BO CO

NGHIN CU PHNG PHP CHN ON, NH GI CHT

LNG V XC NH IM S C CA H THNG CP LC
NGM LI TRUNG TH KHU VC MIN TRUNG V TY
NGUYN
M U
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN H THNG CP LC NGM TRUNG TH
TI KHU VC MIN TRUNG V TY NGUYN CC C CH GY LO
HA CCH IN
1.1 Gii thiu chung
Hin nay, cp lc trung th ang c nhng u im mnh v
cht lng v kh nng ngm ha gim khng gian lp t v to
cnh quang thng thong cho cc th, iu ny c th hin qua
s lng km cp hng nm c ngm ha tng ln. Song song vi
n l cc vn v k thut lp t, nh gi sm cht lng sau
khi lp v trong vn hnh cng nh kh nng nh v chnh xc s c
nu xy ra c phng n khc phc nhanh nht.
Hin nay cng ngh chn on sm cht lng ca cp lc
cng nh d tm im s c vn trong giai on nghin cu v pht
trin. V y cng chnh l nn tng thc hin trong bo co ny.
Vic thit lp cc d liu ban u bao gm c bn v thit k v
nh tuyn cp l vn rt quan trng trong cng tc nh gi, lp
xu hng v d tm s c trong qu trnh vn hnh.
1.1.1 Cu to chung v cp lc
i vi cp lc ni chung, cu to bao gm rut dn, mn chn
rut dn, lp cch in chnh, mn chn cch in, mn kim loi v
lp v bc bn ngoi. V cu to rut dn c th c lm bng
ng hoc nhm, dng c c hoc nhiu si bn vi nhau. Vic

la chn kiu rut dn ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cc c tnh

vt l, kh nng chu nhit, kh nng dn dng, kh nng chu ng
in p, kh nng un koLp cch in chnh c th c cu to
bng giy cch in, EPR, XLPE, TRXLPE dy ca lp cch in
ph thuc vo in p nh mc ca cp.

1. Li dn
2. Mn chn

li

3. Cch

in XLPE

4. Mn

chn cch in

5. Lp bn

dn
6. Mn chn si ng
7. Lp bng nhm
8. Lp v ngoi PE hoc PVC

Hnh 1 : Cu to chung ca cp lc 1 pha

Mn chn ca cp lc l lp phi kim loi bao hc xung quanh vt dn hn
ch in trng ca cp n lp cch in chnh. Mn chn c s dng ngn
nga cc ng sut in p qu tc ng ln cc khe h gia vt dn v lp cch in.
c hiu qu cao, m chn phi bm cht vo lp cch in trong mi iu kin.

Hnh 2 : (a) Cp 1 pha XLPE 15kV ; (b) Cp 1 pha XLPE 115kV ; (c) Cp 3 pha
XLPE 11kV

Hnh 3: (a) Cp 3 pha, rut nhm, c 2 gip (2 di bng thp); (b)

Cp 3 pha, rut ng, mn chn kim loi gm si v bng ng, c
v bc, 12/20(24)kV
1.1.2 Cc dng h hng thng gp h thng cp ngm
Cc s c i vi cp lc c th phn ra thnh cc dng sau:
s c ngn mch, chm t, h mch v trong mt s trng hp c
th xy ra ng thi 2 hoc nhiu hn cc s c trn.

Hnh 3 : Cc dng s c thng gp i vi h thng cp ngm

1.2 C ch lo ha cch in ca cp lc ngm
1.2.1 Lo ha cch in lin kt ngang XLPE
Qu trnh lo ha cch in XLPE c th c chia thnh 2
nhm chnh l cc yu t bn ngoi v bn trong, cc yu t bn
ngoi nh l cc l rng, tp cht, cc s khng hon thin v tnh
cht vt l hoc mt s thnh phn cht lng thp, hoc cc yu t
bn trong nh l cc thay i tnh cht vt l, ha hc hoc cc in
tch b gi li trong h thng cch in. Qu trnh lo ha bn trong
c th gy nh hng ln ln cch in, v d lo ha nhit ca vt
liu cch in. Lo ha do bn ngoi thng to ra s thay i cc
b ni cch khc khng thay thi tnh cht ca vt liu cch in.
S lo ha v tnh cht vt l, ha hc, in hc l tc nguyn
nhn chnh nh hng ti cch in polymer. Polymer s khng t
ti cu trc tinh th cui cng sau khi c ch to. Cu trc cch
khng u s gia tng tc ng ln s lo ha v in v gy ri ro
cho vic ph hy cch in. Cch in polymer d b hng ngay c
vi nhng phng in cc b nh. Cu trc phn t ca

polyethylene d b thay i bi s lo ha v c kh. Cc ng sut c

kh c xem nh l mt tc nhn chnh gy ra s bin dng ca b
mt cch in, gc t do, t gy trong polyethylene.
1.2.1.1 Lo ha v tnh cht ha hc
Lo ha v tnh cht ha hc l nguyn nhn gy ra s thay
i trong cc tnh cht c hc ca cch in polymer. Kt qu ny
gy ra s ph hy chui polymer v c xem nh l mt phn ng
phn hy. Mt s cu lin kt ngang mi cng c to ra. Cc gc
t do c hnh thnh trong qu trnh oxi ha lp cch in, mc
thnh lp ca cc gc t do ny ph thuc vo nhit , hm lng
oxi v s c mt ca cc gc. Ch rng to ra cch in ca cp
khng cha cc ngun oxi t do. Phng in cc b bn trong cch
in s to ra mt s bc x ion ha, v cng l nguyn nhn hnh
thnh cc gc t do. Cng do s phng in th cc kh v axit c hi
c hnh thnh. nh sng cha tia UV cng c nh hng khng tt
ti cch in polymer.
1.2.1.2 S hnh thnh cc gc t do
S hnh thnh cc gc t do l bc u tin trong qu trnh
lo ha cch in polymer. S tch ra ca mt cp electron ca 2
nguyn t to thnh mt lin kt cng ha tr. Qu trnh ny s to
ra cc gc t do, hu ht cc gc t do u khng bn vng nn d
dng tham gia phn ng v n cha mt nguyn t vi cu trc bt
t khng y . Vi s gp mt ca oxy, cc gc t do ny d
tng tc v to ra cc hp cht phc peroxy (Oxy ha tr II) v
thm vo l cc gc peroxy. Bn thn peroxy cng l cht xc tc
gy ra c ch lo ha, y nhanh qu trinh phn ng thng qua mc
nng lng thp hn. Sn phm ca qu trnh lo ha l cc cht
andehit v xeton. Nguyn l chng qu trnh oxi ha l phi kh cc
gc t do cc gc ny khng hot ng. Hin nay cc hp cht
phenol, bisphenol, polyphenols v thiobisphenols c xem l nhng

cht chng oxi ha c s dng mt cch rng ri.

1.2.1.3 C ch gy lo ha gc polymer
Cc gc polymer c hnh thnh thng qua nhiu c ch khc
nhau trong qu trnh phng in, oxi ha v t phn hy nhit. nh
hng ca cc tia UV v bc x gama v ozone l nguyn nhn to
ra cc ion c th c b qua trong khi vn hnh bnh thng cp
lc. Hot ng phng in ph thuc vo cng in trng, tn
s v s lng v v tr phn b cc v tr c kh nng phng in.
S lo ha polymer do cc gc polymer gy ra c th chia ra 3
nhm sau: b sung vo chui polymer bi vic phn nhnh hoc to
thnh mng, phn hy chui v oxi ha bi s hp th oxi. S phn
nhnh lm cho vt liu cng hn trong khi s phn hy v oxi ha l
nguyn nhn gy ra ht gim trng lng ca phn t v tng
gin ca vt liu. S oxi ha cng lm tng s phn cc v h s tn
tht ca vt liu cch in.
1.2.1.4 Lo ha v nhit
Trong sut qu trnh vn hnh cp lc cch in loi XLPE nhit
nn di 900C trong khi mt s iu kin s c th cp c
t trong tnh trng ln n 1200C. nhit gia 150 n 2250C,
cc gc t do c th tn cng nhng im chnh ca chui polymer
khc gy ra cc lin kt ngang. Cc lin kt ngang ny s giamr
bn c hc, cht v kt tinh. nhit cao hn 225 0C, c s
hnh thnh cc nhm trans-vinyl. S hnh thnh cc nhm ny ch
bo c s sp xp li cc gc. nhit cao hn 350C s lo ha
PE c thay th bi s kh polymer v cracking nhit khng hon
ton v to thnh than cc.
1.2.1.5 Lo ha v in
Hu ht cc h hng nguy him cch in polymer l do s
lo ha v in. Phng in cc b, cy in, v cc cy nc l cc

