(SONET/SDH)

LG /
) Gr

-
1.

2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

1.1.

90

90

80

WDM

OXC
OPTICAL
INTERNET

00 ~

00 ~

ANALOG

PCM

PDH
565M
90 M
45 M

HANBIT GO 160
640 G WDM
1.28T WDM

SDH

HANBIT GO 10
2.5G SDH
SMOT-1
SMOT-4
BDCS

PCM64

SMF

NZ-DSF
(ETRI )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

1.2.

- PDH/SDH
) PDH/SDH
) 2.5G SDH (96)
) W-DCS (97)
) 10G SDH (00.6.)
SDH

- WDM
) 2.5G x8 (20G) (98)
) 10G x 64 (640G)
) 10G x 80 (800G) 2002 ( )
Tbps WDM

(ETRI )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

2.1.
~ 2005

2006 ~

[ ]

IP Infrastructure
IN IP

MPLS ATM ,

MPLS ATM

WDM SDH/SONET
WDM
, WDM

[ ]
,
FTT0 FTTC

FTTH

(xDSL)

ADSL FTTC VDSL

SINGLE LINE HDSL

ADSL ( ) ( )
VDSL

, ,

(Fiber)

(KT )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

2.2.

[ ]

VoIP

: H.323 SIP

QUALITY

SIP

, ,
IP

, ,

VoIP
(USC)

contact

CTI contact

VoIP
VoIP IP

(KT )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

2.3. Layered Architecture of IP over XXX

Voice, Video, Data, Multimedia

Applications
layer

IP
IP
Switching/
Routing layer

IPoA

ATM
ATM
Transport
layer

HDLC/SDL
HDLC/SDL
IPoS

IPoW
Gigabit
GigabitEthernet/
Ethernet/
Fiber
Channel
Fiber Channel

SONET/SDH
SONET/SDH
Open Optical
Interface
Optical layer

WDM(or
WDM(or Fiber)
Fiber)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

2.4. Optical Network Evolution

ROUTER

ROUTER

SWITCH

SWITCH

Optical Transport Network

WDM

ROUTER
SWITCH

ROUTER

WDM

SWITCH

WDM

Optical Switching Network

IPOW I

IPOW II

Application

Present

Transport

TCP

TCP

TCP

TCP

Network

IP
PPP or ATM
SONET
WDM

IP

RWA

IP

MPLS

OLS

OLS

WDM

WDM

WDM

Data link
Physical

CORE

EDGE

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

3.

Digital Transmission
Global Standards

SO
N

ET

North American
Digital Systems

H
D
S

ITU-T(European)
Digital Systems

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.1.1.

SONET

ITU-T

Signal Rate

Signal Rate

DS0
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4

64Kbps
1.544Mbps
6.312Mbps
44.736Mbps
274.176Mbps

E0
E1
E2
E3
E4

64Kbps
2.048Mbps
8.448Mbps
34.368Mbps
139.264Mbps

DS1

E1

Signal rate

1.544Mbps

2.048Mbps

# of channel

24

32/30

DS1

1.544Mbps= 8K * (1+24*8)

) PDH:Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy, SONET:Synchronous Optical NETwork

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.1.2. PDH Transmission Efficiencies & Percentage Overhead

DS-1

Voice

64Kbps
24

MUX

1.544Mbps

MUX

6.312Mbps

MUX

44.736Mbps

OH2 =
168K*7=1.176M

OH1 =
8K*4=32K

8Kbps
OHa

DS-3

DS-2

0.552Mbps
OHc

136Kbps
OHb

DS1
1.544Mbps = 8K * (1+24*8)

Signal rate
# of channel 24
Percentage Overhead(%) = (C1-C2)/C1 * 100%
C1: Total system capacity, C2:capacity required for information transmission
) DS1 %OH = (1.544Mbps - (8K*24*8)) / 1.544Mbps *100% = 0.51813%
Digital signal
DS1
DS2
DS3
DS4

Capacity(%) Overhead(%)
99.48
0.52
97.30
2.70
96.10
3.90
93.40
6.60

Cap,OH
OH

Cap
Transmission Speed

PDH signals are Waste & redundancy, non-modular

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

1.1 (SDH : Synchronous Digital Hierarchy)

SDH payload .
1.2 (STM : Synchronous Transfer Mode)
STM SDH .STM 125
(SOH) Payload , STM 155520 kbit/s . STM-1 .
N .(N=4, 16,64,256 etc)
1.3 (VC : Virtual Container)
VC SDH . VC 125 500
(POH) Payload , VC
. VC 2 Type .
- (VC-n(n=1,2,3)) : C-n(n=1,2,3) VC POH .
- (VC - n(n=3, 4)) : C-n(n=3, 4) VC, POH (TUG-2s TUG-3s)
.
1.4 (AU : Administrative Unit)

AU . Payload( VC)
Payload offset AU . AU-4 VC-4 AU AU
STM-N VC-4 , AU-3 VC-3 AU AU
STM-N VC-3 .
1.5 (TU : Tributary Unit)
TU Path Path Information .
Payload( VC) TU PTR , TU-n(n = 1,2,3) VC-n TU PTR . TUG
TU Payload .

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

1.6 : C-n (n=1~4)

VC Payload .
1.7 - (NNI:Network Node Interface)

1.8 (Pointer)

1.9 (concatenation)

.
1.10 SDH mapping
SDH Network Tributary Virtual Container .
1.11 SDH multiplexing
, (multiplex section)
.
1.12 SDH aligning
Frame offset Frame , TU AU .
1.13 Bit Interleaved Parity-X (BIP-X) >>> For Futher Study !!!

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2. (SONET/SDH)
[ SONET Signal Hierarchy ]
OC-192

STS-192

9953.28Mbps

9953.28Mbps

2488.32Mbps

2488.32Mbps

622.08Mbps

622.08Mbps

155.52Mbps

155.52Mbps

OC-48

STS- 48

OC-12

STS- 12

OC-3

STS- 3

OC-1

51.84Mbps

51.84Mbps

STS-1

Line & Section

Overhead

STS-1 SPE

Path
Overhead

Virtual Tributary(VT1.5, VT2, VT3, VT6)

(28)

DS1
1.544Mbps

(21)

CEPT-1
2.048Mbps

(14)

DS1C
3.152Mbps

(1)
(7)

DS2

DS3
44.736Mbps

6.312Mbps

) SDH:Synchronous Digital Hierarchy

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2. (SONET/SDH)
[ SDH Signal Hierarchy & Multiplexing Structure ]
DS-1E
2.048
Mbps

C-12

VC-12

TU-12

Pointer
processing
Multiplexin
g
Aligning

(4)

DS-2E
8.448
Mbps

(4)

Mapping

DS-3E
34.368
Mbps

(4)

DS-4E
139.264
Mbps

VC-4

TU-3

VC-3

(7)
VC-2

TU-2

(4)
DS-1

C-11

VC-11

TU-11

(1)

TUG-2

(n)

(1)
AUG

STM-n

(3)

(7)

C-3

C-2

AU-4

TUG-3 (3)

(1)

(3)

DS-2
6.312
Mbps

C-4
VC-3

DS-3
44.736
Mbps

(3)

AU-3

(7)

(4)

1.544
Mbps

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2. (SONET/SDH)
[ SONET Transmission Efficiencies & Percentage Overhead ]
1
28

DS1

DS1

MUX

OC-1
51.84Mbps

OC-3
3

MUX

OHa

MUX

OH
24.496Mbps

OH
8.832Mbps

OH1

155.52Mbps

OC-12

OHb

622.08Mbps
OH
105.984Mbps

OHc

DS1 : 1.544Mbps
OH1 = 1.544Mbps * 0.51813% = 7.9999272Kbps
Total Sum(OH1) = 7.9999272Kbps*28 = 0.2239979616Mbps
OHa = 51.84Mbps- 43.232Mbps(1.544M*28)= 8.608Mbps
So,
Total OC-1 OH = 8.831997962 Mbps
Total OC-1 Capacity = 51.84Mbps - 8.831997962 Mbps=43.00800204Mbps
Percentage Overhead(%) = 17.03703310 %
Cap,OH
Digital signal
OH(Mbps) Capacity
Overhead
OC-1 51.84Mbps
8.832
82.97
17.03
OC-3 155.52Mbps
26.496
82.97
17.03
OC-12 622.08Mbps
105.984
82.97
17.03
OC-48 2.48832Gbps
423.936
82.97
17.03

Cap

OH
Transmission Speed

SONET signals are modular

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2. (SONET/SDH)
[ SONET/SDH Signal Bit Rate ]

