cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln. Phng php no
tt hn (xt v thuc tnh CAZAC) ph thuc vo di chui tn
hiu tham kho hay kch thc ca ti nguyn c n nh.
13.3.2.1. Nhiu tn hiu tham kho
Trong trng hp in hnh, mt u cui di ng s pht trong
mt ti nguyn cho trc (mt tp cho trc cc sng mang trong mt
khung con cho trc) trong mt . Tuy nhin trong cc ln cn,
thng thng cng xy ra truyn dn ng thi ng ln trong cng
mt ti nguyn. Trong trng hp ny cn trnh trng hp trong
hai u cui di ng trong cc cnh nhau s dng cng mt tn hiu
tham kho ng ln, v iu ny c th dn n nhiu cao gia cc
truyn dn tn hiu tham kho. V th trong cc ln cn, cc tn hiu
tham kho ng ln cn c xy dng trn cc chui Zadoff-Chu
khc nhau (t cng mt tp cc chui Zadoff-Chu), ngha l cc gi tr
khc nhau i vi ch s u trong phng trnh (13.1). trnh vic
quy hoch qu phc tp, cn m bo rng s lng cc tn hiu
tham kho ng ln vi di nht nh khng qu nh. y l l
do v sao cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln c xy dng trn c s
cc chui Zadoff-Chu di nguyn t cho php cc i ha s lng
cc chui i vi di chui cho trc.
Mt cch khc to lp cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln l s
dng thuc tnh t tng quan bng khng ca cc chui Zadoff-Chu.
Thuc tnh ny c ngha l dch vng mt chui Zadoff-Chu s trc
giao vi chnh n. V th nhiu tn hiu tham kho c th c to ra
t cc dch vng cng mt tn hiu tham kho gc. Phng php ny
c th c s dng khi hai ng b vi nhau. y thng l trng
hp khi cc trc thuc cng mt eNodeB. Phng php ny cng c
th c s dng nu hai u cui di ng pht trong cng mt ti
511
nguyn trong cng mt , chng hn trong trng hp SDMA (a truy

nhp khng gian) ng ln.
13.3.2.2. Cc tn hiu tham kho thm d knh
Lp biu ph thuc knh ng xung (c trong min thi gian
v min tn s) l mt cng ngh then cht ca LTE. Nh xt trong
chng trc, lp biu ph thuc knh ng ln (n nh ti nguyn
cho mt u cui di ng ph thuc vo cht lng tc thi ca knh)
cng c th c s dng. Lp biu ph thuc knh ng ln c th
tng cc tc s liu kh dng v gim nhiu n cc khc bng
cch lp biu u cui di ng pht trong cc bng tn tc thi c cht
lng tt.
thc hin lp biu ph thuc knh trong min thi gian v
min tn s, cn thc hin cc c tnh cht lng knh min thi
gian-tn s. i vi ng xung, iu ny c thc hin bi u
cui di ng bng cch o cht lng tn hiu tham kho c th
c pht trn ton b bng thng v bo co kt qu nh gi cht
lng knh cho mng thng qua ch th cht lng khung (CQI:
Channel Quality Indicator).
T hnh 13.29 ta c th thy rng cc tn hiu tham kho s dng
cho gii iu ch nht qun ng ln ch c pht trn bng thng
c n nh ng cho tng u cui di ng. V th mng khng th
s dng cc tn hiu tham kho ny c tnh cht lng knh
ng ln cho bt k cc tn s khc vi cc tn s hin ang c n
nh cho u cui di ng ny v v th chng khng cung cp thng
tin cn thit cho lp biu ng ln ph thuc knh trong min tn s.
h tr lp biu ph thuc knh min tn s ng ln cn c thm
cc tn hiu tham kho bng rng pht trn ng ln LTE. Cc tn hiu
ny c gi l cc tn hiu thm d knh phn bit vi cc tn hiu
tham kho cho gii iu ch nht qun c minh ha trn hnh 13.29.
512
Cc nguyn l c s ca cc tn hiu tham kho thm d knh

cng ging nh cc nguyn l ca cc tn hiu tham kho gii iu
ch. Cc tn hiu thm d knh c xy dng trn c s cc chui
Zadoff-Chu v c pht trong mt khi DFTS-OFDM hon thin.
Tuy nhin c mt s khc bit quan trng gia cc tn hiu thm d
knh v cc tn hiu tham kho gii iu ch:
- Nh ni trn, cc tn hiu tham kho thm d knh thng
c bng thng ln hn, c th ln hn nhiu so vi ti nguyn ng
ln c n nh cho mt u cui di ng. Cc tn hiu thm d knh
thm ch c th c pht t cc my u cui di ng khng c n
nh bt k mt ti nguyn no cho truyn dn UL-SCH.
- Thng khng cn thit pht cc tn hiu thm d knh thng
xuyn nh cc tn hiu tham kho iu ch. Trong nhiu trng hp
cc tn hiu thm d knh c pht khng phi c mt khung con
mt ln.
- Phi c kh nng pht tn hiu thm d knh t nhiu u cui
di ng trong cng mt bng tn.
Nu tn hiu thm d knh c s dng trong mt , mng n
nh tng minh cc khi trong cu trc khung con ng ln
truyn dn cc tn hiu thm d knh nh minh ha trn hnh 13.32.
Cc khi ny s khng c s dng truyn dn s liu (UL-SCH).
Ngi s
dng #1
M
tk
he
Ngi s
dng #2
Mt
khun
g co
(0,
5m
s)
n (0,
5ms)
S liu
Tn hiu tham kho gii iu ch
Tn hiu tham kho thm d knh
Hnh 13.32. Truyn dn cc tn hiu tham kho thm d knh
513
Cc khi c n nh truyn dn cc tn hiu tham kho thm

d knh l mt ti nguyn chia s, ngha l nhiu u cui di ng c
th pht cc tn hiu tham kho trong cc ti nguyn mng. iu ny
c th c thc hin theo nhiu cch khc nhau:
C th n nh mt khi cho cc tn hiu tham kho trong mi
khung. Tuy nhin mi u cui di ng ch c th pht mt tn hiu
thm d knh chng hn c N khung con mt ln, ngha l N u cui
di ng c th chia s ti nguyn ny trong min thi gian.
Cng c th phn tn cc tn hiu tham kho, ngha l ch truyn
dn trn mt sng mang con trong s N sng mang con (xem truyn
dn DTFS-OFDM chng 3). Vi cch ny, cc u cui di ng pht
trn tp cc sng mang con khc nhau v ti nguyn thm d knh
c chia s trong min tn s.
Cc u cui di ng c th pht cng mt tn hiu tham kho
nhng vi dch vng khc nhau. Nh cp trc y, cc dch
vng khc nhau ca cng mt chui Zadoff-Chu u trc giao vi
nhau vi iu kin l cc dch vng ny ln hn phn tn thi gian
ca knh.
Trong thc t, mt t hp cc phng php c th c s dng
chia s ti nguyn c n nh truyn dn cc tn hiu thm d
knh gia cc u cui di ng trong cng mt .
13.3.3. X l knh truyn ti ng ln
X l knh truyn ti ng ln c minh ha trn hnh 13.33.
V khng c ghp knh khng gian LTE, nn ch c mt khi truyn
ti vi kch thc ng c pht trong tng TTI.
Chn CRCI. Ging nh ng xung, CRC c tnh ton v
c gn vo tng khi truyn ti.
M ha knh. M ha knh ng ln s dng m turbo vi
b an xen ni da trn QPP ging nh ng xung.
514
Hnh 13.33. X l knh truyn ti ng ln

Chc nng HARQ lp vt l. Cc kha cnh lp vt l ca
HARQ ng ln LTE cng ging nh chc nng ng xung tng
ng, ngha l chc nng lp vt l HARQ ly ra t khi cc bit u
ra b m ha knh tp bit s pht ti mi thi im pht/pht li. Lu
rng mt s kha cnh, tn ti mt s khc bit r rng gia cc
giao thc HARQ ng xung v ng ln, nh khai thc ng b
v khng ng b. Tuy nhin cc khc bit ny khng c phn nh
trong cc kha cnh lp vt l ca HARQ.
Ngu nhin ha mc bit. Tng t nh ng xung, ngu
nhin ha mc bit cng c th c p dng cho cc bit sau m ho
trn ng ln LTE. Mc ch ca ngu nhin ha mc bit ng ln
cng ging nh ng xung l ngu nhin ha nhiu v v th
515
m bo t c li x l y ca m ha knh. t c
iu ny, ngu nhin ho ng ln phi c th u cui di ng,
ngha l cc u cui di ng s dng cc chui ngu nhin khc nhau.
iu ch s liu. Tng t nh ng xung, iu ch s liu
ng ln chuyn i mt khi cc bit nhn c sau m ha
knh/ngu nhin ha vo mt khi cc k hiu iu ch phc. Tp cc
s iu ch c s dng cho ng ln LTE cng ging nh i
vi ng xung, QPSK, 16QAM v 64QAM tng ng vi hai, bn
v su bit trn mt k hiu iu ch.
Khi cc k hiu iu ch sau c a n x l DFTSOFDM nh minh ha trn hnh 13.24. X l ny ng thi cng sp
xp tn hiu ln bng tn c n nh.
13.3.4. Bo hiu iu khin ng ln L1/L2
Ging nh ng xung LTE, cng cn c mt dng bo hiu
iu khin ng ln (iu khin ng ln L1/L2) no h tr
truyn dn cc knh truyn ti ng xung (DL-SCH) v ng ln
(UL-SCH). Bo hiu iu khin ng ln L1/L2 bao gm:
Cc cng nhn HARQ i vi cc khi truyn ti DL-SCH thu
c.
CQI (ch th cht lng knh) ch th cht lng knh
ng xung da trn c tnh bi u cui di ng. Tng t nh
HSPA, cc bo co CQI c th c mng s dng lp biu ph
thuc knh ng xung v iu khin tc . Tuy nhin, khc vi
HSPA v do lp biu ng xung ca LTE c th c thc hin c
trong min thi gian v tn s, nn cc bo co LTE CQI ch th cht
lng knh c trong min thi gian v min tn s.
Cc yu cu lp biu ch th rng mt u cui di ng cn
ti nguyn cho truyn dn UL-SCH.
516
Khc vi ng xung, y khng c bo hiu ng ln ch

th khun dng truyn ti cho mng. V cc u cui di ng lun lun
phi tun theo cc cho php lp biu nhn c t mng trong
khun dng truyn ti UL-SCH c c t (xem phn 13.2.3). V th
mng bit t trc khun dng truyn ti c s dng cho truyn dn
UL-SCH v khng c l do g phi bo hiu tng minh n trn
ng ln. Vi l do tng t, cng s khng c thng bo tng
minh v thng tin lin quan n HARQ ca UL-SCH.
Bo hiu iu khin ng ln L1/L2 ni trn cn c pht trn
ng ln khng ph thuc vo vic u cui di ng c s liu knh
truyn ti ng ln (UL-SCH) pht hay khng v v th khng
ph thuc vo vic u cui di ng c c n nh ti nguyn
ng ln truyn dn UL-SCH hay khng.
V l do ni trn, tn ti hai phng php khc nhau truyn
dn bo hiu ng ln L1/L2 ph thuc vo vic u cui di ng c
c hay khng c n nh ti nguyn truyn dn UL-SCH.
1. Ti nguyn ng ln c n nh (truyn dn ng thi ULSCH): iu khin L1/L2 ghp chung vi UL-SCH trc khi x l
DFTS-OFDM.
2. Ti nguyn ng ln khng c n nh (khng truyn dn
ng thi UL-SCH): iu khin L1/L2 c pht trong cc ti nguyn
tn s c n nh c bit cho bo hiu iu khin ng ln L1/L2.
Nu u cui di ng c n nh mt ti nguyn ng ln
truyn dn UL-SCH, bo hiu iu khin c ghp chung vi s
liu knh truyn ti iu ch trc khi x l DFTS-OFDM (hnh
13.34). Ta c th coi y l ghp knh thi gian gia s liu knh
truyn ti v bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 v vn gi nguyn tnh cht
mt sng mang ca truyn dn ng ln. Cn lu rng, nh
xt ngn gn trong chng 13, khi mt u cui di ng c mt ti
517
nguyn ng ln, th khng cn pht yu cu lp biu tng minh

trong bo hiu iu khin L1/L2. V th, iu khin L1/L2 ch cha
CQI v cng nhn HARQ.
Hnh 13.34. Ghp s liu v bo hiu iu khin ng ln L1/L2

trong trng hp truyn dn ng thi UL-SCH v iu khin L1/L2
Cng cn lu rng mng hon ton bit c truyn dn ca
bo hiu iu khin L1/L2 t mt u cui di ng:
CQI c pht nh k, trong cc thi im quy nh trc v
mng bit c iu ny.
Cc cng nhn HARQ c pht ti cc thi im c c t
r rng so vi pht ng xung (DL-SCH) tng ng.
V th mng c th ly ra ng phn knh truyn ti v phn iu
khin L1/L2 ti pha thu trc khi gii m ring cho tng phn.
Nu u cui di ng khng c n nh ti nguyn ng ln
cho truyn dn UL-SCH, th thng tin iu khin L1/L2 (CQI, cc
cng nhn HARQ v cc yu cu lp biu) s c pht trn cc ti
nguyn c n nh c bit cho iu khin ng ln L1/L2. Nh
minh ha trn hnh 13.35, cc ti nguyn ny c t ti bin ca
tng bng thng h thng kh dng. Mi ti nguyn nh vy bao gm
12 sng mang con (mt khi ti nguyn) trong tng khe ca mt
khung con ng ln. m bo phn tp tn s, cc ti nguyn tn
s c th nhy tn trn bin khe, ngha l mt ti nguyn iu khin
L1/L2 gm 12 sng mang con ti bin trn ca ph trong khe th nht
518
ca mt bn khung v mt ti nguyn cng kch c c t ti phn

thp ca ph trong khe th hai ca khung con hoc ngc li. Nu cn
nhiu ti nguyn hn cho bo hiu iu khin ng ln L1/L2 chng
hn trong trng hp tng bng thng ln h tr s ngi s dng
ln, cc khi ti nguyn b sung c th c n nh ngay cnh cc
khi ti nguyn c n nh trc .
Hnh 13.35. Cu trc ti nguyn s dng cho bo hiu iu khin L1/L2

ng ln trong trng hp khng truyn dn ng thi UL-SCH.
C hai l do cho vic t cc ti nguyn cho iu khin L1/L2 ti
bin ca tng ti nguyn kh dng:
Cng vi nhy tn s nh trnh by trn, iu ny cc i
ha phn tp tn s cho bo hiu iu khin L1/L2.
n dnh ti nguyn ng ln cho bo hiu iu khin L1/L2
ti cc v tr khc ca ph tn (khng ti bin) s phn khc ph v th
khng th n nh bng thng truyn dn rng cho mt u cui di
ng v duy tr thuc tnh n sng mang PAPR thp ca truyn dn
ng ln.
13.3.5. nh thi pht trc ng ln
S truyn dn ng ln LTE da trn DFTS-OFDM m bo
tnh trc giao ni , ngha l truyn dn ng ln thu c t cc u
cui di ng khc nhau khng gy nhiu cho nhau ti my thu. Yu
cu c bn m bo trc giao ng ln l cc tn hiu pht i t
cc u cui di ng khc nhau phi ti trm gc gn nh ng b
519
thi gian, hay mt ng b thi gian ch cho php nhiu nht l mt

phn ca CP. m bo iu ny, LTE c c ch nh thi pht
trc. V nguyn l c ch ny cng ging nh iu khin nh thi
ng ln cho OFDM ng ln xt trong chng 3.
V bn cht, nh thi pht trc l mt on dch m ti u
cui di ng gia u khung con thu ng xung v khung con pht
ng ln. Bng cch t khong dch thch hp cho tng u cui di
ng, mng c th iu khin nh thi cc tn hiu thu c ti trm
gc t cc u cui di ng. Cc u cui di ng xa so vi trm gc
b tr truyn sng ln hn v v th cn bt u pht ng ln hi
sm hn so vi cc u cui di ng gn trm gc hn nh minh ha
trn hnh 13.36. Trong th d ny, u cui di ng th nht (MT-1)
nm gn trm gc hn v c tr truyn sng nh, TP.1. V th i vi
u cui di ng ny, mt gi tr nh thi pht trcTA.1 nh l
b tr tr truyn sng v m bo nh thi ng ti trm gc.
Tri li, u cui di ng th hai (MT-2) do t xa trm gc hn nn
tr truyn sng TP.2 ln hn v th i vi n cn c gi tr dch nh
thi pht trc TA.2 ln hn.
Gi tr nh thi pht trc cho tng u cui di ng c mng
xc nh da trn o truyn dn ng ln tng ng. V th chng
no u cui di ng cn tin hnh truyn dn ng ln, truyn dn
ny cn c trm gc thu s dng c tnh nh thi thu ng
ln v y s l c s cho cc lnh nh thi pht trc. Lu rng
mi truyn dn ng ln u c th c s dng c tnh nh
thi. Chng hn mng c th s dng cc truyn dn nh k ca cc
bo co cht lng knh trn ng ln c tnh nh thi khi
khng xy ra truyn dn s liu t u cui di ng. Bng cch ny,
u cui di ng c th khi ng li tc th truyn dn s liu trc
giao ng ln m khng cn giai on ng b li.
520
Hnh 13.36. nh thi pht trc ng ln

Da trn cc o c ng ln, mng quyt nh hiu chnh nh
thi cn thit cho tng u cui. Nu nh thi ca mt u cui di
ng cn hiu chnh, mng pht i lnh nh thi pht trc cho u
cui di ng ny. Thng thng, cc lnh nh thi pht trc cho
mt u cui di ng c pht kh tha, ngha l ch vi ln trong
mt giy.
Nu u cui di ng khng pht bt c th g trn ng ln
trong mt thi gian di, s khng th thc hin c truyn dn ng
ln. Trong trng hp ny, ng b thi gian ng ln c th b mt,
khi ny khi ng li truyn dn s liu ng ln, trc tin cn
thc hin giai on ng b li thi gian bng cch s dng truy nhp
ngu nhin khi phc li ng b thi gian ng ln (s xt trong
chng sau).
521
13.4. TNG KT
Chng ny xt c th cc vn lin quan n lp vt l. Trc
ht cu trc tng th min thi gian c xt. Tip theo cc s
truyn dn ng xung v ng ln c xt. i vi truyn dn
ng xung, cc vn nh: Ti nguyn ng xung, cc tn hiu
tham kho, x l tn hiu knh truyn ti, bo hiu lp 1/lp 2, truyn
dn a anten v MBMSFN c xt. i vi ng ln cc vn
nh: Ti nguyn ng ln, cc tn hiu tham kho, x l tn hiu
knh truyn ti, bo hiu lp 1/lp 2 v nh thi pht trc ng ln
c xt.
Cc thng s c bn cho cc bng thng khc nhau ca LTE c
tng kt trong bng 13.1.
Bng 13.1. Cc thng s c bn ca LTE cho cc bng thng khc
nhau
1,4MHz
3,0MHz
5MHz
10MHz
15MHz
20MHz
Khung con (TTI)

(ms)
Khong cch
gia cc sng
mang con (kHz)
15
Tn s ly mu
(MHz)*
1,92
3,84
7,68
15,36
23,04
30,72
Kch thc FFT
128
256
512
1024
1536
2048
S sng mang
con
72+1
180+1
300+1
600+1
900+1
1200+1
S k hiu trn
mt khung
4 vi CP ngn v 6 vi CP di
Tin t chu trnh
5,21s vi CP ngn v 16,67s vi CP di
* Tn s ly mu c rt ra t tc chip ca WCDMA: 3,84Mcps
522
13.5. CU HI
1.Trnh by cu trc tng th min thi gian LTE
2.Trnh by ti nguyn vt l ng xung LTE
3.Trnh by vai tr v t chc cc tn hiu tham kho ng xung
LTE
4.Trnh by qu trnh x l knh truyn ti ng xung LTE
5.Trnh by truyn dn a anten ng xung LTE
6.Trnh by truyn dn a phng/qung b s dng MBSFN trong
LTE
7.Trnh by ti nguyn vt l ng ln LTE
8.Trnh by vai tr v t chc cc tn hiu tham kho ng ln LTE
9.Trnh by qu trnh x l knh truyn ti ng ln LTE
10. Trnh by bo hiu iu khin ng ln L1/L2
11. Trnh by nh thi pht trc ng ln
Chng 14
CC TH TC TRUY NHP LTE
Cc chng trc m t cc s truyn ng ln v ng

xung LTE. Tuy nhin trc khi truyn dn s liu, u cui di ng
cn kt ni vi mng. Trong chng ny ta s xt cc th tc cn thit
cho mt u cui di ng n c th truy nhp mng LTE.
Tm
Truy nhp ngu nhin
Tm gi
Mc ch chng nhm cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v cc
th tc cn thit mt u cui c th truy nhp mng LTE.
cu hi cui chng.
14.1. TM
Tm l th tc m mt u cui di ng tm mt tim nng
kt ni. Mt phn ca th tc tm l u cui nhn c s nhn
dng v c tnh nh thi khung ca c nhn dng. Ngoi ra th
tc tm cng cung cp cc c tnh cc thng s cn thit thu
thng tin h thng trn knh qung b. Thng tin h thng cha cc
thng s cn thit truy nhp h thng.
524
khng lm phc tp qu trnh quy hoch , s lng cc nhn

dng lp vt l phi ln. Nh cp trong chng 13, LTE h
tr 510 nhn dng khc nhau. Cc nhn dng ny c chia thnh
170 nhm nhn dng vi ba nhn dng trong mi nhm
gim phc tp tm , tm trong LTE thng c thc
hin theo mt s bc ging nh th tc tm ba bc ca WCDMA.
h tr du cui trong th tc ny, LTE cung cp tn hiu ng b
s cp v tn hiu ng b th cp trn ng xung. Cc tn hiu
ng b s cp v ng b th cp l cc chui c bit c chn
vo hai k hiu OFDM cui cng trong khe u tin ca khung con
khng v nm nh minh ha trn hnh 14.1. Ngoi cc tn hiu ng
b, th tc tm cng c th s dng cc tn hiu tham kho.
Khung v tuyn 10 ms
Khung con 1ms