c ch quan trng nht. Qu trnh lo ha v in s nh hng n

cch in cc b v ngu nhin. S lo ha in khng nh hng
n ton b chiu di ca cp, nh l lo ha v nhit. im khuyt
tt ny s dn ti hin tng ph hng cc b. Mt in trng
thp v thi gian pht trin di l nhng c im chung i vi c
ch gy lo ha v in trong h thng cp lc trung th.
1.2.1.6 Cy nc
i vi h thng cp lc ngm, cch in XLPE tip xc trc
tip vi vi m cao v y chnh l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra
hin tng lo ha do cy nc. Cc cy nc ni chung c pht
trin trong cch in XLPE khi chu ng sut ca in trng xoay
chiu v m cao. Cc tp cht bn trong cch in XLPE cng l
nguyn nhn gy ra nguy c hnh thnh nn cy nc. Nc c th
xm nhp vo cch in thng qua cc u cc hoc cc im ni.
S hnh thnh cy nc do tnh khng ng nht bn trong cch
in XLPE. m bn trong cch in lan truyn theo hng ca
in trng theo dng chm hoc dng cy. Cy nc c hnh
thnh gia lp mn chn rut dn v lp cch in v c pht
trin cng hng vi hng ca in trng.

Hnh 4 : Hnh nh cy nc ; Bn tri cy nc pht trin gn mn

chn rut dn, Bn phi cy nc pht trin ton b lp cch in
Qu trnh hnh thnh cy nc phi mt nhiu nm, s pht

trin ca cy nc ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh hm lng nc,

cng v tn sut ca in trng, nhit , vt liu cch in v
cc ng sut c hc. Cy nc c hnh thnh cng in
trng thp hn so vi cy in. Cc h thng cp chn ngm ni c
mi trng m t cao nn c bo v chng li s xm nhp
ca m vo lp cch in chnh ca cp lc.
1.2.1.7 Cy in
Cy in l h thng cc ng dn m c th lan truyn
nhanh thng qua vt liu cch in v gy hng hc. Cy in c
th bt u t vic n mn cch in, t cy nc hoc xy ra cc
im rng trong cch in khi chu tc ng ca in trng ln.
Qu trnh hnh thnh cy in gm 2 giai on chnh. Ban u, cc
phng in dng thp (0,1-0,2pC) ca mi na chu k in p t
vo cch in s dn lo ha cch in v to ra cc khe h nh, c
chiu di khong 5-10m v bn knh khong 1m. Qu trnh tip
theo do in trng tng ln, cc phn ng quang ha bn trong
cch in s tip tc to ra cc gc t do v s hnh thnh nn cy
in. Tc pht trin ca cy in ph thuc vo ng sut in t
vo, nhit , mi trng v cc ng sut c hc.
Trong qu trnh lp t hoc ch to cp v cc thit b ph tr
ca n, cc l hng nh hoc cc bt kh c th hnh thnh bn
trong cch in hoc trn b mt gia cc lp cch in. Khi cng
in trng bn trong cc l hng hoc bt kh cao, th s xy
ra hin tng phng in. Cc ion m v cc electron c hnh
thnh t vic phng in va chm vi nhau trn b mt ca cch
in v qu trnh lo ha cch in bt u xy ra.
S g gh ca cch in hoc khng tinh khit bn trong
cch in c th dn ti s tp trung phng in mt ni. S tp
trung phng in dn ti s tp trung lo ha vt liu cch in. Cc
rnh vt dn trong dng ca cc ng hoc cy bt u pht trin

xuyn qua cch in. S to thnh ny c xem nh mt cy in.

Vic ph hy cch in c th xy ra khi nhnh ca cc cy in cu
ni cc electron. Vic ph hy cng c th xy ra trc khi cy in
cu ni cc electron.

Hnh 6 : Mt s hnh nh cy in
1.3 Mt s c ch gy h hng cp ngm hin nay
Hin nay cc c ch h hng i vi cp lc ch yu l do cht
lng ca h thng cch in, cht lng ca cc thit b ph tr,
nng lc k thut trong qu trnh lp t, bo dng k c cc
phng php th nghim khng ng cng nh hng n cht
lng ca cp lc. Xu hng lo ho tp trung cc v tr khng
hon thin, nh cc cht gy nhim, s mp m ca v cp, l
trng, v s sn si b mt cht bn dn. tt c cc nguyn nhn
trn u c s hin din ca nc lm tng ln s hnh thnh ca
cc cy nc. S khng hon ho lc no cng to ra cc vng c
ng sut cao v in, chng gy tng tc lo ho cc b. Nhng
vng ny s tr thnh ni cho phng in cc b lm sinh ra cy
in v cng lc dn n mt h hng hon ton v in. V cc

phn ph tr ca cp nh hp u ni, u nili ch yu do k

thut ca cng nhn thc hin. Kinh nghim, nng lc ca cng
nhn s nh hng ln n cht lng ca h thng cp. Nc, hi
m c th xm nhp vo h thng cch in t cc mi ni, u
nito nn cy nc v cy in. K thut ct gt lp bn dn, lp
v bo vcng l nguyn nhn gy h hng cho cp lc v sau.

1.4 Thc trng cp ngm ti min Trung v Ty Nguyn

1.4.1 Thc trng cp ngm cc in lc
1.4.1.1 in lc Nng
Chiu di ng dy qun l :
Cp ngm trung th in lc qun l : 77,6km
Cp ngm trung th khch hng qun l : 35,0km
1.4.1.2 in lc Khnh Ha
Chiu di ng dy qun l :
Cp ngm trung th in lc qun l : 115,6km
Cp ngm trung th khch hng qun l : 55,4km
1.4.1.3 Cc in lc khc min Trung v Ty Nguyn :
Chiu di ng dy qun l :
Cp ngm trung th in lc qun l : 164,5km
Cp ngm trung th khch hng qun l : 98,1km
1.4.2 Loi cp s dng
S dng 2 loi cp 3 pha v 1 pha ca cc nh sn xut chnh
sau :

LS Vina
Nexan
Thipha Cable
i Long
Tn Cng Thnh


1.4.3 Mt s dng s c in hnh
Cc s c h hng cp ngm trung th ch yu l do trong khi
thi cng cc cng trnh khc cp b o trng, cht lng cc u
ni v mi ni khng tt v cc v tr cp b cong vnh l ni d xy
ra s c nhiu nht. Mt s s c in hnh trong cc nm gn y
nh l s c cp 22kV in lc Kon Tum, in lc Hi An, cp khu
cng nghip Nhn Hi, cp nh my knh ni Chu Lai, cp hm Hi
VnS n mn v tnh cht ha hc, vt l i vi cch in chnh
ca cp lc trung th hin nay vn cha c mt cng trnh nghin
cu c th no Vit Nam.
V cng ngh d tm hin nay thc hin c i vi hu
ht cc cp ngm b s c. V k thut chn on sm s c hin
nay hu nh vn cha p dng mt phng php no i vi cp
ngm trung th ngoi mt tuyn cp ngm vt bin o L Sn s
dng b gim st nhit i km si cp quang theo di tnh
trng ca cp v pht hin s c.
1.5 S dng cp TR-XLPE thay cp XLPE nng cao tui th
cp
Hin nay s dng cp cch in TR-XLPE cho php nng cao
tui th ca cp lc ngm trong cc iu kin vn hnh khc nghit
ca mi trng. iu ny nng cao tnh kinh t, gim chi ph u t
thay th
1.5.1 Kinh nghim s dng Bc M
c a vo s dng ln u khu vc Bc M vo nhng
nm 1983 n nay cp TR-XLPE chng minh kh nng chng hnh
thnh cy nc mt cch vt tri. V tui th vn hnh cp TRXLPE cng c nh gi cao hn hn cc loi cp khc.

