EarthMaterials

Ifyoucantgrowit.youhavetomineit!
And
Weliveonit!

UsingEarthMaterials
Allmanufacturedobjects
dependonEarthsresources
Localizedconcentrationsof
usefulgeologicalresources
areminedorextracted
Ifitcantbegrown,itmust
bemined
Mostresourcesarelimitedin
quantityandnonrenewable

Minerals
A mineral is a naturally
occurring, inorganic,
crystalline solid, which is
physically and chemically
distinctive.
Form in the geosphere
(most minerals),
hydrosphere (e.g., halite),
biosphere (e.g., calcite),
and even the atmosphere
(e.g., water ice, as snow)
Consistent and
recognizable physical and
chemical properties

Mineral Structures
Crystallization occurs by either chemical precipitation or
cooling of magma .
Minerals will consist of crystals that are native elements
(contains 1 element) or a combination of 2 or more elements.
The elements bond together to create a chemically and
physically distinctive mineral.

Silicate Mineral Groups

Silicates (SiO4)
are the most
common minerals.
The arrangement
of the elements in
the molecules and
the types of
chemical bonding
influence the
structure.

Non-Silicates

MineralProperties
Physicalandchemicalpropertiesofmineralsareclosely
linkedtotheiratomicstructuresandcompositions
Color
Visiblehueofamineral

Streak
Colorleftbehindwhenmineral
isscrapedonunglazedporcelain

Luster
Mannerinwhichlightreflects
offsurfaceofamineral

Hardness
Scratchresistance

Crystalform
Externalgeometricform

MineralProperties
Cleavage
Breakagealongflatplanes

Fracture
Irregularbreakage

Specificgravity
Densityrelativetothatof
water

Magnetism
Attractedtomagnet

Chemicalreaction
CalcitefizzesindiluteHCl

TheRockCycle
Arockisanaturallyformed,
consolidatedmaterialusually
composedofgrainsofoneormore
minerals
Therockcycleshowshowonetype
ofrockymaterialgetstransformed
intoanother

Igneous Rocks
Igneous Rocks form
from the cooling of
molten rock called
magma.
Intrusive rocks cool
slowly inside the
earth.
Extrusive rocks cool
quickly near or at
the earths surface.

Igneous Rocks
Igneous
rocks are
classified by
texture and
then
mineralogica
l
composition.

Sediments and Sedimentary

Rocks
Clastic Composed of fragments of broken rock
Chemical precipitate from water
Biological formed from living organisms

Depositional Environments

Clastic Sedimentary Rocks

Chemical Sedimentary
Rocks

Biological Sedimentary
Rocks

Metamorphic Rocks
Solid state recrystallization due to
heat and pressure.

Texture of Metamorphic
Rocks