#0
Khe 0,5ms
#1
#2
#3
Khe 0,5ms
#4
#5
Khe 0,5ms
#6
#7
#8
#9
Khe 0,5ms
0 12 34 56 0 12 34 56
0 12 34 56 0 12 34 56
K hiu
OFDM
Tn hiu ng
b th cp
Tn hiu ng
b s cp
Hnh 14.1. Cc tn hiu ng b s cp v th cp

(gi thit di CP bnh thng)
14.1.1. Th tc tm
Trong bc u tin ca th tc tm , u cui di ng s dng
tn hiu ng b s cp nh thi theo 5ms. Lu rng tn hiu
Chng 14: Cc th tc truy nhp LTE
525
ng b c pht hai ln trong mt khung. L do l n gin

chuyn giao t cc cng ngh truy nhp khc nh GSM n LTE. V
th tn hiu ng b s cp ch c th m bo ng b khung vi s
khng r rng 5ms.
Thc hin gii thut c tnh l c th ca nh khai thc, nhng
mt gii php l s dng lc phi hp gia tn hiu thu c v cc
chui c c t cho tn hiu ng b s cp. Khi u ra ca b lc
phi hp t gi tr cc i, th c ngha l u cui tm c nh
thi theo 5ms. Bc th nht cng c th c s dng kha tn s
b dao ng ni ca u cui di ng n tn s sng mang ca trm
gc. Kha tn s ca b dao ng ni n tn s sng mang trm gc
cho php gim bt yu cu chnh xc i vi b dao ng ni ca
u cui di ng v nh vy gim gi thnh.
V cc l do s xt di y, ba chui khc nhau c th c s
dng cho tn hiu ng b s cp. Tn ti nh x (chuyn i) mt
mt gia tng chui ca ba chui ny v nhn dng trong nhm
nhn dng . V th sau bc th nht, u cui tm c nhn
dng ny trong nhm nhn dng . Ngoi ra do c s chuyn i mt
mt gia tng nhn dng trong nhm nhn dng v tng chui
trong s ba chui trc giao c s dng khi to ra tn hiu tham kho
(xem chng 13). u cui di ng cng s bit c mt phn thng
tin v cu trc tn hiu tham kho trong bc ny. Tuy nhin sau bc
ny, u cui vn cha bit nhm nhn dng .
Trong bc tip theo, u cui tm nhm nhn dng v xc nh
ng b khung. iu ny c thc hin bng cch quan st cc cp
khe ni m tn hiu ng b th cp c pht. V nguyn l, nu (s1,
s2) l cp chui c php, trong s1, s2 th hin tn hiu ng b th
cp trong khung con khng v nm, th cp o (s2, s1) khng phi l
cp chui hp l. Khai thc thuc tnh ny, u cui di ng cng gii
quyt c s khng r rng nh thi 5ms t bc th nht trong th
526
tc tm v xc nh c nh thi khung. Ngoi ra mi t hp

(s1,s2) th hin mt trong s cc nhm nhn dng , v th t bc tm
th hai nhm nhn dng cng c tm thy. T nhm nhn dng
, u cui cng nhn c thng tin v chui gi ngu nhin c s
dng to ra tn hiu tham kho trong .
Sau khi hon thnh th tc tm , u cui di ng nhn c thng
tin h thng pht qung b v t nhn c cc thng s cn li
nh bng thng c s dng trong .
14.1.2. Cu trc thi gian/tn s ca cc tn hiu ng b
Cu trc thi gian-tn s tng qut c trnh by s b trc
y v c minh ha trn hnh 14.1. T hnh ny ta thy cc tn hiu
ng b s v th cp c pht trong hai k hiu OFDM ni tip.
Cu trc ny cng c chn c th x l nht qun tn hiu ng
b th cp ti u cui di ng. Sau bc th nht, tn hiu ng b
s cp bit v v th c th s dng n c tnh knh. c tnh
knh ny s c s dng tip theo x l nht qun tn hiu thu
trc bc th hai ci thin hiu nng, tuy nhin vic t cc tn
hiu ng b s cp v th cp cnh nhau cng c ngha l trong bc
th hai u cui phi c tnh m di CP. Tuy nhin y l khai
thc t phc tp.
Trong nhiu trng hp, nh thi trong nhiu c ng b
sao cho khi u khung trong cc cng nhau trng nhau v thi
gian. L do l cho php khai thc MBSFN. Tuy nhin khai thc
ng b cng c ngha l pht cc tn hiu ng b s cp trong cc
khc nhau phi xy ra ti cng mt thi im. V th c tnh knh
da trn tn hiu ng b s cp s phn nh knh tng hp cho tt c
cc nu cng mt tn hiu ng b s cp c s dng trong tt c
cc . R rng rng, gii iu ch nht qun tn hiu ng b th
cp (cc tn hiu ny khc nhau trong cc khc nhau) c tnh knh
xt t quan im l cn thit v khng cn thit c tnh knh tng
527
hp t tt c cc . V th LTE h tr nhiu chui cho tn hiu ng

b s cp. Trong trng hp thu nht qun c trin khai cng vi
vic cc c ng b theo thi gian, cc ln cn c th s dng
cc chui ng b s cp khc nhau gim nh vn c tnh knh
c trnh by trn, Ngoi ra tn hiu ng b s cp cng mang
mt phn nhn dng .
T quan im TDD, t tn hiu ng b ti cui khe th nht ca
khung con thay v khe th hai l c li v s gim bt cc hn ch lin
quan n vic to ra cc khong thi gian bo v gia ng ln v
ng xung. Ni mt cch khc, nu cc tn hiu ng b c t
ti khe cui cng ca khung con, s khng c kh nng nhn c
thi gian bo v cn thit cho TDD bng cch loi b cc k hiu
OFDM nh xt trong chng 13. Ngoi ra, cn lu rng i vi khai
thc TDD, v tr cc tn hiu ng b trong cc khung con khng v
nm l cc khung con ng xung.
Ti thi im u ca tm , bng thng cha cn bit. V
nguyn tc, tm bng thng truyn dn c th c thc hin nh l
mt phn ca tm . Tuy nhin iu ny s lm phc tp ha ton b
th tc tm , v th nn duy tr th tc tm nh nhau khng ph
thuc vo tng bng thng truyn dn ca . Sau u cui c th
c thng bo v bng thng ca trong knh qung b. duy tr
cu trc min tn s ca cc tn hiu ng b ging nhau khng ph
thuc vo bng thng , cc tn hiu ng b lun lun c pht trn
72 sng mang con trung tm tng ng vi bng thng 1MHz.
Hnh 14.2 minh ha mt kh nng thc hin to ra cc tn hiu
ng b. Ba mi su sng mang con ti hai pha ca sng mang con
DC trong min tn s c dnh ring cho tn hiu ng b. S dng
IFFT, tn hiu min thi gian tng ng c th c to ra. Kch
thc IFFT cng nh s cc sng mang con c t bng khng trn
hnh 14.2 ph thuc vo bng thng h thng. Cc sng mang con
528
khng s dng cho truyn dn cc tn hiu ng b c s dng

truyn dn s liu.
Tn hiu ng b,
trnh by trong min tn s
0
Tn hiu ng b,
Trnh by trong min thi gian- tn s
IFFT
36 sng mang con
36 sng mang con

DC
Hnh 14.2. To tn hiu ng b trong min tn s

14.1.3. Tm ban u v tm ln cn
Tm kt ni sau khi u cui bt ngun l mt trng hp rt
quan trng. Tuy nhin kh nng nhn dng cc ng c chuyn
giao cho h tr di ng khi u cui chuyn t kt ni ny sang kt
ni khc cng khng km phn quan trng. Hai tnh hung ny
thng c gi l tm ban u v tm ln cn.
tm ban u, u cui di ng thng khng bit c tn
s sng mang ca cc m n ang tm. x l trng hp ny, u
cui cn tm mt sng mang thch hp bng cch lp th tc ni trn
nhiu ln cho tt c cc sng mang c th c c cho trong li tn
s. R rng rng cch lm ny thng lm tng thi gian cn thit tm
, nhng yu cu v thi gian i vi tm ban u l kh d ri. Cc
phng php c th thc hin cng c th c s dng gim thi
gian t lc bt ngun n lc tm c . Chng hn, u cui c th
s dng mi thng tin m n c v bt u tm trn cng mt tn s
m n kt ni n ln cui.
Mt khc, tm ln cn li c cc yu cu nh thi cht ch hn.
Tm ln cn cng chm th u cui cng mt nhiu thi gian
c chuyn giao n c cht lng knh v tuyn trung bnh tt
hn. R rng rng iu ny s lm gim hiu sut s dng ph tn
tng th. Tuy nhin trong trng hp chuyn giao cng tn s, r rng
rng u cui di ng khng cn thit phi tm sng mang trong ln
529
cn. V khng phi tm kim trn nhiu sng mang, nn tm ln

cn cng tn s c th s dng cng th tc nh tm ban u.
Khi u cui thu s liu ng xung t mng, n cng cn o
c cho mc ch chuyn giao. V th u cui phi c kh nng thc
hin tm ln cn trong cc trng hp ny. i vi tm ln cn
trong cng tn s, y khng phi l vn ln v cc ln cn ng
c pht cng tn s ging nh tn s m t u cui thu s liu.
Thu s liu v tm ln cn l hai chc nng bng gc tch bit hot
ng trn cng mt tn hiu thu.
Tuy nhin trng hp chuyn giao gia cc tn s phc tp hn
v thu s liu v tm ln cn cn c thc hin trn cc tn s khc
nhau. V nguyn l c th trang b cho u cui di ng mt mch thu
v tuyn ring cho vic tm ln cn, tuy nhin iu ny lm tng tnh
phc tp ca thc hin. V th c th to ra cc khong trng trong
truyn dn s liu trong khong thi gian ny u cui c th chnh
sng n tn s khc cho mc ch o c. iu ny c thc hin
theo cch ging nh i vi HSPA, bng cch trnh lp biu u cui
trong mt hoc vi khung con.
14.2. TRUY NHP NGU NHIN
Yu cu cn bn i vi mi h thng t ong l kh nng u
cui c th yu cu thit lp kt ni. iu ny thng c gi l truy
nhp ngu nhin v n phc v hai mc ch chnh trong LTE, l
thit lp ng b ng ln v thit lp mt nhn dng u cui duy
nht (C-RNTI), trong mng v u cui u bit nhn dng ny. V
th truy nhp ngu nhin khng ch c s dng cho truy nhp ln
u, khi chuyn t LTE_DETACHED hay LTE-IDLE vo
LTE_ACTIVE (xem chng 12 cho cc trng hp ny) m cn c
sau cc chu k khng tch cc khi ng b ng ln b mt trong
LTE_ACTIVE.
530
Tng th th tc truy nhp ngu nhin (mnh ha trn hnh 14.3)

bao gm bn bc:
Hnh 14.3. Tng quan th tc truy nhp ngu nhin

1. Bc mt gm truyn dn mt tin t truy nhp ngu nhin cho
php eNodeB c tnh nh thi truyn dn ca u cui. ng b
ng ln cn thit v khng c n u cui khng th pht s liu
ng ln.
2. Bc th hai bao gm pht lnh nh thi pht trc iu chnh
nh thi pht ca u cui da trn cc kt qu o nh thi ca
bc mt. Ngoi vic thit lp ng b ng ln, bc hai cn n
nh cc ti nguyn cho u cui di ng n s dng trong bc
ba ca th tc truy nhp ngu nhin.
3. Bc ba bao gm truyn dn nhn dang u cui di ng n mng
bng knh UL-SCH ging nh s liu c lp biu thng thng.
531
Ni dung chnh xc ca bo hiu ph thuc vo trng thi ca u

cui, chng hn mng c bit n trc y hay khng.
4. Bc th t v l bc cui cng bao gm truyn dn mt bn tin
phn gii xung t t mng n u cui trn DL-SCH. Bc ny
cng phn gii mi xung t do nhiu u cui tm cch truy nhp
mng bng cch s dng cng mt ti nguyn truy nhp ngu nhin.
Ch bc th nht s dng x l lp vt l c thit k c bit
cho truy nhp ngu nhin. Tt c ba bc cn li s dng cng mt x
l lp vt l ging nh cho truyn dn s liu ng ln v ng
xung thng thng. Di y ta s xt chi tit cc bc ny.
14.2.1. Bc 1: Truyn dn tin t truy nhp
Bc th nht trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin l truyn dn
mt tin t truy nhp ngu nhin. Mc ch chnh ca tin t ny l
thng tin cho mng v c mt nh truy nhp v nhn c ng
b thi gian ng ln trong gii hn mt phn nh ca CP ng ln.
V tng qut, cc truyn dn tin t truy nhp ngu nhin c th
hoc trc giao hoc khng trc giao i vi s liu ca ngi s dng.
Trong WCDMA, tin t l khng trc giao i vi truyn dn s liu
ng ln. iu ny l c li v khng cn phi n nh bn c nh
ti nguyn cho truy nhp ngu nhin. Tuy nhin iu khin nhiu
truy nhp ngu nhin i vi s liu, cng sut pht ca tin t truy
nhp ngu nhin phi c iu khin cn thn. Trong WCDMA, iu
ny c gii quyt bng th tc tng cng sut tng nc, trong
u cui tng t t cng sut theo tng nc quy nh trc cho n khi
trm di ng pht hin c truy nhp ngu nhin. Mc d y l mt
gii php thch hp cho vn nhiu, nhng th tc tng tng nc dn
n tr tng th th tc truy nhp ngu nhin. V th t quan im tr, th
tc truy nhp ngu nhin khng i hi tng tng nc s c li hn.
532
Trong LTE, truyn dn tin t truy nhp ngu nhin c th c

thc hin trc giao vi cc truyn dn s liu ca ngi s dng v
kt qu l khng cn tng cng sut tng nc (mc d c t tiu
chun cho php tng tng nc). Trc giao gia s liu ca ngi s
dng c pht i t cc u cui khc v cc truy nhp t c
c trong min thi gian v min tn s. Mng pht qung b thng tin
n tt c cc u cui v ti nguyn thi gian-tn s dnh cho truyn
dn tin t truy nhp ngu nhin. trnh nhiu gia s liu v cc
tin t truy nhp ngu nhin, mng trnh lp biu cho cc truyn dn
ng ln trong cc ti nguyn thi gian-tn s ny. iu ny c
minh ha trn hnh 14.4. V n v thi gian c bn truyn dn s
liu trong LTE l 1ms, mt khung con c dnh trc cho truyn
dn tin t. Tin t truy nhp ngu nhin s c pht trong cc ti
nguyn dnh trc ny.
Trong min tn s, tin t truy nhp ngu nhin c bng thng
tng ng vi su khi ti nguyn (1,08 MHz). iu ny hon ton
ph hp vi bng thng nh nht m LTE c th hot ng (su khi
ti nguyn) nh xt trong chng 13. V th, cng mt cu trc tin
t truy nhp c th c s dng khng ph thuc vo bng thng
truyn dn ca . i vi cc trin khai s dng cc n nh bng
thng ln hn, nhiu ti nguyn truy nhp ngu nhin c th c nh
ngha trong min tn s m bo dung lng truy nhp ln hn.
Hnh 14.4. Minh ha nguyn l truyn dn tin t ngu nhin
533
thc hin truy nhp nhu nhin, u cui di ng phi nhn

c ng b ng xung trong th tc tm trc khi pht tin t.
Tuy nhin nh thi ng ln vn cha c thit lp. Khi u
khung ng ln ti u cui c nh ngha tng i so vi khi
u khung ng xung ti u cui di ng. Do tr truyn sng gia
trm gc v u cui, nn pht ng ln s tr tng i so vi nh
thi pht ng xung ti trm gc. Do khong cch gia trm gc v
u cui di ng khng bit, nn s c s khng r rng trong nh
thi ng ln tng ng vi hai ln khong cch gia trm gc v
u cui, gii quyt s khng r rng ny v trnh nhiu giao thoa
vi cc khung con tip theo, cn s dng mt khong bo v, ngha l
di tin t thc t ngn hn 1ms, Hnh 14.5 minh ha di tin t
v thi gian bo v. Vi di tin t vo khong 0,9ms, thi gian
bo v l 0,1ms s cho php cc kch thc n 15km, Trong cc
ln hn, trong s khng r rng c th ln hn thi gian bo v, c
th to ra thi gian bo v b sung bng cch khng lp biu cc
truyn dn trong khung con tip sau ti nguyn truy nhp ngu nhin.
Hnh 14.5. nh thi tin t ti eNodeB cho cc ngi s dng truy

nhp ngu nhin khc nhau
Tin t da trn cc chui Zadoff-Chu v l cc chui dch vng.
Cc chui Zadoff-Chu cng c s dng to ra cc tn hiu tham
534
kho ng ln nh trnh by ti chng 13. T tng chui Zadoff(u )

(k ) , c th nhn c m-1 cc chui dch vng bng cch
Chu X ZC
dch vng M ZC / m trong MZC l di ca chui Zadoff-Chu
gc v x l s nguyn ln nht nh hn hoc bng x.
Cc chui ZC dch vng c mt s tnh cht hp dn. Bin
chui khng i, v th m bo s dng hiu qu b khuych i
cng sut v duy tr cc thuc tnh PAPR thp ca ng ln n sng
mang. Cc chui ny cng c t tng quan dch vng l tng cho
php c tnh nh thi chnh xc ti eNodeB. Cui cng tng quan
cho gia cc tin t khc nhau c xy dng da trn dch vng ca
cng mt chui ZC bng khng khi dch vng thi gian N/m c
s dng khi to ra cc tin t ti my thu khng ln hn thi gian
truyn vng cc i cng vi tri tr cc i knh. Nh tnh cht
tng quan cho l tng ny, nn khng xy ra nhiu ni do nhiu
truy nhp ngu nhin s dng cc tin t c rt ra t cng mt
chui Zadoff-Chu gc.
Vic to ra tin t truy nhp ngu nhin c minh ha trn hnh
14.6. Mc d hnh v minh ha qu trnh ny trong min thi gian,
nhng cng c th thc hin to tin t truy nhp ngu nhin trong
min tn s. Ngoi ra x l min tn s ti trm gc (s xt di
y), CP c chn vo trong qu trnh to tin t.
Hnh 14.6. To tin t truy nhp ngu nhin