Hnh 7 : bn cch in ca cp lc 35kV trong vn hnh

Hnh 8 : c tnh pht trin cy nc cch in XLPE (tri) v TRXLPE (phi)

1.5.2 Kinh nghim s dng Chu u
Chu u, mt cch tip cn khc so vi Bc M l tm
quan trng v v sinh v vic duy tr th nghim nh thng in
mi sau khi cch in b lo ha trong nc. Mt nghin cu
a ra cch pha trn gia nha polyethylen vi XLPE ci thin s
nh thng in mi sau khi b lo ha trong nc. Vt liu gi l
Copolymer XLPE c s dng vo khong u thp nin 1980 v
cng cho mt hiu qu lm vic cao i vi cp trung th. mt s
quc gia khc nh Italia, Ngacch in TR-XLPE cng dn
chng t c tnh u vit ca mnh v cc quc gia ny cng dn

chuyn qua s dng loi cch in chng li s hnh thnh cy nc

TR-XLPE.

Hnh 9 : in p nh thng in mi ca cch in EPR, XLPE v

Copolymer XLPE (Theo CENELEC)

Hnh 10 : So snh bn cch in ca cc loi cch in XLPE,

Copolymer XLPE v TR-XLPE sau 1 nm vn hnh (Theo CENELEC)
1.5.3 Kinh nghim s dng Chu v M La Tinh
Mt s quc gia Chu nh Philipin v Hn Quc vo nm
1990 mi bt u s dng cp lc c cch in TR-XLPE. Chu M

La Tinh, Mexico v Brazil l 2 quc gia i u trong vic s dng cp

cch in TR-XLPE v tin tng tuyt i v cht lng ca loi
cch in ny trong qu trnh s dng.
1.6 Mt s phng php chn on hin nay i vi cp lc
ngm
Hin nay theo IEEE 400-2001 (2012), i vi cp lc 5kV tr ln
gm c 6 nhm th nghim nh sau :

Cao th DC
Cao th AC
Cao th VLF
Tan delta
Phng in cc b (PD)
Sng dao ng

Tt c cc phng php ny s c tho lun mt cch chi

tit trong chng 2 ca bo co ny.
CHNG 2: CC PHNG PHP CHN ON, NH GI CHT
LNG H THNG CCH IN CA CP LC HIN NAY
Hin nay c nhiu cng ngh chn on nh gi tnh trng
cht lng h thng cp lc. C nhiu k thut khc nhau nhng vn
da trn cng mt nn tng cng ngh. xc nh phng php
chn on ti u cho h thng cp lc, cn xem xt cc vn sau:
-

Tnh hiu qu - K thut d nh th nghim s mang li nhng

g?
Thi gian hon thnh K thut c c trin khai thi gian

m bo tnh hiu qu ca n?
Tnh chnh xc Mc chnh xc ca k thut cung cp l

bao nhiu?
Tnh thng dng K thut ny liu c mang li cu tr li n
gin v d hiu hay khng?

Phn ny s trnh by khong cc k thut th nghim, chn

on v tnh trng cht lng ca cp lc. Cc phng php ny

mt s ang c s dng mt cch ph bin, mt s ang th

nghim hoc t s dng.

Hnh 11: Mt s phng php th nghim cp lc hin nay

2.1 Cc k thut s dng in p DC

2.1.1 o in tr cch in
K thut o in tr cch in ca cp lc c thc hin vi
cc thit b nh l megommet c in p t 1000V n 5000V DC.

Gi tr ch s phn cc cng c th xc nh t php th ny

bng cch ly t s gia kt qu cch in 10 pht v 1 pht.
Hin nay IPCEA a ra cng thc tnh gi tr cch in ti thiu
ca cp lc nh sau:
R=KxLog10(D/d)
Trong :
-

R: in tr cch in (M) trn 1000f (305m) cp lc

K: H s vt liu cch in
D: ng knh ngoi ca cch in (D=d+2c+2b)
d: Dng knh ca rut dn
c: B dy cch in chnh

b: B dy cch in lp v ngoi

2.1.3 K thut dng phn cc kh phn cc (IRC)

Th nghim ny c thc hin bng cch a vo cch in
ca cp n mt in p DC trong thi gian ngn hn. K thut ny
c thc hin offline. Cc kt qu o u lin quan n tnh trng
tng th ca h thng cch in ca cp lc v hin tng cy nc
bn trong h thng cch in. Th tc c thc hin nh sau: a
mt in p DC (1kV) vo h thng cch in ca cp, thi gian np
t 5 30 pht, sau x qua in tr x t 2s 5s. Dng in x
c o trong thi gian t 15 30 pht. Dng ny c gi l dng
kh phn cc. Gin dng in trong k thut ny c dng nh
hnh bn di.

Hnh 12: Gin k thut o dng phn cc kh phn cc

Dng in x gm 3 thnh phn v c tch ra nh gi,
so snh. Ba thnh phn gm c:
-

Dng lin quan n h thng cch in ca cp

Dng lin quan n lp bn dn
Dng lin quan n cc h hng, khuyt tt ca cp.

Mi dng c mt thi gian tng ng, i din cho lng in

tch np Q1, Q2, Q3. Dng cn quan tm nhiu nht l dng to ra
Q3 v n lin quan n cc h hng, khuyt tt trong h thng cch
in ca cp lc. Trong thc t nh dng ca Q3 ln hn so vi Q2,
Q1 th s th hin tnh trng xu ca cch in trong cp. Hnh di
y s m t cc dng ny.

Hnh 13: Nguyn l phn tch dng trong k thut o IRC

Trong phng php ny h s gi ha ca cp c tnh ton
theo cng thc sau:
IRCA=Q3/Q2
Hin nay gi tr IRCA nh hn 1,5 c xem l tt i vi cp
lc XLPE, cn ln hn 2,1 th cht lng cch in ca cp c vn
. i vi cp cch in EPR v TRXLPE th cha c tiu ch nh
gi c th.
2.1.3 Chu ng in p DC

Cc th nghim chu ng in mi thc hin bng cch a

mt in p RMS lin tc ln hn in p vn hnh bnh thng
trong mt khong thi gian qui nh. Kt qu ca cc th nghim
ny t/Khng t. Th nghim ny c ng dng cho tt c cc
loi cp v cc phn ph tr. IEEE Std 400-2001 khng xem k thut
ny l k thut chn on v kt qu n mang li l t/Khng t.
Tuy nhin theo CDFI th n vn xem l mt k thut chn on v cc
kt qu ca n c th gip n v qun l a ra cc bin php khc
phc, sa cha.
in p c nng ln n mc qui nh, thng t 1,5 n 3
ln in p vn hnh bnh thng. Mc ch lm cho cc im c
cch in yu b s c (hng) khi t mt in p cao vo hn l n
b hng khi vn hnh. Cc php th c thc hin khi cc tc ng
(nh hng) ca s c l thp, vic sa cha nhanh v hiu qu
trong chi ph.
i vi th nghim chu ng in p DC, thit b th nghim
c tnh linh hot cao, nh gn v c th p dng i vi cp c chiu
di ln. Ngc li nhng nhc im nh gy ra cc in tch tch t
bn trong h thng cch in, c th gy hin tng cy in, khng
m phng ng dng ca in p vn hnh v hin nay cng cha
c chng minh khoa hc no v li ch ca th nghim DC i vi
cp XLPE.
2.1.4 K thut o dng r DC
Th nghim o dng r DC bng cch a mt in p DC vo
tuyn cp v gim st dng r qua thit b o. Tuy nhin cc nghin
cu v cp cho thy rng vic t mt in p DC vo tuyn cp c
th gy ra nh hng v cht lng ca cp trong vn hnh sau ny
v th nghim in p DC khng p dng i vi cp c thi gian
vn hnh trn 5 nm.

