02/05/1435

Protection
in Electrical System

NEPCO

.
:

.
() .

NEPCO

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-1 .
-2 .
-3 .
NEPCO

4
6

2
3

1
NEPCO

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NEPCO

NEPCO

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NEPCO

Y
B

Trip Coil

Main Protective Relay

IPCT

Timer

Auxiliary
Trip Relay

CT
IPVT

AC Contact

VT
Alarm System

NEPCO

50V DC Supply bus wire

110V DC Supply bus wire

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NEPCO

Quick response
Simplicity

Reliability
Economy

Selectivity

Sensitivity
NEPCO

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Speed

0s
time
][s

closing time of
Circuit breaker

Operating time of
auxiliary Relay

Operating time
Of Relay

Total operating time of protection circuit

NEPCO

Simplicity

Reliability

NEPCO

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Sensitivity

Ks = If min / Io

Ks > 1.4

NEPCO
.

Selectivity

:
. . .- .

B
CB4
X

CB2
X

CB1
X
F2

CB3
X

G1

F1
X

2
NEPCO

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Economics

:
.
NEPCO

.

( )

.
:
. :
. ....

:
NEPCO

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Protective relays

- ()Fuses, MCBs

- ()Protec. Relays

- : ().
().
-

- : .
. . NEPCO

..... -

Current Relays

)Over Current Relays (OCR

Deferential Relays

Unbalance Relays

NEPCO

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Current Relays

DC P/S CTs VTs - .

NEPCO

Current Relays

L
NEPCO

10

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b
f

d
1

b
e

f
a

b
c

NEPCO

Timing
dial

246

Lagging
coil
Braking

Induction
disk

Current
taps

NEPCO

11

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Stopper

NEPCO

Sec.

Sec.

Sec.

X In
Sec.

X In

X In

X In

NEPCO

12

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R
S
T

B
N

NEPCO

T
2

NEPCO

13

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> I0
k

3i0=iR+iS+iT
L

IS IT

IR
NEPCO

Voltage Relays

OVR

R
+

UVR

Sig

NEPCO

14

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Solid State Relays

NEPCO

Solid State Relays

Signal Processing:

NEPCO

15

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Solid State Relays

Comparison Element:

NEPCO

Deferential Relays

Why?

If

Uph
= % of coil length
NEPCO

16

0.5

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Deferential Relays
L

I2 K

i2

i2

I1 L

i1

i1
id=i1- i2

Sig.

()

NEPCO

Deferential Relays
K

I2

:
I1 = I2 , i1 = i2 & id = i1 i2

i2

i2

I1
1

i1

i1
3

id=i1- i2

Sig.

id = 0

then

If i1 = i2

:
, i1 i2 & id = i1 i2 0

I1 I2
NEPCO

17

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Deferential Relays
I1
1

I2

Relay (3) isn't instantaneous relay

i1 k

i1
id=i1- i2

l
i2

Actually i1 i2 :

i2
3

Sig.

NEPCO

- Vector group of protected Tr.

- n1 n2
- Outside S/C.
- Prim. Curr. of Protected Tr. Sec. Curr.
- Protected Tr. Have ON Load Tap Changer.

.) 40% - 10% (

IPVT1

CT1

MT

CT2
NEPCO

18

IPVT2

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Yy0

CT1

CT2

U2

U1
Y

I1

I2

Yd5

U3

CT3

i1
Yd5

i2

Yy0

i3

IPVT1

Yd5

IPVT2

IPVT3

i1

i2

i3

NEPCO

CTs Characteristics

Unbalance Current

n=20

2
n=10
n=5 1

5In 10In 20In

NEPCO

19

Point of
saturation

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L
l

i1

K
k

L
i2

+
2

i2

3
id = i1- i2=0
Differential Coil

i1

is=1/2 (i1+ i2)

Stabilizing Coil

NEPCO

iop

Operating Characteristics
MMF I2

i2op = i2op min + K2s i2s

F in spring

Unbalance current

idl
A

iop min

is

iS = 0
NEPCO

20

Ks = tg

Ks

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I2
I1
L
K
K
L
1

i2

i1

+
2

i2
)0= (i1+ i2

2i = i1- i2

i1

5
4

NEPCO

i2

i1

I2

I1

TS

Td

)is=1/2(i1+i2

Opening

4
Closing

+
id= i1 - i2
Principal of electrical Balance Relay

NEPCO

21

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Moment I

iop = iop min + Ks is

Ks = tg

iop
a

KS & = f(N2 of TS or R)

Not applicable
characteristics

Non linear resistance or EMF

In stabilizing circuit

idl

Unbalance current

iop min
In

NEPCO

Operating Characteristics

is

xIn

Magnetic Balance Relay

I1

I2

Protec. Element

i1

i2

i1 i2

Ns

i2

I>
N2

i2

Nd

Ni

id = i1 i2
N2
s
NEPCO

22

Ns

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Directional Protection Relays

?Why
0.2 s

0.4 s

0.2 s

0.6 s

Supply
0.8 s

If
0.4 s

If

If

If

0.6 s
If

0.4 s

0.2 s

0.8 s

NEPCO

:
.