Cc chui tin t c chia thnh cc nhm 64 chui. Sau khi lp
cu hnh h thng, mi c n nh mt nhm ni trn bng cch
nh ngha mt hay nhiu chui Zadoff-Chu gc v cc dch vng cn
535
thit to ra tp cc tin t. n gin vic quy hoch chui gia

cc , s nhm phi ln.
Khi thc hin truy nhp ngu nhin, u cui chn ngu nhin
mt chui t tp chui c n nh cho m n ang tm cch truy
nhp. Nu khng c u cui no cng tm cch truy nhp ti cng
mt thi im bng cng mt chui, th khng c va chm v
truy nhp ny s c mng pht hin vi xc sut cao.
X l trm gc l mt thc hin c th, nhng nh gn CP vo
tin t, nn x l min tn s s t phc tp hn. Th d v x l ny
c cho trn hnh 14.7, cc mu trn mt ca s c thu tp v
c chuyn i vo th hin min tn s bng FFT. Ca s di 0,8ms
bng di chui ZC khng c CP. iu ny cho php x l s khng r
rng n 0,1ms v thch ng vi thi gian bo v c nh ngha.
Hnh 14.7. Pht hin tin t truy nhp trong min tn s

u ra ca FFT th hin tn hiu trong min tn s c nhn vi
th hin min tn s lin hip phc ca chui Zadoff-Chu gc v kt
qu nhn c c a n IFFT. Bng cch quan trc u ra, c th
pht hin c dch vng no ca chui Zadoff-Chu gc c pht
v tr ca n. nh ca u IFFT ra trong on i tng ng vi chui
dch vng th i v tr c xc nh theo v tr nh trong on ny.
Thc hin min tn s cho php tnh ton n gin hn v cho php
pht hin nhiu truy nhp ngu nhin s dng cc chui dch
vng khc nhau t cng mt chui Zadoff-Chu; trong trng hp
nhiu ch cn tm c nh ca tng on tng ng.
536
14.2.2. Bc 2: Tr li truy nhp ngu nhin

tr li truy nhp ngu nhin (bc hai ca th tc truy nhp
ngu nhin), mng s pht mt bn tin trn DL-SCH cha:
Ch s tin t truy nhp ngu nhin m mng pht hin v i vi
tin t ny tr li l hp l.
Hiu chnh thi gian c tnh ton bi my thu tin t truy nhp
ngu nhin.
Cho php lp biu ch th cc ti nguyn m u cui s s dng
cho truyn dn bn tin trong bc ba.
Mt nhn dng tm thi s dng cho thng tin tip theo gia u
cui v mng.
Trong trng hp mng pht hin nhiu truy nhp ngu
nhin (t cc u cui khc nhau), nhiu bn tin tr li cho cc u
cui di ng c th c kt hp trong mt truyn dn duy nht. V
th, bn tin tr li c lp biu trn DL-SCH v c ch th trn
knh iu khin L1/L2 bng mt nhn dng dnh ring cho tr li truy
nhp ngu nhin. Tt c cc u cui truyn tin t s gim st cc
knh iu khin L1/L2 nhn tr li truy nhp ngu nhin. nh thi
ca bn tin tr li khng c quy nh trong c t c th tr li
nhiu truy nhp ng thi. iu ny cng m bo mc linh hot
nht nh trong thc hin trm gc.
Nu cc u cui di ng thc hin truy nhp ngu nhin trong
cng mt ti nguyn s dng cc tin t khc nhau th s khng xy ra
va chm v t bo hiu ng xung cc u cui s nhn bit c
r rng thng tin no dnh cho n. Tuy nhin s c mt xc sut va
chm nht nh trong nhiu u cui s dng cng mt tin t ti
cng mt thi im. Trong trng hp ny nhiu u cui s phn
ng ln cng mt tr li ng xung v va chm xy ra. Phn gii
cc va chm l b phn ca bc tip theo (s xt di y). Va chm
537
l l do v sao HARQ khng c s dng truyn dn tr li truy

nhp ngu nhin. u cui nhn c tr li truy nhp ngu nhin
dnh cho u cui khc s khng c nh thi ng ln ng. Nu
HARQ c s dng, nh thi ACK/NAK cho u cui ny s khng
ng v c th gy nhiu cho bo hiu iu khin ng ln t cc
ngi s dng khc.
Khi nhn c tr li truy nhp ngu nhin trong bc th hai
u cui s iu chnh nh thi pht ng ln v tip tc bc ba.
14.2.3. Bc 3: Nhn dng u cui
Sau bc hai, ng ln ca u cui c ng b. Tuy
nhin trc khi c th truyn s liu ngi s dng n/t u cui di
ng, cn n nh cho u cui di ng mt s nhn dng duy nht
trong (C-RNTI). Ph thuc vo trng thi u cui, c th cn thm
cc trao i bn tin.
Trong bc ba, u cui pht cc bn tin cn thit n mng bng
cch s dng cc ti nguyn c n nh trong tr li truy nhp ngu
nhin ca bc hai. Cc bn tin ng ln ny c pht ging nh s
liu ng ln c lp biu m khng cn phi gn vo tin t nh
trong bc mt. Cch lm ny em li mt s li ch sau. Th nht,
khi lng thng tin c pht khi khng c ng b ng ln b
gim thiu do phi cn mt khong thi gian bo v ln v iu ny
lm tng chi ph cho truyn dn. Th hai, s dng s truyn dn
ng ln bnh thng cho php iu chnh kch thc cho php v
s iu ch theo cc iu kin v tuyn khc nhau. Cui cng, cho
php s dng HARQ vi kt hp mm cho bn tin ng ln. Li ch
cui cng l mt nt quan trng nht l i vi cc kch bn gii hn
vng ph, v n cho php s dng nhin ln pht li thu thp
nng lng cho bo hiu ng ln m bo xc sut truyn dn
thnh cng cao. Lu rng cc pht li RLC khng c s dng
cho bo hiu RRC ng ln trong bc 3.
538
Mt b phn quan trng ca bn tin ng ln l b phn cha

nhn dng u cui v nhn dng ny c s dng nh l mt phn
ca c ch phn gii xung t trong bc bn. Trng hp u cui
nm trong trng thi LTE_ACTIVE, ngha l n c ni n mt
bit trc v v th C-RNTI c n nh, the C-RNTI ny c s
dng lm nhn dng trong bn tin ng ln. Tri li, mt nhn dng
u cui ca mng li c s dng v mng truy nhp v tuyn cn
yu cu s tham gia ca mng li trc khi tr li bn tin ng ln
trong bc 3.
14.2.4. Bc 4: Phn gii va chm
Bc cui cng trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin gm mt bn
tin cho phn gii xung t. Lu rng t bc th hai, nhiu u cui
thc hin truy nhp v tuyn ng thi s dng cng mt chui tin t
trong bc th nht nghe cng mt bn tin tr li trong bc th
hai v do c cng mt nhn dng tm thi. V th, trong bc bn,
mi u cui di ng nhn c bn tin ng xung s so snh s
nhn dng trong bn tin ny vi s nhn dng bn tin c pht trong
bc ba. Ch mt u cui quan trc c s ph hp gia nhn dng
nhn c trong bn tin th t vi nhn dng c pht trong bc ba
mi thng bo rng th tc truy nhp ngu nhin thnh cng. Nu u
cui cha c n nh C-RNTI, s nhn dng tm thi trong bc
hai c chuyn thnh C-RNTI, tri li u cui gi nguyn C-RNTI
c n nh.
Bn tin phn gii va chm c pht trn DL-SCH s dng nhn
dng tm thi t bc hai trao i thng tin vi u cui trn knh
iu khin L1/L2. V ng b ng ln c thit lp, HARQ
c p dng cho ng xung trong bc ny. u cui c s ph
hp gia nhn dng c pht trong bc ba v nhn dng trong bn
tin nhn c trong bc bn s pht cng nhn HARQ ng ln.
539
u cui khng tm c s ph hp gia nhn dng nhn c

trong bc bn v nhn dng c pht trong bc ba s c coi l
b tht bi trong th tc truy nhp ngu nhin v cn phi khi ng
li th tc truy nhp ngu nhin t bc th nht. Tt nhin khng c
phn hi HARQ t cc u cui ny.
14.3. TM GI
Tm gi c s dng thit lp mt kt ni c khi u bi
mng. Mt th tc tm gi hiu qu phi cho php u cui ng
my thu khng phi thc hin x l trong hu ht thi gian v ch thc
gic trong cc khong thi gian ngn quy nh trc gim st thng
tin tm gi t mng.
Trong WCDMA, mt knh ch th tm gi ring c s dng
ch th cho u cui rng thng tin tm gi s c pht v u cui
phi gim st knh ny ti cc thi im quy nh trc. V ch th tm
gi rt ngn so vi thi gian truyn thng tin tm gi, nn cch lm
ny gim thiu thi gian m u cui phi thc gic.
Trong LTE, khng s dng knh ch th tm gi ring v tit kim
cng sut theo cch ny khng ng k do thi gian ca bo hiu iu
khin L1/L2 ngn, nhiu nht l ba k hiu nh trnh by trong
chng 13. Thay vo c ch ging nh truyn dn s liu ng
xung bnh thng trn knh DL-SCH c s dng v u cui di
ng gim st bo hiu iu khin ng xung cho cc n nh lp
biu ng xung. Cc chu k DRX c nh ngha, v th u cui
c th ng hu ht thi gian v ch tnh gic trong khong thi gian
ngn gim st bo hiu iu khin L1/L2. Nu u cui di ng
pht hin nhn dng nhm c s dng tm gi khi n thc gic,
n s x l bn tin tng ng c pht trn ng xung ny. Bn
tin tm gi bao gm nhn dng u cui (cc u cui) ang c tm
gi v u cui khng tn thy nhn dng ca mnh s xo thng tin
540
nhn c v ng theo chu k DRX. R rng rng, v nh thi ng

ln khng c bit trong cc chu k DRX, nn khng th thc hin
bo hiu ACK/NAK v v th khng th s dng HARQ vi kt hp
mm cho cc bn tin tm gi. Do , tr li tm gi u cui phi
thc hin th tc truy nhp ngu nhin nh xt trn.
Chu k DRX cho tm gi c minh ha trn hnh 14.8.
Hnh 14.8. Thu khng lin tc (DRX) i vi tm gi

14.4. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc th tc cn thit cho mt u cui di ng
n c th truy nhp mng LTE. Hai th tc c xt trong chng
ny l: Tm v truy nhp ngu nhin.
Tm l th tc m mt u cui di ng tm mt tim nng
kt ni. Kt qu ca th tc ny l u cui nhn c s nhn dng
v c tnh nh thi khung ca c nhn dng. Ngoi ra th tc
tm cng cung cp cc c tnh cc thng s cn thit thu thng
tin h thng trn knh qung b, qua knh ny u cui nhn c cc
thng s cn thit truy nhp h thng.
Truy nhp ngu nhin cho php u cui gi yu cu thit lp kt
ni n mng. Kt qu ca truy nhp ny l thit lp ng b ng
ln v thit lp mt nhn dng u cui duy nht (C-RNTI), trong
mng v u cui u bit nhn dng ny. V th truy nhp ngu nhin
khng ch c s dng cho truy nhp ln u, khi chuyn t
LTE_DETACHED hay LTE-IDLE vo LTE_ACTIVE (xem chng
541
13 cho cc trng hp ny) m cn c sau cc chu k khng tch cc

khi ng b ng ln b mt trong LTE_ACTIVE.
14.5. CU HI
1. Trnh by ngha ca tm .
2. Trnh by vai tr tn hiu ng b s cp v tn hiu ng b th
cp trn ng xung v t chc ca cc tn hiu ny i vi th
tc tm .
3. Trnh by th tc tm .
4. Trnh by th tc truy nhp ngu nhin.
5. Trnh by th tc tm gi.
Chng 15
PHT TRIN KIN TRC H THNG, SAE
Chng ny s xt tng quan cng vic pht trin kin trc h

thng (SAE: System Architecture Evolution) trong 3GPP. Ngoi ra
hiu c xut s ca SAE, mng li ca WCDMA/HSPA cng c
trnh by. Nh vy chng ny s trnh by kin trc h thng ca
WCDMA/HSPA, LTE, kt ni gia chng, cc im ging nhau v
cc khc bit gia chng. Thut ng kin trc h thng m t vic
n nh cc chc nng cn thit cho cc nt logic, v cc giao din cn
thit gia cc nt ny. Trong h thng thng tin di ng nh
WCDMA/HSPA v LTE/SAE, hu ht cc chc nng cn thit cho
giao din v tuyn c trnh by trong cc chng trc. Cc
chc nng ny thng c gi l cc chc nng mng truy nhp v
tuyn. Tuy nhin mt mng di ng cn cn mt s cc chc nng b
sung cung cp cc dch v: Nh khai thc cn chc nng tnh cc
tnh cc cho ngi s dng; nhn thc cng cn m bo rng
ngi s dng l hp l; thit lp dch v cn m bo rng c
mt kt ni u cui u cui. Cc chc nng ny khng lin quan
trc tip n cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn, nhng chng cn thit i
vi mi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn (v cc chc nng ny thc t
cng cn cho cc truy nhp c nh). Cc chc nng ny thng c
gi l cc chc nng mng li. Do c nhiu kiu chc nng khc nhau
nh vy trong mt h thng thng tin di ng t ong, nn kin trc h
thng c chia thnh phn mng truy nhp v tuyn v phn mng
li (hnh 15.1)
544
Hnh 15.1. Mng truy nhp v tuyn v mng li

nh gi hiu nng
nh gi hiu nng ca pht trin 3G v LTE da trnm phng tnh
nh gi LTE trong 3GPP da trn m phng ng
Qu ng truyn HSPA
Qu ng truyn LTE
Mc ch chng gip cho cho sinh vin hiu tng quan v cng
vic pht trin kin trc h thng (SAE: System Architecture
Evolution) trong 3GPP.
cu hi cui chng.
15.1. PHN CHIA CHC NNG MNG TRUY NHP V
TUYN V MNG LI
Trong qu trnh c t chun WCDMA/HSPA v LTE/SAE,
nhim v u tin cho c hai trng hp l phn chia cc chc nng
Chng 15: Pht trin kin trc h thng , SAE
545
cho mng truy nhp v tuyn (RAN: Radio Access Network) v mng
li (Core Network). Thot nhn c v nh y l mt nhim v n
gin, nhng trong thc t n kh phc tp. Phn ln cc chc nng
ny c th d rng t trong RAN hoc mng li, nhng mt s chc
nng i hi cn nhc thn trng.
15.1.1. Phn chia chc nng gia mng truy nhp v tuyn v
mng li ca WCDMA/HSPA
i vi WCDMA/HSPA, trit l ng sau vic phn chia ny l
gi cho mng li khng bit c cng ngh v tuyn v cu trc ca
n. C ngha l RAN phi iu khin tt c cc chc nng ti u ha
giao din v tuyn v cc c du kn i vi mng li. V th
mng li c th s dng c cho mi cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn
v tip nhn cng mt phn chia chc nng.
hiu c ngun gc ca trit l ng sau vic phn chia chc
nng ca WCDMA/HSPA, ta cn ngc tr li xt kin trc h thng
GSM c thit k vo nhng nm 1980. Mt trong cc vn ca
kin trc GSM l mng li hon ton nhn bit cc trong h thng.
V th mi khi b sung thm mt , cc nt mng li cng phi c
cp nht. i vi WCDMA/HSPA, mng li khng bit cc . Tuy
nhin mng li bit cc vng phc v v RA (Routing Area: vng nh
tuyn) chuyn i cc vng phc v ny vo cc . V th khi b sung
thm mt mi vo mt vng dch v, mng li khng cn cp nht.
Mt im khc nhau chnh so vi GSM l v tr ca cc giao thc
pht li v cc b m s liu trong mng li i vi GSM. V cc
giao thc pht li c ti u ha cho giao din v tuyn GSM, nn
cc giao thc ny l c th giao din v tuyn v v th khng ph
hp cho giao din v tuyn WCDMA/HSPA. y c coi l im
yu ca mng li v v th tt c cc b m v cc giao thc pht li
trong WCDMA u c chuyn di vo RAN. Nh vy chng no
mng truy nhp v tuyn cn s dng cng mt giao din vi mng
546
li, giao din Iu, mng li c th kt ni c vi cc mng truy nhp

v tuyn s dng cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau.
Hn na cn c cc phn chia chc nng WCDMA/HSPA m ta
khng th ch gii thch bng trit l mng li c lp vi cc cng
ngh v tuyn. Cc chc nng an ninh l mt th d r nht. Mt ln
na ta li tr li vi GSM, GSM c cc chc nng an ninh t ti cc
v tr khc nhau i vi cc kt ni chuyn mch knh v cc kt ni
chuyn mch gi (GPRS chng hn). i vi cc kt ni chuyn mch
knh cc chc nng an ninh c t trong GSM RAN, trong khi
i vi cc kt ni chuyn mch gi, cc chc nng an ninh c t
trong mng li GSM (trong SGSN). i vi WCDMA/HSPA iu
ny b coi l qu phc tp v cn c mt v tr an ninh chung. V tr
ny c quyt nh t trong RAN, v cn m bo an ninh cho bo
hiu v iu khin qun l ti nguyn v tuyn.
Nh vy cc chc nng RAN ca WCDMA/HSPA l:
- M ha, an xen, iu ch v cc chc nng lp vt l in
hnh khc
- ARQ, nn tiu v cc chc nng lp lin kt in hnh khc
- Qun l ti nguyn v tuyn, chuyn giao v cc chc nng iu
khin ti nguyn v tuyn in hnh khc
- Cc chc nng an ninh (mt m ha v bo v tnh ton vn)
- Cc chc nng cn thit cho mi h thng di ng nhng khng
c th cho mng truy nhp v tuyn v khng tng cng hiu nng
c t trong mng li. Cc chc nng ny l:
- Tnh cc
- Qun l thu bao
- Qun l di ng (theo di di chuyn ca cc ngi s dng
trong mng nh v trong cc mng khc)
547
- Qun l knh mang v x l cht lng dch v

- iu khin chnh sch cho cc lung s liu ca ngi s dng
- Kt ni vi cc mng ngoi
15.1.2. Phn chia chc nng gia LTE RAN v mng li
Phn chia chc nng gia LTE RAN (cn gi l E-RAN) v
mng li cng ging nh phn chia chc nng ca WCDMA\HSPA.
Tuy nhin trit l thit k then cht ca LTE RAN l gim thiu s
lng cc nt v tm ra mt gii php trong RAN ch c mt kiu
nt. Ngoi ra, trit l ng sau mng li LTE l lm cho n cng c
lp vi cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn cng tt.
V th hu ht cc chc nng RAN ca WCDMA/HSPA vn gi
nguyn trong LTE RAN. Nh vy cc chc nng LTE RAN l :
M ha, an xen, iu ch v cc chc nng lp vt l in hnh khc
ARQ, nn tiu v cc chc nng lp lin kt in hnh khc
Cc chc nng an ninh (mt m ha v bo v tnh ton vn)
Cc chc nng qun l ti nguyn, chuyn giao v cc chc nng
iu khin ti nguyn v tuyn in hnh khc.
Cc chc nng mng li LTE l:
- Tnh cc
- Qun l thu bao
- Qun l di ng (theo di chuyn ng ca cc ngi s dng
trong mng nh v cc mng khc)
- Qun l knh mang v x l cht lng dch v
- iu khin chnh sch cho cc lung s liu ca cc ngi s dng
- Kt ni vi mng ngoi
548
15.2. MNG TRUY NHP V TUYN HSPA/WCDMA V LTE

Ngoi vic phn chia cc chc nng gia RAN v mng li, cn
phi c t kin trc bn trong ca RAN. Trong khi RAN ca mt
cng ngh v tuyn bt k i hi t nht mt nt ni n anten ca
mt , th cc cng ngh truy nhp v tuyn khc nhau c cc gii
php khc nhau v s kiu nt v cc giao din cn c.
Kin trc RAN ca HSPA/WCDMA v LTE khc nhau. V cn
bn, l do khc nhau ny khng ch v s khc nhau trong trit l thit
k phn chia RAN/mng li m c s khc nhau v cng ngh truy
nhp v tuyn v cc chc nng c tip nhn ca chng. Cc
chng sau s m t HSPA/WCDMA RAN v LTE RAN vi nhn
mnh cc khc bit cng nh cc s ging nhau ca chng v cung
cp cc chi tit b sung so vi cc chng trc.
15.2.1. Mng truy nhp v tuyn ca HSPA/WCDMA
V bn cht nhn t quan trng cho kin trc HSPA/WCDMA l
chc nng phn tp v m c s dng cho cc knh truyn ti DCH.
Phn tp v m i hi mt im neo trong RAN phn chia v
kt hp cc lung s liu n v i t cc m u cui hin ang s
dng. Cc ny c gi l tp tch cc ca u cui.
Trong khi hon ton c th c c neo ny trong nt kt ni n
anten ca mt v cc lung s liu ca cc khc i qua nt ny,
th iu ny li khng c li xt t quan im mng truyn ti. Hu
ht cc mng truy nhp v tuyn c cc gii hn v mng truyn ti,
ch yu chng cui cng, ngha l chng cui cng ni n trm t
anten. Ngoi ra cc trm t anten ny thng l cc l trong cc cnh
cy v v th neo trong mt l thng c ngha l phi truyn qua
chng cui nhiu ln nh minh ha trn hnh 15.2. V th im neo
c c t l mt im tch ring so vi nt ni n anten.
549
Phn tp v m trong
mt nt tng hp
Phn tp v m trong mt nt l
Hnh 15.2. Cu hnh truyn ti nh hng n vic n nh chc nng

V vic t kt hp phn tp v m pha trn nt ni n anten,
nn lp lin kt cn kt cui ti cng mt nt nh phn tp v m hay
ti mt nt cao hn trong phn cp ca RAN. Vic kt cui lp lin
kt ti mt nt khc vi nt kt hp phn tp v m l tit kim ti
nguyn truyn ti. Tuy nhin vic tch ring chng dn n tng
phc tp, nn ngi ta quyt nh t kt cui lp lin kt v kt
hp phn tp v m trong cng mt nt. Cng v l do nh vy, bo
hiu mt phng iu khin ca RAN c t trong nt thc hin
phn tp v m. Nt ny c gi l B iu khin mng v tuyn
(RNC: Radio Network Controller), v n ch yu iu khin RAN.
Mc d phn tp v m khng c s dng cho ng xung
ca HSPA nhng n c s dng cho ng ln ca HSPA. Thc t
ny cng vi nguyn tc trong kin trc ny cng phi h tr
WCDMA R3 vi thay i t nht nn RNC cng c mt trong kin
trc WCDMA/HSPA.
Hnh 15.3 cho thy tng quan mng truy nhp v tuyn
WCDMA/HSPA. T hnh ny ta c th thy RAN bao gm hai nt
chc nng c bn: RNC v nt ni n anten ca cc , nt B.
550
Mng li
Iu
Iu
RNC
RNC
Iur
Iub
Iub
Iub
Iub
Iub
Nt B
Nt B
Nt B
Nt B
Nt B
Hnh 15.3. Mng truy nhp v tuyn