K thut ny c thc hin offline, n nh gi tng qut tnh

trng ca h thng cch in cp lc nhng n cng hu ch trong
vic o dng r b mt cch in cng nh b mt ca cc u ni.
in p a vo gia li v lp te cp v kt qu dng r ghi li
thng qua c cu o dng. in p c tng ln tng bc v mi
bc thng l 30s. Tng thi gian th nghim thng l 10 pht v
in p ln nht thng 2 ln in p pha t ca cp. i vi cp
mi, in p th nghim c th ln n 6U0 trong th nghim
nghim thu.
Vic chu mt in p DC cao trong thi gian di c th gy lo
ha sm cch in ca cp lc. Mc lo ha ca cch in ph
thuc vo in p v thi gian th nghim.
Hin nay khng c tiu ch nh gi thng nht cho k thut
o dng r DC do ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cht lng ca h
thng cch in, in p p dng, chiu di tuyn cp, cc thnh
phn ph tr, m, nhit ti thi im th nghimTuy nhin
vn c mt s thng tin tham kho nh gi cht lng cch in
ca cp lc da vo k thut ny theo bng sau:
Mt s tiu ch nh gi thng qua k thut o dng r DC
nh gi
Mc suy
Mc suy
c tnh quan Khng c du
hiu suy
gim trung
gim cn lu
st
gim

bnh

theo thi gian

Dng r c xu

Dng r c xu

Dng r c xu

trong sut qu

hng gim

hng gim

hng tng

Dng r thay i

trnh th
Mc thay i
ca dng r thay
i trong qu
trnh th

T l thay i
gim

T l khng i

T l thay i
tng ln

Dng r (quan h
vi cp tham
kho)

Ging gi tr

Tng t 2-10

Tng hn 10

tham kho

ln

ln

2.2 Cc k thut s dng in p AC

2.2.1 Chu ng in p AC 50Hz
K thut o in p chu ng AC tn s 50Hz c s dng
in p AC cao hn in p vn hnh t vo cch in ca cp
v ph kin i km. Ni chung, phng php ny ch s dng vi
tuyn cp ngn v hn ch cng sut ca thit b th nghim, cng
sut th nghim c tnh ton nh sau:
S=2fCU2
Ni chung u im ca phng php ny l t mt ng sut
in cng dng vi in p vn hnh ln h thng cch in ca cp
lc nhng nhc im ca n l thit b nng, t tin v khng c
tnh nh gi cht lng v kt qu ca php th l t/Khng t
(Pass or Fail).
2.2.2 Chu ng in p AC VLF
khc phc nhc im ca phng php AC 50Hz k thut
AC VLF c hnh thnh v hin nay c ng dng nhiu nc
theo tiu chun IEEE 400-2 2013.

Hnh 14: S thc hin k thut AC VLF

2.2.2.1 VLF vi dng sng cosin hnh ch nht/xung lng cc

Hnh 15: VLF sng cosin hnh ch nht

*u im:
-

S thay i cc tnh trong cc chu k tng t nh tn s cng nghip

C th o c dng in r.

in p th nghim t 3U0, c kch thc v trng lng tng ng

thit b th nghim DC.

S dng th nghim cho cp cch in n p v cch in dng qun

lp.

C th loi ra mt s khuyt tt trong cch in ca cp tt khc.

* Nhc im
-

Khi th nghim cho cp c cy nc hoc cy in ch th nghim ny

th cha iu kin nh gi tnh trng cch in. Do cn b xung
thm th nghim phn tch khc c c s nh gi mc suy
gim cch in.

H thng cp s phi tch hon ton khi vn hnh th nghim.

2.2.2.2 VLF vi dng sng sin

Hnh 16: VLF sng sin

*u im:
-

S thay i cc tnh lin tc trong cc chu k nn t hnh thnh tch in

ti khong trng trong cch in

in p th nghim t 3U0, thit b c kch thc v trng lng tng

ng thit b th nghim in p DC.

S dng th nghim cho cp cch in n p v cch in qun lp v

hn hp.

o tn hao in mi, dng r, kh nng s dng quang ph in mi o

mc suy gim ca cch in.

Th nghim PD.

C th phi hp trong cng thit b cc chc nng nh: th nghim chu

ng, o PD, o DF trong cng qu trnh tin hnh th nghim cp.

* Nhc im
-

Khi th nghim cho cp c cy nc hoc cy in ch th nghim ny

th cha iu kin nh gi tnh trng cch in. Do cn b xung
thm th nghim phn tch khc c c s nh gi mc suy
gim cch in.

Th nghim PD c d liu khng th so snh trc tip vi s liu th

nghim tn s 50Hz.

Mt vi d liu trong th nghim phn tch khng th so snh vi s liu

th nghim tn s 50Hz.

cc mc th nghim in p cao tn s thp di 0,01Hz c th to ra

tch in ti cc khong trng trong cp in mi n p.

H thng cp s phi tch hon ton khi vn hnh th nghim.

2.2.2.3 VLF vi in p DC iu chnh cc dng -m

Hnh 17: VLF sng bc DC lp chng trnh trn hai cc

*u im:
-

Th nghim ny thch hp cho cp mi c c cch in n p ni vi

cp c cch in dng qun lp.

Thit b th nghim c th vn chuyn d dng cng nh cng sut yu

cu c th so c vi cc thit b xc nh im h hng ca cp.

* Nhc im
-

Trong h thng cp c cch in hn hp phn cch in n p vn

hnh lu trong tnh trng c s hin din ca hi m, th nghim in
p DC c tui th ngn hn so vi d kin ca cch in n p.

H thng cp s phi tch hon ton khi vn hnh th nghim.

Hnh 18: VLF sng ch nht lng cc f=0,1 Hz

2.2.3 K thut AC hm (Damped AC)
Nh cp phn u ca bo co, k thut th nghim
AC hm rt him khi s dng trong th nghim chn on tnh trng
cht lng ca h thng cch in cp lc. DAC c s dng i
km vi cc php o khc nh l php o tn tht in mi tan delta
(DAC-TD) v phng in cc b (DAC-PD).

Hnh 19: K thut DAC kt hp vi cc k thut o khc (Theo IEEE

PES Insulated Conductor Committee Spring 2008 Meeting, Minutes
F05D Damped AC Voltages Testing)

in p th nghim i vi DAC c qui nh trong IEC 60502

(<30kV), IEC 60840 (30-150kV) v IEC 60067 (>150kV).

Hnh 20: S th nghim DAC vi h thng cp lc 110kV, 8,3km

f=40Hz
2.3 Cc k thut chn on sm tnh trng cht lng i vi
cp lc ngm
2.3.1 K thut o tn hao in mi - Tan delta
2.3.1.1 Tng quan
Php o tan xc nh mc tiu tn cng sut trong vt liu
in mi. Kt qu o c so snh vi mt gi tr tham kho, gi tr
tham kho da vo:
-

Gi tr o ca cc pha A, B, C trong cng mt h thng

Gi tr o ca cp cng thit k cng mt v tr trong h

thng
Gi tr khi o ln u
Gi tr theo tiu chun

Gi tr theo kinh nghim trong phng nghin cu.

Tan l mt cng c hiu qu nht nu cc phn ph tr ca cp

c bit mt cch r rng. iu ny cho php so snh trc tip
gia cc gi tr o c v:
-

Gi tr d kin ca cc vt liu hoc thnh phn ph khc

Gi tr o ln trc trn cng mt h thng
Gi tr c s

2.3.1.2 Nguyn l hot ng

t mt in p AC vo cp lc v tnh ton lch gc pha dng
sng in p v dng in sau tnh ton a ra gi tr tan .
Tan l t s gia dng tn tht (Ir) v dng np (Ic).