SONET

SDH

STS-192

STM-64

9,953.280

STS-48

STM-16

2,488.320

STS-12

STM-4

622.080

STS-3

STM-1

155.520

STS-1

STM-0

51.840

TU-3

49.152

TU-2

6.912

VT-6
VT-3

Signal Rate(Mbps)

3.456

VT-2

TU-12

2.304

VT-1.5

TU-11

1.728

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.1. STM-n Frame Multiplexing Structure(C3 Mapping Via AU4)

84

C3

Container-3
(C-3)

STM-n
125 sec

85

P
9 O
H

VC-3

Virtual Container-3
(VC-3)

RSOH
AU-Pointer
MSOH

125 sec

P S
T
U
F
O F
I
N
H G

S
T
U
F
F
I
N
G

AUG
258 = 3 * 86 x n

261 x n

86

TU-3

P
T
R

Tributary Unit-3
(TU-3)

125 sec

86

TUG-3

P
T
R

Stuffing

TU Group-3
(TUG-3)

125 sec

86

86

86

TUG-3

TUG-3

TUG-3

n Times Channel
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.2. STM-n Frame Multiplexing Structure(C4 Mapping Via AU4)

260

C4

Container-4
(C-4)

x n Channel
125 sec

261

P
9 O
H

VC4
9xn

AU4
AUG-n

AU-Pointer

9xn
RSOH

STM-n

AU-Pointer

MSOH

Virtual Container-4
(VC-4)

x n Channel
125 sec

261

Administrative Unit-4
(AU-4 or AUG)

x n Channel
125 sec

261x n

STM-1
125 sec

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.3. STM-n Frame Multiplexing Structure(C3 Mapping Via AU3)

STM-n
84

C3

270 x n

Container-3
(C-3)

RSOH

H1H1H1..
125 sec

AUG

MSOH

85
P
9 O
H

VC-3

Virtual Container-3
(VC-3)

125 sec

87

AU-3

H1H2H3

P
O
H

Administrative Unit-3
(AU-3)
Stuffing

Stuffing

H1H2H3

87

AU-3
A

H1H2H3

87

AU-3
B

H1H2H3

125 sec

n Times Channel

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

87

AU-3
C

4.2.1.4. VC-11/12 Frame Structure

V5

V5

25 DATA Byte

34 DATA Byte

J2

J2

25 DATA Byte

34 DATA Byte

N2

N2

25 DATA Byte

34 DATA Byte

K4

K4

25 DATA Byte

34 DATA Byte

140 Byte

104 Byte

VC-11

VC-12

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.5. TU-11/12/2 Frame Structure

TU-2

TU-11

TU-12

V1

V1

V1

78

105

321

103
V2
0

139
V2
0

427
V2
0

25
V3

34

26

V3

106

35

V3

Negative justification opportunity

107

Positive justification opportunity

51
V4
52

69
V4
70

77

213
V4
214

104
320

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.6. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C11 Mapping Via AU3)

[ VC-11->TU11->TUG-2->VC-3->AU-3->AUG-1->STM-1 ]
TU-11 #1

TU-11 #2

TU-11 #3

TU-11 #4

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

1 2 3

4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

4 5 6
7 8 9
10 11 12
13 14 15
16 17 18
19 20 21
22 23 24
25 26 27

4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

5 6
8 9
11 12
14 15
17 18
20 21
23 24
26 27

1.728Mbps

5 6
8 9
11 12
14 15
17 18
20 21
23 24
26 27

1.728Mbps

1.728Mbps

5 6
8 9
11 12
14 15
17 18
20 21
23 24
26 27

1.728Mbps
Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
TUG-2

Multi-Frame(500us)
125us Frame
TU-11 Pointer V1

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

1 1
4 4
7 7
10 10
13 13
16 16
19 19
22 22
25 25

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

2 2
5 5
8 8
11 11
14 14
17 17
20 20
23 23
26 26

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

2 3
5 6
8 9
11 12
14 15
17 18
20 21
23 24
26 27

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

3 3
6 6
9 9
12 12
15 15
18 18
21 21
24 24
27 27

TUG-2

12 Column

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.6. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C11 Mapping Via AU3)

[ VC-11 ->TU11->TUG-2 ->VC-3 ->AU-3 ->AUG-1 ->STM-1 ]
12 column
TUG-2 #1
1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

TUG-2 #7
2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

. . . . . . . .

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

1
4
7
10
13
16
19
22
25

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

2
5
8
11
14
17
20
23
26

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

3
6
9
12
15
18
21
24
27

Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
VC-3

J1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
B3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
C2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
G1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
F2 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
H4 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
F3 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 VC-3
K3 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
N1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

VC-3 POH
85 Column

) TU-11 (3 ), #1 => TU-11 Pointer V1

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.6. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C11 Mapping Via AU3)

VC-3

[ VC-11->TU11->TUG-2->VC-3->AU-3->AUG-1->STM-1 ]
J1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
B3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
C2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
G1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
F2 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
H4 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
F3 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
K3 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
N1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

85 Column

Aligning

AU-3

Floating phase

1
30
59
87
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
J1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
B3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9
C2 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
H1 H2 H3 G1 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12
F2 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15
H4 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18
F3 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21
K3 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
N1 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27

AU-3 Pointer

Stuff Byte

87 Column

AU-3

) POH Byte (J1) AU-3 AU-3 Pointer

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.6. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C11 Mapping Via AU3)

[ VC-11->TU11->TUG-2->VC-3->AU-3->AUG-1 ->STM-1 ]
1

H1 H2 H3

87

AU-3
A

1
AU-3 #1

H1 H2 H3

87

AU-3
A

1
AU-3 #2

H1 H2 H3

87
AU-3 #3

AU-3
A

Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
AUG

H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3
A B C A B C

A B C

1 2 3

261
AUG

) AUG AU-3 AU-3 Pointer AUG .

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.6. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C11 Mapping Via AU3)

[ VC-11->TU11->TUG-2->VC-3->AU-3->AUG-1 ->STM-1 ]
9

261

VC-4

MSOH
H1H1H1H2H2H2H3H3H3
9
RSOH
A B C A B C

A B C
125us

1 2 3

STM-1 Payload

261

261

) AU-3 Pointer VC-3 POH Byte(J1) .

, STM-1 Payload VC-3 Floating .

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.7. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C12 Mapping Via AU4)

[ VC-12->TU12->TUG-2->TUG-3->VC-4->AU-4->AUG-1->STM-1 ]
TU-12 #1

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36

12 Column

2.304Mbps
Multi-Frame
125us Frame
TU-12 Pointer V1

TU-12 #2

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36

Byte-interleaving
multiplexed into
TUG-2

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

2.304Mbps

TU-12 #3

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8
9 10 11 12
13 14 15 16
17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24
25 26 27 28
29 30 31 32
33 34 35 36

TUG-2

2.304Mbps

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.7. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C12 Mapping Via AU4)

[ VC-12->TU12->TUG-2->TUG-3->VC-4->AU-4->AUG-1->STM-1 ]
TUG-2 No. 1
12 Column
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

TUG-2 No. 2
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

TUG-2 No. 3
1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

TUG-2 No. 4

TUG-2 No. 5

TUG-2 No. 6

TUG-2 No. 7

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4
5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8
9 9 9 10 10 10 11 11 11 12 12 12
13 13 13 14 14 14 15 15 15 16 16 16
17 17 17 18 18 18 19 19 19 20 20 20
21 21 21 22 22 22 23 23 23 24 24 24
25 25 25 26 26 26 27 27 27 28 28 28
29 29 29 30 30 30 31 31 31 32 32 32
33 33 33 34 34 34 35 35 35 36 36 36

Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
TUG-3

NPI

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8
9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 11 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 14 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 15 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16 16
17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 17 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 19 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20
21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 21 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 22 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 23 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24
25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 25 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 26 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 27 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28 28
29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 29 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 30 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 31 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32 32
33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 33 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 34 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 35 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36

Fixed Stuffing
All Zero

TUG-3

84 Column

) TU-12 (4 ), #1 => TU-12 Pointer V1

NPI => Null Pointer Indication 2Byte(1001SS1111100000 NPI) ( NPI )
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.7. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C12 Mapping Via AU4)

[ VC-12->TU12->TUG-2->TUG-3->VC-4->AU-4->AUG-1->STM-1 ]
TUG-3 No. 1
21

21

21

TUG-3 No. 2

21

1 ... 1 2 ... 2 3 ... 3 4 ... 4

5 ... 5 6 ... 6 7 ... 7 8 ... 8
9 ... 9 10 ... 10 11 ... 1112 ... 12
13 ... 13 14 ... 1415 ... 1516 ... 16
17 ... 17 18 ... 1819 ... 1920 ... 20
21 ... 21 22 ... 2223 ... 2324 ... 24
25 ... 25 26 ... 2627 ... 2728 ... 28
29 ... 29 30 ... 3031 ... 3132 ... 32
33 ... 33 34 ... 3435 ... 3536 ... 36