WCDMA/HSPA: Cc nt v cc giao din
RNC l nt ni RAN n mng li qua giao din Iu. Nguyn tc
ca giao din Iu l phi c th s dng n cho cc RAN khc nhau
ch khng ch cho WCDMA/HSPA RAN.
Mi RNC trong mng c th ni n mi RNC khc trong cng
mng thng qua giao din Iur. V th giao din Iur l mt giao din
rng ca mng cho php s dng RNC nh mt im neo cho u
cui v che du s di ng ca u cui i vi mng li. Ngoi ra
giao din Iur cn thit thc hin phn tp v m gia cc cc trc
thuc cc RNC khc nhau.
Nh thy t hnh 15.3, mt RNC ni n mt hay nhiu nt B s
dng giao din Iub. Tuy nhin khng nh RNC c th ni n RNC
khc, mt nt B ch c th ni n mt RNC. V th ch mt RNC
iu khin nt B. Ngha l RNC qun l cc ti nguyn ca nt B ny.
551
Trong trng hp kt ni phn tp v m qua hai RNC, hai RNC ny

tha thun vi nhau v vic s dng cc ti nguyn v tuyn.
Nt B l mt nt logic x l pht v thu mt tp . V logic, cc
anten ca cc thuc nt B ny, tuy nhin chng khng nht thit
phi c t trn cng mt trm anten. Chng hn, trong mi trng
trong nh, nhiu nh c th c x l bi cng mt nt B t
tng hm vi cc anten t trong cc hnh lang khc nhau trn cc
tng khc nhau, Chnh kh nng phc v cc khng pht t cng
mt trm anten lm cho nt B khc vi BTS (trm thu pht gc), BS
(trm gc hay RBS (trm gc v tuyn) v y chnh l l do ny sinh
ra tn mi: nt B.
Nt B s hu phn cng ca mnh nhng khng s hu cc ti
nguyn v tuyn ca cc thuc n. V th nt B c th t chi mt
kt ni do hn ch phn cng ch khng do thiu ti nguyn v tuyn.
Bng phn cng ca mnh, nt B thc hin cc chc nng lp vt l
ngoi tr phn tp v m. i vi HSPA, nt B cng thc hin lp
biu v cc giao thc HARQ trong cc giao thc MAC-hs v MAC-e
nh xt trong cc chng trc.
15.2.1.1. RNC phc v v RNC tri
Khi c t cc chc nng ca RAN, tnh cht ca giao din v
tuyn dn n s cn thit phi c mt nt tp trung x l kt hp
phn tp v m v phn chia phn tp v m cng nh iu khin cc
ti nguyn v tuyn trong nhiu . Trong khi nt B iu khin mt tp
, th RNC iu khin nhiu nt B v v th mt vng rng hn. Ngoi
ra giao din Iur cng cho php cch tip cn kt hp trong ton b
vng ph ca mng.
Ch mt RNC, RNC iu khin (CRNC), l ch ca nt B. RNC
iu khin thit lp cc tn s m nt B s s dng trong cc ca
mnh; n n nh cng sut v lp biu cho cc knh chung ca cc
552
ca nt B. N cng lp cu hnh nh: Cc m no s c s dng

cho HS-SCH v cng sut cc i c s dng. Ngoi ra RNC iu
khin l RNC quyt nh vic mt ngi s dng c c php s
dng cc ti nguyn v tuyn trong mt trc thuc mt trong s cc
nt B ca n hay khng v ti nguyn v tuyn c s dng s l ti
nguyn no. y l cc nhim v khng lin quan trc tip n bt k
ngi s dng no, nhng lin quan n cc cu hnh ca cc .
Khi mt ngi s dng thc hin truy nhp n WCDMA/HSPA
RAN, ngi ny truy nhp n mt di quyn iu khin ca mt
nt B. n lt mnh, nt B ny li chu s iu khin ca mt RNC,
RNC iu khin ca nt B v ny. RNC iu khin ny s l RNC
kt cui cc mt phng ngi s dng v mt phng iu khin lin
quan n RNC. RNC ny s tr thnh RNC phc v (SRNC) cho
ngi s dng. RNC phc v l RNC nh gi cc bo co kt qu o
t u cui v da trn cc bo co kt qu o ny a ra quyt nh
(cc ) no s l mt b phn ca tp tch cc ca u cui. Ngoi ra
RNC phc v thit lp cc mc tiu cht lng ca u cui v n
cng l RNC ni ngi s dng n mng li. Ngoi ra chnh RNC
phc v s lp cu hnh cho u cui vi cc cu hnh knh mang
khc nhau m bo cc dch v khc nhau theo yu cu ca ngi
s dng.
Trong thi gian kt ni, u cui c th di chuyn v ti mt s
im n c th cn kt ni n mt khc thuc mt RNC khc.
Trong trng hp ny, RNC phc v u cui cn tip xc vi RNC
s hu m n c nh s dng v yu cu c php b sung
mi ny vo tp tch cc. Nu RNC iu khin s hu ch dng ,
RNC phc v s thng bo u cui rng n c th b sung ny vo
tp tch cc. Khi ny RNC iu khin s hu ch s tr thnh RNC
tri (DRNC). Cn lu rng phc v v tri l hai vai tr khc nhau,
m mt RNC c th thc hin khi kt ni n mt u cui. Cc vai
553
tr phc v v tri c minh ha trn hnh 15.4. Khi mt u cui c

mt kt ni kh lu, c th xy ra rng RNC phc v khng iu khin
bt k no m u cui hin ang s dng. Trong trng hp ny c
th xy ra thay i phc v. iu ny c thc hin bi th tc n
nh li SRNS. RNC1 l RNC phc v cho u cui ngoi cng bn
tri v u cui gia. RNC2 l RNC iu khin cho cc nt B v cc
ni n n qua cc giao din Iub. RNC2 l RNC phc v cho u
cui ngoi cng bn phi v ng thi cng l RNC tri cho u cui
gia.
Hnh 15.4. Cc vai tr ca RNC. RNC1 l RNC iu khin ca cc nt

B v cc ni n n qua cc giao din Iub
i vi dch v MBMS, RNC ng vai tr c bit. Chnh RNC
quyt nh vic s dng cc knh qung b trong hay cc knh n
554
phng. Khi s dng cc knh n phng, khai thc c tin hnh

cho lu lng n phng thng thng, cn khi s dng knh qung
b, RNC c ty chn ny m bo cng mt s liu c pht
trong cc ln cn trc thuc cng mt RNC. Bng cch ny u cui
c th thc hin kt hp phn tp v m cc lung n t cc khc
nhau v thng lng h thng c th c tng.
Vic s dng truyn n phng hay qung b cho MBMS trong
mt thng da trn s lng cc u cui di ng c cho rng s
thu cng mt ni dung trong cng mt . Nu ch c t ngi s dng
trong mt , phng php n phng s hiu qu hn, nhng nu s
ngi s dng trong nhiu (hoc trong cc xung quanh ny) th
s dng knh qung b hiu qu hn.
15.2.1.2. Kin trc pht trin ca HSPA
3GPP ang xem xt cc bc chuyn kin trc RAN sang mt
kin trc bng phng hn. c nhiu xut. Mt xut n gin
l chuyn hon ton RNC vo nt B. V nguyn tc c th p dng
iu ny trong kin trc R3, nhng gp phi mt s vn :
S lng cc RNC c gii hn n 4096 trn mt giao din Iu.
iu ny s c m rng v khng phi l vn ln.
Mt vn ln hn l v tr ca cc chc nng an ninh ti trm
nt B. Trm nt B thng c coi l trm t xa khng an ninh. C
cc chc nng an ninh trong nt B c ngha l cc kha mt m quan
trng v b mt cn c truyn n nt B. Do iu ny c thc
hin chng cui cng nn c th d rng b xem trm. V th chng
cui cng ny cng phi c m bo bi mt c ch an ninh chng
hn IPsec. Tuy nhin iu ny khng m bo kt ni an ninh v
bn thn thit b cng cn c m bo khng b can thip. iu ny
lm cho gii php ny tr nn phc tp v tn km. V th nu nh
khai thc bit c rng nt B c t ti mt trm an ninh th nh
555
khai thc c th trin khai mng vi cc nt B v RNC c cng mt

ch (hay vi cc sn phm cho php thc hin chng trong cng mt
thit b vt l). i vi cc trm khng an ninh, nh khai thc c
th s dng gii php thng thng vi RNC t ti trm c an ninh
gn pha mng hn v nt B t ti trm t an ninh.
Vn th ba vi chc nng RNC t ti nt B l chc nng
phn tp v m cn thit cho ng ln ca HSPA t c cht
lng v dung lng tt. Nh xt trong phn 15.2.1, chc nng
phn tp v m thng tt hn l c t ti v tr cng gn mng h
tng cng tt.
Trong mi trng hp, yu cu quan trng nht i vi kin trc
RAN cho pht trin HSPA l c kh nng phc v lu lng hin c
v kt hp vi cc nt hin c (cc RNC v cc nt B). V th kin
trc R3 cng l kin trc hp l cho pht trin HSPA. Ngoi ra, nh
cp trn, kh nng trin khai phng hn cng c trong kin
trc ny.
15.2.2. Mng truy nhp v tuyn LTE.
Ti thi im thng qua kin trc mt nt cho LTE, chc nng
phn tp v m c bn nhiu trong 3GPP. Mc d v mt k
thut, c th t chc nng phn tp v m trong nt LTE tng ng
vi nt B ca WCDMA/HSPA, eNodeB, v s dng mt nt ny lm
neo, nhng nhu cu i vi phn tp v m cho LTE c bn ci.
Rt nhanh chng ngi ta quyt nh rng phn tp v m ng
xung khng cn thit cho lu lng n phng, nhng vn lin
quan n ng ln th c tranh ci kh nhiu. Cui cng cng
i n quyt nh l phn tp v m ng ln cng khng cho cc li
ch ng k i vi LTE nhng li tng thm phc tp. V th phn
tp v m gia cc eNodeB khng c h tr trong LTE.
556
i vi lu lng qung b v a phng, sm i n quyt nh

l eNodeB cn c kh nng pht cng mt s liu theo cch ng b
h tr khai thc MBSFN. ng b ny cn c m bo trong vi
micro giy.
Trc ht, r rng rng vic chuyn tt c cc chc nng RAN
vo nt B v khng h tr phn tp v m. Tuy nhin cng cn xem
xt c tnh di ng ca u cui. V cn bn c hai vn lin quan
n di ng cn lu : m bo khng mt s liu khi thay i v
gim thiu nh hng ln mng li khi thay i . i vi LTE, vn
th hai khng c coi l vn chnh; vic thit k hp l mng
li s gii quyt c vn ny. Tuy nhin vn th nht l mt
vn kh gii quyt. Trong thc t mi ngi u ng rng vic
c mt neo tp trung vi mt lp pht li bn ngoi eNodeB s thun
tin hn cho di ng. Tuy nhin 3GPP quyt nh rng th tng
thm phc tp v khng c neo cn hn i hi mt nt vi chc
nng RAN bn ngoi eNodeB.
Hnh 15.5 cho thy tng quan mng truy nhp v tuyn LTE vi
cc nt v cc giao din. Khc vi WCDMA/HSPA RAN, LTE RAN
ch c mt kiu nt. Nh vy trong LTE khng c nt tng ng
vi RNC. L do ch yu l khng c h tr phn tp v m ng ln
v ng xung cho lu lng ring ca ngi s dng v trit l
thit k l gim thiu s lng nt.
eNodeB chu trch nhim cho mt tp cc . Tng t nh nt B
trong kin trc WCDMA/HSPA, cc ca mt eNodeB khng cn s
dng cng mt trm anten. V eNodeB tha hng hu ht cc
chc nng ca RNC, eNodeB phc tp hn nt B. eNodeB chu trch
nhim cho cc quyt nh RRM (qun l ti nguyn v tuyn) ca mt
, cc quyt nh chuyn giao, lp biu cc ngi s dng trn c
ng ln ln ng xung trong cc ca mnh, .
557
Hnh 15.5. Mng truy nhp LTE: cc nt v cc giao din

eNodeB c ni n mng li qua giao din S1. Giao din S1
ging nh giao din Iu. Ngoi ra cn c mt giao din na ging nh
giao din Iur ca WCDMA/HSPA, l giao din X2. Giao din X2
ni mt eNodeB trong mng vi mt eNodeB khc. Tuy nhin v c
ch di ng cho LTE hi khc so vi WCDMA/HSPA (khng c
im neo trong LTE RAN), giao din X2 ch c s dng gia cc
eNodeB c cc ln cn.
Giao din X2 ch yu c s dng h tr di ng ch tch
cc. Giao din ny cng c s dng cho cc chc nng qun l ti
nguyn v tuyn (RRM) nhiu . Giao din mt phng iu khin X2
ging nh ng nhim ca n trong WCDMA/HSPA (giao din Iur),
nhng khng c chc nng h tr tri ca RNC. Giao din ny h tr
chc nng n nh li eNodeB. Giao din mt phng ngi s dng
X2 c s dng h tr di ng t mt hn (khi chuyn gi).
558
15.2.2.1. Cc vai tr v chc nng ca eNodeB

eNodeB c cng chc nng nh nt B v ngoi ra n c hu ht
cc chc nng RNC ca WCDMA/HSPA. Nh vy, eNodeB chu
trch nhim v cc ti nguyn v tuyn trong cc ca mnh, n quyt
nh chuyn giao, thc hin cc quyt nh lp biu cho c ng ln
v ng xung. N cng thc hin cc chc nng lp vt l thng
thng nh m ha, gii m, iu ch, gii iu ch, an xen, gii an
xen, . Ngoi ra eNodeB c cc c ch pht li hai lp; HARQ v
ARQ ngoi nh xt trong chng 12.
V c ch chuyn giao ca LTE khc vi WCDMA/HSPA,
eNodeB ch c mt vai tr l eNodeB phc v. eNodeB phc v l
eNodeB ang phc v u cui. Khi nim iu khin v tri khng
tn ti. Chuyn giao c thc hin bng cch n nh li eNodeB.
i vi kiu lu lng MBMS, LTE RAN quyt nh vic s
dng knh n phng hay knh qung b. Trong trng hp cc
knh qung b, vng ph sng v dung lng cc knh ny tng ng
k nu khai thc MBSFN c s dng. eNodeB c th pht lung
s liu ng thi, thc th iu phi MBMS (MCE: MBMS
Coordination Entity) m bo ng b cc truyn dn ca eNodeB v
cc lung s. ng b c thc hin bng mt ng h ton cu,
GPS chng hn.
15.3. KIN TRC MNG LI
Nh xt trong cc phn trc ca chng ny, h thng di
ng cn mt mng li thc hin chc nng mng li. Trong 3GPP
ng thi vi bn lun v kin trc bn trong ca RAN, kin trc
mng li cng c bn lun. Mng li c s dng cho
WCDMA/HSPA v LTE c xy dng trn s pht trin mng li
GSM/GPRS. Mng li s dng cho WCDMA/HSPA rt gn vi mng
li gc ca GSM/GPRS ngoi tr s khc nhau trong vic phn chia
559
chc nng vi RAN. Tuy nhin mng li c s dng ni vi

LTE RAN l s pht trin trit hn ca mng li GSM/GPRS. V
th n c tn l: Li gi pht trin (EPC: Evolved Packet Core).
15.3.1. Mng li GSM s dng cho WCDMA/HSPA
Hnh 15.6. Tng quan mng li GSM v WCDMA/HSPA (hnh v

c n gin)
i vi WCDMA/HSPA, mng li c xy dng trn c s
mng li ca GSM vi cng cc nt nh GSM. Nh trnh by trong
phn 15.1.1, phn chia chc nng ca GSM v WCDMA/HSPA khc
nhau. iu ny dn n vic s dng giao din gia mng li v
WCDMA/HSPA RAN khc so vi giao din gia mng li v GSM
RAN. i vi WCDMA/HSPA, giao din Iu c s dng cn i
vi GSM giao din A v giao din Gb c s dng.
560
Hnh 15.6 xt tng quan kin trc mng li c s dng cho

WCDMA/HSPA. Hnh ny cho thy cc thc th logic, v thng
thng khi xt kin trc khng nht thit phi xt cc thc th vt l.
Mng li bao gm hai min khc nhau:
1. Min chuyn mch knh (CS) vi trung tm chuyn mch di
ng (MSC)
2. Min chuyn mch gi (PS) vi nt h tr GPRS phc v
(SGSN) v nt h tr GPRS cng (GGSN).
Chung cho c hai min l HLR (b ghi nh v thng tr), l c
s d liu trong mng nh ca nh khai thc theo di thu bao. T
hnh v ta thy giao din Iu ni WCDMA/HSPA RAN n MSC qua
giao din Iu-cs v n SGSN qua giao din Iu-ps. Trn hnh v giao
din A v giao din Gb ni MSC v SGSN n GSM RAN.
Iu-cs c s dng ni RNC ca WCDMA/HSPA n min
chuyn mch knh ca mng li, ngha l n MSC. MSC c s
dng kt ni cc cuc thoi n PSTN. MSC v min chuyn mch
knh s dng cc chc nng t ISDN lm c ch chuyn mch. Bo
hiu MSC da trn IDSN (bo kiu knh chung s 7).
Giao din Iu-ps ni RNC n min chuyn mach gi ca mng
li, n SGSN. n lt mnh SGSN c ni n GGSN qua giao
din Gn hay Gp. GGSN c giao din Gi ni n cc mng gi
ngoi (internet), n min dch v ca nh khai thc hay n IMS (
phn h a phng tin IP). Min chuyn mch gi s dng nh
tuyn IP.
Chung cho c hai min l HLR, l c s d liu trong mng nh
khai thc theo di thu bao (v tr v l lch). HLR cha thng tin
v cc dch v m thu bao ng k, v tr hin thi ca thu bao
(chnh xc hn l v tr ca SIM hay USIM). HLR c ni n MSC qua
cc giao din C v D, cn SGSN c ni n HLR qua giao din Gr.
561
15.3.1.1. Iu flex
Giao din Iu h tr mt chc nng c gi l Iu flex. Chc nng
ny cho php RNC ni n nhiu SGSN hoc MSC v ngc li.
Chc nng ny cho php gim cc nh hng khi mt nt mng li
khng kh dng, ngha l khi mt SGSN hay MSC khng lm vic tt.
C ch Iu flex c s dng phn b cc kt ni u cui n
nhiu SGSN v MSC. Nu mt SGSN hay MSC khng kh dng, cc
SGSN v cc MSC khc s duy tr lu lng c n nh ca
chng v c th nhn cc yu cu cuc gi vo hoc thit lp phin
(c th xy ra nhiu cuc gi vo khi mng khng sn sng, v hu ht
cc u cui u tm cch kt ni li khi b mt kt ni m khng
c cnh bo).
15.3.1.2. MBMS v qung b khc
i vi MBMS, min chuyn mch gi ca mng li c s
dng. V th giao din Iu-ps c s dng ni n WCDMA/RAN.
i vi MBMS, chnh mng li quyt nh vic s dng knh mang
qung b hay knh mang a phng. Trong trng hp knh mang
qung b, mng li khng bit nhn dng cc u cui di ng s
nhn thng tin, cn trong trng hp cc knh mang a phng mng
li bit c nhn dng cc u cui. V th cc u cui khng cn
thng bo cho mng nh thu dch v s dng knh mang qung b.
Tuy nhin khi s dng dch v s dng knh mang a phng, cc
u cui phi thng bo cho mng v nh s dng dch v ny.
i vi c cc knh mang a phng v cc knh mang qung
b, RAN c th quyt nh vic nn s dng cc knh truyn ti n
phng hay mt knh truyn ti qung b. Trong trng hp ny
RAN yu cu cc ngi s dng trong thng bo cho n rng h c
quan tm n mt dch v c th hay khng. Sau nu s lng
ngi s dng quan tm ln th knh truyn ti qung b c s
dng, tri li knh truyn ti n phng c s dng.
562
15.3.1.3. Chuyn mng
Hnh 15.7. Chuyn mng trong WCDMA/HSPA

Chnh nh cc chc nng chuyn mng ca mng li m ngi s
dng c th s dng mt mng ca nh khai thc khc. Chuyn mng
c h tr bi c min chuyn mch knh v min chuyn mch gi.
i vi c hai min, tn ti cc kh nng khc nhau, nhng trong thc
t, lu lng c nh tuyn qua GGSN ca mng nh i vi min
chuyn mch gi. i vi min chuyn mch knh, trng hp chung
cho cc cuc gi khi xng t u cui (cuc gi ra) l thc hin
chuyn mch trong mng khch. i vi cc cuc gi kt cui ti u
cui (cuc gi vo), cuc gi lun lun c nh tuyn qua mng
nh. iu ny c minh ha trn hnh 15.7. Trn hnh ny, hai u
cui thuc hai nh khai thc khc nhau (A v B) c th hin. Cc
563
u cui chuyn mng t mng nh sang mng khch (cc mng sng
v ti trn hnh 15.7) v c hai u cui u c kt ni chuyn mch
gi. Ngoi ra u cui A gi u cui B qua min chuyn mch knh.
T hnh 15.7 ta thy, cc kt ni chuyn mch gi c nh tuyn t
SGSN trong mng khch n GGSN trong mng nh s dng giao
din Gp (giao din Gn c s dng gia SGSN v GGSN trong cng
mt mng). i vi cuc gi chuyn mch knh, u cui A (u cui
khi xng cuc gi) ni n MSC (mng sng) ca mng khch.
MSC bit rng u cui b gi thuc mng ca mnh v v th n giao
tip vi HLR. HLR sng tr li vi thng tin rng u cui B c
phc v bi MSC ti trong mng ti. Khi ny MSC sng giao tip vi
MSC ti v MSC ti s thit lp kt ni n u cui B.
15.3.1.4. Tnh cc v iu khin chnh sch
Hnh 15.8. Tng quan mng li SAE (hnh v c n gin)