Gin gi tr tan nh hnh bn di:

Hnh trn l s thay th tng ng ca i vi mt h

thng cch in ca cp lc gm c mt in dung C song song vi
mt in tr R. mt in p V v tn s , ta c cng thc tnh
tan nh sau:

2.3.1.3 ng dng
Tuyn cp c th nghim cn tch khi h thng v c t
vo mt in p AC vi tn s c nh (50hZ hoc VLF). in p ny
c th dao ng t 0,5 n 2U0. Tng hp cc u nhc im th
hin trong phn sau:
u nhc im ca k thut o tan
Kiu

u im

ngun
-

Dng sng in p l
cng dng vi in p

50Hz AC

offline

Nhc im

vn hnh
in p c th cao

Thit b cp ngun ln,

nng v chi ph cao

Tan t nhy 50Hz hn

hn hoc thp hn

tn s thp bin ca

in p vn hnh u

dng dung tng ln.

c th p dng c.
-

0,01-1Hz

Thit b cp ngun nh

th nghim khng ging

gn
S ph thuc ca tn

vi in p vn hnh
Di tn s di 0.01Hz c

VLF offline

DAC

Dng sng ca in p

s vo tan c thit

th to ra cc khe h

lp
Tan nhy hn tn

trong cch in
Thi gian th nghim

s thp hn so vi

tham kho i vi 0.1Hz

60Hz do bin ca

cn tn s thp hn th

dng dung gim

C th thc hin i

thi gian di hn
Khi s dng dng sng

vi cp di

cosin ch nht tan phi

Thit b cp ngun nh -

c tnh gn ng.
Dng sng in p th

gn
Kt qu c th so snh
vi kt qu tn s
50Hz

nghim khng cng dng

-

vi in p vn hnh
Mc chnh xc b gii hn
bi dng sng AC thay i

trong bin RMS qua

-

thi gian
phn gii gii hn mc
1x10-3

Tng quan cc u khuyt im ca k thut o tan

- Cc kt qu th nghim cung cp nhng gi tr n
gin v d dng so snh vi kt qu th nghim khc
-

v gi tr tham kho
Ba tnh nng c bn ca k thut tan c xp xp
theo tnh cht quan trng trong vic nh gi th

u im

nghim
a ra cc nh gi tng quan tnh trng cht lng

ca cch in
Php o thc hin trn mt pha cho trc c th so

snh vi cc pha bn cnh min c cu hnh tng t

C th s dng cc ngun AC khc nhau thc hin

php o
Pht hin cy nc trong cch in XLPE
t b nh hng t nhiu bn ngoi
S liu th nghim nh k dng nh gi vi s
liu trc v dng thit lp xu hng trong

Nhc
im

tng lai
S liu o in p thp (U0 so vi 2U0) c th c

s dng nh o gi tr in p cao hn
Gi tr o thay i nh mt hm ca chiu di th

hin c mt s vn v cht lng nh b n mn

Khi gi tr o thay i trong th nghim th hin c

mt phn no ang trong qu trnh h hng

Cc kt qu ban u c th chn on nhanh trc

khi th nghim in p cao hn.

Khng pht hin c cc khuyt tt ring bit
Tuyn cp phi tch ra khi vn hnh
Khng phi l phng php th nghim hiu qu

trong th nghim a tuyn cp mi vo vn hnh

Mc chnh xc v nh gi Pass/Not pass vn cha

c thit lp
Mi quan h gia tn tht o c trn ton b tuyn
cp v tn tht ti mt v tr c th nh l ph kin

hoc im khuyt tt cn phi c thit lp

Tm quan trng trong s khc nhau ca c tnh tn
tht i vi cc vt liu cch in EPR khc nhau cn

Vn m
rng

c thit lp
Cc phng php gii thch kt qu cho cc mch lai

(nhiu loi cp) nn c thit lp

Vic thay i tn s trong k thut VLF khc nhau
nh hng n tiu ch nh gi tn tht vn cha

thit lp
in p tc ng ln h thng cp AC 50Hz, DAC,
VLF vn cha c nh gi

2.3.1.3 Tiu ch nh gi
Hin nay tiu ch nh gi php o tan delta tn s >0,1Hz
v <50Hz, 50Hz v DAC hin cha c thit lp nh gi. IEEE 400
ch a ra tiu ch nh gi i vi cp lc XLPE, PILC, TRXLPE v
EPR tn s 0,1Hz nh sau:
Tiu ch nh gi Tan delta theo IEEE 400
Tan delta (10-3)
Tip up (10-3)
nh gi
U0
2U0
2U0-U0
Tt
<1,2
<0,6
Gi ha
1,2-2,2
0,6-1
Lo ha mc
>2,2
>1
cao

2.3.3 K thut o phng in cc b - PD

2.3.3.1 Tng quan v php o PD
Hin nay PD c xem nh l mt cng c cc k hiu qu
trong vic chn on tnh trng cht lng ca h thng cch in

cp lc. Tri qua nhiu nghin cu trong qu kh v cho n by gi

PD vn c tip tc hon thin.
PD pht hin c cc khuyt tt ch yu l dng khong
trng (voids type) trong cch in hoc cc phn ph tr ca
cp lc. Cc dng khong trng ny c th sinh ra do:
-

Hu ht do li trong qu trnh ch to
Do qu trnh gi ha trong qu trnh vn hnh, di ng

sut cao ca in p gy ra cc cy in
Mt phn gii Do s phn lp gia cc thnh phn, s

khng c nh (lng lo) gia cp v thnh phn ph tr

Cc bt thng do ph hy c kh trc v sau lp t

Php o PD c thc hin bng cch a vo h thng cp

mt in p cao, nu c cc khong trng bn trong cch in th s
c cc phng in xy ra ti im ny. Cc thit b s nhn c cc
tn hiu p (V) v dng (A) chy dc trong tuyn cp n thit b
o. ln v hnh dng ca nhng xung ny ph thuc bi ngun
pht, p ng tn s ca tuyn cp, p ng tn s ca thit b o.
Hin nay cc thit b o c phn loi theo tiu chun IEC 62070
vi bng tn t vi trm kHz n 100MHz.
Hnh sau i din cho mt tuyn cp trong qu trnh th
nghim PD. Cc in dung Ca i din cho in dung ca cp khng
c khim khuyt, Cb v Cc i din cho in dung ca phn cch
in b khuyt tt dng khong trng. Trong Cc l in dung ca
khong trng, Cb l din dung ca phn cn li, Sg l khong cch
phng in.

Hnh : Mch tng ng trong php o PD

Php o PD c th c thc hin online hoc offline. K thut
online c thc hin bng cch s dng bin dng cao tn (HFCTs)
hoc cc sensor pht hin cc tn hiu qu t cc phng in
trong tuyn cp. i vi k thut offline, php o PD c thc hin
bng mt ngun in p ring, c th l ngun VLF, DAC hoc 30300Hz AC.

Hnh : S thc hin php o PD

Php o PD b nh hng bi cc yu t nh l v tr ca khuyt
tt hoc cc khuyt tt, bin in p th nghim, iu kin vn
hnh, vt liu cch in, mi trng v mt s yu t khc.

2.3.3.2 u nhc im v php o PD

Cc u nhc im ca k thut o PD c tng hp nh
bng sau:
Kiu ngun
u im
AC 50Hz Ngun h - Khng yu cu cp
thng

ngun
- Dng sng, tn s
th nghim l cng
vi php o xut
xng
- D dang gim st
trong mt khong
thi gian di
- Php o c thc
hin trong khi tuyn
cp in p vn
hnh bnh thng

Nhc im
- Khng pht hin PD
mc in p trn
mc in p vn
hnh bnh thng
- Yu cu v k nng
thu thp d liu
cng nh k nng
phn tch kt qu
o
- Khng th kt hp
vi cc phng
php chn on
khc
- Cc sensor phi c
lp mi v tr ni
c mt ca cc ph
kin nh im ni,