NPI

Stuffing
Bytes

TUG-3 No. 3

1 ... 1 2 ... 2 3 ... 3 4 ... 4

5 ... 5 6 ... 6 7 ... 7 8 ... 8
9 ... 9 10 ... 10 11 ... 1112 ... 12
13 ... 1314 ... 1415 ... 1516 ... 16
17 ... 1718 ... 1819 ... 1920 ... 20
21 ... 2122 ... 2223 ... 2324 ... 24
25 ... 2526 ... 2627 ... 2728 ... 28
29 ... 2930 ... 3031 ... 3132 ... 32
33 ... 3334 ... 3435 ... 3536 ... 36

1 ... 1 2 ... 2 3 ... 3 4 ... 4

5 ... 5 6 ... 6 7 ... 7 8 ... 8
9 ... 9 10 ... 1011 ... 1112 ... 12
13 ... 1314 ... 1415 ... 1516 ... 16
17 ... 1718 ... 1819 ... 1920 ... 20
21 ... 2122 ... 2223 ... 2324 ... 24
25 ... 2526 ... 2627 ... 2728 ... 28
29 ... 2930 ... 3031 ... 3132 ... 32
33 ... 3334 ... 3435 ... 3536 ... 36
Byte-interleavingly
multiplexed into
VC-4

86

63
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

1 1
5 5
9 9
13 13
17 17
21 21
25 25
29 29
33 33

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

63
1 1 1
5 5 5
9 9 9
13 13 13
17 17 17
21 21 21
25 25 25
29 29 29
33 33 33

2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

63
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

3 3
7 7
11 11
15 15
19 19
23 23
27 27
31 31
35 35

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

63
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

3 4
7 8
11 12
15 16
19 20
23 24
27 28
31 32
35 36

4 4
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
24 24
28 28
32 32
36 36

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

4 4
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
24 24
28 28
32 32
36 36

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

VC-4

VC-4 POH
261

) TU-3 VC-4 NPI TU-3 pointer(H1,H2,H3) ( NPI )

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.7. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C12 Mapping Via AU4)

[ VC-12->TU12->TUG-2->TUG-3->VC-4->AU-4->AUG-1->STM-1 ]
261

H1 Y Y H2 I I H3 H3 H3

AU-4 Pointer

NPI
Fixed Stuff Byte( 1* )

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

Y : 1001UU11
I : 11111111

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

1 1
5 5
9 9
13 13
17 17
21 21
25 25
29 29
33 33

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

1 1 1
5 5 5
9 9 9
13 13 13
17 17 17
21 21 21
25 25 25
29 29 29
33 33 33

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

2 2 2
6 6 6
10 10 10
14 14 14
18 18 18
22 22 22
26 26 26
30 30 30
34 34 34

3 3 3
7 7 7
11 11 11
15 15 15
19 19 19
23 23 23
27 27 27
31 31 31
35 35 35

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

3 3
7 7
11 11
15 15
19 19
23 23
27 27
31 31
35 35

3 4 4
7 8 8
11 12 12
15 16 16
19 20 20
23 24 24
27 28 28
31 32 32
35 36 36

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

4 4
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
24 24
28 28
32 32 125us
36 36

261

AU-4 Payload

) AU-4 Pointer AU-4 Payload VC-4 Byte (J1) .

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.1.7. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(C12 Mapping Via AU4)

[ VC-12->TU12->TUG-2->TUG-3->VC-4->AU-4->AUG-1->STM-1 ]
9

261

VC-4

RSOH
H1 Y Y H2 I I H3 H3 H3
9
MSOH

NPI= 1001SS1111100000
Fixed Stuff Byte

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

Y : 1001UU11
I : 11111111

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

1 1
5 5
9 9
13 13
17 17
21 21
25 25
29 29
33 33

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

1 1
5 5
9 9
13 13
17 17
21 21
25 25
29 29
33 33

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

2 2
6 6
10 10
14 14
18 18
22 22
26 26
30 30
34 34

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

3 3
7 7
11 11
15 15
19 19
23 23
27 27
31 31
35 35

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

3 4
7 8
11 12
15 16
19 20
23 24
27 28
31 32
35 36

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

4 4
8 8
12 12
16 16
20 20
24 24
28 28
32 32
36 36

261

AU-4 Payload

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

125us

TU-12

4.2.1.8. STM-1 Frame Multiplexing Structure(With TU-12 Multi-frame)

36

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing
Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing
Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

Stuffing

4
XXXXXX00

Stuffing

9 1

n+4 Frame

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*

Stuffing

XXXXXX11

Stuffing

n+3 Frame

Stuffing

9 1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*

N N N
P P P
I I I

N N N
P P P
I I I
Stuffing

XXXXXX10

Stuffing

n+2 Frame

Stuffing
Stuffing

H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*

N N N
P P P
I I I
Stuffing

XXXXXX01
9 1

Multi-Frame(500us)

n+1 Frame

Stuffing
Stuffing

9 1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*

N N N
P P P
I I I

Stuffing

XXXXXX00

Stuffing
Stuffing

n Frame

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

1 ... 1
PTR(V4)
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
PTR(V1)
1 ... 1
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
PTR(V2)
1 ... 1
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
PTR(V3)
1 ... 1
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33
PTR(V4)
1 ... 1
5 ... 5
9 ... 9
13 ... 13
17 ... 17
21 ... 21
25 ... 25
29 ... 29
33 ... 33

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33
1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
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26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
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...
...
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...
...
...
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...
...
...

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
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34
2
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10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34
2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35
3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

21 Column

63 Column

2
6
10
14
18
22
26
30
34

3
7
11
15
19
23
27
31
35

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

2303 Kbit/S

125uS

N N N
P P P
I I I

Stuffing

1
H1 Y Y H2 1* 1*

1
5
9
13
17
21
25
29
33

9 row

.
.
.

18 Column
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
H3 H3 H3 G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

3 Column

1
2

261 Column

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...
...

4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36
4
8
12
16
20
24
28
32
36

4.2.1.9. SDH End-to-End Connection

PDH

SONET

STS-1

STS-N

STS-N

STS-N

PTE

LTE

...

...

LTE

PTE

PDH

STS-1

Section
Line
Path

PDH

STM-1
STM-N

MSTE

STM-N

STM-M

PDH

STM-1

MSTE

PTE

...

...

PTE

SDH

Regeneration
Section
Multiplex section

Path
) PTE : Path Terminating Equipment
LTE : Line Terminating Equipment
MSTE : Multiplex Section Terminating Equipment
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.1. SONET/SDH OverHead Position

Column
1
2
Row 3
4
5
6
7
8
9

SOH

P
O
H

Pointer

LOH
Transport
Overhead

90

Path Overhead
SPE

One
Frame

125

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

RSOH
MSOH
Transport
Overhead

3
4
5
6
7
8
9

Pointer

87N Columns

Path Overhead
SPE

9N Columns

261N Columns
N Col.s

N = 1, 3, 12, 48, 192

P
P
O O
H
H

Transport
Overhead

270N Columns

N Col.s
2

269

STM-1 Frame Structure

90N Columns

11

P
O
H

Pointer

STS-1 Frame Structure

3N Columns

10

STS-N Envelope Capacity

STS-N Frame Structure

Pointer

N = 1, 4, 16, 64
P
P
O O
H
H

Transport
Overhead

STS-N Envelope Capacity

STM-N Frame Structure

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

270

4.2.2.2. SONET Frame Structure & Section OverHead

1

Section
Overhead

1
2
3
4
5

Line
Overhead

6
7
8
9

89

Framing
A1
BIP-8
B1
Data Com
D1
Pointer
H1
BIP-8
B2
Data Com
D4
Data Com
D7
Data Com
D10
SSM
S1

Framing
A2
Orderwire
E1
Data Com
D2
Pointer
H2
APS
K1
Data Com
D5
Data Com
D8
Data Com
D11
FEBE
M0

Transport
Overhead
3

90

Synchronous Payload Envelope

(SPE)

125

Section trace

J0
User
F1
Data Com
D3
Pointer Act.
H3
APS
K2
Data Com
D6
Data Com
D9
Data Com
D12
Orderwire
E2

A1, A2
J0
B1
E1
F1
D1...D3

:
:
:
:
:
:

Frame Byte
Section Trace
Section Bit Parity Check
Orderwire
Section User Channel
Section Data Communication Channel

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.3. SONET Section OverHead Description

Framing Bytes (A1, A2)

Framing Pattern : F628 (1111 0110 0010 1000)
A1 and A2 must be provided in all STS-1 signals.
Section Trace Byte (J0)
Orderwire Byte (E1)
Voice communication channel used by the system craft person
For communication between regenerators, hubs, and remote terminal
locations
Section User Channel (F1)
Set aside for the users purposes
Section Data Communication Channel (D1, D2, D3)
Alarms, Maintenance, Control, Monitoring, Administration, and other
Communication needs between STEs

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.3. SONET Section OverHead Description

Section BIP-8 byte (B1)

function : Bit Interleaved Parity 8 code(BIP-8) using even parity
Calculated over all bits of the previous STS-N frame after scrambling
Computed BIP-8 is placed in the B1 byte position before scrambling
Used to perform error detection
error reporting function is not available
Error Detecting and Reporting
Section

Section

Section

Section

Section

B1 to detect(monitoring) error
Not available to report error
Line
B2 to detect error
M0 to report error

Line

Path
B3 to detect error
G1 to report error
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.4. SONET Line OverHead Structure

1
1

Framing
A1
BIP- 8
B1
Data Com
D1
Pointer
H1
BIP- 8
B2
Data Com
D4
Data Com
D7
Data Com
D10
SSM
S1

Framing Section tr
A2
J0
Orderwire
User
E1
F1
Data Com Data Com
D2
D3
Pointer Pointer Act.
H2
H3
APS
APS
K1
K2
Data Com Data Com
D5
D6
Data Com Data Com
D8
D9
Data Com Data Com
D11
D12
FEBE
Orderwire
M0
E2

H1, H2
H3
B2
K1, K2
D4...D12
S1
M0
E2

:
:
:
:
:
:
:
:

Pointer
Pointer Action
Line Bit Parity Check
Automatic Protection Switching Channel
Line Data Communication Channel
Synchronization Status Message
FEBE(Far End Block Error) Indication
Orderwire

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.4. SONET Line OverHead Description

Pointer (H1, H2)

Indicate the offset in the bytes between the pointer and the first byte of
the STS-1 SPE
Used to perform frequency justification
Pointer action byte (H3)
Used to perform frequency justification (negative justification)
Line BIP-8 byte (B2)
for a line error monitoring function
function : bit-interleaved parity 8 code using even parity
Line BIP-8is calculated over all bits of the line overhead and STS-1
Envelope capacity of the previous STS-1 frame before scrambling

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.4. SONET Line OverHead Description

Automatic protection switching channel (K1, K2)

Used for linear APS and ring APS signaling
Line data communication channel (D4, , D12)
alarms, maintenance, control, monitoring, administration, and other
communication needs between STEs
FEBE(Far End Block Error) indication (M0)
conveys the count of interleaved bit blocks that have been detected in
error by the BIP-8

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.5. SONET Path OverHead Structure

A1

A2

J0

B1

E1

F1

D1

D2

D3

H1

H2

H3

B2

K1

K2

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10
S1

D11 D12
M0

E2

Path Trace
J1
BIP-8
B3
Signal label
C2
Path Status
G1
User
F2
Multi frame.
H4
User
F3
Growth
K3
TCM
N1

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.5. SONET Path OverHead Description

STS path trace (J1)

Used to transmit repetitively a 64 byte, fixed length string
Verify its continued connection to the intended transmitter
Path BIP-8 (B3)
Calculated over all bits of the previous STS SPE before scrambling
STS path signal label (C2)
Indicate the construction of an STS-1 SPE.
Co de(Hex )
00
01
02
03
04
12
13
14
15

Pay lo ad ty pe.

Unequipped
Equipped/nonspecific pay load
Floating VT mode
Locked VT mode
Mapping for Asy nchronous 44.736Mbps(e.g., DS3)
Mapping for Asy nchronous 139.264Mbps(e.g., E4)
Mapping for ATM(Asy nchronous Transfer Mode)
Mapping for DQ DB(Distributed Q ueue Dual Bus)
Mapping for FDDI(Fiber Distributed Data Interface)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.5. SONET Path OverHead Description

Path status (G1)

FEBE

RDI
5

Unused.
7

FEBE : Bits 1 through 4 convey the count of interleaved bit blocks

that have been detected in error by B3
RDI(Remote Defect Indication) : STS path alarm
Path user channel(F2, F3)
for user communication purposes between path network elements

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.6. Calculation of B1, B2, and B3 in SONET Frame

SOH

(Frame No.1)
. scrambling
LOH
. calculation
(B1)
(Frame No.2)

Section BIP-8, B1

SOH

(Frame No.1)
. No scrambling
LOH
. Calculation
(Frame No.2)
(B2)

Line BIP-8, B2

SOH

(Frame No.1)
. No scrambling
LOH
. Calculation
(Frame No.2)
(B3)

Path BIP-8, B3

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.7. SDH OverHead(RSOH & MSOH) Structure and Description

A1

A2

J0

B1

E1

F1

D1

D2

D3

H1

H2

H3

B2

K1

K2

D4

D5

D6

D7

D8

D9

D10 D11 D12

S1

M0

E2

OverHead
A1, A2
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3

Description
(F628)

J0

B1

BIP-8

E1

Orderwire

F1

D1-D3
B2

BIP-24 (3byte )

K1,K2

APS , MS-RDI, MS-AIS

D4-D12

S1

M0

E2

N1

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.8. SDH Path OverHead Description

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.9. SDH Path OverHead (J1 Byte & B3 Byte) Description

J1 Frame Structure
J1 : 64 1 ST .
Byte #
Bit 1, 2, 8
1
1
C1
C2
C3
C4
C5
2
0
X
X
X
X
X
3
0
X
X
X
X
X
.
.
.
.
.
.
16
0
X
X
X
X
X

NOTES CRC check 1+ X^6 + X^7

C6
X
X

C7
X
X
.
.
.
X

J1s Case : Above operation repeated four times.

B3 Error Calculation : Scrambling (for the previous VC-3, VC-4, VC-4Xc)

Scrambling .
Frame t
:

B3

Frame t+1

B3

VC-3
85 Byte
.

85
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.10. SDH Path OverHead (C2 Byte) Description

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.11. SDH Path OverHead (VC11, VC12) Description

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.12. SDH Path OverHead (V5 Byte of VC11, VC12) Description

B IP - 2

F E B E

R F I

L 1

a )

L 2
S ig n a l la b e l
5

L 3
F E R F

V ir t u a l c o n t a in e r p a t h s ig n a l la b e l c o d in g :

a)

L 1

L 2

L 3

0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1

0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1

M e a n in g
U
E
A
B
B

n e q u ip p e d
q u ip p e d n o n - s p e c if ic
s y n c h r o n o u s , f lo a t i n g
it s y n c h r o n o u s , f lo a t in g
y t e s y n c h r o n o u s , f lo a t in g

E q u ip p e d u n u s e d

P ro v is io n a l a llo c a tio n .

V ir t u a l c o n t a in e r p a t h F E B E c o d in g :

T 1 8 1 9 7 4 0 -9 3 /d 2 7

N o e rro rs

O n e o r m o re e rro rs

N O T E S
1

V ir tu a l c o n ta in e r p a th o v e r h e a d is d e f in e d o n ly in V C -2 # 1 o f V C -2 -m c .

2
V a lu e 1 is o n ly to b e u s e d in c a s e s w h e r e a m a p p in g c o d e is n o t d e f in e d in th e a b o v e ta b le . F o r
in te r w o r k in g w ith o ld e q u ip m e n t ( i.e . d e s ig n e d to tr a n s m it o n ly th e v a lu e s 0 a n d 1 ) , th e f o llo w in g
c o n d itio n s a p p ly :

f o r b a c k w a r d c o m p a t ib il ity , o ld e q u ip m e n t s h a ll in t e r p r e t a n y v a lu e r e c e iv e d o t h e r
th a n v a lu e 0 a s a n e q u ip p e d c o n d itio n ;

f o r f o r w a r d c o m p a tib ility , w h e n r e c e iv in g v a lu e 1 f r o m o ld e q u ip m e n t, n e w
e q u ip m e n t s h a ll n o t g e n e r a t e a s ig n a l la b e l m is m a t c h a la r m .

