REFRGERATOR HISTORY

refrigerator in 1876 A refrigerator (often shortened to fridge) and/or freezer is an electrical

appliance that uses refrigeration to help preserve food.

Carl Paul Gottfried von Linde

Modern prototype. First practical. Entrepreneur.

June 11, 1842 in Berndorf, Germany

November 16, 1934 in Munich, Germany

A refrigerator (often called a "fridge" for short) is a cooling appliance comprising a

thermally insulated compartment and a heat pump—chemical or mechanical means—to
transfer heat from it to the external environment, cooling the contents to a temperature
below ambient. Cooling is a popular food storage technique in developed countries and
works by decreasing the reproduction rate of bacteria. The device is thus used to reduce
the rate of spoilage of foodstuffs. A device described as a "refrigerator" maintains a
temperature a few degrees above the freezing point of water; a similar device which
maintains a temperature below the freezing point of water is called a "freezer." The
refrigerator is a relatively modern invention among kitchen appliances. It replaced the
icebox, which had been a common household appliance for almost a century and a half
prior. For this reason, a refrigerator is sometimes referred to as an "icebox."

Freezer
Freezer units are used in households and in industry and commerce. Most freezers
operate around 0 °F (−18 °C). Domestic freezers can be included as a separate
compartment in a refrigerator, or can be a separate appliance. Domestic freezers are
generally upright units resembling refrigerators, or chests resembling upright units laid on
their backs. Many upright modern freezers come with an ice dispenser built into their
door.
Commercial and domestic refrigerators
Commercial fridge and freezer units, which go by many other names, were in use for
almost 40 years prior to the common home models. They used toxic gas systems, which
occasionally leaked, making them unsafe for home use. Practical household refrigerators
were introduced in 1915 and gained wider acceptance in the United States in the 1930s as
prices fell and non-toxic, non-flammable synthetic refrigerants such as Freon or R-12
were introduced. It is notable that while 60% of households in the US owned a
refrigerator by the 1930s, it was not until 40 years later, in the 1970s, that the refrigerator
achieved a similar level of penetration in the United Kingdom.[1]

History
See also: Timeline of low-temperature technology

A Monitor-style (General Electric format) , more like an icebox with its refrigerating
mechanisms on top.

Before the invention of the refrigerator, icehouses were used to provide cool storage for
most of the year. Placed near freshwater lakes or packed with snow and ice during the
winter, they were once very common. Natural means are still used to cool foods today.
On mountainsides, runoff from melting snow is a convenient way to cool drinks, and
during the winter one can keep milk fresh much longer just by keeping it outdoors.
In the 11th century, the Persian physicist and chemist Ibn Sina (Avicenna) invented the
refrigerated coil, which condenses aromatic vapours.[2][3] This was a breakthrough in
distillation technology and he made use of it in his steam distillation process, which
requires refrigerated tubing, to produce essential oils.[4]

The first known artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the
University of Glasgow in 1748. Between 1805, when Oliver Evans designed the first
refrigeration machine that used vapor instead of liquid, and 1902 when Willis Haviland
Carrier demonstrated the first air conditioner, scores of inventors contributed many small
advances in cooling machinery. In 1850 or 1851, Dr. John Gorrie demonstrated an ice
maker.

In 1857, Australian James Harrison developed the world first practical ice making
machine and refrigeration system, and it was used in the brewing and meat packing
industries of Geelong, Victoria. Ferdinand Carré of France developed a somewhat more
complex system in 1859. Unlike earlier compression-compression machines, which used
air as a coolant, Carré's equipment contained rapidly expanding ammonia. The absorption
refrigerator was invented by Baltzar von Platen and Carl Munters in 1922, while they
were still students at the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. It became a
worldwide success and was commercialized by Electrolux. Other pioneers included
Charles Tellier, David Boyle, and Raoul Pictet. Carl von Linde was the first to patent and
make a practical and compact refrigerator.

These home units usually required the installation of the mechanical parts, motor and
compressor, in the basement or an adjacent room while the cold box was located in the
kitchen. There was a 1922 model that consisted of a wooden cold box, water-cooled
compressor, an ice cube tray and a 9 cubic feet compartment, and cost $714. (A 1922
Model-T Ford cost about $450.) In 1923 Frigidaire introduced the first self-contained
unit. About this same time porcelain-covered metal cabinets began to appear. Ice cube
trays were introduced more and more during the 1920s; up to this time freezing was not
an auxiliary function of the modern refrigerator.