Tnh cc, mt chc nng quan trng i vi nh khai thc, c
t trong mng li. i vi min chuyn mch knh tnh cc nm
trong MSC, cn i vi min chuyn mch gi tnh cc c x l
trong SGSN hoc trong GGSN. Theo truyn thng tnh cc c th
theo pht hoc theo khi lng. Cch th nht c s dng cho min
564
chuyn mch knh, cn cch th hai ph bin hn c s dng trong

min chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin cng c th c cc nguyn tc tnh
cc khc chng hn tnh cc c nh hay khng lp biu cc. Cc
biu cc khc nhau c s dng ty thuc vo ng k ca thu
bao v vo vic ngi s dng c chuyn mng hay khng. Khi cc
c x l bi GGSN, nhiu s tnh cc tin tin c h tr cho
vic tnh cc cc dch v chuyn mch gi, chng hn tnh cc theo
ni dung hay theo s kin. V th nh khai thc c th tnh cc ngi
s dng ph thuc vo dch v c s dng.
iu khin chnh sch l mt chc nng trong mng li c s
dng iu khin mc s dng cc dch v chuyn mch gi,
ngha l m bo rng ngi s dng khng s dng vt qu bng
thng cho php hay m bo rng ngi s dng ch truy nhp cc
dch v hay cc web site c chp thun. iu khin chnh sch c
thc hin trong GGSN v n ch tn ti trong min chuyn mch gi.
15.3.2. Mng li SAE: Li gi pht trin (EPC)
Khi bt y xy dng tiu chun LTE RAN, cng tc chun ho
mng li cng c bt u. Cng tc ny c gi l pht trin kin
trc h thng (SAE: System Architecturre Evolution). Mng li c
nh ngha trong cng tc SAE l s pht trin trit t mng li
GSM/GPRS v v th c tn mi, Li gi pht trin (EPC: Elvolved
Packet Core). Phm vi SAE ch bao ph min chuyn mch gi,
khng c min chuyn mch knh. Nhn li qu trnh tiu chun ho
xt trc y ta thy, trit l gim thiu s lng cc nt thng tr
trong qu trnh xy dng chun mng li. V th, mng EPC, bt
u t mt kin trc nt n vi tt c cc chc nng c t trong
mt nt tr server thu bao nh (HSS: Home Subcriber Server) l nt
nm ngoi nt n ny. HSS l mt nt (c s d liu) tng ng vi
HLR trong mang li GSM/WCDMA. Hnh 15.8 minh ha EPC trong
tng th kin trc. Trong hnh 15.8, EPC c m t nh l mt thc
565
th logic. iu ny cho php n gin ha minh ha v d hiu kt ni

n LTE RAN v WCDMA /HSPA. EPC ni n LTE RAN qua giao
din S1 v n internet qua giao din SGi. Ngoi ra EPC ni n HSS
qua giao din S6.
S1 l giao din gia eNodeB v EPC. Giao din S1 rt ging vi
giao din Iu-ps. Cc mt phng ngi s dng ca S1 v Iu-ps l cc
tunnel truyn ti c xy dng trn c s IP. Cc gi IP ca ngi s
dng u cui c EPC hay eNode t vo tunnel IP ca S1 v c
ly ra ti u kia bi cc nt tng ng (eNodeB v EPC).
i vi mt phng iu khin, s khc nhau gi S1 v Iu khng
ln. Thc t, y ch l chi tit ca thit lp knh mang. Khc bit ny
l cch thc ch th cht lng dch v c n nh ca mt lung
c th ca ngi s dng. i vi WCDAM/HSPA, iu ny c
thc hin bi cc thng s ca knh mang truy nhp v tuyn (RAB)
cn i vi LTE iu ny c thc hin bng cch ch ra loi u tin
c th.
C l im khc nhau ln nht gia WCDMA/HSPA v LTE l
vic x l di ng. Trong LTE, EPC ng vai tr l mt neo trong
mng li SAE cho di ng, ngha l nt EPC x l mt phng ngi
s dng ca u cui khng b thay i trong thi gian kt ni. y
EPC ng vai tr GGSN c s dng cho GSM/GPRS v
WCDMA/HSPA. Do kin trc phng, nt EPC x l mt phng ngi
s dng ca u cui cn c kh nng kt ni vi mi eNodeB trong
mng. V EPC l neo v LTE RAN ch gm eNodeB, nn EPC cn
c cp nht thng tin rng n s nh tuyn gi s liu ca ngi s
dng n eNodeB no. y l im khc bit ln nht so vi
WCDMA/HSPA, trong RNC che du kiu di ng ny i vi
mng li.
Giao din S6 trn hnh 15.8 l giao din ni EPC n HSS. y l
pht trin ca giao din Gr c s dng cho mng li WCDMA/HSPA
566
ni n HLR. V th, mt HLR/HSS kt hp cho EPC c th ging

nh HLR i vi GSM v WCDMA/HSPA hin ti.
15.3.2.1. S1 flex v cc EPC trong cc nhm
Ging nh Iu flex, S1 flex lm cho mng li bn vng hn. Nu
mt nt EPC tr nn khng kh dng, mt nt EPC khc c th m
nhim lu lng b mt ny. Ngoi ra vic nh c mng cng d
hn v c th b sung thm cc EPC khi cn m rng mng do yu
cu lu lng.
15.3.2.2. Chuyn mng, iu khin chnh sch v tnh cc trong SAE
Chuyn mng c h tr bi EPC. N c thc hin gia cc
nt EPC: Mt nm trong mng nh v mt nm trong mng khch.
Ph thuc vo chnh sch ca nh khai thc, a ch IP c th c n
nh hoc bi EPC nh hoc bi EPC khch.
15.3.3. Kt ni WCDMA/HSPA vi EPC
Khi cng ngh LTE/SAE c a vo mng, cn c chuyn giao
dn WCDMA/HSPA. Gii php c la chn l cho php
WCDMA/HSPA ni n mng EPC. Thc t, SGSN ca mng li
c s dng cho WCDMA/HSPA c ni n EPC. EPC ng vai
tr nh mt GGSN khi lu lng nh tuyn qua WCDMA/HSPA
bng cch s dng giao din S4 (c xy dng da trn giao din
Gn/Gp gia SGSN v GGSN) v nh mt EPC bnh thng khi lu
lng c nh tuyn qua LTE RAN. iu ny c th thc hin c
l v kt cui mt phng ngi s dng trong EPC c gi nguyn v
v th a ch IP ca u cui cng c gi nguyn. Cc phn ca
mt phng iu khin ca EPC khng c s dng khi u cui c
ni n WCDMA/HSPA. Thay vo cc giao thc SGSN ca mng
li c s dng. Bng cch tip cn ny, ch cn thay i ti thiu
i vi mng li gi s dng cho WCDMA/HSPA, trong khi vn c
th m bo chuyn giao nhanh v m n v t LTE (hnh 15.9).
567
Hnh 15.9. WCDMA/HSPA ni n LTE/SAE

Khi chuyn giao t WCDMA n LTE, EPC nhn kt ni t
SGSN. iu ny c thc hin qua giao din S3, giao din ny c
xy dng trn c s giao din Gn c s dng cho cc SGSN n
nh li SGSN. V th chuyn giao ny cng gn ging nh n nh li
SGSN bng cch chuyn mch mt phng ngi s dng vo EPC
thay v vo GGSN.
Hnh 15.10 th hin kin trc theo TR 23.882 trong cc giao
din c c t chi tit.
Trn hnh 15.10, PCRF1 (PCRF: Policy and Charging Rules
Function: Chc nng cc quy tc tnh cc v chnh sch) th hin
chc nng cc quy tc tnh cc v chnh sch pht trin. Cc ng
ni v cc vng trn khng lin tc th hin cc phn t v cc giao
din mi ca kin trc LTE.
568
Hnh 15.10. Kin trc m hnh LTE/SAE theo TR 23.822

15.4. TNG KT
Chng ny xt tng quan cng vic Pht trin kin trc h
thng (SAE: System Architecture Evolution) trong 3GPP. Chng
ny cng xt tng quan kin trc h thng ca WCDMA/HSPA,
LTE, kt ni gia chng, cc im ging nhau v cc khc bit gia
chng. Chng ny phn tch m hnh LTE/SAE theo TR 23.822.
15.5. CU HI
1. Trnh by nguyn tc phn chia mng li v mng truy nhp v
tuyn ca WCDMA/HSPA.
569
2. Trnh by nguyn tc phn chia mng truy nhp v tuyn LTE v

mng li LTE.
3. So snh s khc bit gia hai nguyn tc phn chia mng truy nhp
v tuyn WCDMA/HSPA v LTE.
4. Trnh by kin trc mng li GSM/GPRS.
5. Trnh by kin trc mng li WCDMA/HSPA.
6. Trnh by kin trc mng li LTE (SAE) hay li gi (EPC).
7. So snh cc kin trc mng li GSM/GPRS, WCDMA/HSPA v
EPC.
8. Trnh by khi nim Iu flex v S1 flex.
9. Trnh by kt ni WCDMA/HSPA vi EPC.
Chng 16
HIU NNG V QU NG TRUYN

CA HSPA V LTE
so snh cc h thng thng tin di ng bng rng cn nh gi

hiu nng ca cc h thng ny. Ngoi ra thit k nh c cho cc
mng thng tin di ng cn bit cch tnh ton qu ng truyn
v tuyn.
nh gi hiu nng
nh gi hiu nng ca pht trin 3G v LTE da trn m phng tnh
nh gi LTE trong 3GPP da trn m phng ng
Qu ng truyn HSPA
Qu ng truyn LTE
Mc ch chng cung cp cho sinh vin kin thc v cc
phng php nh gi hiu nng bng m phng cho 3G HSPA v
LTE. Ngoi ra chng ny cng gip cho sinh vin hiu c cch
tnh ton qu ng truyn HSPA v LTE.
cu hi cui chng.
16.1. NH GI HIU NNG
M phng cc h thng thng tin di ng trn my tnh l mt
cng c mnh nh gi hiu nng h thng. Tt nhin hiu nng
572
thc t phi c o v nh gi ti hin trng cho h thng trin

khai v cc gi tr ny th hin hiu nng thc s ca mt cu hnh h
thng c th. Nhng m phng bng my tnh c mt s u im sau:
C th thc hin c tnh cc khi nim h thng cha c trin
khai hoc vn cn trong qu trnh trin khai nh LTE.
Kim sot hon ton mi trng bao gm cc thng s truyn
sng, lu lng, cu trc h thng, , v c kh nng theo di y
tt c cc thng s nh hng ln kt qu.
C th thc hin cc th nghim c iu khin tt so snh
vi cc khi nim h thng tng t hoc cc b phn ca cc khi
nim trong cc iu kin lp li nhiu ln.
Mc d c cc u im ni trn, cc kt qu m phng khng cho
c bc tranh y v hiu nng h thng. Khng th lp m hnh
cho mi kha cnh ca mi trng di ng v lp m hnh chnh xc
cho hnh vi ca tt c cc phn t trong mt h thng. Tuy nhin c
th t c mt bc tranh rt tt v hiu nng h thng v bc tranh
ny thng c s dng tm ra cc gii hn tim nng i vi
hiu nng. Do rt kh lp m hnh cho tt c cc kha cnh lin quan,
nn cc kt qu o c dung lng tng i a ra cc tnh nng
s chnh xc hn cc con s dung lng tuyt i, nu a ra c m
hnh tt cho tnh nng cn xt.
Rt kh nh gi dung lng h thng nu khng so snh, v mi
con s v dung lng h thng t n khng cung cp nhiu thng tin.
Ch khi thit lp quan h vi hiu nng ca cc h thng khc nhau,
con s ny mi tr nn ng quan tm. Nhng v so snh l mt phn
quan trng ca nh gi hiu nng, nn cc con s ny cng tr thnh
vn gy tranh ci do hiu nng h thng ph thuc vo qu nhiu
thng s. Nu khng chn hp l cc thng s a ra cc iu kin
c th so snh cho hai h thng, th cc con s hiu nng cng khng
th so snh c.
Trong ng cnh ny, cn lu l hiu nng h thng v dung
lng s l tnh nng ph thuc. Nhiu tnh nng nh MIMO v cc
Chng 16: Hiu nng v qu ng truyn ca HSPA v LTE
573
k thut anten tin tin c a vo cc h thng 3G rt ging nhau

gia cc h thng. Nu mt tnh nng no l ty chn kh thi vi
nhiu h thng th cn a tnh nng ny vo nh gi cho mi h thng.
Mi con s hiu nng c nh gi phi c xem xt trong ng
cnh l hiu nng mng v tuyn thc t s ph thuc vo nhiu thng
s v kh kim sot c nhiu thng s ny. Cc thng s ny gm:
Mi trng di ng bao gm cc iu kin knh, tri gc, kiu
cm, tc my di ng, s dng trong nh/ngoi tri v cc l hng
ph sng.
Hnh vi lin quan n ngi s dng nh tch cc ting, phn b
lu lng v phn b dch v.
iu chnh cht lng dch v v cht lng mng ca h thng.
Cc kha cnh trin khai nh cc kiu i trm, cc chiu cao
anten v k hoch ti s dng tn s.
Mt s cc thng s thng khng c lp m hnh nh dung
lng, hiu nng bo hiu v cht lng o.
Khng tn ti tiu chun nh gi vn nng cho mt h thng
thng tin. Tt nhin ngi s dng u cui v nh khai thc mng
nh ngha hiu nng tt hon ton khc nhau. Mt mt ngi s dng
u cui mun nhn c mc cht lng cao nht c th. Mt khc,
cc nh khai thc mun t c li nhun cao nht chng hn p
cng nhiu ngi s dng vo h thng cng tt. Cc tnh nng tng
cng hiu nng c th ci thin cht lng dch v cm nhn (t
quan im ngi s dng) hay hiu nng h thng (t quan im nh
khai thc). HSPA v LTE u c tim nng lm c c hai iu
ny. So vi cc pht hnh WCDMA trc y, cc bc pht trin
ny cho tc s liu tt hn v tr nh hn. V th chng c th ci
thin ng k c tri nghim dch v (t quan im ngi s dng) v
dung lng h thng (t quan im nh khai thc).
574
16.1.1. Hiu nng t gc ngi s dng

Cc ngi s dng cc dch v chuyn mch knh c m bo
tc s liu c nh. Cht lng dch v trong ng cnh cc dch v
thoi v thoi c hnh c nh ngha bi cht lng ting v hnh
theo th cm.
Tri li cc ngi s dng ti xung mt trang web hay mt video
clip li tri nghim thi gian m h bt u ti n khi m trang web
ny hay video clip c hin th. Cc dch v n lc nht khng m
bo tc s liu c nh. M tri li, ngi s dng ch c n nh
ti nguyn khi c tc s liu kh dng trong cc iu kin hin ti.
y l tnh cht chung ca cc mng chuyn mch gi, cc ti nguyn
khng c dnh trc cho bt k ngi s dng no. Gi s rng tr
tng cng vi kch thc ca i tng cn ti xung, tr tuyt i s
khng phi l s o cht lng tt.
Mt ngi s dng duy nht trong mt mng v tuyn c cc iu
kin knh v tuyn tt c th c hng tc s liu nh (hnh
16.1). Tuy nhin thng thng ngi s dng ny chia s ti nguyn
vi cc ngi s dng khc. Nu cc iu kin v tuyn km hn ti
u, s c nhiu t cc ngi s dng khc, tc s liu ca giao din
v tuyn s thp hn tc s liu nh. Ngoi ra mt s gi c th b
mt v trong trng hp ny s liu mt phi c pht li v th tc
s liu hiu dng li b gim hn na (nhn t cc lp cao hn).
Ngoi ra tc s liu hiu dng thm ch gim na khi khong cch
t u cui n trm gc tng (do cc iu kin truyn dn xu hn ti
bin ). Tc s liu t c bn trn lp MAC sau khi chia
s knh vi cc ngi s dng khc c gi l thng lng ngi
s dng.
Giao thc iu khin truyn dn (TCP: Giao thc ti lp truyn
ti) l giao thc thng c s dng cng vi lu lng IP. Tuy
nhin do gii thut khi u chm nhy cm vi tr mng, nn n d
575
gy ra tr i vi cc file nh. Gii thut khi u chm m bo rng

tc truyn dn t ngun khng vt qu kh nng ca cc nt v
cc giao din mng.
Hnh 16.1. nh ngha cc thng s hiu nng

- Tc s liu giao din v tuyn: Tc s liu lp vt l t
c trong cc iu kin v tuyn nht nh vi m ha v iu ch
c th
- Tc s liu nh: Tc s liu nh ca giao din v tuyn
trong cc iu kin v tuyn l tng
- Thng lng ngi s dng: Tc s liu nhn c bn trn
lp MAC trong cc diu kin knh thc t v sau khi chia s knh vi
cc ngi s dng khc
- Tr vng: thi gian truyn vng u cui - u cui ca mt gi
nh
- Thng lng h thng: Tng s bit c pht trong thi gian
mt giy trn giao din v tuyn (trn mt on )
- Tr vng mng l thi gian cn thit mt gi truyn t client
n server v ngc li. Tr ny nh hng trc tip ln hiu nng
lin quan n TCP. V th mc tiu thit k quan trng trong c HSPA
576
v LTE l gim tr vng mng. Mt tiu chun khc lin quan n

cht lng (xt t gc ngi s dng) l thit lp khi u,
chng hn phin trnh duyt web.
16.1.2. Hiu nng t gc nh khai thc
Ti nguyn v tuyn phi c chia s gia nhiu ngi s dng
trong mng. V th tt c s liu phi sp hng trc khi c th c
truyn v iu ny hn ch tc s liu hiu dng ca tng ngi s
dng. Bng lp biu, nh khai thc c th ci thin thng lng h
thng hay tng s cc bit trn mt giy c pht trn giao din v
tuyn. Mt s o ph bin ca hiu nng h thng l hiu sut ph
tn, y l thng lng h thng trn mt MHz ph trong tng on
ca h thng.
C HSPA v LTE u s dng cc phng php lp biu thng
minh ti u ha hiu nng (t quan im ngi s dng v t quan
im mng).
Mt tiu chun nh gi quan trng i vi nh khai thc l s
lng cc ngi s dng tch cc c th c kt ni ng thi. Nu
cc ti nguyn h thng b hn ch th cn cn i gia s lng cc
ngi s dng tch cc v cht lng dch v cm nhn (thng lng
ngi s dng).
16.1.3. Cu hnh v cc tiu ch thc hin m phng nh gi
Chng ny ch yu s xt nh gi cc yu cu v hiu sut s
dng ph tn v thng lng cho cc cng ngh a truy nhp HSPA
v LTE nh gi c thc hin cho cc ch hot ng trong cc
bng tn di bng tn rng ln n 20MHz .
Cc nh gi ban u c thc hin trn m hnh tham chun sau:
- WCDMA R6
- Mt anten pht ti nt B
577
- Hai anten thu ti UE

- My thu RAKE
- Bng thng 5MHz
Cc kt qu c chun ha theo bit/s/Hz. Cc nh gi c
thc hin da trn m phng cho cc trng hp c cho trong bng
16.1 vi cc ct sau:
- CF (Carrier Frequency): Tn s sng mang
- ISD (Inter-site Distance): Khong cch gia cc trm
- BW (Band Width): Bng thng
- PLoss: Penetration Loss: Suy hao thm nhp
- Speed: Tc
Bng 16.1. Tp cc trng hp
ti thiu m phng WCDMA/HSPA v LTE
M phng
CF
ISD
BW
PLoss
Speed (Tc )
n v
(GHz)
(m)
(MHz)
(dB)
(km/h)
2,0
500
10
20
2,0
500
10
10
30
2,0
1732
10
20
0,9
1000
1,25
10
Cc thng s tham kho m phng h thng cho m hnh v

m c cho trong bng 16.2.
578
Bng 16.2. Cc thng s tham kho m phng h thng v m

Thng s
Gi thit
Lc gic u , 19 im t trm, 3 on
M hnh t ong
trn mt trm
Khong cch gia cc trm Inter-site

distance
Tn hao ng truyn ph thuc khong
Xem bng 16.1

L=I + 37,6log10(R), R [km]
cch
I=128,1 2GHz, I=120,9 - 900MHz
Che ti chun log
Tng t nh UMTS 30.03, B 1.4.1.4
Dch chun che ti
8dB
Khong cch tng quan ca che ti
50m (xem D.4 trong UMTS 30.03)
hoc 35,5 cho m phng tnh
Tng quan
Gia cc
0,5
che ti
Gia cc on
1,0
Tn hao thm nhp
Xem bng 7.1
Mu pht x anten (mt nm ngang)

A( ) = min 12
3dB
(i vi 3 on vi mu anten c nh)
Tn s sng mang/Bng thng
M hnh knh
Tc UE cn xt
Tng cng sut my pht BS

Loi cng sut UE
, Am
3dB = 70 , Am = 20 dB
Xem bng 16.1
th in hnh (TU) hoc m hnh
knh khng gian (SCM)
3km/h,
30km/h,
120km/h,
350km/h
(0km/h cho m phng tnh)

43dBm (20W) sng mang 1,25; 5MHz
, 46dBm - sng mang 10MHz
21dBm (125mW), 24dBm (250mW)
579
UL: M hnh tng minh (Tt c

M hnh nhiu gia cc
cc u b chim bi cc UE),
DL: M hnh tng minh
cng sut = Ptotal
Khong cch ti thiu gia UE v trm gc
35 m
16.2. NH GI HIU NNG CA PHT TRIN 3G V LTE

DA TRN M PHNG TNH
Nh gii thch trn, rt kh nh gi mt h thng hot ng
tt nh th no nu khng so snh. nh gi cn bao gm c
WCDMA (HSPA) v LTE xt trong cc chng trc. Ngoi ra
WCDMA (HSPA) R6 s c s dng lm tham chun so snh.
Di y s trnh by nh gi so snh ba h thng ni trn.
nh gi c xy dng trn cc m phng tnh (u cui di
ng khng chuyn ng) v m phng ng (u cui di ng
chuyn ng).
Trong phn ny ta s xt nh gi da trn cc kt qu m phng
tnh Cc con s hiu nng s gm cc gi tr hiu nng cho h thng
R6 tham chun, h thng HSPA pht trin v cho LTE. H thng
HSPA pht trin c cc my thu tin tin, ng xung vi 2x2MIMO
v ng ln vi 16QAM. Cc kt qu tng hp s cho php nh gi
tng i li lin quan n OFDM v MIMO, v cc tnh nng
khc i vi h thng LTE da trn OFDM v h thng HSPA tin
tin rt ging nhau.
Vi mc chi tit c p dng cho cc giao thc i vi LTE
v i vi HSPA pht trin cng nh cc gi thit m phng dc s
dng cho nh gi di y, ta s thy c tim nng cng ngh ca
LTE v HSPA pht trin . L mt phn cng vic ca 3GPP v lp vt
l ca LTE, hiu nng h thng ca LTE c nh gi vi tp cc
580
gi thit tng t nhng s dng cc m phng ng. Cc kt qu v

cc kt lun ca nh gi 3GPP c trnh by trong phn 16.3.
16.2.1. Cc m hnh v cc gi thit
Phn ny s trnh by cc m hnh v cc gi thit c s dng
nh gi. Tng kt cc m hnh v cc gi thit c phn nhm
theo lu lng, mng v tuyn v cc m hnh h thng c cho
trong bng 16.3.
Ba h thng khc nhau c nghin cu:
H thng tham chun WCDMA R6 c m t trong cc yu cu
ca 3GPP s dng truyn dn n lung v my thu da trn RAKE
tham chun.
H thng HSPA pht trin c cc my thu tin tin hn,
2x2MIMO cho ng xung v 16QAM cho ng ln.
H thng LTE c lp cu hnh theo cc yu cu ca 3GPP, vi
2x2 MIMO cho ng xung.
Bng 16.3. Cc m hnh v gi thit cho nh gi
Cc m hnh lu lng
Phn b ngi s
dng
u, trung bnh 10 ngi s dng trn mt on
Tc u cui
0 km/h
To s liu
Tt bt vi tha s tch cc 5%, 10%, 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%,