F IG U R E

4 -2 /G .7 0 9

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.2.13. SDH Payload Conversion Structure(AU-3/4, TU-11/12)

AUG

x1

AU-4

VC-4

x3

x1

TUG-3

TU-3

VC-3

x1

TU-3

Conversion

x3
AU-3

x3

VC-4

AU-4

Conversion

x1
AUG
x3

x7

x7

VC-3

TUG-3

VC-3

AU-3

x7

x7
x1

TU-2

TUG-2

VC-2

x1

TU-2

TUG-2

x3

x3
TU-12

VC-12

TU-12
x4

x4
TU-11

VC-11

TU-11

Conversion

Pointer Processing
Aligning

) TU-n(n=11/12) Conversion
2.5Gbps Link MUX TU-12 TU-11 .
Tributary Link DEMUX TU-11 TU-12 .

Multiplexing/De-multiplexing

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.1. Pointer Classification

A1

AU-4 Pointer

H1

H2

H3 H3 H3

Y=1001UU11

STM-1

VC-4

I=11111111

A1

AU-3 Pointer

H1 H1 H1 H2 H2 H2 H3 H3 H3

TU-3 Pointer

H1

A1
Y

H2

H3 H3 H3

3 VC-3s

VC-4
P
O
H

A1

TU-11/12 Pointer

H1

H2

H3 H3 H3

VC-4
or 3 VC-3s

H1H1H1
H2H2H2
H3H3H3

P
O P
H O P
H O P
H O
H

3 TU-3s

V1

V2

V3
V4

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.2. AU-n Pointer Byte

H1

N N N N S

H2

10-Bit Pointer Value

N : New Data Flag bit - Normal State 1001

S : Size Bit(SS =10 for AU-4, AU-3, TU-3)
I : Increment Bit
D : Decrement Bit

H3

D
Negative Justification
Opportunity

Positive Justification
Opportunity

STM-1

POINTER FUNCTION
Offset value Indication
Frequency Justification Indication
New Data Flag

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.3. J1_Time, Payload_Enable Signal Location

FP
J1#1
J1#2
J1#3
J1#4
PLDEN

x7

PLDEN#3

125us
NJE
1
1
4
9
1
4
9
1
4
9
1
4

270

Frame No. 1
Point value=3

H3 H3 H3

J1(3,3,3)

H3 H3 H3

J1(3,3,3)

Frame No. 2
Point value=3

Frame No. 3
Point value=2

J1(2,2,2)
D bit invert, NJE

Frame No. 4
Point value=2

H3 H3 H3

J1(2,2,2)

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.4. TU-3 Pointer

9
261

AU-4 POINTER

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1
J1
B3
C2
G1

F
I
x
e
d
S
t
u
f
f

H1 H1 H1
H2 H2 H2
F H3 H3 H3 0
I
x
e
1st TU-3
d
S
t
u
f H1 H1 H1
f H2 H2 H2
H3 H3 H3 0

2nd TU-3

...

764764764
83 83 83 84 84 84

3rd TU-3

Normal Range : 0 - 764

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.5. TU-11/TU-12 Pointer

V1

Pointer1

V2

Pointer2

V1
125us
N N N N S

V3

Pointer action

V4

Pointer4(RES)

V2

250us
TU size
00 => TU-2
01 => TU-12
11 => TU-11

375us
500us

TU Ty pe
TU- 2
TU- 12
TU- 11

Columns needs
12
4
3

By tes/Fram
108
36
27

Capacity
By tes/Superframe
432
144
108

O ffset range
0~ 427
0~ 139
0~ 103

Application
Rate( Mbps)
6.912
DS2( 6.312M)
2.304
DS1E( 2.048M)
1.728
DS1( 1.544M)

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.6. TU-11/TU-12 Pointer Location & Value

V1

TU-n Size

V2
S

S bit Specify size

TU-2

10 bit Pointer Value

TU-12

10 bit Pointer Value

TU-11

10 bit Pointer Value

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.7. TU-11/TU-12 Pointer Action

V1
POINTER
VALUE
( , V5 )

V1
POINTER
VALUE
( , V5 )

V2
0`

77
V1
78
103
V2

V2
0

34
V3
35
Negative
Justification
action

106
V3
107

69
V4
70
104
V1
105
139
V2

TU-11

POINTER
VALUE
( , V5 )

V2
0

25
V3
26
51
V4
52

V1

TU-12

Positive
Justification
action

213
V4
214

320
V1
321

427
V2

TU-2
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.8. Algorithm for Pointer Detection(I)

NDF_enable

1. NORM :

3x
Norm_point

Inc_Ind/dec_Ind

NORM

2. LOP : Loss of pointer

3. AIS : Alarm Indication Signal
4. norm_point :
5. NDF_enable :
6. inc_ind :
7. dec_ind :

N x inv_point

3x AIS_ind

8 N 10
N x NDF_enable
8 N 10

NDF_enable

3x Norm_point

8. inv_point :

3x Norm_point

9. AIS_ind : AIS

LOP

3x AIS_ind

AIS

N x inv_point 8
N 10

Pointer interpretation state diagram

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.9. Algorithm for Pointer Detection(II)

1. NORM_State : Normal State
2. AIS_State : Alarm Indication Signal State
3. LOP_State : Loss of Point State
4. Inc_ind/dec_ind : Increment indication/ Decrement Indication(Offset adjustment)
5. 3xnorm_point : 3 Consecutive equal norm_point indication
6. NDF enable : Single NDF_enable indication
cf) NDF_enable : 1001, 0001, 1101,1011, 1000
cf) NDF_disable(Normal NDF : 0110, 0111, 0010, 0100, 1110
7. 3xAIS_ind : 3 Consecutive AIS indications.
8. Nxinv_point : N Consecutive inv_point(invalid point) [8 N 10]
9. NxNDF_enable : N Consecutive NDF_enable [8 N 10]
1. Norm_point : Normal NDF & match of ss bit & offset value in range(eg. AU : 0~782).
2. NDF_enable : NDF enabled & match of ss bit & offset value in range.
3. AIS_ind : 11111111 11111111
4. Incr_ind : Normal NDF & match of ss bit & majority of I bits inverted & no majority of
D bits inverted & Previous NDF_enable, Inc_ind/dec_ind more than 3 times ago.
5. Decr_ind : Normal NDF & match of ss bit & majority of D bits inverted & no majority of
I bits inverted & Previous NDF_enable, Inc_ind/dec_ind more than 3 times ago.
6. Inv_point : Any other or norm_point with offset not equal to active offset.

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.10. Algorithm for Pointer Detection(III)

CONC

N x inv_point

3x AIS_ind

8 N 10

3x CONC_ind

LOPC

3x CONC_ind

3x AIS_ind

AISC

N x inv_point 8
N 10

Concatenation indicator state diagram

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.11. Algorithm for Pointer Detection(IV)

Three State and event

1. CONC_state : Concatenation state
2. LOPC : Loss of pointer Concatenation state
3. AISC : Alarm Indication Signal Concatenation state
4. Conc_ind : NDF enable + dd 1111111111
5. AIS_ind : 11111111 11111111
6. inv_point : Any other

Transitions indicated in the state diagram

1. 3 x AIS_ind : Three consecutive AIS indication
2. N x inv_point : N consecutive inv_point(8 N 10)
3. 3 x conc_ind : 3 consecutive conc_ind.

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.12. Algorithm for Pointer Detection(V)

AU-n Pointer
1. Normal operation : 0110 3bit 0110 .
cf) NDF_disable(Normal NDF : 0010, 0100, 0110, 0111, 1110 (5 )
2. Invert operation : 1001 3bit 1001 .
cf) NDF_enable : 0001 ,1000, 1001, 1011, 1101 (5 )
3. Invalid NDF LOP or AIS AIS (All ones).
cf) Invalid NDF : 0000, 0011, 0101, 1010, 1100, 1111 (6 )

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.13. Pointer Processing Flow Chart

cf) 1. C PTR[ ]: AU pointer value inside equipment, (2byte)

2. R PTR[ ]: AU pointer value received, (2byte)
3. T PTR[ ]: AU pointer value transmitted, (2byte)
4. ES PTR[ ]: AU pointer value of an Elastic store, (2byte)
5. I/D( ) : Invert I or D bit of AU pointer, (5bits/each)
6. Data : Payload Data
7. NDF(T PTR[ ]) : NDF in AU Pointer, (4bits)
8. SS(T PTR[ ]) : SS bits in AU pointer Value transmitted, (2bits)
9. SS(ES PTR[ ]) : SS bits in AU pointer Value of an elastic store
10. * : 10 - bit pointer
11. n : The n-th Frame preceding the present One

) Note1. CI(Concatenation Indication) .

Note2. AU pointer : NDF + SS + 10 bits Pointer

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.14. Pointer Action (Normal State To LOP State)

CASE 1. 8*inv point 3*norm point Pointer Change.
CASE 2. 8*NDF enable 3*norm point Pointer Change.
CASE 3. LO P NDF_EN inc/dec .