The first refrigerator to see widespread use was the General Electric "Monitor-Top"
refrigerator introduced in 1927. The compressor assembly, which emitted a great deal of
heat, was placed above the cabinet, and surrounded with a decorative ring. Over
1,000,000 units were produced. As the refrigerating medium, these refrigerators used
either sulfur dioxide, which is corrosive to the eyes and may cause loss of vision, painful
skin burns and lesions, or methyl formate, which is highly flammable, harmful to the
eyes, and toxic if inhaled or ingested. Many of these units are still functional today. These
cooling systems cannot legally be recharged with the hazardous original refrigerants if
they leak or break down.
Older U.S. refrigerator model, with freezer compartment

The introduction of Freon expanded the refrigerator market during the 1930s. Separate
freezers became common during the 1940s, the popular term at the time for the unit was a
"deep freeze". But these devices or "appliances" did not go into mass production for use
in the home until after World War 2. The 1950s and 60s saw technical advances like
automatic defrosting and automatic ice making. More efficient refrigerators were
developed in the 1970s and 80s, even though environmental issues led to the banning of
very effective (Freon) refrigerants. Early refrigerator models (from 1916) had a cold
compartment for ice cube trays. From the late 1920s fresh vegetables were successfully
processed through freezing by the Postum Company (the forerunner of General Foods)
which had acquired the technology when it bought the rights to Clarence Birdseye's
successful fresh freezing methods.

The first successful application of frozen foods occurred when General Foods heiress
Marjorie Merriweather Post (then wife of Joseph E. Davies, United States Ambassador to
the Soviet Union) deployed commercial-grade freezers in Spaso House, the US Embassy
in Moscow, in advance of the Davies’ arrival. Post, fearful of the USSR's food processing
safety standards, fully stocked the freezers with products from General Foods' Birdseye
unit. The frozen food stores allowed the Davies to entertain lavishly and serve fresh
frozen foods that would otherwise be out of season. Upon returning from Moscow, Post
(who resumed her maiden name after divorcing Davies) directed General Foods to market
frozen product to upscale restaurants.

Home freezers as separate compartments (larger than necessary just for ice cubes), or as
separate units, were introduced in the United States in 1940. Frozen foods, previously a
luxury item, began to be commonplace.

General technical explanation

Main article: Refrigeration
A vapor compression cycle is used in most household refrigerators, refrigerator–freezers
and freezers. In this cycle, a circulating refrigerant such as R134a enters a compressor as
low-pressure vapor at or slightly above room temperature. The vapor is then compressed
and exits the compressor as high-pressure superheated vapor. The superheated vapor
travels under pressure through coils or tubes comprising "the condenser", which are
passively cooled by exposure to air in the room. (In hot weather, the room or "ambient"
air may itself have been cooled by an air conditioner. A cooler ambient temperature
demands less work from the refrigerator.) The condenser cools the vapor, and it
eventually liquefies. It is then still under pressure. By the time the refrigerant leaves the
condenser it is only slightly above room temperature. This warm liquid refrigerant is
forced by its pressure through a metering or throttling device, also known as an
expansion valve (essentially a constriction) to an area of much lower pressure. The
sudden decrease in pressure results in explosive-like flash evaporation of a portion
(typically about half) of the liquid. The latent heat absorbed by this flash evaporation is
drawn mostly from adjacent still-liquid refrigerant, a phenomenon known as "auto-
refrigeration". The cold and partially vaporized refrigerant continues through coils or
tubes of the evaporator unit. A fan blows air from the refrigerator or freezer compartment
("box air") across these coils or tubes and the refrigerant completely vaporizes, drawing
further latent heat from the box air, and so keeps the box air cold. This cooled air is
returned to the refrigerator or freezer compartment. The cool air in the refrigerator or
freezer is still warmer than the refrigerant in the evaporator. Refrigerant leaves the
evaporator, now fully vaporized and slightly heated, and returns to the compressor inlet
to continue the cycle.

An absorption refrigerator works differently from a compressor refrigerator, using a

source of heat, such as combustion of liquefied petroleum gas, solar thermal energy or an
electric heating element. These heat sources are much quieter than the compressor motor
in a typical refrigerator. A fan or pump might be the only mechanical moving parts;
reliance on convection is considered impractical.

The Peltier effect uses electricity to pump heat directly; this type of refrigerator is
sometimes used for camping, or where noise is not acceptable. They can be totally silent
(if they don't include a fan for air circulation) but are less energy-efficient than other
methods.

Other uses of an absorption refrigerator (or "chiller") include large systems used in office
buildings or complexes such as hospitals and universities. These large systems are used to
chill a brine solution that is circulated through the building.

Other alternatives to the vapor-compression cycle but not in current use include
thermionic, vortex tube, air cycle, magnetic cooling, Stirling cycle, Malone refrigeration,
acoustic cooling, pulse tube and water cycle systems.[5]

Features
The inside of a common U.S. home refrigerator

Newer refrigerators may include:

• Automatic defrosting;
• A power failure warning, alerting the user by flashing a temperature display. The
maximum temperature reached during the power failure may be displayed, along
with information on whether the frozen food has defrosted or may contain
harmful bacteria;
• Chilled water and ice available from an in-door station, so that the door need not
be opened;
• Cabinet rollers that allow the refrigerator to be easily rolled around for easier
cleaning;
• Adjustable shelves and trays which can be repositioned to suit the user;
• A Status Indicator to notify the user when it is time to change the water filter;
• An in-door ice caddy, which relocates the ice-maker storage to the freezer door
and saves approximately 60 litres (about 2 cubic feet) of usable freezer space. It is
also removable, and helps to prevent ice-maker clogging;
• A cooling zone in the refrigerator door shelves. Air from the freezer section is
diverted to the refrigerator door, to cool milk or juice stored in the door shelf.

