a 7 Singular integrals Upto now we bane considered nly integra of bounded functions ‘over bounded intervals, We now wish to alow the pons of integrating enboundes encone over unbounded interval May ‘lhe more intersting itera of anal come inc hs eae for example, the Laplace raform Fs) off) debe a r9-[eod nd th continuous factorial funtion x! defined a6 ar[ee de ‘We sal ca integral auch these singular integral and asity ‘acm nto thre Kinds. Singha integral ofthe fist Kind ae howe Unhich involve integration of bounded Sanction otra unbounded Intewal eg. dirt: Singular integrals of the second kind vil involve imepation of an unbounded fancion over 4 unded Interval, eg. fpuele Inara of the turd Kind combine the ‘Sharcterisics ft oer to kinds Jy "We sal fer to pias car whch a iteprand i unbounded a¢ ingore, ae ea snguly tx =U sepa sch [uit where there are ao singulsries andthe rane of inter ‘ows bonded al elle ordinary ners. ingulo ftegrals will be deine hy epg tow a initing aes f ondary stgtls We shall hate allow forthe poss ‘of on-xitene of iit by intron te notins of convergence Spd divergence Definition Suppose tat f(s) continuous forall xa, whereas fed. We Sy Tf converges or converge. Im [noe ists and i ite. When J: (0) de converges we defi i val, bo donated By fey) a tobe [rose tn 1 f2fle)de als to converge, We all say i€ verges, oF 6 sheers a 22 example [lo cote xno! trent vel ~boex lence, Jfdsie comergs if o> 1, and diverge if a=, For abTwchae re 73 Exercises 1 Wk fe wing ep oe? Fd he an those which converge. sence - ww (5 0 fora2, show tha iJ), gC) ae cominuows for x and fa) ‘exe both comers, thn ao fs (af(s) +B) conver focany constants 8, Band vale ier by [lor mnnar=of toraraf sera 3, Show that, i f(x) ie cominuows for x5, and i 6, then Sefte) ds converges and only ff) de converge. a 74 Definition oppose tat (x i continuous fora <<, whore ab ae xed ‘esay fel de comers ors convergent ef, cx te. en ff) de oes, we dele ee, Sa rea [heen fr 1 fe) tas 6 coe, we sal sy os 5 faa dlverent 75 Example Shute” (ota). ‘Wenme eno ites, 60, eae Mant Hence, fgdeie® converges f @ <1 and diverges if 1, or 716. Execie 1 Sy ath cr co fd an. (0 [loz ae degra by pes 6) [anc fy mi ss 2 Shor t/6)osinenr nse hee af sora [rw ef) oy 2 For integrals ofthe tid kind we spit he range of ntcaation ap to produce sof negra ofthe fret and second Kind. We sy ‘hey converge whe al the component tgs smmerge, andthe “ale he Sum ofthe vases of he components 77 Example pane (epee “The ist integral verges fr all a1 (7.5), and the secon Snore for all <1 (72) 30 J5 de verges forall a) ‘We wil pve examples of convergent nya the tid Kin ‘when we have developed fetes for convergence. "The theory of comergege of angular age bns_many paral with te theory of nie seis We sal ery over mcklof the termiglogy and develop the tory analogous asin, For Integrand These are the amabgues of ees of postive term. Later tre dale» nuion of sbalte comvergeece for tlegrle wit feral inegrand Als, we sal show there a song conection Between igrals f(e) de ofthe st Kd, and the coresponding seve Eis 78 Theorem 11 (3) = and is continuous for all x = hen it and ony f(a} bounded for Xa I fle comers Proot It we write F(X) = [3/0 a, then FUN) ian increasing fonction ‘of, ao convergent inte nt or