>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23

NDF/SS/ID
01101000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101000
01101000
01101000

ID
00000000
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00000010
00101000
00101000
00101000
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00001111
00001111
00001111

norm ptr
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)

inv ptr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
1(7)
1(8)
1(1)
1(2)
0

NDF_EN
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
1(7)
1(8)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

current ptr
0
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
40
15

ptr state
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
LO P
LO P
LO P
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
LO P
LO P
LO P
N

CASE 2. NO R- - > LO P
CASE 3. inc_ind
CASE 2.LO P- - > NO R

CASE 1. NO R- - > LO P
CASE 1. LO P- - > NO R
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.15. Pointer Action (0 To 782)

CASE 1. 0 - - > 782
CASE 2. 782- - > 0
CASE 3. LO P ?>

>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19

NDF/SS/ID
01101000
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101001
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101001
01101011
01101011
01101011
10011000
10011000
10011000
10011000

ID
00000000
00001110
00001110
00001110
00001110
00001110
10101110
00000000
00000000
00000000
00000000
01010000
00001110
00001110
00001110
00000010
00000010
00010101
00000001

norm ptr
1
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(3)
1(3)
0
1
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
0
0
0
0

inv ptr
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

NDF_EN
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

current ptr
0
1
1
782
782
782
782
0
0
0
0
782
782
782
782
2
2
21
1

ptr state
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N

incr_ind
0 - - > 782 by 3 * Norm PTR

782 - - > 0 by Incr_ind

0 - - > 782 by Decr_ind

PTR Change by NDF_EN

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.16. Pointer Action (Normal State To Normal State)

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.17. Pointer Action (Normal State To AIS State)

CASE 1. 3*AIS_ind NDF_EN Pointer Change.

CASE 2. 3*AIS_ind 3*Norm point Pointer Change.
CASE 3. LOP inc/dec .

>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

NDF/SS/ID
01101000
11111111
11111111
11111111
01101000
01101000
10011000
11111111
11111111
11111111
01101000
01101000
01101000

ID
00000000
11111111
11111111
11111111
10101010
01010101
00001111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00000011
00000011
00000011

norm ptr
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)

inv ptr
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
1

NDF_EN current ptr ptr state

0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
AIS
0
1
AIS
0
1
AIS
1
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
AIS
0
15
AIS
0
15
AIS
0
3
N

CASE 1. NOR - - > AIS

CASE 3. Inc_ind
CASE 3. dec_ind
CASE 1. AIS- - > NOR
CASE 2. NOR - - > AIS
CASE 2. AIS- - > NOR

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.18. Pointer Action (LOP State To AIS State)

CASE 1.

>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15

3*AIS_ind 8*inv _point P ointer Change.

NDF/SS/ID
01101000
11111111
11111111
11111111
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
11111111
11111111
11111111

ID
00000000
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111

norm ptr
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

inv ptr
0
0
0
0
1( 1)
1( 2)
1( 3)
1( 4)
1( 5)
1( 6)
1( 7)
1( 8)
0
0
0

AIS_IND
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1

current ptr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

ptr state
N
N
N
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
LO P
LO P
LO P
AIS

NDF/SS/ID
01101000
11111111
11111111
11111111
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111

ID
00000000
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111

norm ptr
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

inv ptr
0
0
0
0
1( 1)
1( 2)
1( 3)
1( 4)
1( 5)
1( 6)
1( 7)
0
0
0
0

AIS_IND
0
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1

current ptr
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

ptr state
N
N
N
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS
AIS

CASE 1. AIS- - > LO P

CASE 1. LO P - - > AIS

NO R- - > AIS by 3 * AIS_IND

AIS _ind

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.19. Pointer Action (Others)

CASE 1.

>
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21

NDF/SS/ID
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101000
01101000
01101000
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011
01101011

ID
00000000
00001100
00001100
00001100
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00001111
00001111
00001111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
11111111
00001101
00001101
00001101

norm ptr
1
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
0
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
0
0
0
0
0
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)

inv ptr
0
1(1)
1(2)
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
1(7)
0
1(1)
1(2)
1(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
1(7)
1(8)
0

NDF_EN current ptr ptr state

0
0
N
0
0
N
0
0
N
0
12
N
0
12
N
0
12
N
0
12
N
0
12
N
0
12
N
0
12
N
0
12
N
0
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
N
0
15
LOP
0
781
N

ptr change by 3 * norm ptr

ptr change by 3 * norm ptr

NOR- - > LOP by 8 * inv ptr

ptr change & LOP- - > NOR by 3*norm ptr
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.20. Pointer Action (Others)

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.21. SDH SONET

SDH
150Mbps ; DS-4E

SONET
50Mbps ; DS-3

Cf) SONET 51.840Mbps STS-1(Synchronous Transport Signal level 1) 3

STS-3C SDH 155.520Mbps STM-1 .

STM-1(155.520Mbps)
4 STM-4(622.080Mbps) 4
STM-16(2,488.320Mbps)

STS-1(51.840Mbps) STS-3 (155.

520 Mbps),STS-9, STS-12(622.080Mbps), STS-18,
STS-24, STS-36, STS-48(2,488.320Mbps)

STM-1 : 9270B , 99B

SDH 1/3
STS-1 : 990B
93B

Cf) 4 ; STM-1 , 4 , 7 STS-1

, .

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.3.21. SDH SONET

SDH
STM-1 ; DS-1~D-4E

C, VC, TU, TUG, AU, AUG

.

SONET
STS-1 ; DS-1, DS-1E, DS-1C(3.152Mbps), DS-2, DS-3

(VT:Virtual Tributary)

VT SDH VC
VC-11 VT-1.5 / VC-12 VT-2 / VC-2 VT-6 ( SDH/SONET )
DS-1C VT3 ( / / )
VC-11, VC-12, VC-2
VC-3
STM-1
, , ,

VT-1.5, VT-2, VT-6

STS-1 SPE
STS-3C
, , ,

Cf) , , ,

SONET SDH , 125sec ,

, . , DS-1E
, . , SONET SDH ,

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.4.1. Performance monitoring

[ SDH data collection ]
TABLE A.2/G.784
SDH performance primitives

TABLE A.3/G.784
SDH performance events

A : Application specific
R : Required
EB:Errored Block
NOTES
1. As indicated in Annex C/G.826, an estimate of EBs can be derived from
an appropriate translation from BIP error count to Errored Block count.
2. For some applications, FEBE is also required

O : Optional
BBE : Background Block Error
NOTES
1. As indicated in Annex C/G.826, an estimate of EBs can be derived from
an appropriate translation from BIP error count to Errored Block count.
2. The defects included in the calculation of ES and SES events are
defined in Tables 4-1/G.783 to 4-15/G.783 [12].

TABLE A.4/G.784
SDH additional monitored events

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.4.1. Performance monitoring

Physical
Section
LOS
J0
B1
K2
B2
M1
K2

LOF
RS-TIM
RS-BIP Err.

Regenerator
Section

Multiplex
Section

Higher Order
Section

AIS
A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

MS-AIS
MS-BIP Err.
MS-REI
MS-RDI

AIS

AIS
1

HP-UNEQ
HP-TIM
HP-BIP Err.
HP-REI
HP-RDI

V5
J2
V5
V5
V5
V5

F1

D1 D2

D3

B2 B2 B2 K1

K2

D4

D6

D5

D7

D8

D9

D10

D11

D12

S1

M1 E2 X

STM-1 SOH
AIS

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2

TU-AIS
TU-LOP
H4
C2

B1 E1

AU-Pointer

AU-AIS
AU-LOP
C2
J1
B3
G1
G1

Lower Order
Section

H4

F3

TU_LOM
HP-SLM

K3

AIS

N1

VC-4 or VC-3

LP-UNEQ
LP-TIM
LP-BIP Err.
LP-REI
LP-RDI

AIS

LP-SLM

1 AIS

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

4.2.4.1. Performance monitoring

LOS
OOF
LOF
RS BIP
Eroor
RS-TIM

Loss Of Signal
Out Of Frame
Loss Of Frame
Regenerator Section
BIP Error(B1)
Regenerator Section
Trace Identifier Mismatch
Multiplex Section
BIP Error(b2)
MS Alarm Indication Signal
MS Remote Error Indication