Early freezer units accumulated ice crystals around the freezing units. This was a result of
humidity introduced into the units when the doors to the freezer were opened. This frost
buildup required periodic thawing ("defrosting") of the units to maintain their efficiency.
Manual Defrost (referred to as Cyclic)units are still available. Advances in automatic
defrosting eliminating the thawing task were introduced in the 1950s, but are not
universal, due to energy performance and cost. These units utilized a counter, that only
defrosted the freezer compartment (Freezer Chest) when a specific number of door
openings had been made. The units were just a small timer combined with an electrical
heater wire which heater the Freezer's walls for a short amount of time to remove all
traces of frost/frosting. Also, early units featured freezer compartments located within the
larger refrigerator, and accessed by opening the refrigerator door, and then the smaller
internal freezer door; units featuring an entirely separate freezer compartment were
introduced in the early 1960s, becoming the industry standard by the middle of that
decade. These older freezer compartments were the main cooling body of the refrigerator,
and only maintained a temperature of around -6°C, which is suitable for keeping food for
a week.

Later advances included automatic ice units and self compartmentalized freezing units.

An increasingly important environmental concern is the disposal of old refrigerators -

initially because of the freon coolant damaging the ozone layer, but as the older
generation of refrigerators disappears it is the destruction of CFC-bearing insulation
which causes concern. Modern refrigerators usually use a refrigerant called HFC-134a
(1,1,1,2-Tetrafluoroethane), which does not deplete the ozone layer, instead of freon.

Disposal of discarded refrigerators is regulated, often mandating the removal of doors:

children playing hide-and-seek have been asphyxiated while hiding inside discarded
refrigerators, particularly older models with latching doors. More modern units use a
magnetic door gasket which holds the door sealed but can be pushed open from

Household refrigerator output in 2000

Domestic refrigerators and freezers for food storage are made in a range of sizes. Among
the smallest is a 4 L Peltier fridge advertised as being able to hold 6 cans of beer. A large
domestic fridge stands as tall as a person and may be about 1 m wide with a capacity of
600 L. Some models for small households fit under kitchen work surfaces, usually about
86 cm high. Fridges may be combined with freezers, either stacked with fridge or freezer
above, below, or side by side. A fridge without a frozen food storage compartment may
have a small section just to make ice cubes. Freezers may have drawers to store food in,
or they may have no divisions (chest freezers).

Fridges and freezers may be free-standing, or built into a kitchen.

• Compressor refrigerators are by far the most common type; they make a
noticeable noise.
• Absorption refrigerators or thermo-electric Peltier units are used where quiet
running is required; Peltier coolers are used in the smallest refrigerators as they
have no bulky mechanism.
• Compressor and Peltier refrigerators are powered by electricity; absorption units
can be designed to be powered by any heat source. A noticeable difference
between the two types is the absence of refrigerant with the Peltier coolers (these
use a different method of cooling). But Peltier coolers use more electricity
because they are thermodynamically inefficient.
• Oil, gas (natural gas or propane) and dual power gas/electricity units are also
available (typically found in RV's).
• Solar refrigerators and Thermal mass refrigerators are designed to reduce
electrical consumption. Solar refrigerators have the added advantage that they do
not use refrigerants that are harmful to the environment or flammable. Typical
solar designs are absorption refrigerators that use ammonia as the working gas,
and employ large mirrors to concentrate sufficient sunlight to reach the
 temperature required to free gaseous ammonia from the solvent.[7][8] Most thermal
mass refrigerators are designed to use electricity intermittently. As these units are
heavily insulated, cooling load is limited primarily to heat introduced by new
items to be refrigerated, and ambient air transfer when the unit is open. Very little
power is therefore required if opened infrequently. Refrigeration units for
commercial and industrial applications can be made in various size, shape or style
to fit customer needs.
• Magnetic refrigerators are refrigerators that work on the magnetocaloric effect.
The cooling effect is triggered by placing a metal alloy in a magnetic field.[9]

Energy efficiency
An auto-defrost unit uses a blower fan to keep moisture out of the unit. It also has a
heating coil beneath the evaporator that periodically heats the freezer compartment and
melts any ice buildup. Some units also have heaters in the side of the door to keep the
unit from "weeping." Manual defrost units are available in used-appliance shops or by
special order.