AC 50Hz Yu cu

- Khng cn yu cu

ct in khi thc hin

cp ngun
- Dng sng, tn s
th nghim l cng
vi php o xut
xng
- D dang gim st
trong mt khong
thi gian di
- Vic hiu chnh v
thay i nhy c

u cc
- Tuyn cp phi c
tch ra khi vn
hnh tin hnh
hiu chnh, nh
gi nhy
- Khng pht hin c
PD mc in p
cao hn
- Yu cu k nng ca
ngi vn hnh v

th tng mc chnh
xc v cht lng
php o

nh gi kt qu
- Khng kt hp c
vi mt s phng
php chn on

khc
u nhc im ca k thut o PD offline nh mt hm ca
Kiu ngun
AC tn s cng
nghip

in p ngun
u im
Nhc im
- Tn s v dng sng - Thit b ln, nng,
ca in p th
nghim l gn
ging vi in p
th nghim nh
sn xut v vn
hnh
- Cc thit lp hiu
chnh, nhy c
th thu c PD
mc thp nht
- in p ln hn U0
c th c p
dng pht hin
PD xy ra mc
in p cao
- in p bt u v

t tin
- p dng vi in p
ln hn U0 c nguy
c gy lo ha cch
in ca cp
- Tuyn cp yu cu
tch ra khi vn
hnh
- Yu cu kinh nghim
v nng lc tng
hp d liu v phn
tch kt qu
- Thi gian gim st
ngn (<60s) c th
khng pht hin PD

dp tt PD c th
0,01-1Hz VLF (True
Sin)

o c
- Thit b nh gn
- in p trn U0 c
th p dng
pht hin cc PD
tn ti mc in
p cao
- Cc in p bt u

- Tuyn cp cn tch
ra khi vn hnh
- in p >U0 c th
gy lo ha cch
in
- Thi gian gim st
ngn c th khng

v dp tt PD c
th o c

cho php PD xy ra
- Tn s v dng sng
khng ging hon
ton so vi in p
vn hnh
- c tnh PD cc tn
s khc nhau cn
ang l vn gy

DAC (30Hz-1kHz)

- Thit b tng i
nh, gn
- Php o c th thc
hin tn s gn
tn s in p
vn hnh bnh
thng
- C th o in p
dp tt PD (PDEV)

tranh ci
- Tuyn cp yu cu
tch ra khi vn
hnh
- Ch chu k in p
u tin c iu
khin
- Yu cu k nng thu
thp v phn tch
d liu
- in p >U0 c th
gy lo ha cch
in
- S so snh gia cc
tuyn cp l kh
khn v tn s in
p o thay i nh
mt hm ca c
tnh tng tr ca
tuyn cp
- c tnh PD kh gii
thch cc tn s
khc nhau
- Ch c mt vi chu k
trong qu trnh o

pht hin PD
Ni chung vic phn tch, nh gi d liu ca php o PD c
th thc hin theo nhiu mc khc nhau nhng c kt qu
phn tch chnh xc th cn phi cung cp c cc d liu v in
p th nghim, dng xung, tn s xungv iu ny c thc hin
tt nht nh sn xut. Theo nguyn l chung, kt qu c th chia
ra thnh 2 nhm Pass/ Not Pass. Trong phn Not Pass c th chia ra
thnh cc dng khc nhau nh dng cn gim st, dng sa cha
hoc dng cn tch ra khi vn hnh ngay lp tc

2.3.3.3 Tiu ch nh gi php o PD

Mt s tiu ch nh gi i vi k thut o PD hin nay:
Loi cp

Dng th

HMWPE

nghim
PD offline

TRXLPE

50Hz v

XLPE

0,1Hz
PD online

EPR1

PILC

DAC
PD offline

Du hiu Pass

Du hiu Not
Pass

- Cp : <5pC @4U0
- Ph tr3: 3-5pC
2

---

@1,25-1,5U0
- Cp4: Khng c PD - Cp4: >500pC
- Ph tr4: >2500pC
@ U0 (<250pC)
@ U0
- Ph tr4: <500pC
@U0
-----

-----

50Hz v
0,1Hz
PD online

- Cp4: <3000pC @

- Cp4: >10k pC @

U0
U0
- Ph tr4: <5000pC - Ph tr4: >15k pC
@U0

@U0

DAC

---

---

2: Tiu chun ICEA S-94-649 v S-97-682

3: Tiu chun IEEE 48, 386 v 404
4: Chun PD theo IPEC
2.3.3.4 Kt lun
Ni chung nguyn l c bn ca k thut o PD l pht hin
cc tn hiu in p thp hoc dng in do cc phng in trong
cc khong trng trong lp cch in ca cp lc. Hin nay c 2
hng tip cn chnh trong k thut o hin nay l PD online v PD
offline. i vi k thut PD online, k thut ny s dng cc tn hiu
PD thu c di iu kin in p v nhit . u im nht ca k
thut ny l vic khng tch tuyn cp ra khi vn hnh. Nhng
ngc li qu nhiu v tr t cc sensor s khng thun tin i vi
cc tuyn cp ngm, cng nh vic nh v chnh xc im PD trong
tuyn cp l iu kh thc hin c.
i vi k thut PD offline, s dng tn hiu PD thu c in
p cao hn in p vn hnh. iu ny c nguy c gy lo ha cch
in trong tng lai nhng u im ca k thut ny l c th nh
v c v tr xy ra PD. Mt khuyt im khc ca k thut ny l
cc dng PD ng vi cc tn s khc nhau hin nay vn cn l mt
vn cn nghin cu.
2.3.4 K thut o PD bng tn hiu m thanh (Acostic PD)
Khi PD xy ra trong h thng cch in ca cp lc, n gn nh
ngay lp tc s to ra nng lng. Nng lng c to ra s to
thnh sng c hc, sng ny s truyn qua vt liu cch in. Chnh
v th PD ng vai tr l ngun to ra sng m thanh. Sng ny khi
truyn ra c thu li bi cc thit b nhn sng m v y l
nguyn l c bn ca k thut PD bng tn hiu m thanh. u im
ln nht ca k thut ny i vi cc k thut truyn thng l kh

nng chng li cc nhiu in t, do k thut ny c th p dng

khi k thut o PD in khng th p dng. Tuy nhin k thut ny
cng gp hn ch i vi pht hin PD i vi cp lc v tn hiu s
b suy gim qua h thng cch in di ca cp. N ch hiu qu i
vi cc php o ti im ni, u ccni c th tip xc trc tip.
Mt trong cc thit b xc nh PD bng tn hiu m thanh hin
nay l DFA 100 ca hng Doble.

1:
2:
3:
4:
5:
6:
7:

Cp lc
Te ni t
u b cp
Li
Cn lm bng si thy tinh
Sensor m
So cch in

Cc khuyt tt chnh i vi u cp l cc khong trng trong

lp cch in. iu ny l do trong qu trnh sn xut v lp t u
cp. Nu khng kp thi pht hin v x l, trong qu trnh vn hnh
lu di s gy ra s c i ngay v tr ny.
Cc kiu khuyt tt chnh:
-

PD t s li lm ca cch in:

PD to ra t cc phn t di dng:

S di chuyn cc ht t do:

S rung c hc:

nh gi kt qu:
-

Khng pht hin PD: th nghim tr li trong vng 2 nm.

Gi tr nh PD n 2mV: th li trong vng 3 thng.

Gi tr nh PD t 2mV n 5mV: th li trong vng 1 thng.
Gi tr nh PD ln hn t 5-10mV: ngh thay th.

2.4 Kt lun
Qua cc trnh by phn trn v cc phng php th nghim,
chn on cht lng ca h thng cch in cp lc ta thy hin
nay k thut VLF ni ln nh l mt k thut thch hp vi cp lc c
chiu di ln. Nhng u im, nguyn l php o, phn tch kt qu
c trnh by trong tiu chun IEEE 400-2 (2013). Ngoi ra vic
kt hp VLF vi cc k thut chn on khc nh tang delta, PD l
mt phng php hiu qu nhm nh gi sm tnh trng cht
lng ca cch in cp lc.
CHNG 3: NGHIN CU CC PHNG PHP XC NH IM S
C CP LC NGM
3.1 Qui trnh xc nh im s c cp ngm trung th
Th tc xc nh im s c cp ngm c thc hin theo
trnh t sau:

Nhn din s c
Tch tuyn cp v thc hin ni t
Phn tch s c v o in tr cch in
nh v s b im s c
nh tuyn cp
nh v chnh xc im s c
Nhn dng cp
Sa cha s c
Th nghim v chn on sau khi sa cha
Thc hin ng in li tuyn cp

3.1.1 Phn tch d liu cp s c v o in tr cch in:

Ni chung, chng ta cn tp hp cc thng s cn thit hu ch ca h thng
cp lc mt cch chi tit v chnh si cp . Cc thng s chnh cn thit cho cng
vic chn on, tm v tr s c nh sau:

Kiu cp,loi v cch in?