P = KU I Cos

P<0

90 0
or
Else

P > 0 if

0 270
NEPCO

23

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u
2

Mr = K Ur ir Cos(r + ) - Mm

ur

Mr :
r .
.
K .
Mm ( .... .

ir

iu

)Mr = 0 or >0 or <0 Depends on (r +

K Ur ir Cos(r + ) Mm

To be Operate
NEPCO

( )
u

2
3
i

ur

ir

iu

NEPCO

24

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u
2
i

ir

ur

iu

i I

u U

M = k iusin

Iu
u

i = u

M = k1 IU sin(u - )
M = k1 IU cos( + )

u = 90 -
If P = IU cos ( + )

M = k1 P

NEPCO

P = IU cos ( + ) + (U/2)2 + (I/2)2 - (U/2)2 + (I/2)2

P = (U/2)2 + (UI cos( +

))/2 + (I/2)2 (U/2)2 - (U/2)2 cos( + ))/2 + (I/2)2

P = U/2 + I/2 2 - U/2 - I/2

U
I

|U + I|2
NEPCO

25

|U - I|2

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||U - I

||U - I

||U + I

||U + I

NEPCO

Electrical Balance Relays

:
Tr2
Tr

ii

iu

iu + ii

iu - ii
ir

R
NEPCO

26

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ii

iu - ii

iu

iu + ii

ir
R

NEPCO

ii
U

iu
iu - ii

ir = iu + ii - iu - ii

iu + ii
ir

)IDC (iu - ii

)IDC (iu + ii

NEPCO

27

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iu + ii

<
iu

iu + ii - iu - ii

If the P. Direc. Be changed

The polarity of ir changed
M will change its direction

Lagging iu by

<

ii

iu - ii

iu

iu - ii
iu + ii - iu - ii
Power Direction as
same as Bus Direction

iu + ii
ii
180

NEPCO

Power Direction in the

opposite Bus Direction

u
2
i

Mr = K Ur ir Cos(r + ) - Mm

ir

ur

Mr :
. r
iu
.
. K
. .... ( Mm

Mr = 0 or >0 or <0 Depends on (r + )

To be Operate
NEPCO

28

K Ur ir Cos(r + ) Mm

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Total Operating Power : Ur ir = Sr [VA]

Sop = Mm / K Cos(r + )
The relay will be very Sensitive

If r + = 0 because of Sop = Sop min

To be operate with max. sensitivity Should

- Angle between Ir & Ur During Fault time

Above
conditions obtained by Changing
NEPCO

r + =
&
Mm = min
using reconnections

In this case : r = +

- New angle obtained by reconnections on the Relay terminals

Reconnections can be made by connecting the current circuit on
One phase wile the voltage circuit on the other phase, also by mixing
phase & line voltages & currents together.

Ur

Ir

Ur

=0
>0
, Lagging
NEPCO

29

Ir

30

Ir

0
90

0
= - 30

= - 90

Ur

<0 , Leading

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:
P - relays

) + = 0 (W

Q - relays

) + = 90 (VAR

S - relays
) + = 30 - 180 (VA
Reverse Power relays
+ = 180
Depending on its construction these relays can be divided into :
- Induction relays,

- Electro dynamic Relays,

NEPCO
- Electrical
Balance Relays.

:
( ) ()0, 30, 45, 60, 80, 90, 180

( ) ()0 or 90

( )1 or 5 A ()110 Or 1103 V
NEPCO

30

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)P - j Q(

Actual char. Little bet

deff. From ideal one.

Theoretical Characteristic

jQ

jQ

Not
Operate

=0o

=45o

Min. op. Power

Error Boundary when U=K1% Un K1<100%

NEPCO

Error Boundary when U=100% Un

Error Boundary when U=K2% Un K2< K1

Theoretical characteristic

jQ

Actual oper.Char.
of Direc. P Relay
= 0

G Nominal value relay.

Error Boundary when U=K1% Un K1<100%
NEPCO

31

Theoretical setting value

Error Boundary when U=100% Un

Error Boundary when U=K2% Un K2< K1

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Operating Characteristics of Directional relay as Iop = f(U)

Iop

= const.
Operate

Not Operate
Voltage

NEPCO

Oper. Char. of Direc. relay in polar system = 30

120

90

60
Theoretical
Characteristic

30

150

0
180

30

150

NEPCO

120

90

Error Boundary when 100% Reference value

32

60

Reference
Phase

Direction of
non reference
value

Error Boundary when K1% reference value

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Operating Characteristics of Directional relay as Uop = f(I)

Uop

Operate

Not Operate

NEPCO

Time Characteristics of Directional relay

t (s)

P
NEPCO

33

Nom.
power

Set
point

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Time Characteristics of Directional relay

s or min. t

Top.