Refrigerators used to consume more energy than any other home appliance, but in the last
twenty years great strides have been made to make refrigerators more energy efficient. In
the early 1990s a competition was held among the major manufacturers to encourage
energy efficiency. Current models that are Energy Star qualified use 50 percent less
energy than models made before 1993.[10] The most energy-efficient unit made in the US
is designed to run on 120 or 110 volts, and consumes about half a kilowatt-hour per day.
[11]
But even ordinary units are quite efficient; some smaller units use less than 0.5
kilowatt-hour per day. Larger units, especially those with large freezers and icemakers,
may use as much as 4 kWh per day. Although, some older units can be made more
efficient with modifications; such as New Door Seals, cleaning the condenser coils at rear
and adjusting and/or replacing the thermostat to make temperatures more accurate.

Among the different styles of refrigerators, top-freezer models are more efficient than
bottom-freezer models of the same capacity, which are in turn more efficient than side-
freezer models. Models with through-the-door ice units are less efficient than those
without.[12] Dr. Tom Chalko in Australia has developed an external thermostat to convert
any chest freezer into a chest fridge using only about 0.1kWh per day—the amount of
energy used by a 100 watt light bulb in one hour.[13] A similar device is manufactured by
Johnson Controls.[14] Scientists at Oxford University have reconstructed a refrigerator
invented in 1930 by Albert Einstein in their efforts to replace current technologies with
energy efficient green technology. The Einstein refrigerator operates without electricity
and uses no moving parts or greenhouse gases.[15]

Impact on lifestyle
The refrigerator allows the modern family to keep food fresh for much longer than
before. This, along with the modern supermarket, allows most families, without a
sizeable garden in which to grow vegetables and raise animals, a vastly more varied diet
and improved health resulting from improved nutrition.[citation needed] Dairy products, meats,
fish, poultry and vegetables can be kept refrigerated in the same space within the kitchen
(although raw meat should be kept separate from other foodstuffs for reasons of hygiene).

The refrigerator lets people eat more salads, fresh fruits and vegetables, without having to
own a garden or an orchard. Exotic foodstuffs from far-off countries that have been
imported by means of refrigeration can be enjoyed in the home because of domestic
refrigeration.

Freezers allow households to buy food in bulk: it can be eaten at leisure, and bulk
purchase saves money (see economies of scale). Ice cream, a popular commodity of the
20th century, could previously only be obtained by traveling long distances to where the
product was made fresh, and had to be eaten on the spot. Now it is a common food item.
Ice on demand not only adds to the enjoyment of cold drinks, but is useful for first-aid,
and for cold packs that can be kept frozen for picnics or in case of emergency.

Temperature zones and ratings

Commercial for electric refrigerators in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 1926

Some refrigerators are now divided into four zones to store different types of food:

• −18 °C (−0.4 °F) (freezer)

• 0 °C (32 °F) (meats)
• 5 °C (41 °F) (refrigerator)
• 10 °C (50 °F) (vegetables)

The capacity of a refrigerator is measured in either litres or cubic feet (US). Typically the
volume of a combined fridge-freezer is split to 100 litres (3.53 cubic feet) for the freezer
and 140 litres (4.94 cubic feet) for the refrigerator, although these values are highly
variable.

Temperature settings for refrigerator and freezer compartments are often given arbitrary
numbers (for example, 1 through 9, warmest to coldest) by manufacturers, but generally 2
to 8 °C (36 to 46 °F) is ideal for the refrigerator compartment and −18 °C (−0.4 °F) for
the freezer. Some refrigerators require a certain external temperature (60 °F/16 °C) to run
properly. This can be an issue when placing a refrigerator in an unfinished area such as a
garage.

European freezers, and refrigerators with a freezer compartment, have a four star rating
system to grade freezers.

• * : min temperature = −6 °C (21.2 °F). Maximum storage time for frozen food is
1 week
• ** : min temperature = −12 °C (10.4 °F). Maximum storage time for frozen food
is 1 month
• *** : min temperature = −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Maximum storage time for frozen
food is 3 months
• *(***) : min temperature = −18 °C (−0.4 °F). Maximum storage time for frozen
food is up to 12 months

Although both the three and four star ratings specify the same minimum temperature of
-18°C, only a four star freezer is intended to be used for freezing fresh food. Three (or
fewer) stars are used for frozen food compartments which are only suitable for storing
frozen food; introducing fresh food into such a compartment is likely to result in
unacceptable temperature rises. Most European Refrigerators include a Moist Cold
Fridge section (which does require defrosting at irregular intervals) and a Frost Free
Freezer section, to keep frozen food frost free.

Non-food use
Refrigerators have many other uses. Examples include laboratories, for storing samples
awaiting analysis, and morgues, for storing corpses.

Recycling

Old refrigerators have been adapted to create low cost passivesolar water heating systems

Drawing: William Cullen's Design

Before mechanical refrigeration systems were introduced, people cooled their food
with ice and snow, either found locally or brought down from the mountains. The
first cellars were holes dug into the ground and lined with wood or straw and packed
with snow and ice: this was the only means of refrigeration for most of history.