Drop in incoming optical power level causes high bit error rate
A1,A2 errored for >= 625us
If OOF persists for >= 3ms
Mismatch of the received & computed BIP-8 covers the
whole STM-N frame
Mismatch of the accepted & expected Trace Identifier
in byte J0
MS BIP
Mismatch of the received & computed N x BIP-24 covers
Error
the whole frame expected RSOH
MS-AIS
K2(bits 6,7,8)= 111 for 3 frames
MS-REI
Number if detected B2 errors in the sink side encoded
in byte M1 of the source side
MS-RDI
MS Remote Defect Indication K2(bits 6,7,8)= 110 for z frames (z-3 to 5)
AU-AIS
AU Alarm Indication Signal All ones in the AU pointer bytes H1 and H2
AU-LOP AU Loss Of Pointer
8 to 10 NDF enable, 8 to 10 invalid pointers
HP BIP
HO Path BIP Error
Mismatched of the recovered and computed BIP-8
Error
(B3)
Covers entire VC-N
HP- UNEQ HO Path Unequipped
C2 = 0 for >= 5 frames
HP-TIM
HP Trace Identifier Mismatch Mismatch of the accepted & expected Trace Identifier in byte J1
HP-REI HP Remote Defect
Number if detected B2 errors in the sink side encoded
Indication
in byte G(bits 1,2,3,4) of the source side
HP-RDI HP Remote Defect Indication G1(bits 5)= 1 for z frames (z-3,5,10)
HP-SLM HP Signal Label Mismatch Mismatch of the accepted and expected Payload Label in C2
TU-LOM TU Loss Of Multiframe
H4(bits7,8) multiframe not recovered for x ms (x= 1 to 5 ms)
TU-AIS TU Alarm Indication Signal All ones in the TU pointer bytes V1 and V2
TU-LOP TU Loss Of Pointer
8 to 10 NDF enable, 8 to 10 invalid pointers
LP BIP
LO Path BIP Error
Mismatch of the recovered and computed BIP-8(B3) or
Error
BIP-2(V5 bit 1,2) covers entire VC-N
7.2.1.2
LPLO Path Unequipped
VC-3
: C2=0 for >= 5frames
UNEQ
VC-m(m=11,12,2) : V5(bits 5,6,7)=000 for >= 5 multiframes
LP-TIM LP Trace Identifier
Mismatch of the accepted & expected Trace Identifier
Mismatch
in byte J1(VC-3) or J2
7.2.1.1.2
LP-REI LP Remote Error Indication VC-3: Number of detected B3 errors in the sink side encoded
in byte G1(bits 1,2,3,4) of the source side
9.3.2.1
VC-m(m=11,12,2): If one or more BIP-2 errors detected in the
sink side,byte V5(bit 3)=1 on the source side
LP-RDI LP Remote Defect Indication VC-3: G1(bit 5)=1 for z frames , z=3,5,10
VC-m(m=11,12,2): V5(bit 8)=1 for z multiframes
LP-SLM LP Signal Label Mismatch Mismatch of the accepted and expected Payload Label
in byte C2 or V5(bits 5,6,7)

G.958,0.3.1.1
G.758,2.3.1
G.783,2.2.28
G.783,4.2.2
G.783,2.2.2.4,
4.2.2
G.783,5.2.2
G.783,5.22
G.707,9.9.9.12
G.783,2.2.2.6
G.783,5.3.1.2,A.C
G.783,5.3.1.2,A.C
G.783,6.2.1.2
G.783,2.2.2.2
G.783,2.2.2.4,
G.707,9.3.1.4
G.783,2.2.2.6
G.783,2.2.2.7
G.783,2.2.2.9
G.783,6.3.1.2,A.C
G.783,6.3.1.2,A.c
G.783, 7.2.1.1.2,
G.783,2.2.2.2
G.783,2.2.2.4
G.707,9.3.1.4,

G.783,2.2.2.6
G.783,2.2.2.7

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Review Question

1. ?
STM-1

2. A1A2 F627 ?
3. B1 ?
4. H1H2 1 ?
5. B3 ?
6. TU-AIS 1 ?
7. AU-AIS 1 ?

A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

8. ?
9. ( , , .) H1 H2 H3
?
10. 3 .

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

(1)

(3)

(2)
LADM

REP

TM

G1

(5)

(6)

(1) LOS LOF REP .

(2)
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10D11D12
S1 M0 E2

A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

(6)

(5)

(3)

A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

(2) LOS LOF REP .

(3)
A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2

(6)

(5)
J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

A1 A2 J0
B1 E1 F1
D1 D2 D3
H1 H2 H3
B2 K1 K2
D4 D5 D6
D7 D8 D9
D10 D11 D12
S1 M0 E2

J1
B3
C2
G1
F2
H4
F3
K3
N1

All 1 :
valid payload
Valid signal :Others
RDI signal :

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Answer

1. LOS 2-2 Regenerator section MS-AIS

MS-SOH Payload 1 Regenerator section .
2. A1A2 LOF .( LOF
)
3. B1 LOS LOF . B1 Detection .
4. AU-AIS FERF(RDI) .
5. B3 AU FEBE (REI) .
6. TU-AIS TU 1 .
7. AU-AIS AU 1 .
Frame No.
1
8.
1
Negative Justification .
J1(3,3,3)
Point value=3
H3 H3 H3
4
9.
10.
Offset value Indication
Frequency Justification Indication
New Data Flag

9
1
4

Frame No.
2
Point value=3

H3 H3 H3

J1(3,3,3)

9
1
4
9
1
4

Frame No.
3
Point value=2

J1(2,2,2)

D bit invert,
NJE
Frame No.
4
Point value=2

H3 H3 H3

J1(2,2,2)

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

5.1.

- TM

: Point To Point

- Linear ADM

: Linear Add/Drop Multiplex

- UPSR

: Unidirectional Path Switching Ring

- BLSR/2

: Bidirectional Line Switching Ring Using Fiber 2

- BLSR/4

: Bidirectional Line Switching Ring Using Fiber 4

1. TM

2. Linear ADM

TM

TM

TM

Working

ADM

ADM

TM

Working
Protection
Protection

Working
Protection

DS3, STM1U,E1/T1U, Etc

1. : 2.5G bit/s
2. Protection : 1+1,1:1 Protection

1. : 2.5G x N/2 bit/s = 5G bit/s

2. Protection : 1+1,1:1 Protection

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

5.1.
4. BLSR/4

3. BLSR/2
ADM

ADM

ADM

ADM

Working
Protection

Working
Working

Working
Protection
Working CH
Protection CH

ADM

ADM

1. : 2.5G x N/2 bit/s = 5G bit/s

2. Protection : APS Byte(K1, K2)
- MS Shared Protection
- Ring Switch

5. UPSR
ADM

ADM
1. : 2.5G x N bit/s = 10Gbit/s
2. Protection : APS Byte(K1, K2)
- MS Shared Protection
- Ring Switch
- Span Switch

ADM

BLSR/4

700%

ADM
Working

BLSR/2

600%

Protection

500%
400%
300%

UPSR

200%
ADM

ADM

1. : 2.5G bit/s
2. Protection : MS Dedicated Protection ??

100%
2

10

11

Number of Nodes
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

5.2. UPSR(SNC/P)
P r o t e c t io n

P r o te c t io n

W o r k in g

W o r k in g

S w itc h

B r id g e

T r a f f ic o u t

T r a f f i c in

a ) N o r m a l c o n d it i o n T r a n s m it t e d t r a f f i c b r i d g e d
a ) t o w o r k in g a n d p r o te c t io n p a t h s
a ) R e c e iv e d tr a f fic s w it c h s e le c t s w o r k in g c h a n n e l

P r o te c tio n

P r o t e c t io n

W o r k in g

W o r k in g

F a ilu r e

- all traffic is managed at the path layer.