P
NEPCO

Distance Relays
LTL >>

No of TL Supplies >>

Complex form Of TL >>

Geographical & Natural Conditions become more Difficult

Probability of Faults becomes more & more
request the protective relays to have a high speed to eliminate the
faults as quick as possible.
1.2

NEPCO

34

0.2

0.8

0.4 0.6

0.6 0.4

Solution: top<< as

0.8 0.2

1 1.2

Lfault <<

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Distance Relays
Old Criteria : top U
Disadvantages: - U = f(ZL, If) top>> as If >>
- Zfault >> so U >> top >>

Uf

Uop

Uf

Uop

G
NEPCO

Lu

Li
i

u = cu1 USC

i = ci1 ISC

Fu Lu= Fi Li

cu u2 = ci i2

u/I = cu1 USC/ci1 ISC= c Z

NEPCO

35

Fu = cu2 u2

Fi = ci2 i2

(u/i)2 = ci/cu = k12

Z = k1/c = K

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R2 + X2 = K

Z = k1/c = K
Z0 = K
K

Rarc
SC

NEPCO

i
U

Its a vector has ohm character

ki

u ki

= i2

z = u/i

If the angle between k & z is then :

NEPCO

36

zk

=1

z2 2zk cos + k2 = 1

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Z2 2ZkK cos + (kK)2 = K2

z2 2zk cos + k2 = 1
Z = Kz
K
sc

sc

kK

NEPCO

Z2 2ZK cos + K2 = K2

For k = 1

MOH Relay

K
sc

NEPCO

37

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K=0

U-ki

Sig.

NEPCO

|u-ki|

|i|

Distance Relays

New Criteria : top (U, 1/If)

top = K U/If = K Zline
Zline = Z1 * L & U = I * Z1 * L
Impedance of
length unit

Voltage where the

Relay build in

These Relays called : Impedance

NEPCO

38

or

Distance
R - F

Distance

Relays

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T
-

NEPCO

)t (s

t4
t3

)L (Km

t2
L3

L2

t1
L1
NEPCO

39

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Distance Relays
Operating Conditions

Zline < Zset

Utr >> & Ltr >>

Protective Distance >>

Ptr >> Znor. Cond. or ZO/L Zop


.
NEPCO

Distance Relays
jX
Rarc + Rf.point
ZL between A & B

ZS
Zn
S

A
NEPCO

40

At ideal cases relay

Should operate, if the
measured impedance
Less than A-B & s
s : S/C angle of faulty line.
But when S/C accurse there is
an additional ohm resistance
Added to the line impedance.
Because of S/C arc.

At normal cases 0

R
A
To be relay operated correctly for any fault happened
a long A - B it should has the characteristics above.

02/05/1435

Distance Relays

NEPCO

Us/Is = Zs

Impedance

Us/Is Coss = Zs Coss = Rs

Resistive

Us/Is Sins = Zs Sins = Xs

Reactance

Is/Us= 1/Zs = Ys

Admitance

Is/Us Coss =Ys Coss = G

Conductance

Is/Us Sins =Ys Sins = B

Suseptance

jX

Distance Relays
D

)Impedance Relays(

.
Zop = const.

Line

Zop

If Z < Zop Relay will Operate

Because of Z not f() so

This type of relay need
Directional unit, D - D

NEPCO

41

D
Making new reconnections
on the relay terminals,
the circle can Be moved left, up, right or down.

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Distance Relays
jX

According to internal angle in the relay () Which

determine Zop.min we can draw the following char.

Line

Zo = Zop min

Zop

Zo = Zop Cos(s - )

Zo
s

= f()

R
This type of relay need
Directional unit, D - D

NEPCO

Distance Relays

Changing internal angle ()

We'll obtained deferent
Kinds Of Characteristics

Line

jX

For = 0

Rop
D

Zo = Zop Coss = Rop = const

s

R0

NEPCO

42

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Distance
Relays

Zo = Zop Sin s = Xop = const

= 90

jX
Line
D
Xop

Zop
s

D
NEPCO

MHO Relays

Line :

jX

))1/Zop * ( Cos (s -

(.)
= 45
=45
No need directional unit
R
for this type of relays
This Relay Called MHO
Relay as an Opposite of
OHM Relays.
Relay will operate when Z < Zop

Zop

NEPCO

43

02/05/1435

MHO Relays

=0

jX

Line

Conductance Characteristics

NEPCO

MHO Relays
jX
Line

=90

Reactance Characteristics

S
R
NEPCO

44

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MHO Relays

:

jX

jX
Zop
ZS

Zop

R
NEPCO

:
Ra = 28700/(I1.4) /m

(0.5 - 5)

(5 50)
NEPCO

45

02/05/1435

.

For Impedance Relays

)For MHO Relays (R

jX

jX
Ra
R

Ra
Zm

ZS

Zm

ZS

NEPCO

)For MHO Relays (X

jX
Ra
ZS
Zm

R
NEPCO

46

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Impedance Relays
jX

ZS

Ra
Zm

R
NEPCO

Resistance Relays
jX
ZS

Ra
Zm

R
NEPCO

47

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Inductance Relays

jX
Ra
ZS

Zm

R
NEPCO

48