100%
Cc m hnh mng v tuyn

Suy hao theo khong
cch
L=35,5+37,6log(R), R c o bng m
Phainh che ti
Chun log, lch chun 8dB
Painh a ng
3GPP th in hnh v ngi i b A
Li lc gic u, mi trm ba on , tng s 57 on

Bn knh
581
167m (khong cch gia cc 500 m)
Cc m hnh h thng
n nh ph
5MHz cho DLv 5MHz cho UL (FDD)
Cng sut u ra
trm gc v UE
20 W v 125 mW vo anten
li anten cc i
15dBi
Cc s iu ch
v m ha
QPSK v 16QAM, m ha turbo theo WCDMAR6. Ch s

dng QPSK cho WCDMA ng ln
Lp biu
Quay vng theo thi gian
Cc c tnh c s ca WCDMA
S pht
Mt lung trn DL v UL
My thu
Phn tp anten hai nhnh vi my thu RAKE, kt hp t l

cc i tt c cc nhnh knh, h s tp m 9dB trong UE,
5dB trong nt B
Cc c tnh WCDMA tin tin

S pht
DL: 2 lung PARC

UL: mt lung
DL: GRAKE vi loi nhiu ln lt
My thu
UL: GRAKE vi phn tp thu hai nhnh, chuyn giao mm

vi kt hp la chn gia cc trm
Cc c tnh LTE
S truyn dn
DL: 2 lung PARC

UL: Lung n
DL: MMSE vi loi nhiu ln lt
My thu
UL: MMSE vi phn tp thu hai nhnh, chuyn giao mm vi

kt hp chn lc gia cc
Cng cn lu rng nhiu kha cnh giao thc pha trn lp vt

l ca mt phng iu khin v mt phng ngi s dng b b qua
trong cc m phng ny v th cc gi tr nhn c rt kh quan. i
vi LTE, thch ng min tn s v cc ci thin lp cao khc khng
c xt.
582
Phng php m phng l tnh, trong cc u cui di ng

c phn b ngu nhin trn mng v tuyn v knh v tuyn gia
cp anten trm gc v UE c tnh ton theo cc m hnh truyn
sng v phainh.
Cc gi tr thng k c ghi li sau cc u cui di ng mi
c phn b ngu nhin cho bc lp tip theo. Cc mc ti h thng
khc nhau c m phng bng cch thit lp tch cc ngu nhin cho
tng trm gc t 5% n 100%. Lp biu min thi gian khng ph
thuc knh c s dng, tng ng vi lp biu quay vng.
T s tn hiu trn nhiu cng tp m (SINR) c tnh ton cho
tng anten thu ca UE (hay trm gc) da trn cc thc hin knh (cc
mu knh) v cc ngun nhiu tch cc. Sau cc gi tr SINR c
chuyn i thnh tc s liu ng truyn v tuyn tch cc Ru cho
tng ngi s dng u khi ngi ny c lp biu. Trong trng hp
MIMO, Ru c lp m hnh nh l tng cc tc s liu t c
trn mt lung MIMO. Tc s liu t c pha trn lp MAC
(sau khi chia s knh vi cc ngi s dng khc) c biu th l
thng lng Su v c tnh ton da trn tha s tch cc. Cc trm
gc tch cc v cc ngi s dng tch cc khc nhau gia cc ln lp
v cc gi tr thng k ny c thu thp trn mt s lng lp ln.
Lu lng c phc v trn mt on T c tnh ton nh l
tng cc tc s liu ca ng truyn v tuyn tch cc cho cc
ngi s dng tch cc trong on vi gi thit rng cc ngi s
dng ny c lp biu vi cng mt khong thi gian. Cc gi tr
thng k v cht lng ngi s dng c ly ra t phn b thng
lng ngi s dng nh l gi tr trung bnh (cht lng trung bnh)
v 5 phn trm (cht lng bin ). Khi tng tha s tch cc, lu
lng phc v trn mt on s tng, trong khi tc s liu c
nhn (cht lng ca ngi s dng) s gim do gim t s SINR v
truy nhp tha hn n knh chia s cho tng ngi s dng.
583
16.2.2. Cc gi tr hiu nng i vi LTE s dng cc sng mang

5MHz FDD
Hnh 16.2 cho thy thng lng ngi s dng ng xung
trung bnh v 5 phn trm (bin ) ng xung Su ph thuc vo
thng lng phc v (T) i vi cc iu kin truyn sng thnh ph.
Cc kt qu m phng c so snh vi h thng WCDMA. LTE
nhn c s ci thin thng lng ng k cho c ngi s dng
trong bnh v ti bin . Tuy nhin h thng HSPA pht trin cho hiu
nng gn ging nh h thng LTE.
Cc ci thin tng i v thng lng trung bnh v thng lng
bin c th c nh gi bng cch so snh cc thng lng t
c bi cc h thng khc nhau ti cng mt ti lu lng. li
thng lng trung bnh vt qu h s 3x c th t c trn di
rng ti. Th d, ti lu lng phc v 2Mbps trn on WCDMA
c s t c thng lng ngi s dng trung bnh khong
2,5Mbps so vi 18Mbps i vi LTE. Lu rng h thng HSPA
pht trin t c 15Mbps ti ti ny.
Cc ng truyn v tuyn nhanh hn ca c h thng LTE v
HSPA tin tin s nh hng ln thng lng theo hai cch:
1. i vi SINR cho trc, cho php t c thng lng cao hn.
2. i vi cng mt lu lng phc v, cho php gim mc s
dng ng truyn v tuyn v v th nhiu gim dn n SINR cao hn.
Ngoi ra li thng lng bin vt qu h s 2x cho di rng
ti nh trn hnh 16.2. C th nh gi cc li s dng ph tn
bng cch so snh lu lng c phc v i vi mt yu cu cho
trc v thng lng bin . Chng hn, i vi yu cu thng lng
bin 1Mbps, WCDMA c th phc v 2,5Mbps trn mt on , gi
tr tng ng i vi LTE l 8Mbps ngha l li trong trng hp
ny ln hn 3x. Tuy nhin i vi cc yu cu thng lng thp hn,
yu cu 3GPP LTE khng c p ng. Trong mt mng y ti, lu
584
lng c phc v vo khong 4 n 9 Mbps i vi WCDMA c s

v LTE, nh vy li t c vi h s 2,25x.
ISD: khong cch gia cc
Hnh 16.2. Thng lng ngi s dng ng xung trung bnh v

bin ph thuc vo lu lng c phc v.
(Truyn sng thnh ph in hnh)
585
Hnh 16.3 cho thy cc kt qu tng t i vi knh ngi i b

t phn tn thi gian hn. Trong knh t tn thi hn, WCDMA hot
ng tt hn, nht l h thng WCDMA c s khng s dng cc my
thu tin tin. Cc li hiu nng cao i vi LTE so vi WCDMA
vn t c, li cho thng lng trung bnh ca ngi s dng l
3x cn cho thng lng ngi s dng bin l 2x. Cc li hiu
sut ph cng vt qu 3x i vi cc yu cu thng lng ngi s
dng bin ln hn 2Mbps.
Cc kt qu tng ng cho truyn sng thnh ph in hnh c
th hin trn hnh 16.4 v cho truyn sng ngi i b A trn hnh
16.5. Cc kt qu ny cho thy li ln hn 2x cho cc yu cu v
thng thng trung bnh v thng lng bin ca ngi s dng so
vi chun tham kho WCDMA. i vi thng lng bin li nh
hn thng lng trung bnh.
586
ng xung, ngi i b A,
ISD=500m, tn hao thm nhp=20dB
Thng lng ngi s dng

bin (Mbps)
14
LTE
WCDMA tin tin
WCDMA c s
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
2
4
6
8
Lu lng c phc v (Mbps)
10
Hnh 16.3. Thng lng ngi s dng ng xung

trung bnh v bin ph thuc lu lng c phc v.
(Truyn sng ngi i b A.)
ng ln, thnh ph in hnh,
ISD=500m, tn hao thm nhp=20dB
10
9
LTE
LTE
WCDMA
WCDMA tin
tin tin
tin
WCDMA
WCDMA c
c s
s
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
2
4
3
ISD: khong cch gia cc
Hnh 16.4. Thng lng ngi s dng ng ln

(Truyn sng thnh ph in hnh)
ng ln, ngi i b A, ISD=500m,
tn hao thm nhp=20dB
Thng lng trung bnh ca

ngi s dng (Mbps)
10
9
LTE
LTE
WCDMA
WCDMA tin
tin tin
tin
WCDMA
WCDMA c
c s
s
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
5
2
4
3
587
Thng lng ngi s dng

bin (Mbps)
588
Hnh 16.5. Thng lng ngi s dng n ln

(Truyn sng ngi i b A)
16.3. NH GI LTE TRONG 3GPP DA TRN M PHNG
NG
16.3.1. Cc yu cu hiu nng ca LTE
Cc mc tiu hiu nng h thng ca LTE c nh ngha
trong 3GPP trong nm 2005 v c trnh by trong 3GPP TR25.913
cng vi cc mc tiu lin quan n cc kh nng, tnh phc tp v
cu trc (xem chng 11). Cc tiu chun nh gi i vi hiu nng
h thng l:
Thng lng ngi s dng trung bnh: c o bng gi tr
trung bnh tng thng lng trn tt c cc ngi s dng trn 1 MHz.
589
- Thng lng ngi s dngbin : c o bng 5 phn trm

phn b ngi s dng trn MHz (95% s ngi s dng c hiu nng
tt hn).
- Hiu sut ph tn: Thng lng h thng trn mt on o
bng bps/MHz/mt trm.
- Vng ph: Hiu nng trong cc ln.
Trong khi cc gii php cng ngh chi tit i vi LTE khng
phi l c s cho cc yu cu hiu nng, th s lng cc anten Tx v
Rx c lp cu hnh cho BS v UE phi c chp nhn l cc iu
kin tin quyt cho cc mc tiu hiu nng. L do v phi gii hn
mc tng s lng anten i vi gii php c la chn do tng
mc phc tp. V mt l thuyt c th nhn c cc li rt ln
phi thc t khi s dng s lng anten phi thc t. V th di y l cc
cu hnh ng xung v ng ln c chn cho cc mc tiu LTE:
- ng xung LTE c cc i 2 anten pht ti eNodeB v hai
anten thu ti Rx.
- ng ln LTE c cc i mt anten pht ti UE v hai anten
thu ti eNodeB.
Hiu nng c nh gi ring r cho ng ln v cho ng
xung v cc mc tiu c thit lp tng i so vi hiu nng tham
chun ca h thng tham chun R6. H thng tham chun gm:
- ng xung tham chun R6 da trn HSDPA vi mt anten
pht ti nt B vi my thu kiu I c hiu nng tng cng (cc yu
cu da trn phn tp anten kp).
- ng ln tham chun R6 da trn ng ln tng cng
(HSUPA) vi mt anten pht ti UE v hai anten thu ti nt B.
Cc tiu ch hiu nng LTE chp thun c cho trong bng
16.4. V k vng rng c thng lng trung bnh ngi s dng ln
590
hiu sut ph tn u hng li t vic tng 1 ln 2 anten pht trn

ng xung, nn tng mc tiu thng lng ngi s dng bin s
c th l ch tiu mi trn ng xung.
Bng 16.4. Mc tiu hiu nng LTE trong TR25.913
ch ng xung
so vi tham chun
R6 HSDPA
ch ng ln so vi
tham chun R6
HSUPA
Thng lng ngi s dng

trung bnh (trn mt MHz)
3-4x
2-3x
Thng lng ngi s dng

bin (trn 1 MHz, 5 phn trm)
2-3x
2-3x
Hiu sut ph tn bps/Hz/trm
3-4x
2-3x
Tiu chun nh gi
hiu nng
Vng ph
p ng cc yu cu
trn cho vng ph
ln n 5km
p ng cc yu cu
trn cho vng ph ln
n 5km
16.3.2. nh gi hiu nng LTE

Khi nghin cu tnh kh thi ca 3GPP cho LTE, mt s khi nim
knh vt l ng xung v ng ln LTE c nghin cu v
c bo co trong TR25.814. Cc khi nim c chn cng c
nh gi theo thng lng ngi s dng, hiu sut ph tn, vng ph
v cc thng s khc.
Cc gi thit v cc cng ngh c thit lp cho nh gi 3GPP
cng c bo co cng vi cc tng kt v cc kt qu (xem phn
di). nh gi LTE c thc hin cho 3GPP da trn phn b ngu
nhin cc ngi s dng trn m hnh mng v tuyn v sau cc
ngi s dng ny chuyn dch theo m hnh di ng. Truyn sng v
phainh c m hnh ha cc gi tr thng k c thu thp cho tng
bc m phng ca mt TTI.
Tt c cc s liu nhn c trong nh gi ca 3GPP da trn
LTE s dng cc sng mang bng thng 5MHz, cc gi tr ny c
591
t trong quan h vi chun tham kho R6 nh ni trn. Cc kt

qu c nh gi cng trnh by cho cc kch thc thay i,
cc phng php lp biu khc nhau (quay vng v cng bng t l),
cc m hnh a knh v cc bng thng khc nhau. To s liu lu
lng v lp biu c s dng khc vi xt trong phn 16.2 (da
trn m phng tnh). Ngoi ra cng c mt s khc bit nh cc kch
thc v cc m hnh truyn sng.
Cng c th s dng cu hnh 2x2 nh gi LTE to bp mt
lung ng xung. Kt qu cho thy rng thng lng trung bnh ca
ngi s dng i vi ti lu lng cao v thng lng ngi s dng
bin i vi tt c cc ti c ci thin so vi cc kt qu cho 2x2
MIMO, tt c cc mc tiu u p ng khi s dng cu hnh anten
trong bng 16.2. Cc kt qu nh gi cng cho thy cu hnh to bp
nhiu lung 4x2 cng vt tri 2x2MIMO v cu hnh to bp mt
lung ti tt c cc ti.
Kt lun nghin cu tnh kh thi, hiu nng KTE c bo co
v c so snh vi chun tham kho WCDMA trong TR25.912 v
bo cc ny kt lun rng cc tiu ch c p ng.
16.3.3. Hiu nng LTE vi sng mang FDD bng thng 20 MHz
nh gi c trnh by trong phn 16.2 da trn m phng tnh
v nh gi cu 3GPP da trn m phng ng u da trn sng
mang bng thng 5MHz. LTE h tr di rng cc bng thng sng
mang ln n 20 MHz. Bng thng cao hn cho cc tc s liu
nh cao hn cho cc ngi s dng v thng lng trung bnh ngi
s dng cng cao hn. Cc con s nhn c da trn m phng ng
cng vi cc gi thit cng ging nh trong nh gi ca 3GPP, ngoi
tr cc thng s c ch ra trong bng 16.5.
Cc gi tr hiu nng trn hnh 16.6 cho thy thng lng trung
bnh ngi s dng i vi sng mang bng thng 20MHz vo
592
khong 4 ln ln hn sng mang bng thng 5MHz i vi c cc ti

lu lng cao v thp. Mc d sng mang bng thng 20MHz tng tc
s liu bn ln, hiu sut ph tn (Mbps/MHZ) cc i hu nh
khng i. Cc gi tr cho 4x4 MIMO cho php tng hiu sut ph tn
hai ln so vi 2x2MIMO.
Bng 16.5. Cc gi thit cho cc kt qu trn hnh 16.6
Cng sut trm gc
40W (20MHz) v 20W (5MHz)
M hnh truyn sng
V m ngoi (m hnh knh khng gian)
Khong cch gia cc trm
500m
Lp biu
Cng bng t l trong min thi gian v min tn s
140
LTE 2x2 (2 lung) trong 5MHz
LTE 2x2 (hai lung) trong 5MHz
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0,5
4x4
2x2
1
2,5
1,5
2
Hiu sut ph tn (Mbps/MHz)
Hnh 16.6. Thng lng trung bnh ngi s dng

ph thuc hiu sut ph tn i vi cc sng mang
bng thng 5MHz v 20 MHz
3,5
593
16.4. QU NG TRUYN HSPA

Phn ny s trnh by tnh ton qu ng truyn HSDPA v
HSUPA. Qu ng truyn c s dng trong giai on nh c
mng vi cc m hnh truyn sng ph hp c tnh s i trm
cn thit. Qu ng truyn tng i ny cng c th c s dng
xc nh kh nng ti s dng trm gc bng cch tnh qu ng
truyn tng i gia GSM v HSPA.
16.4.1. Qu ng truyn HSUPA
Tng cng sut tp m nhit c tnh theo cng thc sau:
N = (Ni NF)[dB]
= 10lg(2901,3810-23) + NF + 30 + 10lgBw dBm/Hz
(16.1)
trong Ni l tp m nhit u vo my thu; NF l h s tp m ca
my thu; Bw l bng thng knh.
nhy cn thit ca my thu m bo t s tnh hiu trn
nhiu cng tp m SINR= (Eb/NT0')req yu cu c xc nh nh sau:
Pmin/(N+I) = (1/Gp)(Eb/(N0+I0)re
=(1/Gp)(Eb/(N0')req ,
(16.2)
trong Pmin l nhy my thu cn thit m bo t s

(Eb/NT0)req yu cu, Gp l li x l, NT v I l tp m nhit v nhiu
t cc ngi s dng khc, NT0 v I0 l mt tp m nhit v nhiu
t cc ngi s dng khc, N0'=NT0+I0 l mt ph cng sut tp m
cng nhiu.
T phng trnh (16.2) ta c:
Pmin = (N+I)[dBm] -Gp[dB]+(Eb/N0')req[dB],
(16.3)
N+I= NMI hay (N+I)[dB]= N[dB]+MI [dB]
(16.4)
594
trong : N=30+10lgk+10lg290K+10lg3,84106chip/s,dbm
v k=1,38.10-23WK-1Hz-1 l hng s Bolzmann
MT l d tr nhiu giao thoa ca cc ngi s dng khc c
tnh theo h s ti ng ln nh sau:
MI= -lg(1-UL) [dB]
(16.5)
Tn hao cc i cho php ng ln khi s dng b khuych i

trn thp anten (MHA) b tr tn hao cp c tnh nh sau:
Lmax= EIRPm-Pmin+Gb-Lf -Mf-F+GMHA+GHO [dB]
(16.6)
Trong Pmin l nhy hiu dng my thu, Gb l li anten

thu trm gc, Lf l tn hao kt ni v tuyn v cp trm gc, Mf-F l d
tr phainh nhanh , GMHA l khuych i ca b khuych i t trn
thp anten, GHO l li chuyn giao mm,v EIRPm l cng sut pht
x ng hng tng ng ca u cui di ng c xc nh
nh sau :
EIRPm= Ptx-Lfm+Gm-Lbody [dB]
(16.7)
Th d qu ng truyn HSUPA c tnh ton theo bng 16.6.