- the path select detect such as
- path failure
- signal degradation such as
-path alarm indication signal (AIS)
-path loss of pointer (LOP)
-signal degrade(SD)
-Excessive path layer bit interleaved parity(BIP) errors

S w it c h

B r id g e

T r a f f ic o u t

T r a f f ic in

T 1 5 1 6 8 7 0 -9 4 /d 2 2

b ) F a ilu r e in w o r k in g c h a n n e l o f in c o m in g t r a f f ic
a ) R e c e iv e r s w it c h s e le c t s p r o te c tio n p a th

F IG U R E

7 -1 0 /G .8 4 1

N o d e u s in g d iv e r s e r o u t in g f o r 1 + 1 t r a il o r S N C p r o t e c t io n

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

5.2. UPSR(SNC/P)

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

5.3. BLSR2(MSSpring2)

- Reusable bandwidth
- Transporting Extra Traffic
- Ring Switch

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

5.3. BLSR2(MSSpring2)
Terminating Traffic
Service A-D-C

Service A-B

Service A-D-C Channel

Service A-B

STM-16
Bidirectional Fiber Pair
STM-16
Bidirectional Fiber Pair

Service A-B

Terminating
Traffic

Service B-C

Reused Bandwidth
( AU-3 Time Slot 1)

Service B-C
Service A-D-C
Service A-D-C

Service B-C

Terminating Traffic

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

5.3. BLSR2(MSSpring2)
Terminating Traffic
Terminating Traffic
Service A-D-C

Service A-B

Service A-B

Service A-D-C

Unaffected Traffic
Service CH:A-B-C

Node
NodeAA

Brige

Service A-D-C Channel

Service A-B Channel
Fiber Cut
Node A

STM-16
Bidirectional Fiber Pair
Service A-B
Node D

Bidirectional AU-3
Loopback to protection Time
Slot

Rerouted
Service A-B

Node B

Pass-through
routing of
protection bandwidth

Bidirectional AU-3
Loopback to protection Time
Slot

Node D

Node B
Rerouted
Service A-B

Node C

Node C

Service A-D-C Channel

Service A-D-C

Service A-D-C

Terminating Traffic

Terminating Traffic

< Ring Switch:BLSR2 >

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Switch

5.4. BLSR4(MSSpring4)

< STM-16 BLSR/2,BLSR4 Node Capacity Comparison >

STM-16
2.5G

STM-16/2
1.2G

STM-16
2.5G

STM-16 x2
5G

STM-16
2.5G

STM-16 x2
5G

- one fiber pair carry working traffic

the other pair serves as a protection facility
- Transporting Extra Traffic

- Two protection switching modes

1. Ring switch
2. Span switch(1+1,1:1)
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

5.4. Span/Ring Switch

Optic Module
Fault

Working Fiber Pair

Working Fiber Pair

Fiber Cut

Protection Fibers
Activated
Protection Fibers
Unused

Bidirectional LoopBack
to Protection Fibers

Redirected Traffic
on Protection Fibers
Bidirectional LoopBack
to Protection Fibers

Protection Fibers
Activated

Protection Fibers
Unused

Redirected Traffic
on Protection Fibers

Fiber Cut
Redirected Traffic
on Protection Fibers

Working Fiber Pair

Terminating
Traffic

< Span Switch >

< Ring Switch >

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

Contents
1.
2.
3.
4.
4.1. (PDH)
4.2. (SONET/SDH)
4.2.1.
4.2.2.
4.2.3.
4.2.4. Performance Monitoring
5.
6. IP Over SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.1. What is SDH IP

What is IP Over SDH ???

Or What is SDH IP ???

SDH Frame IP Packet

IP Over SDH Layer 2, Layer 3

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.2. Why IP Over SDH

2.5G SDH ( )

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.2. Why IP Over SDH

2.5G SDH ( )

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.2. Why IP Over SDH

SDH

SDH IP

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.3. IP Over SDH Technology

Mac on SONET/SDH vs. POS

MAC : Media Access Control

PPP : Point-to-Point Protocol
HDLC : High-level Data Link Control

Application
Presentation
Session

Nortel Networks

Cisco Systems

Transport
IP

Network
Logical Link Control
Data Link

MAC Control
MAC

PPP in
HDLC-Like
Framing

MAC Encapsulation
Physical

SONET/SDH

SONET/SDH

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.3. IP Over SDH Technology

Mac on SONET/SDH vs. POS

MAC : Media Access Control

PPP : Point-to-Point Protocol
HDLC : High-level Data Link Control

Application
Presentation
Session

Nortel Networks

Cisco Systems

Transport
IP

Network
Logical Link Control
Data Link

MAC
MAC Encapsulation

Physical

PPP in
HDLC-Like
Framing

MAC Control

SONET/SDH

GFP
SONET/SDH

Lucent
Technology

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.3. IP Over SDH Technology

POS Packet Flow

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.3. IP Over SDH Technology

Network Model - POS

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Overview

Features
2.5G SDH
10/100 Base-T, 1000 Base-LX/SX
Layer-2, Layer-3 Protocol (Bridge, Switch, Route, MPLS)
GFP Frame Format
Virtual Concatenation Mapper SDH Payload
Tributary Unit Switching (Mini-DACS )
Mesh
Packet Traffic Bandwidth Manage
QoS (Quality Of Service), V-LAN, VPN
1:1 Protection
Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Overview

GFP(Generic Framing Procedure)
GFP : provides a generic mechanism to adapt traffic from
higher-layer client signals over an octet synchronous
transport network

Ethernet
Frame

PPP/HDLC
Frame
Encapsulation
Block

PPP Frame

PPP_GFP Frame

HDLC Frame
GFP
Encapsulation
Block

Ethernet Frame

HDLC_GFP Frame

SDH
Mapping
Block

SDH Frame

Ethernet_GFP Frame

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Overview

Frame Structure

Bytes
Ethernet Frame
IEEE 802.3

Preamble
(101010)

SD
(10101011)

1
Flag
(01111110)

HDLC Frame

1
Flag
(01111110)

PPP Frame

2
GFP Frame

PLI

2
cHEC

2
Type

2~6
Destination Address

Source Address

Data + Pad

1~2

Variable

2~4

Data

FSC

Variable

2~4

Data

FSC

1
Address

2 ~ 1500

Control

1~2

Address
(1111111)

Control
(00000011)

Protocol

FSC

0 ~ 60
Extension
Header

GFP Payload

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Overview

Virtual Concatenation

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Overview

Virtual Concatenation

VC Concatenation
Method for the transport of payloads that do not fit in the standard set of
virtual containers(VC-3/4/2/12/11)
) VC-3/4 : to provide transport for payloads requiring greater capacity
than one Container-3/4
VC-2 : to provide transport for payloads that require capacity greater
than one Container-2, but lower than one Container-3/4

Concatenation
Contiguous concatenation
High cost
Common POH

Virtual Concatenation
Overcoming high cost problem
Individual POH
However, Large buffer,Equipment for detecting.,Differential Delay

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Overview

Virtual ConcatenationSDH Virtual Concatenation Service Applications

Service

Bit rate

Without VC

With VC

Ethernet

10 Mbit/s

VC-3 (20%)

VC-12-5v (92%)

Fast Ethernet

100 Mbit/s

VC-4 (67%)

VC-3-2v (100%)

Gigabit Ethernet

1000 Mbit/s

VC-4-16c(42%)

VC-4-7v (95%)

Low Speed ATM

25 Mbit/s

VC-3 (50%)

VC-12-12v (96%)

Fiber Channel

200 Mbit/s

VC-4-4c (33%)

VC-3-4v (100%)

Fiber Channel

1000 Mbit/s

VC-4-16c (42%)

VC-4-7v (95%)

ESCON

200 Mbit/s

VC-4-4c (33%)

VC-3-4v ( 100%)

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Applications

Router
SDH Ring

Core or Edge Router

PPP, SDH(PPP)

WAN
WAN Port
POS Port

SDH

LAN Port

E1/T1/E3/DS3
, STM-1 /4 Unit

Bridge

LAN Port

LAN

Bridge

IP Unit

Ethernet

IP Unit (EthernetPPP )

Edge Router

LAN Port

PPP, SDH(PPP)

STM-16
Router

WAN Port

Ethernet

STM-16

IP Unit

LAN

WAN

SDH

E1/T1/E3/DS3,
STM-1/4 Unit

LAN

Layer-3

PPP, SDH(PPP)

STM-16

Ethernet

Layer-2

Core or Edge Router

Router

WAN
E1/T1/E3/DS3,
STM-1/4 Unit

WAN Port
POS Port

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Applications

Using Back-Bone Networks

VoIP ,
Internet Service
DACS

Router

S-MUX
STM-4

T3

STM-1

WAN

SDH-IP
SDH-IP

ACCESS
NETWORK FLC
ATM

CORE
NETWORK

STM-4

SONET/SDH
SDH-IP
SDH-IP

E1

STM-4

FLC

xDSL

FLC

STM-4
or 100BaseT

ACCESS
NETWORK
ATM

LAN(<70Km)
OPTIC Interface
Gigabit
Gigabit Router
VoIP ,
Internet Service

Synchronous
Technology Transmission

6.4. IP Over SDH Applications

Using Enterprise (Home-LAN) Networks

STM4
SDH-IP

SDH-IP
Internet Service
Router

WAN
or
LAN

GLOBAL
NETWORK
SDH-IP

Gigabit
or LAN
10/100

Local
Network
Workgroup Switch Switch/Hub

SDH-IP

Leased Line
E1, T1

T3, STM1

IP
Multi-Media Server
(Storage, Video, Audio)

Synchronous
Technology Transmission