.

) .(2007

Market Structure





.

.

.
)
( Competitive Relationship
) (




) .
1995(.
Negotiative
Relationship




.



) .
1995 (.



) 1995 ( :
.
.

.
.


-
.Pure Competition

) ( Perfect Competition
Perfect Knowledge

.

.


) . 1995 (.

MonopolisticCompetition
Pure Oligopoly

 .Differentiated Oligopoly
.Monopoly

.
) Monopsony 1995 (.
:




.Oligopoly with Competitive Fringe

Duopoly .Duopsony ) (poly-
) (sony- )
(-Oli ) (-Mono
) (-Du .
) Bilateral Monopoly
1995 (.


: Market Concentration




.

) .(Hazledinel,1989
Hight Concentration
Low Concentration


.

:
-1 :


%50 %70
.



.
-2 )Herfindahl-Hirschman Index :(H H I
:



.

.
.
10000
) .( %100
-3 :Gini Coefficient
.
.
:
-1 ) Index of Dissimilarity (ID
)(Y
N

ID 0.5 Xi Yi

-2 ) Gini's Concentration Ratio

:(GCR
:
i 1

N 1

GCR X i Yi 1 X i 1 Yi

3
-3 ) :Mean Difference (GMD Ginis

i 1

} Xk

{ X
j 1 k 1

1
N2

GMD

 : Lerner
MR MC)(MR = M c

1
)
E

MR P (1

):(Lerner,1934
1

P P 1
P MR
1
1
E

1 1
P
P
E
E

:
= P.
= E .

. . .






.







.

 Herbert Hovenkamp



. George Hay

Hay


)
(


Hay
,

.
Landes and posner


Market share




Landes and posner


.
: )
( -
.
Landes and posner
%23
%61 %20

.
: Bain
.
.
O = PQ C (Q) D iv
=O.
= P.
= Q.
) = C (Q
= D
= iv
:

.Lerner index


) Krugman 1987, Baker and Bresnahan 1988, Knetter 1989 and 1993, Goldberg
.(,and Knetter 1999, Glauben and loy 2003

.
Goldberg and Knetter 1999


:


) (

.



Bresnahan
.
)) New Empirical Industrial Organization (NEIO

Inverse elasticity of residual demana Baker and) :
(Bresnahan, 1989 and 1993

.



i
Qi
Qj j = I
.Z i :
)Maximize n = Pi (Qi,Qj,Z)Qi eiCi (Qi,Wi
)( 1
:
= Pi i
= ei
.
= Ci .i
n .
:
)[ei MCi = O - (Pi + Qi a Pi/aQi + (aPi/aQj) (aQj/aQi
)( 2
i = j
Conduct
parameters i

.

Inverse deman relationships

).(Bresnahan, 1989
) Goldberg and Knetter, (1999

reduced From
.

 :



Goldberg and
Knetter :
)(3
ex
(3) Ln Pmt m nm LnQ mtex am ln Z ln wmtN mt
mt

:
:m .
:N .

.
.



.
) Baker and Bresnahan, (1999


.




)Goldberg
and Knetter, (1999



.