Qu ng truyn c tnh ton cho tc s liu 64 kbps ti bin .
Gi thit cng sut pht u cui c gi thit bng 24 dBm, khng
xt n tn hao c th i vi kt ni s liu, khuych i anten u
cui di ng, tn hao cp v connect, v th cng sut pht x ng
hng tng ng (EIRP) bng 24dBm . Gi thit my thu trm gc
c h s tp m NF= 2dB, v v th tp m nn my thu l 106,2dBm.
nhy my thu hiu dng c xt nhiu khi h s ti bng 50%
(tng ng vi d tr nhiu 3dB) vi gi thit Eb/N0 bng 0,0dB i
vi BLER l 10% bao gm c li x l 17,8 dB s l -121dBm.
Gi thit tn hao cp c b tr bi b khuych i t ti thp anten
MHA, h s khuych i anten trm gc 18dBi (anten c rng bp
sng l 650) v li chuyn giao mm 2dB, cui cng ta c tn
hao ng truyn cc i cho php l 163dB.
595
Bng 16.6. Th d tnh qu ng truyn HSUPA cho 64 kbps

My pht ( u cui di ng)
Cng sut my pht (dBm)
24,0
PTxm
Khuych i anten (dBi)
0,0
Gm
Tn hao phi +connect(dB)
0,0
Lfm
Tn hao c th (dB)
0,0
Lbody
Cng sut pht x ng hng

tng ng (dBm)
24,0
EIRPm=Ptxm-Lfm+Gm-Lbody
H s tp m my thu (dB)
2,0
NF
Cng sut tp m nhit u vo

my thu (dBm)
-108,2
Ni =30+ 10lgk+10lg290K+
10lg3,84106chip/s
Cng sut tp m nn my thu

(dBm)
-106,2
N= Ni+NF
H s ti ng ln (%)
50
UL
D tr nhiu giao thoa (dB)
3,0
MI= -10lg(1-UL)
Tng tp m + nhiu giao thoa

(dBm)
-103,2
(N+I)[dBm]=N+MI
li x l ( dB)
17,8
Gp= 10log(3.840.000/64.000)
T s SNR yu cu (dB)
0,0
(Eb/N0')req, BLER 10% t m phng
nhy my thu hiu dng (dBm)
-121,0
Pmin= (N+I)[dBm] Gp[dB]+(Eb/N0')req[dB],
Khuych i anten trm (dBi)
18,0
Gb
Tn hao connect v phi (dB)
2,0
Lf
D tr fading nhanh (dB)
2,0
Mf-F , c d tr cho iu khin

cng sut vng kn
Khuych i MHA* (dB)
2,0
GMHA
li chuyn giao mm (dB)
2,0
GHO
Tn hao ng truyn cc i cho

php (dB)
163,0
My thu ( Trm gc)
Lmax= EIRPm-Pmin+Gb-Lf
-Mf-F+GMHA+GHO
*MHA: Mast Head Amplifier: b khuych i trn thp anten
596
Tn hao ng truyn c th c o theo mc cng sut thu ca

knh hoa tiu, CPICH RSCP (Received Signal Code Power: cng sut
m tn hiu thu). Tn hao ng truyn 163 dBm tng ng vi mc
tn hiu CPICH RSCP dBm sau:
RSCP[dBm]= PCPICH-tx [dBm]-Lf-Gb-Lmax
= 33dBm-2dB+18dBi-163dB
= -114dBm
(16.8)
16.4.2. Qu ng truyn HSDPA

Tng t nh cng thc (16.6) cho ng truyn HSUPA, ta c th
tnh ton suy hao cc i cho php cho ng truyn HSDPA nh sau:
Lmax= EIRPb-Pmin+Gm-Lbody-Lfm -Mf-F+GHO [dB]
(16.9)
Trong : EIRPb l cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng

trm gc, Gm l h s khuych i anten u cui di ng, Lfm l suy
hao cp ni v connect u cui di ng, Lbody suy hao c th, Mf-F l
d tr phainh nhanh, GHO li chuyn giao mm (trong trng hp
ny bng khng v HSDPA khng s dng chuyn giao mm) v Pin l
nhy hiu dng my thu trm gc tnh theo cng thc sau :
Pmin= (N+I)[dBm] -Gp[dB]+(Eb/N0')req[dB],
(16.10)
Trong N l tp m nn, (Eb/N0) l t s tn hiu trn tp m

cng nhiu yu cu ly theo kt qu m phng v Gp l li x l
dch v tnh nh sau :
Gp= 10lgSF [dB]
(16.11)
trong SF l h s tri ph bng 16 i vi HS-DSCH v 128

i vi HS-SCCH.
Qu ng xung c tnh ton theo bng 16.7. Tnh ton c
s dng cho tc s liu 512 kbps cho mt ngi s dng n trn
knh HS-DSCH.Cng sut trm gc c gi thit bng 40W v 80%
597
cng sut ny c dnh cho HS-DSCH, v th cng sut pht HSDSCH s l 45 dBm. Trc khi n anten tn hao cp s gim cng
sut ny 2 dB. H s tp m c gi thit bng 7dB (2dB cao hn
yu cu ca 3GPP). li x l c nh bng 16 (bng 12dB). H s
ti c gi thit bng 70% (kh cao so vi ti ca cc khc). Gi
thit SINR yu cu bng 6,0 dB i vi u cui mt anten. Nu u
cui s dng phn tp thu vi hai anten, tc s liu s tng gp i
ln 1Mbps vi ti cng gi tr SINR.
Tn hao ng truyn ly bng 163dB ging nh tn hao ng
truyn thoi GSM hay WCDMA, v th HSDPA c th m bo dch
v bng rng bng cch s dng cng trm hin c trong cng bng
tn ang s dng cho GSM.
Bng 16.7. Th d tnh qu ng truyn DL HSDPA cho 512 kbps,
u cui 3,6 Mbps
My pht (trm gc)
HSDSCH
Cng sut HSDSCH(dBm)
45
HSSCCH
37,7
PTxb 46dBm (39,8W), 80% cho

HS-DSCH (31,85W45dBm)
18,
18,0
Gb
Tn hao connect v
phi (dB)
2,0
2,0
LfB
Cng sut pht x ng

hng tng ng
(dBm)
61,0
47,7,0
EIRPb= PTxb+Gb-LB
HSDSCH
HSSCCH
7,0
7,0
NF
Cng sut tp m nhit

u vo my thu (dBm)
-108,2
-108,2
Ni =30+ 10lgk+10lg290K+
10lg3,84106chip/s
Cng sut tp m nn
-101,2
-101,2
N= Ni+NF
My thu (u cui di ng)
598
my thu (dBm)
H s ti ng xung
(%)
70
70
DL
D tr nhiu giao thoa

(dB)
5,2
5,2
MI= -10lg(1-UL)
Tng nhiu+giao thoa

(dBm)
-96
-96
(N+I)[dBm]=N+MI
li x l ( dB)
12
21
Gp= 10logSF, vi SF cho HSDSCH v SF=128 cho HS-SCCH
SINR yu cu (dB)
6,0
1,6
(Eb/N0')req, t m phng
nhy my thu hiu

dng (dBm)
-102
-115,4
Pmin= (N+I)[dBm] Gp[dB]+(Eb/N0')req[dB],
D tr phainh nhanh
(dB)
0,0
0,0
Mf-F , do khng iu khin cng

sut vng kn cho HSDPA
0,0
0,0
Gm
Tn hao c th (dB)
0,0
0,0
Lbody
Tn hao connect v
phi (dB)
0,0
0,0
Lfm
li chuyn giao mm
(dB)
0,0
0,0
GHO do khng chuyn giao mm

cho HSDPA
Tn hao ng truyn cc
i cho php (dB)
163
163,1
Lmax= EIRPb-Pmin+Gm-Lbody-Lfm -MfF+GHO
16.5. QU NG TRUYN LTE

Trong phn ny ta s xt qu ng ln v qu ng xung cho LTE.
16.5.1. Qu ng ln LTE
Tng t nh suy hao cc i cho php ng ln HSUPA xc
nh theo cng thc (16.6), ta c th tnh suy hao cc i cho php
ng ln LTE nh sau:
Lmax=EIRPm-Pmin+Gb-Lf+GMHA
599
(16.12)
Trong EIRPmin l cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng

ca u cui di ng, Gb l khuych i anten trm gc, Lf l tn hao
phi v connect trm gc, GHMA l khuych i ca b khuych i
MHA c tnh ging nh trong phn 16.4 cn Pmin l nhy my
thu hiu dng tnh nh sau:
Pmin=(N+I)[dBm]+(Eb/N0')req[dB]
(16.13)
Th d tnh ton qu ng ln LTE c trnh by trong bng

16.8, trong (Eb/N0)req c xc nh theo m phng cho trng
hp my thu trm gc s dng hai anten cho phn tp thu. Gi thit
u cui di ng c n nh hai khi ti nguyn vi bng thng 360
kHz. Cng sut u cui l 24 dBm, khng tn hao c th i vi kt
ni s liu. Gi thit my thu trm gc c h s tp m bng 2 dB. T
m phng nhn c t s tn hiu trn nhiu cng tp m yu cu
bng 7dB. BS s dng b khuych i MHA b tr tn hao cp. H
s khuych i anten trm gc l 18dBi. Kt qu tnh ton cho ta tn
hao cc i cho php ng ln LTE bng 163,4dB.
Bng 16.8. Th d tnh qu ng ln LTE cho 64 kbps vi my thu
trm gc hai anten
My pht ( u cui di ng)
Cng sut my pht (dBm)
24,0
PTxm
0,0
Gm
0,0
Lfm
Tn hao c th (dB)
0,0
Lbody

tng ng (dBm)
24,0
EIRPm=Ptxm-Lfm+Gm-Lbody
2,0
NF
My thu ( Trm gc)

600

my thu (dBm)
-118,4
Ni =30+ 10lgk+10lg290K+
10lgB(360kHz)

(dBm)
-116,4
N= Ni+NF
D tr nhiu (dB)
2,0
MI

(dBm)
-114,4
(N+I)[dBm]=N+MI
T s SNR yu cu (dB)
-7,0
-121,4
Pmin=(N+I)[dBm]+(Eb/N0')req[dB],
18,0
Gb
Tn hao connect v phid (dB)
2,0
Lf
Khuych i MHA* (dB)
2,0
GMHA

php (dB)
163,4
Lmax= EIRPm-Pmin+Gb-Lf +GMHA
*MHA: Mast Head Amplifier: B khuych i trn thp anten
16.5.2. Qu ng xung LTE

Qu ng xung LTE tnh theo cng thc sau:
Lmax= EIRPb-Pmin+Gm-Lfm -Lbody
(16.14)
Trong EIRPb l cng sut pht x ng hng tng ng

ca trm gc, Gm v Lfm l khuych i anten v tn hao phi cng
connect ca u cui v Pmin l nhy hiu dng my thu u cui
tnh theo cng thc sau:
Pmin=N[dBm]+ MI[dBm]+ Mcch +(Eb/N0')req[dB]
(16.15)
Trong N l tm m nhit my thu, MI l d tr nhiu, Mcch l

b sung d tr nhiu knh iu khin v (Eb/N0)req l t s tn hiu
trn tp m yu cu c xc nh theo m phng.
Th d tnh ton qu ng xung LTE c trnh by trong
bng 16.9, trong (E/N0)req c xc nh t m phng cho trng
hp my thu u cui s dng phn tp thu vi hai anten.
601
Bng 16.9. Qu ng xung LTE cho 1Mbps vi my thu hai anten.

My pht ( Trm gc)
Cng sut my pht trm gc
46,0
PTxb
Khuych i anten trm gc (dBi)
18,0
Gb
2,0
Lf
62,0
EIRPb=Ptxb-Lf+Gb
7,0
NF
(dBm)

tng ng (dBm)
My thu ( u cui di ng)
my thu (dBm)
-104,5
Ni =30+ 10lgk+10lg290K+
10lgB(9MHz)
-97,5
N= Ni+NF
D tr nhiu (dB)
3,0
MI
B sung nhiu knh iu khin
1,0
Mcch
-93,5
(N+I)[dBm]=N+MI+Mcch
T s SNR yu cu (dB)
-10,0
-103,5
Pmin=(N+I)[dBm]+(Eb/N0')req[dB],
0,0
Gm
Tn hao connect v phid (dB)
0,0
Lfm
Tn hao c th (dB)
0,0
Lbody
165,5
Lmax= EIRPb-Pmin+Gm-Lfm -Lbody
(dBm)

(dBm)

php (dB)
602
16.6. TNG KT
Chng ny xt cc thng s hiu nng v cc phng php
m phng nh gi hiu nng. Hai m hnh nh gi hiu nng:
Tnh v ng c xt trong chng ny.
Mc d ch s dng cc m hnh c n gin ha v b qua cc
ci thin ca giao thc lp trn, cc kt qu m phng trong chng
ny cho thy tim nng cao ca cc pht trin HSPA v LTE trong
vic ci thin cht lng ngi s dng, dung lng v vng ph v
nh vy gim tng gi thnh kt cu h tng trong c kch bn vng
ph ln kch bn hn ch dung lng.
Cc con s hiu nng c trnh by trong chng ny cng vi
cc kt qu s dng trong nh gi ca 3GPP cho thy LTE hon ton
p ng c cc mc tiu ca 3GPP v thng lng v hiu sut s
dng tn ph. Cc yu cu ny mt phn c hnh thnh t chnh
vic so snh tng i vi h thng WCDMA c s. H thng
WCDMA tin tin hn vi p dng MIMO v cc my thu RAKE,
cng s t c cc tnh nng tng t nh khi nim LTE. Tm li
cn lu rng rt nhiu cc ci thin LTE cng s c p dng trong
pht trin WCDMA/HSPA.
Phn cui ca chng a ra cc th d tnh ton qu ng
truyn cho HSPA v LTE. Cc kt qu tnh ton ny c th s dng
cho vic nh c mng ca giai on u quy hoch mng.
16.7. CU HI
1. Trnh by ngha nh gi hiu nng da trn m phng bng
my tnh.
2. Trnh by hiu nng t gc ngi s dng.
3. Trnh by hiu nng t gc nh khai thc.
4. Trnh by cu hnh v cc tiu ch thc hin m phng nh gi.
603
5. Trnh by nh gi hiu nng ca HSPA v LTE da trn phng

php m phng tnh.
6. Trnh by phng php nh gi hiu nng LTE da trn m
phng ng.
7. Trnh by tnh ton qu ng truyn HSUPA.
8. Trnh by tnh ton qu ng truyn HSDPA.
9. Trnh by tnh ton qu ng ln LTE.
10.Trnh by tnh ton qu ng xung LTE.
Ph lc
CC YU CU PHN V TUYN
CA U CUI HSPA
Ph lc ny s trnh by cc yu cu phn v tuyn ca u cui

3GPP HSPA. Phn u PL1 trnh by cc yu cu i vi my pht,
phn hai PL2 trnh by cc yu cu i vi my thu v phn ba cn li
(PL3) trnh by cc bng tn khc nhau s dng cho HSPA.
PL1. CC YU CU MY PHT
PL1.1. Cng sut u ra

Cc u cui WCDMA v HSPA thng mi c loi cng sut 3
vi cng sut u ra cc i 24dBm hay loi cng sut 4 vi cng sut
ra 21dBm. Loi cng sut 3 c dung sai +1/-3dB, ngha l cng sut ra
u cui phi nm trong di t 21 n 25dBm. Dung sai trong loi
cng sut 4 l +2/-2dB. Nu cng sut ra u cui l 22dBm th u
cui c th c phn loi hoc loi 3 hoc loi 4 do s chng ln
trong nh ngha loi. Cc loi cng sut c tng kt trong bng
PL1. Cng sut ra u cui cao hn c th ci thin tc ng ln
trong vng ph sng yu.
Bng PL1. Cc loi cng sut
Loi cng sut 3
Loi cng sut 4
Cng sut cc i
+24dBm
+21dBm
Dung sai
+1/-3dB
+2/-2dB
Ph lc: Cc yu cu phn v tuyn ca u cui HSPA
606
HSDPA a ra mt knh ng ln mi phn hi L1 vi tn

gi l knh vt l iu khin ring (HS-DCCH). Truyn dn
HS-DPCCH xy ra song song vi DPCCH thng thng to ra
truyn dn a m. Truyn dn a m i hi mc tuyn tnh cao
hn i vi cc phn v tuyn ca my pht (UE) v t s cng sut
nh trn cng sut trung bnh (PAPR) tng. Cc c t 3GPP cho
php UE gim cng sut ra cc i i vi cc khe thi gian c pht
HS-DPCCH. Gim cng sut pht cho php ph thuc vo bin
tng i ca DPDCH d v DPCCH c. Nu cng sut tng i ca
DPCCH thp so vi DPCCH th khng c php gim cng sut.
Nu tc s liu ng ln vo khong 16kbit/s hoc cao hn th
khng cn gim cng sut. Gim cng sut 1dB c th c s dng
cho cc tc s liu thp. Gim cng sut cc i 2dB ch c
php khi kt ni ng ln khng pht s liu. Cc gii hn cng sut
ra ca UE c cho trong bng PL2. Gim cng sut s khng nh
hng ln nh c qu ng truyn v cc mng ny thng c
nh c m bo tc 64kbit/s trn ng ln vi s dng
DPDCH.
Bng PL2. Cng sut ra R5 UE vi HS-DPCCH
T s bin
DPCCH/DPDCH
Tc bit in hnh
tng ng (kbit/s)
Gim cng sut ra cc

i c php (dB)
1/15<c/d<12/15
>8-16
12/15,5<c/d<15/8
8-16
-1
15/7<c/d<15/0
0 (khng truyn dn
s liu)
-2
i vi R6 nh ngha gim cng sut thay i mt cht c

mt nh ngha n gin bao hm tt c cc t hp k c s dng
HSUPA ln HSDPA. Thut ng s o lp phng (CM: Cubic
607
Metric) c a ra nh l mt s o gim cng sut c php. c

t cho php gim cng sut khi CM tng do s dng cc knh m song
song vt qu gi tr CM tham chun bng 1 (CM=1 i vi
c/d=12/15, hs/d=24/15). Nh vy gim cng sut ra cc i c
tnh theo gi tr CM bng 1 v gi tr CM cc i l 3,5 tng ng vi
gim cng sut cho php bng 2dB.
20 lg ( v _ norm3 ) 20 lg ( v _ norm_ref )
rms
rms
CM = CEIL
;0,5
k
Trong k=1,8 nu cc m nh knh c chn t na thp ca

cy m, ngc li k=1,56 v v_norm th hin dng sng in p c
chun ha ca tn hiu u ra v v_ref l dng sng c chun ha
ca tn hiu tham chun (ting thoi ARM 12,2kbit/s). Ceil(x;0,5) l
gi tr ca biu thc c lm trn n 0,5dB gn nht chng hn
CM=[0; 1; 1,5; 2,0; 2,5; 3; 3,5]
nh ngha ny cng thay th cc nh ngha R5 cho cc thit b
ch c HSDPA khng h tr HSUPA.
Ngoi cng sut ra cc i, cng sut ra cc tiu cng c nh
ngha. u cui phi c kh nng gim cng sut xung cn -50dBm
bo v cc trm gc khi n tin n rt gn anten trm gc, chng
hn trong cc trong nh.
PL1.2. T l d knh ln cn
T l d knh ln cn (ACLR: Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio)
m t lng cng sut c php d r n cc sng mang ln cn.
Khng c cc quy nh ny cho HSDPA cng nh cho HSUPA, v
gim cng sut ra vi cc knh iu khin HSDPA v HSDPA c
nh ngha cho php cng mt b khuch i cng sut s dng
c cho c HSPA v WCDMA nhng vn p ng cc yu
cu ACLR. Nu khng cho php gim cng sut khi PAPR tng,
608
s rt kh khn duy tr hiu nng ACLR m khng tng kch c b

khuch i.
Mc ch ca kim tra ACLR l bo v hiu nng thu ca trm
gc. iu ny lin quan n cc trm gc nm gn u cui, trong khi
u cui li pht n mt trm gc xa vi cng sut cao. iu ny
c bit quan trng i vi cc trng hp nhiu gia cc nh khai
thc v r rng rng cc u cui khng th ni n trm gc gn nht
nu chng thuc mt nh khai thc khc.
Trng hp ny c minh ha trn hnh PL1 cho sng mang ln
cn th nht v th hai. Cc gi tr ACLR khng th hin mc cng
sut ti mt im tn s, m chng l tch hp trn bng thng
3,84MHz bng b lc my thu c s dng lm m hnh o. o
c thc hin ti ton b cng sut, nhng n cng ng i vi cc
mc cng sut thp hn cho n khi mc ny n gn mc cng sut
cc tiu. Ti im ny tp m nn s bt u nh hng ACLR.
Hnh PL1. T s d knh ln cn do pht t u cui
609
Ngoi ra, cc yu cu pht x ca my pht c nh ngha trong

cc im trn ng cong hnh PL1 phi nm di cc mc cng
sut quy nh. iu ny nhm m bo cc quy nh theo lut v
ngoi ra trong mt s nc cn c cc yu cu c bit cho chi tit
mt n pht x (chng hn cc yu cu ca FCC M).
PL1.3. iu ch pht
Cc yu cu iu ch pht khng a ra cc b sung ring lin
quan n HSDPA, nhng vi HSUPA hin nay vn c mt s vn
lin quan n cc yu cu v ln vc t li trm gc (EVM: Error
Vector Magnitude). EVM m t lng cng sut d gia cc m nh
knh cho chui my pht ca mt trm gc gy ra l bao nhiu. Quy
nh ny c m bo cht ch hn i vi HSDPA do s dng
iu ch 16QAM.
Khng c iu ch mi c a ra trn ng ln s dng
HSUPA, v iu ch kha dch pha vung gc (QPSK) knh kp trong
R3 vn c s dng. Vi s dng truyn dn a m, EVM m t
lng cng sut r r t mt m n mt m khc do mc khng
chnh xc pha ca my pht, ngay c khi trong mt knh l tng vn
duy tr c trc giao. Hnh PL2 cho thy v d v trng hp khi hai
m c s dng vi tc s liu cc i vi mt knh s liu vt l
ring tng cng (E-DPDCH). V l thuyt cc knh ny hon ton
trc giao vi nhau v v chng c truyn trn cc nhnh khc nhau
(ng pha v pha vung gc) ca tn hiu QPSK hai knh. Lu rng
mc cng sut gia knh iu khin vt l ring (DPCCH) v knh
DPDCH khng c a ra trn hnh PL2, v mc cng sut ca
DPCCH vi h s tri ph 256 rt thp so vi mc cng sut SF4 hay
SF2 ca E-DPDCH. SF cng nh th nhiu gia cc knh E-DPDCH
song song s cng nghim trong hn, v li x l nh nn khng
th h tr trit nhiu. cc yu cu EVM hin ti vn ng i vi
truyn dn HSUPA v hin 3GPP vn ang nghin cu a ra cc
610
yu cu hiu nng ti thiu cho n nh cng sut min m nhm m

bo rng cc UE pht tt c cc knh vi trng s ph hp.
S khng lin tc pha cng quan trng thm ch trong trng hp
knh n m (DPDCH hay E-DPDCH), v iu ch mang thng
tin ng pha ca tn hiu ny. Do , tnh khng lin tc pha cng
lm gim cp hiu nng h thng trn m n. Do vy, cc c t
ca 3GPP R5 c c kim tra trng hp khng lin tc pha v m
DPDCH n.
Hnh PL2. D cng sut gia cc m do i lng vc t li