Refrigeration is the process of removing heat from an enclosed space, or from a

substance, to lower its temperature. A refrigerator uses the evaporation of a liquid to
absorb heat. The liquid, or refrigerant, used in a refrigerator evaporates at an
extremely low temperature, creating freezing temperatures inside the refrigerator.
It's all based on the following physics: - a liquid is rapidly vaporized (through
compression) - the quickly expanding vapor requires kinetic energy and draws the
energy needed from the immediate area - which loses energy and becomes cooler.
Cooling caused by the rapid expansion of gases is the primary means of refriger

The first known artificial refrigeration was demonstrated by William Cullen at the
University of Glasgow in 1748. However, he did not use his discovery for any
practical purpose. In 1805, an American inventor, Oliver Evans, designed the first
refrigeration machine. The first practical refrigerating machine was built by Jacob
Perkins in 1834; it used ether in a vapor compression cycle. An American physician,
John Gorrie, built a refrigerator based on Oliver Evans' design in 1844 to make ice to
cool the air for his yellow fever patients. German engineer Carl von Linden, patented
not a refrigerator but the process of liquifying gas in 1876 that is part of basic
refrigeration technology.

Side Note: Improved refrigerator designs were

patented by African American inventors, Thomas
Elkins (11/4/1879 U.S. patent #221,222) and John
Standard (7/14/1891 U.S. patent #455,891).

Refrigerators from the late 1800s until 1929 used the

toxic gases ammonia (NH3), methyl chloride (CH3Cl),
and sulfur dioxide (SO2) as refrigerants. Several fatal
accidents occurred in the 1920s when methyl chloride
leaked out of refrigerators. Three American corporations
launched collaborative research to develop a less
dangerous method of refrigeration; their efforts lead to
the discovery of Freon. In just a few years, compressor
refrigerators using Freon would became the standard for
almost all home kitchens. Only decades later, would
people realize that these chlorofluorocarbons
endangered the ozone layer of the entire planet.

History of Sealed Refrigeration Systems

One hundred years ago, refrigeration engineers began
to search for a permanent solution to the problem of leaky refrigeration systems.
The History of the Refrigerator
From the History Channel, a cool, simple outline of the "History of the Refrigerator".
The Refrigerator
"At some point, perhaps in fourteenth century China or seventeenth century Italy, it
was discovered that the evaporation of brine (salt water) absorbed heat and
therefore a container placed in brine would stay cold." This short essay discusses the
highlights of refrigerator history.
Refrigerant History
A mixture called chemogene (consisting of petrol ether and naphtha) was patented
as a refrigerant for vapor compression systems in 1866. Carbon dioxide was
introduced as a refrigerant in the same year.
Refrigerators - The Physics Handbook
The term "refrigerator" was coined by a Maryland engineer, Thomas Moore, in 1800.
Moore's device would now be called an "ice box" -- a cedar tub, insulated with rabbit
fur, filled with ice, surrounding a sheetmetal container for transporting butter from
rural Maryland to Washington, DC.
How Refrigerators Work
How Refrigerators Work, written by Marshall Brain of How Stuff Works.
The Refrigeration Research Museum (1890 - 1960)
Who invented the refrigerator? When was it invented?
Cooling History
The Freezing Process
Freezing food involves lowering its temperature to below 0º C, resulting in the
gradual conversion of the water present in the food into ice.
Ice Cube Trays
The history of ice cube trays.

LG Electronics (Korean: LG 전자, KRX: 066570, LSE: LGLD) is the world's second-
largest manufacturer of televisions[1] and third-largest producer of mobile phones.[2]

With its headquarters in the LG Twin Towers in Yeouido, Seoul, South Korea, LG
Electronics is the flagship company of LG Group, one of the world's largest electronic
conglomerates.

The company has 75 subsidiaries worldwide that design and manufacture televisions,
home appliances, and telecommunications devices. LG Electronics owns Zenith
Electronics and controls 37.91 percent of LG Display.[3]

Contents
[hide]

• 1 Summary
• 2 Company history
• 3 Sponsorship
• 4 Awards and accolades
• 5 Controversy
• 6 Business divisions
• 7 Sound logo
• 8 Other
• 9 See also
 • 10 References

• 11 External links

Summary
By 2005, LG was a Top 100 global brand, and in 2006, LG recorded a brand growth of
14%.[4] Now the world's largest plasma panel manufacturer,[5] its affiliate, LG Display, is
one of the largest manufacturers of liquid crystal displays. Also in 2006, the company's
mobile phone division, LG Mobile, marketed the LG Chocolate phone, changing the
company's image of the maker of thick 3G phones. It now focuses on the design and
marketing of phones such as the LG Shine, the LG Glimmer and LG Prada (KE850). As a
result, the company was picked as "The Design Team of the Year" by the red dot design
award in 2006~2007 and is often called the "New Apple" in the industry and online
communities.

Billboards at Dundas Square in Toronto, Canada, featuring an LG advertisement.