Loi vt liu cch in PE, XLPE, EPR, PVC, PILC
Chiu di ca cp d nh kim tra
Trong h thng c im ni r nhnh no khng? Chng ta c bit c v tr

ni v chiu di ca chng khng?

Cp c b tr nh th no? Chn trc tip, t trong ng dn, t trong
khoanh kn, v khoanh ny c thit k ra sao? C phi cp t trong rnh
trnh tip xc vi lp t khng?...
Tt c nhng cu hi trn nn c tr li trc khi tin hnh cng vic d tm
s c cp. Trong khi trnh by ng dng cc phng php th nghim th cc nh
hng ca cc kha cnh khc cng c cp.
Phn tch s c:
Tin hnh kim tra tt c cc gi tr in tr (L1/N, L1/L2)
o in tr di ca cp/ Kim tra tnh lin mch ca cp
Nu nhn thy s c c in tr cao hoc t on, bc k tip l a in p
DC xc nh in p ni m c im s c ang thay i. i vi s c c in
tr cao, iu ny s lm cho cp tng thm tnh dn in mt in p no , hoc
trong s c t cp in p ph hy s b phng ni b h hng. in p ph hy ny
s c lu n bi v n s c yu cu nh l mt in p ti thiu cho cng tc
xc nh v tr cp s c tip theo khi s dng my pht xung thc hin phng
php t chy. Cng nh i vi SIM/MIM, ICM, phng php phn hy hoc l tm
im s c cui cng bng cch s dng phng php m thanh.
Cc s c ni chung c phn ra lm 2 loi chnh: s c c in tr thp v
in tr cao. Nh cp bn di, im khc nhau chnh l gia 100 v 200. L
thuyt da vo xung phn x s gii thch l do ny. Xung quanh gi tr ny, phn x
m s thay i ti mt v tr khng nhn thy c v xung TDR s qua m khng c
tn hiu phn x li.
3.1.2 Kiu s c cp:
S c gia li-li hoc li-v:
in tr thp (R<100-200 )
- Ngn mch

 in tr cao (R> 100-200 )

- t on, ngt (h)
- t cp
Cc khuyt tt lp v bo v pha ngoi (PVC, PE):
- S c i vi v bo v
Hu ht cc s c cp lc lin quan gia li v v. Thm vo , dng v p
thng xuyn i qua i qua ch im ni hoc lm cho im ny nng chy v chnh
y l nguyn nhn gy ra li b t. tnh ton khi no c s c, tin hnh kim tra
in tr cp. Bng cch s dng mt my o n gin, tnh thng mch s c nhn
bit. Cch d nht thc hin php th ny l my ct pha u kia ni t. S n
mn lp v bn ngoi cng c th lm tng in tr dy cp. iu ny c th hin
r trong kt qu ca TDR. in tr di ca cp khong 0.7/km l mt gi tr chp
nhn trong iu kin bnh thng.
Do tnh ring bit ca c trung tng s c, cc phng php chn on xc
nh v tr s c c la chn bi ngi vn hnh.
3.2 Cc phng php s dng hin nay
Phng php in p thp:
Phng php xung phn x TDR:

Cc s c c in tr thp
Xc nh chiu di cp
nh v s b cc v tr t
Pht hin cc im ni dc cp
Cc phng php in p cao:
Phng php a xung SIM/MIM
Phng php xung dng ICM
Phng php phn hy:
S c c in tr cao
S c khng lin tc/ph hy
Phng php cu:
Cc s c c in tr thp v cao
S c v bc cp c in tr thp v cao
S c li-li i vi cp khng bc
S c i vi cp kim tra v ng dy tn hiu
Cc s c gia li-v i vi cp ko bc

Bng tng hp cc phng php nh v im s c trong h thng cp lc:

Phng php
TDR

c tnh s c
-

S c in tr thp
Xc nh u cui cp, t cp v
im ni vi tr khng thay i

SIM/MIM 80-90% cc s c

in tr cao, s c khng lin tc

ICM ( Cp di)

in tr cao, s c khng lin tc

Phng php phn hy ( in p nh

S c khng lin tc

in tr cao, s c khng lin tc

in tr cao, thp, cp v bc

thng >32kV)
K thut t chy
Thay i c tnh ca s c (v d nh
hng ca nc xm nhp vo im ni)
Phng php cu

3.2.1 Phng php phn x min thi gian (TDR)

Phng php TDR c thit lp v s dng rng ri thu c cc thng tin
sau v s c cp nh sau:

Tng chiu di ca cp
V tr ca s c c in tr thp
V tr im cp t
V tr ca cc im ni dc theo cp
My phn x min thi gian truyn mt xung in p thp vo cp c th

nghim. Xung in p thp (max 160V) chy dc theo si cp v c phn x dng

pha cui cp hoc bt c im no ca cp b t. Ti im b ngn mch xung in
p thp ny b phn x m. My o thi gian gia cc ln nh xung v nhn xung v
ca xung in p thp ny. S thay i ca in khng trong cp v d c im ni s
c hin th th dng hnh S. Khong cch thu thp c hin th bng du nhy
xc nh cc v tr trong th.
So snh th TDR ca pha tt L1 v pha s c L2 vi s c ngn mch hoc
in tr thp, v tr im s c c ch ra mt cch r rng v tr m cc ng b

lch vi ng cn li. Vi mt phn gii cao ca TDR c th ch chnh xc im

m ti c ng b lch so vi cc ng cn li.
Kinh nghim thc t cho thy rng i khi tng chiu di cp khng th bit
mt cch chnh xc hoc cp bao gm nhiu loi khc nhau. Trong trng hp nh
vy h s v/2 l khng chc chn. Mt s c t cp tr nn kh xc nh v tr s c
hn i vi gin TDR.

Hnh: Gin kt qu TDR, so snh gia pha tt v pha s c

ng dng thc t ca vic xc nh v tr s c l thc hin nh v s b t
c 2 u cui (A, B). Khi o c 2 pha trng hp l tng l c 2 khong cch u
thm vo tng chiu di ca si cp. Do tc dng ca vn tc xung thc hin m im
dao ng c th nhn ra. im s c tht s v th nm gia nhng im ny. Ph
thuc vo cc d liu ca si cp vi vn tc xung khc nhau, im chnh xc c th
khng nm chnh gia cc im ny. D s c bng phng php m thanh phi
c tin hnh vi mt khong cch nht nh no .

Vi Z1: in tr ca cp n im s c.
Z2: in tr ca im s c
M u cui: Z2>>Z1 nn r=1,..cho xung phn x dng.
Ngn mch: Z2<<Z1 nn r=-1, cho xung phn x m.

3.2.2 Phng php xung th cp v a xung (SIM-MIM)

y l mt trong cc phng php u vit dng nh v s c cp ngm. Tt
c s c cp k c in tr cao, t on th khng th xc nh c bng phng

php TDR th u c p dng phng php a xung. Mt xung in p thp c

thc hin bi TDR khng phn x im s c, v tr khng im s c so vi tr
khng cch in l thp hn khng ng k.
Da vo thc t ny, MIM c h tr mt xung n in p cao c pht
bi my pht xung i. V th, c th thay i s c in tr cao tm thnh s c ngn
mch v v th c th s dng xung th cp TDR (SIM) hoc a xung th cp (MIM).
Xung TDR in p thp c nhn i vi in p cao u ra ca my pht xung.
Trong nhng nm gn y, phng php xung th cp c bit n nh l
mt phng php hiu qu nht. Vn a ra l, khi c s c c cc tnh cht phc
tp phi c xc nh. Nhng nh hng nh l nc t li ti im s c, du chy
trong cp c cch in bng du, ngay khi rt ngn thi gian phng in hoc lm
tr thi gian mi ca phng in. Tt c cc yu t ny u nh hng n thi gian
pht v nh ca xung th cp, xc nh chnh xc trong thi gian ngn l rt kh
khn. Ci t tr khi ng phi khc nhau v yu cu k nng ca ngi s dng
thnh tho. Phng php th v nhn yu cu c mt ng sut cao ln si cp bi
cc xung in p cao c to ra bi my pht xung v yu cu mi php o cn c s
phng in v v th cn xung HV.
MIM c bn l s pht trin ca SIM. Nhng u im ln nht ca MIM l c
khung thi gian gim st ln hn ch ra tnh trng s c ca mt s c trnh by
trc , cng nh trong v sau khi ht s c. V th, khng cn iu chnh thi gian
tr pht xung v khng cn th v nhn na.
u im ca SIM/MIM:
Xung c pht ra t TDR a vo cp lc v khng c phn x vi cc s
c c tr khng cao. V th s c mt xung phn x dng pha u xa ca cp lc
c to ra. Trong bc th 2, im s c c t chy bi mt xung n in p
cao hoc in p DC ca my pht xung v qu trnh x c xem nh l mt h
quang in ti ngay im s c. Chnh xc thi im din ra h quang ( tnh trng
ngn mch) v tip theo s c mt xung pht ra t TDR c a vo trong cp v s
cho phn x m im s c v lc ny tnh trng ca s c l in tr thp.