PL2. CC YU CU MY THU
PL2.1. nhy
nhy my thu l thng s kim tra hiu nng my thu ti
cc mc cng sut tn hiu thu thp (khi c tp m nhit). y l m
hnh cho trng hp u cui di ng nm ti bin . Hnh PL3 cho
thy cc mc kim tra o nhy. Mc nng lng chip tn hiu
yu cu trc gii tri ph l -117dBm. nhy c nh ngha cho
thoi 12,2kbit/s vi li x l l 25dB, v th sau tri ph mc ny
611
c nng ln thnh -92dBm. Gi thit yu cu Eb/N0 l 7dB i vi

t l li khi (BLER) l 1%, khi ny mc tp m nhit phi l 99dBm. V mc tp m nhit vi 3,84Mbit/s l -108dB, nn h s tp
m yu cu phi thp hn 9dB. nhy yu cu bng -117dBm p
dng cho bng I. i vi cc bng khc nhy thay i gia 114dBm
v
-117dBm tng ng vi h s tp m t 9dB n 12dB. Cc yu cu
nhy lin quan n bng thng cng c nh ngha, v kch c
bng thng v khong cch song cng gia ng ln v ng xung
l khc nhau trong cc bng tn. Cc bng tn khc nhau c xt
trong phn PL3.
Hnh PL3. Trng hp kim tra nhy my thu

Kim tra nhy c tin hnh khi u cui di ng pht
ton b cng sut (21dBm hay 24dBm), v kh nng ln nht y l
trng hp bin vng ph sng ca . iu ny cho php xt n d
my pht n bng tn my thu. Kim tra nhy ch c quy nh
612
cho knh kim tra tham chun thoi 12,2kbit/s. Khng c bt k cc

kim tra khc lin quan n nhy my thu c th HSDPA v
HSUPA.
t c hiu nng yu cu trong trng hp kim tra, cn
m bo suy hao kh ln gia my pht v my thu. Tn hiu c
pht qua b lc song cng trong u cui ti mc cng sut thm ch
cn cao hn cng sut u ra thc t do suy hao ca chnh bn thn b
lc song cng. Phn cch gia my pht v my thu c thc hin
bi phn cch kh dng ca b lc song cng v cc b lc bng
thng trong chui pht (hnh PL4). Lu rng my pht ca v d trn
hnh PL4 ch l mt trong nhiu gii php c th c, my pht ny s
dng trung tn.
Hnh PL4. Chui pht vi nhiu n phn thu

PL2.2. chn lc knh ln cn
Cc yu cu v chn lc knh ln cn (ACS: Adjacent
Channel Selectivity) trong 3GPP R3 vn ng i vi HSDPA v
HSUPA. ACS m t mc cng sut cho php ca sng mang ln cn
khi u cui vn c th hot ng ti tn s hin thi. iu ny
thng xy ra gia cc nh khai thc trong cc mng thc t. Cc c
t ca 3GPP i hi ACS bng 33dB. R5 cng c mt trng hp
kim tra mi, tuy nhin n ch m rng vng kim tra ch khng lin
613
quan trc tip n khai thc HSDPA/HSUPA. Trong thit k u cui,

ACS t c bng b lc knh v lc s bng gc (hnh PL5).
Anten
B lc
knh
Bin i A/D
v lc s
Gii tri ph
Eb /N 0
Knh
chnh
Knh
ln
cn
Knh
chnh
Knh
ln
cn
Knh
chnh
Knh
ln
cn
Knh
chnh
Knh
ln
cn
Hnh PL5. V d v phn chia ACS trong my thu

PL2.3. Chn
Chn trong bng nh ngha cc mc tn hiu t cc sng mang
c cao bao nhiu u cui di ng c th thu c tn hiu trong
cng mt bng tn. Tn ti cc quy nh cho cc dch tn 10MHz v
15MHz. Dch tn 5MHz c xt trong ACS trong phn trc.
Hnh PL6 minh ha trng hp dch tn 10MHz, trong chn ti
mc -56dBm. Tn hiu ca chnh c 3dB cao hn mc nhy, v
th mc tn hiu l -114dBm cho bng I. K c li x l mc tn
hiu t n -89dBm. Vi Eb/N0 bng 7dB, mt ph tp m cng
nhiu thp hn -96dBm. Vi dch tn 10MHz, yu cu nhy l
40dBs v vi dch tn 15MHz yu cu ny l 52dBs.
trin khai h thng bng hp th h hai trong cng bng tn,
mt tp yu cu chn bng hp khc c quy nh. H thng bng
hp c th l GSM hoc IS-95. Cc yu cu cng ng cho UMTS
850, UMTS 1800 (bng 1800 ca GSM) hay UMTS (bng 1900 ca
PCS). Tn hiu kim tra l mt tn hiu c iu ch GMSK c tn
614
s trung tm cch tn s trung tm WCDMA hoc 2,7MHz hoc

2,8MHz (xem hnh PL7). Hnh PL7 minh ha trng hp 2,7MHz,
trong mc tn hiu tuyt i ca tn hiu bng hp c t bng
-57dBm ti u vo my thu th hin trng hp trin khai ngoi
hin trng, trong mt sng mang GSM cng mt sng mang
WCDMA. Mc cng sut tn hiu cn thu l -105dBm tng ng vi
gim 10dB so vi trng hp kim tra nhy bng -115dBm trong
cc bng ny.
Hnh PL6. Chn trong bng vi dch tn 10MHz

Nu cc trm gc ca GSM v WCDMA c t cng mt ch,
th cc tn hiu thu ti u cui c cng mc v v th trnh c cc
vn lin quan n chn. Cc vn lin quan n chn ch xy ra
khi GSM v WCDMA c trin khai khng hp tc, ngha l khi
c trin khai bi cc nh khai thc khc nhau s dng cc trm t
khc nhau.
615
Hnh PL7. Chn bng hp i vi ngun nhiu GMSK

PL2.4. iu ch giao thoa
Kim tra iu ch giao thoa nhm kim tra dung sai sn phm
iu ch giao thoa bc ba ca my thu u cui, Sn phm ny sinh ra
do hai tn hiu cng sut cao cch nhau 10MHz v 20MHz. Yu cu
ny cn thit cho trng hp khi nhiu h thng ng thi tn ti trn
cng mt vng. Cc tn hiu kim tra bao gm mt tn hiu bng hp
cch 10MHz v mt tn hiu bng rng cch 20MHz c pht lin
tc. Thit lp tn hiu kim tra c cho trn hnh PL8, trong c hai
tn hiu c pht ng thi. Cc tn hiu kim tra c mc cng sut
-46dBm, cn tn hiu mong mun c cng sut -114dBm, tng ng
vi gim 3dB so vi trng hp kim tra nhy bng -117dBm.
616
Ngoi ra, cn c trng hp kim tra iu ch giao thoa bng hp

cho cc bng tn ni c nhiu kh nng trin khai cc h thng bng
hp. Trng hp kim tra ny s dng hai tn hiu bng hp pht lin
tc cch nhau 3,5 hay 3,6MHz v cc tn hiu iu ch GMSK cch
nhau 5,9 hoc 6,0MHz.
I bl = -46dBm
Eb = -89dBm
N 0 = -96dBm
E b/N0 = 7dB
Gp = 25dB
DPCH_Ec = -114dBm
DPCH
10MHz
20MHz
Hnh PL8. Trng hp kim tra iu ch giao thoa

PL2.5. Phn tp thu v kiu my thu
Vic a ra HSDPA dn n xut hin cc vn lin quan n
phn tp thu v cc gii thut bng gc tin tin trong u cui di
ng. 3GPP R5 c cc yu cu hiu nng HSDPA c th thc hin
c vi vic ch s dng my thu RAKE mt anten. R6 b sung
thm cc yu cu i vi cc u cui HSDPA, trong cc u cui
617
ny phi c phn tp thu v b cn bng. Hin nay, cc c t ca tiu

chun ny cha cc yu cu cho cc trng hp sau:
- My thu RAKE n (3GPP R5)
- My thu RAKE vi phn tp thu (kiu I tng cng trong 3GPP
R6)
- My thu vi b cn bng (kiu II tng cng trong 3GPP R6)
- My thu c b cn bng v phn tp thu (kiu III tng cng
trong 3GPP R7)
Hiu nng thc t ca anten c lp vi cc yu cu trn. Cc
trng hp kim tra c phn tp thu s dng gi thit kch bn l
tng trong cc anten khng tng quan vi nhau. Tt nhin trong
cc thc hin thc t, iu ny khng th c, cc anten s c tng
quan v v th ph thuc rt nhiu vo thit k u cui cng nh vo
bng tn c s dng. Tn s cng thp th tng quan cng cao.
Ngoi ra cc anten ny cng khng c li ging nhau v th li ch
nhn c t chng s gim. Nu c xt n phn tp thu trong qu
trnh quy hoch v pht trin mng, th cn xt n tng quan anten.
Hnh PL9 cho thy mt v d v s nh hng ca tng quan anten
ln thng lng h thng hot ng trong bng tn 800MHz v 2GHz.
Hnh ny gi thit rng khong cch vt l gia cc anten l nh nhau
cho c hai bng tn. Nh vy khong cch tng i (so vi bc
sng ) i vi bng 800MHz s nh hn i vi bng 2GHz. Khong
cch tng i gia cc anten cng nh th tng quan gia chng
cng ln v li t phn tp anten cng thp. ng cong trn cng
l trng hp khng tng quan gia cc anten. ng cong gia l
trng hp cho vi bng 2GHz vi khong cch anten tng i bng
0,5 cn ng cong thp nht l trng hp cho bng tn 800MHz
vi khong cch anten tng i gim xung bng 0,2. nh hng
tng quan anten vi 0,5 nh hn 5% so vi trng hp l tng,
618
cn nh hng ny ln n 10-15% khi khong cch anten bng 0,2.

V l thuyt, s dng phn tp anten cho php tng dung lng.
li dung lng t c vo khong 50-60% i vi cc v m.
Thit k u cui thc t s quyt nh hiu nng thc t, trong cc
c tnh ph cng sut phng v (PAS: Power Azimuth Spectrum)
cng vi li anten s quyt nh hiu nng thc t trn hin trng.
Trng hp l tng (i.i.d), trong bng 2MHz (0,5) v trong bng 800MHz (0,2)
Hnh PL9. nh hng tng quan anten ln hiu nng h thng

PL2.6. Mc vo cc i
Vi vic a vo s dng 16QAM, cn m bo nhiu thng tin
chnh xc hn v pha v bin , nu khng hiu nng 16QAM s
gim nghim trng. m bo iu ny, mt trng hp kim tra
c th c nh ngha kim tra hiu nng u cui ti mc tn
619
hiu vo cc i. y l trng hp khi u cui gn trm gc, trong

vng 16QAM s c s dng. Trng hp kim tra ny thc hin o
thng lng m bo hot ng bnh thng ca chui thu
HSDPA. Trng hp kim tra ny c th p dng cho tt c cc thit
b h tr 16QAM. Cc trng hp kim tra mc vo cc i cho R3
v HSDPA c minh ha trn hnh PL10. i vi HSDPA, trng
hp ny c sa i ph hp vi cc thay i ln hn ca ng
bao tn hiu 16QAM. Tt c cc u cui trong cc th loi t 1 n
10 u c th s dng trng hp o ny m bo dung sai mc tn
hiu cao u vo. Ngoi ra cn c trng hp kim tra ring cho
QPSK kim tra cc loi u cui 11 v 12.
Hnh PL10. Kim tra mc tn hiu vo cc i ti u cui s dng

DCH v HSDPA 16QAM.
Tng mc thu l -25dBm trong khi tn hiu c thit k c
tng mc ti -44dBm, tc l thp hn 19dB i vi R3, cn i vi
HS-DSCH 13dB thp hn ti mc -38dBm. Trng hp kim tra
HSDPA i hi thng lng 700kbit/s s dng bn m v pht 3 TTI
mt ln. tham kho, thng lng cc i s dng bn m v 3 TTI
mt ln l 960kbit/s.
620
PL3. CC BNG TN V CC U CUI A BNG
3GPP a ra cc c t WCDMA cho tt c cc bng t ong lin

quan khng gian cho sng mang WCDMA. Cc phng n tn
s v cc vng thng s dng chng trn ton cu c lit k trn
hnh PL11. Cc phng n tn s khng ph thuc vo pht hnh
3GPP, ngha l, thm ch nu phng n c b sung theo lch trnh
3GPP R7, th cc sn phm cho cc bng ny c th s dng pht hn
3GPP trc y lm c s thit k. Ch cn p ng cc yu cu mi
b sung cho thit b v tuyn h tr cc phn t truyn dn c th
bng mi.
Hnh PL11. Phn b tn s cho WCDMA

(a) Cc bng c th dng cho WCDMA ton cu;
b) Bng tn IMT-2000)
Trin khai WCDMA c bt u ti chu u v chu trong
di ph chnh 2,1GHz bng I vi n nh 2x60MHz. Cc u cui
621
WCDMA thng kt hp WCDMA 2100 vi mt s bng GSM. Cc

mng WCDMA ti M lc u c trin khai ti 1,9MHz bng II sau
m rng n 850MHz bng V. Trong thc t cc u cui
WCDMA ti M phi h tr WCDMA bng kp 1900+850MHz. Khi
bng IV mi ca 3G kh dng ti M, cc phng n tn s mi s c
mt trn th trng. S c cc phng n tn s bng kp mi ti cc
th trng Brazil v chu , trong cc nh khai thc s dng c
bng 850MHz v 2100MHz. Trin khai WCDMA ti cc tn s
900MHz v 1800MHz i hi s dng cc bng ny trong cc u
cui WCDMA a bng kt hp vi bng chnh 2,1GHz.
Cc phng n tn s khc nhau s dng cng mt c t
WCDMA/HSPA ngoi tr cc khc bit v cc thng s v cc yu
cu i vi phn v tuyn. Cc khc bit ny c lit k di y:
1. Cc tn s knh b sung vi dch tn 100kHz c a ra
t sng mang WCDMA chnh xc gia khi 5MHz cho cc
bng II, IV v VI (xem hnh PL12). S th t knh chun l
bi s ca 200kHz
2. Cc yu cu chn bng hp cho cc bng ny (II, IV, VI v
900) ti cc vng trong GSM c trin khai trong cng
mt bng. Phn cch sng mang gia WCDMA v nhiu bng
hp l 2,7MHz (hnh PL7). y l phn cch ti thiu c th
khi WCDMA c t gia mt khi 5MHz v sng mang
GSM th nht cch bin ca khi ny 0,2MHz, v th tng
phn cch l 5,0/2+0,2 = 2,7MHz. i vi bng III li knh
l 200kHz khng dch tn 100-kHz, v th khong cch chn
bng hp l 2,8MHz. Trng hp kim tra iu ch giao thoa
bng hp cng c a vo chun cho cc bng ny (xem
mc PL2.4).
3. Gim bt cc yu cu v nhy u cui cho cc bng (II, IV
v VIII), ni m phn cch gia ng ln v ng xung ch
622
l 20MHz hay nh hn. Cc yu cu ny cho php t c

suy hao song cng ln gia pht v thu trong mt u cui
nh. gim t 2 n 3dB so vi cc bng khc.
Hnh PL12. Cc s knh b sung

cho php t sng mang vo gia khi 5MHz
TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Hisiao-Hwa Chen & Mohsen Guizani, Next Generation Wireless System
and Networks, John Willey & Sons, Ltd, 2006
2. 3GPP TR 25.813, Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA)
and Universal Terrestrial Radio Access Network (UTRAN); Radio
Interface Protocol Aspects (Release 7), 3/ 2006.
3. 3GPP TR 25.814, Physical layer aspects for Evolved Universal
Terrestrial Radio Access (UTRA) (Release 7), 9/2006
4. 3GPP TR 25.913 V7.3.0, Requirements for Evolved UTRA (E-UTRA)
and Evolved UTRAN (EUTRAN)(Release 7) , 3/ 2006
5. Dr. Lee, HyenonWoo, 3GPP LTE & 3GPP2 LTE Standarzation,
Samsung Electronics, 6/2006
6. Dr.Stefal Parkvall, Long-Term Evolution-Radio Access, Ericsson
Research, 2005
7. Dr. Hyung G Myung and others, Single Carrier FDMA for Up Link
Wireless Transmission, IEEE Vehicular Magazine, 9/2006
8. Dr. Hyung G Myung and others, Peak-to-Average Powwer Ratio of
Single Carrier FDMA Signals with Pulse Shapping, The 17th Annual
IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio
Communications (PIMRC'06), 2006
9. Harri Holma & Anti Toscala, HSDPA/HSUPA for UMTS, John Willey
and Sons, LTD, 2006
10. 3GPP TR 36.201, Long term Evolution LTE Physical layer General
Description (Release 8), 9/2007
11. Harri Holma & Anti Toscala, WCDMA for UMTS-HSPA Evolution and
LTE, John Willey and Sons, LTD, 2007
12. Erick Dahlman and others, 3G Evolution: HSPA and LTE for Mibile
Broadband, Academic Press
13. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v ng dng, Gio
trnh, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu
in, 2000
14. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, L thuyt tri ph v a truy nhp v
tuyn, Gio trnh, Hc Vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2004
15. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, C s truyn dn vi ba s, Gio trnh,
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in,
2001
16. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng tin di ng, Gio trnh, Hc vin
Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in, 2001
17. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng, Thng tin di ng th h ba, Gio trnh,
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, Nh xut bn Bu in,
2004
18. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng v cng tc vin, Nghin cu h thng
truyn dn s dng my thu pht thng minh trn c s OFDM, ti
nghin cu khoa hc Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, M s:
12-HV-2005-RD-VT.
19. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng v cng tc vin, Xy dng phn mm m
phng knh phainh cho thng tin di ng, ti nghin cu khoa hc
Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, M s: 06-HV-2003-RD-VT.
20. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng v cng tc vin, Xy dng m hnh
OFDMA MIMO v CDMA MIMO thch ng, ti nghin cu khoa
hc Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, M s: 12-HV-2006RD-VT.
21. TS. Nguyn Phm Anh Dng v cng tc vin, Xy dng m hnh truyn
dn thch ng a lp cho cc h thng thng tin di ng th h sau,
ti nghin cu khoa hc B Bu chnh Vin thng, M s: 101-06-KHKT
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trnh pht trin ln 4G, ti nghin cu khoa hc Hc vin Cng ngh
Bu chnh Vin thng, m s 08-HV-2007-RD-VT
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ging, Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2007
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vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng, 2007
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GIO TRNH
L TRNH PHT TRIN THNG TIN DI NG 3G Ln 4G

(Tp 3)
Chu trch nhim xut bn

NGUYN TH THU H
Bin tp:
NG M HNH
tHU CHU th vit
Trnh by sch:
bi ngc bo
Sa bn in:
tHU CHU th vit
Thit k ba:
TRN HNG MINH
()
(Gio trnh ny c ban hnh km theo quyt nh s 48/Q-T&KHCN

ngy 20 thng 02 nm 2009 ca Gim c Hc vin Cng ngh Bu chnh Vin thng)
NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

Tr s: S 9, Ng 90, Ph Ngy Nh Kon Tum, Qun Thanh Xun, TP. H Ni
T Bin tp: 04.35772143
T Pht hnh: 04.35772138
E-mail: nxb.tttt@mic.gov.vn
Fax: 04.35772194, 04.35779858
Website: www.nxbthongtintruyenthong .vn
Chi nhnh TP. H Ch Minh: 8A ng D2, P25, Qun Bnh Thnh, TP. H Ch Minh
in thoi: 08.35127750, 08.35127751
Fax: 08.35127751
E-mail: cnsg.nxbtttt@ mic.gov.vn
Chi nhnh TP. Nng: 42 Trn Quc Ton, Qun Hi Chu, TP. Nng
in thoi: 0511.3897467
Fax: 0511.3843359
E-mail: cndn.nxbtttt@ mic.gov.vn
In 700 bn, kh 16x24cm ti Cng ty In Thng mi v Dch v Nguyn Lm

S ng k k hoch xut bn: 1055-2009/CXB/8-508/TTTT
S quyt nh xut bn: 15/Q-NXB TTTT ngy 02 thng 02 nm 2010
In xong v np lu chiu thng 02 nm 2010

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Giáo Trình Lộ Trình Phát Triển Thông Tin Di Động 3G Lên 4G Tập 3

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(Tp 3)

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

L TRNH PHT TRIN

NH XUT BN THNG TIN V TRUYN THNG

V y l gio trnh cho mn chuyn i hi sinh vin phi t c

Chng 14. Cc th tc truy nhp LTE............................................523

3rd Generation Partnership Project

3rd Generation Partnership Project 2

Adaptive Antenna System

H thng anten thch ng

Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio

Cng truy nhp

Adaptive Modulation and Coding

Additive Gaussian Noise

Tp m Gauss trng cng

Broadcast Control Channel

Knh iu khin qung b

Best Effort Service

Bit Error Rate

Block Error Rate

Broadcast/Multicast Service Center

Binary Phase Shift Keying

Trung tm dch v qung b/a

Base Tranceiver Station

Trm thu pht gc

Constant Amplitude Zero AutoCorrelation

T tng quan bng khng bin

Code Division Multiple Access

a truy nhp phn chia theo m

Tin t chu trnh

Continuous Packet Connectivity

Common Pilot Channel

Knh hoa tiu chung

Channel Quality Indicator

Ch th cht lng knh

Cyclic Redundancy Check

Kim tra vng d

Chuyn mch knh

Convolutional Turbo Code

Dedicated Control Channel

Knh iu khin ring

Discrete Fourier Transform

Dedicated Physical Control Channel

Knh iu khin vt l ring

Dedicated Physical Channel

Dedicated Physical Data Channel

Knh s liu vt l ring

Thu khng lin tc

Downlink Shared Channel

Knh chia s ng xung

Pht khng lin tc

Switching point from downlink to uplink

Enhanced Absolute Grant Channel

Enhanced Dedicated Channel

Enhanced Dedicated Control Channel

Knh iu khin ring tng cng

Enhanced Dedicated Data Channel

Knh s liu ring tng cng

Evolved Packet Core

Enhanced Relative Grant Channel

Extended Real Time Packet Service

E-DCH Transport Format Combination

E-DCH Transport Format Combination

Knh cho php tng i