LG's 3G touch watch mobile phone

Company history
The company was originally established in 1958 as GoldStar, producing radios, TVs,
refrigerators, washing machines, and air conditioners.[6] The LG Group was a merger of
two Korean companies, Lucky and GoldStar, from which the abbreviation of LG was
derived. The current "Life's Good" slogan is a backronym. Before the corporate name
change to LG, household products were sold under the brand name of Lucky, while
electronic products were sold under the brand name of GoldStar (Hangul:금성). In
January 2009 LG was able to buy the domain name, LG.com, placing it among the
companies who own their two letter brand's domain name.[7]

In 1994 GoldStar gained sponsorship from The 3DO Company to make the first 3DO
Interactive Multiplayer. In 1995, GoldStar was renamed LG Electronics, and acquired
Zenith Electronics of the United States. LG Solar Energy is a subsidiary formed in 2007
to allow LG Chem to supply polysilicon to LG Electronics for production of solar cells.
In 2008, LG took its first dive into the solar-panel manufacturing pool, as it announced a
preliminary deal to form a joint venture with Conergy. Under the deal, set to be
completed by year's end, LG would acquire a 75 percent stake in Conergy's Frankfurt
solar-panel plant.[8] LG has produced camcorders called ARTCAM and DSLRs [9]

Sponsorship
LG Electronics sponsored the English football club Leicester City and Weyside Rovers
(Guildford) from 2000 until 2002. LG Electronics currently sponsors the English football
clubs Fulham F.C deals pulled together at that time by the ex-Marketing Director John
Bernard, who now works for the competition, Sony Ericsson. LG also sponsor the
Fremantle Football Club (an Australian Football League team), the Costa Rican football
club: Liga de Alajuense, the Australian club National Rugby League team Cronulla
Sharks, and the Argentinian club Boca Juniors.

LG is one of the leading sponsor of Cricket. It sponsors the International Cricket Council,
world's governing body for cricket and other cricket tournaments like Cricket World Cup.
It also sponsors ICC Awards.[10]

During the period 2001-2003 the company sponsored the snooker Grand Prix. During
these years the tournament was known as the LG Cup.

LG now also sponsors London Fashion Week and the LG Arena in Birmingham.[11]

In 2008 LG became sponsors of the Extreme Sport 'FSO4 Freeze' festival[12] and in
January 2009 LG became a Global Partner and Technology Partner of Formula One.[13]

In addition to this LG in cooperation with local electronics retailer BAKOND and

Ministry of Education of Azerbaijan Republic is sponsor of Azerbaijan's most popular
intellectual TV Show - LG Knowledge Academy . So far more than 30 000 students from
all over Azerbaijan participated in LG Knowledge Academy. In 2009 after huge success
organizing committee decided to start second season of game (2009-2010).

LG sponsored the LG Mobile World Cup texting competition.[14]

Awards and accolades

In 2008, LG won 11 red dot design awards, 11 iF product design awards, and 13
Innovation Awards at CES, where the 50-inch PG6000 1080p Plasma HDTV was “Best
of Video Display.”

In 2009 LG has won 15 Design & Technology honors at CES including the CES 'Best of
Innovations' in the Wireless Communications Category for LG Dare(VX9700) and Home
Appliances Category for Steam Laundry Pair:SteamWasher with Allergiene Cycle and
SteamDryer(WM3001H). Seven 2009 products have been awarded with iF product
design awards and another seven received red dot design awards.

Two LG washing machines have also achieved Asthma and Allergy Friendly
Certification based on the Allergiene Steam cycle. The Asthma and Allergy Friendly
Certification Program is a science based Certification mark that is awarded to products
that are proven to be more suitable for those suffering from asthma and allergies. The
Allergiene cycle of the LG washing machines has been proven to be capable of reaching
thermal killing temperatures for the house dust mite, and also that any allergen present
will be removed following washing.

More recently LG's LUV300B Kompressor vacuum cleaner has also been certified as
Asthma and Allergy Friendly. Vacuum cleaners that are certified as Asthma and Allergy
Friendly have been scientifically tested for their ability to remove allergen from carpets
and have also been assessed for particle generation during vacuuming.

Controversy
In 2010 in Australia, LG Electronics was found to have deliberately misrepresented the
energy efficiency rating in some of its products. By incorporating a device in its
refrigerators to detect lab conditions, the refrigerators would activate an energy-saving
mode, creating the impression of lower running costs and energy usage. This was the
third such occurrence, leading Australian authorities to ban certain LG products.[15]

Business divisions
Home Entertainment

Plasma TVs, LCD TVs, PDP Modules, OLED Panels, USB Memory, Flat Panel
Computer Monitors

Home Theater Systems, Blu-ray Disc players, DVD Recorders, Super Multi DVD
Rewriters, CD±RW, Notebook PCs, Desktop PCs, MP3 Players

Mobile Communications

See also: List of LG mobile phones

LG Electronics is the world's third largest handset maker.