ergs to iy soon “The corresponding theorem for inter of the second ind is that af f(a}20 is continoows for aah then ffs) de converges if and only i [2,fle)de i bounded for £0 (e= boy 79 Comparison test M,O—L Ife, we have an ng of he st kid x0, we havea iterl of the hid Kid with a igulanty at Consider SFE de Wenwe reteqreHet and I> 0 a8 therefore thor exis Mach that for all 121, Henoe f°" converges fr all «by comparison wth fre ar ee 73) ‘Now corer fe" Werave forall OF 1, and 3 Hence Skee dr converge ‘Ober thar any dr converges for +> —1 (ce 75 feo bythe compari te, ere ais Cath ‘So tis natural to define forall eax > 1. Aernatvely one defies the gamma function [rea for > 0, so that Fon) = (a= I for alineges > 1 rw 7.20 Exercise Show ( Fav a 7.21 Integral test (for series) 11ft)=0 is copimows and decreas or =the omer oem ff) ds mseay a uct Someones Sans ose So, Prot Wehine Fo ty=fey~ fe) for nena Teefre [rm snees [pose fs fern [onaesse ‘Therefore, we sum over m= 1,2, N we btn Sol now< $m In folows dat 234i hounded over if and ony SFU) ef bounded over X: Hence the snes Bn) converge fad oy i the inert) des. o 7.22 Example Ee, ‘he fection (4) = 1/4 sts the condos of 72 if «0 rere 73, fod 2a) compen 0 an Aiergem i Osa In tt in) ergs forall = See for @=0 the mk tem Tien 5152 Sir integrate Sener nore (tn) <1. On he ober and, ne ao he “The sequence (7), hte 3! uence (7) Whe Sisremen, 7.23. Eulers tir oa whieh shows that. if. we wane (1m) > 100, we rquie 16 ‘bein the region of =" = 1 St 10 uo 3 signiiamt Rigures Ss dening andi n, ecomcet , Fer’ conta ani ae 97103 dei pass 728 Rearrangements of S51)" /n "To justly these assertions, we argue at in te pot of 721 for ‘We can we Ele’ init wo find the sum ofthe tenting harmonic te ater ape x)= Ue. We area he negates sens 5; (=n, and vais rearrangements fH flows, Beane tetetee which sve g1 1 1log2N + yy) —logN #75) og oa +1)= 31+ tog Tees and therefore O71 To show r, destesnes, me observe tha = as Non, Hence U5 (1) = hog Conair ei the rearrangement ‘The 38th prt sum is since the intr is positive o THOSE aS TW 4.24 Estimates of YS (1In) ei a) EDN) He Bop2+ yoy HYay hy “The shove ans can he sed to gives some is of ow age Noe? ‘he ama sims of the harmon series (in) ae. We knw ths Series iergn to ints We shall oe. however, tha rn Vedobebet-Le- este 7 7 128. Miscelancous exercises Sherry 1 he ove te ing els Now og = 2.26 104 desi plas, 40g, EEN <6 ofa ooo w fenertay [incon on [8a © [iQue 6) ff mcrae (0 [gsios oy ae 2 Does fils) de convergent imply f(x) 0 a5 x=? In pve Ta tng ft) 8 [Povincice [egensur ¢ affesusmaoa 44. Show hat [wei -enao=0. 5. stow at Sof yaw a [isne 6 Stow off ES oom Snot 55 17. Consider the soos 3 Un log ny (Show eh, fer > 1 converges fora. Min Let a= 6 (ead te oat Pope and ofmere that tn!(ogn)—>0 and Xt converses. "iy Show thts fa 21 nce for af Hit Leto (eb) and ara Sty i) Show tho =I converges or all > 1 and diverges fot all #1, Hint Use she intepal te (7.20. Show that Fey (19°) UN Hint serve that Corel On nr smkere y= it 10" Show that SA(1/m)= 6.908 to 3 decimal places. (Assume og 02.395 to 4 decimal 1M Use Ear’ mito so that i-th ibe Cemetery verges tiny 12''By comidting Riemann sis for stable singular integra find the tims of te following sexuecs. pa os a (£338, question 1),