LG mobile devices are made for GSM networks as well as for CDMA networks
worldwide. LG phones are available also in unlocked versions that can be used on any
GSM network worldwide and not just for a specific carrier's network.[16]

Home Appliances

The Home Appliances division makes products like refrigerators and washing machines.
Its 2007 sales totaled KRW 11.8 trillion, accounting for 29% of the company's total
revenue. The division's profit was KRW 717.1 billion. About 35% of the company's
home appliance revenue comes from the North American mark[17][18]

Business Solutions

Monitors, Car Infotainment, Telematics, Digital Signage Solutions

Sound logo
The famous sonic logo, tag, audio mnemonic was produced by Musikvergnuegen and
written by Walter Werzowa from the Austrian 1980s sampling band Edelweiss.[18]

Other
LG Electronics is also one of the largest providers of hotel televisions. These sets are
equipped with Pro:Idiom DRM technology that allows for the hotel guest to enjoy HD
programmes in a hotel room.

See also
• Electronics
• LG Telecom
• LG Display

TYPE OF REFRIGERATOR
Refrigerator types are simple - direct cool and frost-free refrigerator. Direct cooling ones
are mostly single door refrigerators and frost-free refrigerators are mostly double and
multiple doors. The abundant variety comes in the form of capacity. You can choose
from mini, small, medium and large refrigerators.
Mini (50 to 100 litres) : perfect for your studio apartment or bachelor pad; just enough
for one person to store the occasional can of beer and juices along with bare food items.
These are really small, single door refrigerators.

• Small (170 to 200 litres) : just right for a couple or even a small kitchen. This one
is small and wont take too much space while giving you just enough to store your
weekly groceries. You would go for this if you were on a tight budget. These are
single door refrigerators.

Medium (200 to 450 litres) : This is for the nuclear household. Not too small yet not too
big. Reasonably priced these provide ample storage with enough features that are value
for money. These could be single as well as double door refrigerators

• Large (450 to 800 litres) : For the big home and big budget. These refrigerators
are right out of the lifestyles of the rich and famous catalogue. You would
go for this if you have a large household and are really fond of throwing elaborate
dos. The large sized could be double door, three door, bottom mounted, side-by-
side.

REFRIGERATOR CAPACITY
Size of Family Refrigerator Capacity in litres
1 200-230
2 260
3 290
4 300
5 350
6 400
7 450
8 500
9 550
10 600
11 650
12 700

Single Door Refrigerators

These are one of the oldest and conventional refrigerators. As the name suggests, they
come with a single door. The upper portion here is a freezer, the middle portion is a
refrigerator and the bottom portion has a vegetable bin. Single-door refrigerators start
from 50 ltrs and go up to 300 ltrs. These are entry-level refrigerators and are in the low-
price range.

Pros

• Is available in smaller sizes for smaller usage

• Fits in a small space
• Freezer section is more efficient
• Ideal for small offices/clinics and grocery stores

Cons

• Manual defrosting required twice in a week. If defrosting is not done in time, the
defrosting water tray might spill, causing a mess
• Not available above 300 ltrs
• Since all three sections (freezer, refrigerator and vegetable bin) are together,
odour mixture in the food is common
• Heat-exchanging pipes/coils are visible (not concealed) in most of the single-door
refrigerators

Single Door Refrigerator Double Door Refrigerator

Double-door refrigerator
Out of two doors, one door is for the freezer section and the other is for the refrigerator
and vegetable sections. They either have a freezer section on top and refrigerator and
vegetable sections at the bottom or vice versa. They start from 200 ltrs and go up to 660
ltrs. These are the highest-selling refrigerators and are in mid-price range.

Pros

• Bigger vessels/ beverage bottles can be accommodated, depending upon the

capacity of the refrigerator
 • Available in wired shelves (weight-holding capacity: 90 kg), acrylic shelves
(weight-holding capacity: 40 kg) and toughened glass (weight-holding capacity:
90 kg)
• Refrigerators with acrylic/ toughened glass will have a unique temperature in each
compartment

Cons

• Deodorizer feature not available in smaller sizes

• Not available in smaller sizes
• The vegetable section is smaller compared to a three-door refrigerator
• If the refrigerator section located in the lower part, you have to bend down to get
the vegetables

Next

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Three-door refrigerator
A three-door refrigerator has one door for the refrigerator section, one for the vegetable
section and another for the freezer section. In this type of refrigerator, the refrigerator
section is on top, the vegetable section is in the middle and the freezer section is at the
bottom. These refrigerators start at 300 ltrs and go up to 450 ltrs. This type of refrigerator
is preferred by vegetarian families as the vegetable section is quite convenient to open. It
is in the mid-price range.

Pros

• Since the refrigerator and vegetable sections are at the top, you don’t have to bend
down too much
• Odour mixing is avoided completely as the three sections are separate
• Some three-door refrigerators come with automatic ice dispensers
• These refrigerators have a thin outer body so they take up less space
• The vegetable section is bigger compared to other refrigerators and is generally
divided into two parts

Cons

• Limited space to keep bigger beverage bottles

• Bigger vessels cannot be accommodated
• Generally comes with acrylic shelves that can take only 40 kg
 Three Door Three Door French Four Door
Refrigerator Refrigerator Refrigerator

Four-door side-by-side refrigerator

A four-door side-by-side refrigerator is similar to a two-door side-by-side refrigerator,
more like a cupboard with left and right halves, except that both these halves also have
two doors. The entire top half is the refrigerator and vegetable section and the entire
bottom half is the freezer section. It comes only in 660 ltrs. Like the two-door side-by-
side refrigerators, these also are high-end models. Since these are high-end refrigerators,
the price range also is quite high.

Pros

• All shelves are made of toughened glass that can hold a weight of 90 kg
• Bigger vessels/ beverage bottles can be accommodated easily
• Comes with a water dispenser, but does not need to be connected to a permanent
water connection, so no permanent plumbing is required
• You don’t need to open the entire section to take out a particular item

Cons

• Not available in smaller sizes

• Very bulky and hence difficult to move around
• Does not come with an ice cube dispenser

REFRIGERATOR PRICE AND BUDGET

There are plenty of features for you to choose from. However, knowing the cash you'd
like to spend will narrow the range making it easier for you to select. The price range is
very extensive starting from Rs 4,800 going up to Rs 1,45,000. Frost-free refrigerators
starting from Rs 10,000 have made defrosting a fading memory. There are also models
that have an automatic defrosting option which defrost the fresh-food compartment
automatically, but the freezer still has to be defrosted manually. Models such as this are
priced at Rs 6,000 onwards.
 REFRIGERATOR FEATURES
Type of shelves
There are three types of shelves - wired, acrylic and tempered glass. The sturdiest ones
are the tempered glass as they can hold up to 100 kgs.

Clean back
Most refrigerators come with clean backs these days. The clean back (or coil-free)
refrigerators have condenser coils that are mounted at the bottom of the refrigerator and
not at the back (as in most old refrigerators). Clean backs make cleaning easier and
provide a safety cover for the compressor. If your refrigerator is placed in your living
room, a clean back looks better since the black coils at the back are absent.

Quick-freeze compartment
A quick-freezing component in a fridge may be available as a small colder compartment
within the freezer or as a knob that allows you to adjust the temperature of the freezer. If
you are a party person or need ice regularly at a short notice, this feature would be
particularly useful for you.

Deodoriser
This eliminates the odour from your refrigerator and keeps the food fresh and tasty for a
longer period of time.

Child lock
The door lock option prevents children or other people from opening the refrigerator
without supervision. You would definitely want to have this feature if there are kids, in
the house.

Separators
Look for separators since they help organize your refrigerator better. A separator also
helps you store more fruits and vegetables and prevents the softer ones from being
crushed under heavier ones.

Moisture and humidity control

Moisture and humidity controls in a refrigerator help to retain the freshness of fruits and
vegetables. This feature is particularly useful if you shop in advance for the whole week
or require storing food for long periods of time.

Reversible swing door

Another cool option is a reversible door swing option, which allows you to change or
adapt the door swing of the refrigerator from left to right or from right to left to suit your
requirement. This facility is useful if you are undecided about the placement of your
refrigerator or need to change residence frequently. If your work requires you to change
homes regularly, this feature allows you to easily fit into any kitchen.

Water and ice dispenser

This is not an absolute must have. This feature is in fact available only in the high-end
refrigerator models. It lets you drink chilled water and gives crushed or cubed ice without
opening the door.

COMPARISON OF REFRIGERATORS
Single Double 2 door side 4 door side
Feature 3 Door
Door Door by side by side
Capacity 50-300l 200-660l 300-450l 550-810l 660l
Defrosting Manual Automatic Automatic Automatic Automatic
Water
Ice / Water
No No No Yes dispenser
Dispener
only
Permanent
No No No Yes No
Plumbing
Deodorizer No Yes Yes Yes Yes
Wired / Wired /
Wired / Acrylic / Acrylic / Toughened Toughened
Shelves
Acrylic Toughened Toughened Glass Glass
Glass Glass
Freezer Small Medium Medium Big Very big

REFRGERATOR CATOLUGE
 PRO NAME: GODREJ-GDP_210_P
• 200 Litres Capacity
PRICE : Rs 10950 to 11,900

PRO NAME: GODREJ-GDC_215_P

• 215 Litres Capacity
• Direct Cool

PRICE : Rs 10,000 to 11,900

PRO NAME: WHIRLPOOL-Icemagic_-_Side_..

• 700 Lit

res Capacity
• Frost Free

PRICE : Rs 10,200

LG_GL-191TME
• 190 Litres Capacity
• Direct Cool
 Rs 10,500

SAMSUNG-RA_20
• 195 Litres Capacity
• Direct Cool

Rs 10,500

WhirlpoolGeniuXRoyaler
• 200 Litres Capacity
• Direct Cool

Rs 10,500 to 13,000

LG_GL-201TM
• 200 Litres Capacity
• Direct Cool
Rs 10,800 to 11,000