Hnh: S kt ni i vi SIM/MIM

Fig 5.5 th IRG 3000, SIM/MIM

Fig 5.6 th tip theo ca IRG 3000, hin th t ng o bng dy a xung

Graph 1: cha phng h quang.
Graph 2: cha phng h quang, tnh trng in tr thay i.
Graph 3,4: phng h quang ti im s c.
Graph 5: h quang dp tt.
th cho thy y l trng hp thnh cng ca MIM c kt qu i vi si
cp c im s c b t nc nguyn nhn do phng in t chy vi mt thi
gian tr v b dp tt ngay lp tc. Ch c phng php xung lin tip, mt khung thi
gian rng c th c gim st.
3.2.3 Phng php dng xung (ICM)
Cc phng php nh v s b s c cp lc cp trc y ch yu da vo
xung TDR, xung ny b nh hng bi kh nng hn ch (cn) ca tn hiu v chiu
di ca cp lc cng nh phn x ti cc im ni dc theo si cp. Vi cc nh
hng lm gim cht lng tn hiu c th do s n mn ca v bc cp hoc bt c
tc ng no nhng im ni cng gy ra nh hng ti in tr di ca cp. i

vi nhng cp di th cc nh hng ny lm cho tn hiu phn hi khng c truyn

ti my nhn xung v v th phng php khng th ng dng thnh cng.
S kt ni ICM

thc hin nh v s c cp lc trong nhng iu kin nh vy, phng

php xung dng c ng dng. Vn da vo my pht xung nh ra mt xung HV
phng in ti im s c. Qu trnh x l nguyn nhn gy ra mt sng dng in
qu chy dc v cp gia my pht xung v im phng in. Vic lp li khong
xung ph thuc vo khong cch ca s c.
Xung dng qu c rng ln v vy mc chnh xc ca phng php
ny l rt cao i vi cp di. i vi cp ngn cc xung qu b nh hng ln
nhau.

Fig 5.10: th o ca phng php dng xung

3.2.4 Phng php phn hy

Cc phng php trc SIM/MIM v ICM da vo my pht xung SSG. Tt c

cc s c vi in p ph hy ti a 32kV c th c nh v mt cch thnh cng.
ng dng trong nh v s c cp lc cao th ngay i vi cp c in p 66kV,
115kV, 132kV, 220kVni chung cng a mt in p phng ph hy di 32kV.
Kinh nghim cho thy, nhng cp ny vn hnh ti kh cao v nng lng ph hy
i vi cc s c cng kh cao, do s c c t chy ch kh nng. c
bit cp XLPE, v th phn ln cc s c cp XLPE c th c nh v bng in p
32kV.

Hnh 5.12 S kt ni phng php phn hy

Trong trng hp no c th nguyn nhn do s c vn gi nguyn nh l
mt s c t on vi mt in p ph hy cao hn in p nh mc ca my pht
xung. i vi nhng s c ny, phng php phn hy c ng dng. t ti
in p ph hy mt ngun DC hoc VLF c s dng nh l mt thit b c bn.

Hnh: Gin ca phng php phn hy

3.2.5 Cng ngh t chy

S c cp c in tr cao dn n khng c s thay i in tr hoc l thay

i rt nh ngay im s c. V th phng php phn x xung TDR l khng ph
hp i vi vic xc nh v tr i vi s c loi ny.
Trong nhiu nm vic s dng k thut t chy t c thnh cng trong
vic x l cc s c in tr cao i vi cp c cch in bc giy (PILC). t chy
in p cao i vi s c bng cch a vo (tn cng) bng mt dng in cao v t
chy vt liu cch in. Lin kt carbon s lm thay i s c tr thnh c in tr
thp v v th c th tin nh v c bng phng php phn x min thi gian IRG
theo phng php xung phn x TDR.
Ngy nay, vic t chy im s c ch cn thc hin ch yu vi cc cp c
cch in giy tm du. Ph thuc vo vt liu cch in ca cp, qu trnh t c th
b nh hng bi qu trnh t cch in (nng chy) hoc t tiu hy vt liu cch
in. Ngay c nc trong cc im ni cng c th gy nh hng ti phng php
t.

3.2.6 Phng php nh v chnh xc bng m thanh

i vi im s c c in tr cao v t on trong cp chon, phng php
m c s dng tm im s c mt cch chnh xc.
Nh mt ngun tn hiu, mt my pht xung c s dng trong ch xung
lp i lp li. Cc xung nng lng cao m c nh ra bi mt my pht xung (SSG)
pht mt xung in p chy dc theo cp. Ti im s c c hin tng phng in.
iu ny gy nguyn nhn gy ra tn hiu m thanh cao m c th nghe c. Ph
thuc vo nng lng xung, cng tn hiu m thanh khc nhau. Nhng m thanh
ny c pht hin b mt t bng cc micro, my nhn m v tai nghe. Khong
cch t im s c ti micro gn hn th bin ca m thanh phng in cao hn.
Ti im s c, mc m thanh phng in c pht hin l cao nht.

Hnh: Thit b nh v m thanh v S kt ni, hnh dng tn hiu m thanh trong

k thut nh v chnh xc im s c

Hnh: Tn hiu im s c v im s c in hnh i vi cp

lc 1 pha 11kV
3.2.7 Cc phng php cu o
Phng php cu o ngy nay vn cn s dng hiu qu c
bit i vi s c khng s dng c k thut TDR v d nh kiu
cp khng c lp v bc nh cp DC cp ngun cho ng ry hoc
mt s cp tn hiuHin nay cc phng php cu o ch yu da
vo nguyn l mch Wheatstone.

3.2.7.1 Nguyn l mch o Wheatstone

Cu c cn bng khi cc im a v b c cng chung mt in p. Trong
trng hp ny, galvanometer ch khng. Cc im a v b l cng chung in p khi
iu kin sau y tha mn:
R1/R3=R2/R4 nn R4=(R2/R1)xR3
Nu R4 l mt in tr cha bit th c th tnh ton R4 nh cng thc trn.

3.2.7.2 Cu o Murray
Mch o cu Murray c ng dng da trn s sp xp, bn cnh li b s c
th c mt li khc tt v c cng ng knh v c cng vt liu ch to. Mch vng
m rng bao gm 2 dy, 1 dy pha trc v 1 pha sau cng nh c thm 1 in tr

c to ra thng qua cu ni on cui. V th, cu ni gia cc li ng vai tr

nh mt phn ca mch o v chng phi c gi tr gn nh 0 .

Mc chnh xc ca cu ph thuc vo cc yu t sau:

Dng ca cu o.
in tr ca vng cp.
Mc kt hp i vi vic truyn nng lng ca tr khng trong ca
ganagomet ti in tr cu o.
nhy ca in k.
Mc tuyn tnh ca my o in p.
3.2.7.3 Cu o Glaser
Cu o theo Glaser c th c s dng i vi xc nh v tr s c v bc
nha ca cp v cc cc cp in p thp khng bc v bng nha. Phng php ny
yu cu phi c vn hnh thong qua 2 dy ph c cng tit din v vt liu.

S khc nhau c so snh vi phng php Murray l, phng php ny c

ng dn pha trc c xc nh thng qua 2 dy ph c b nhau. Mch ngoi
hiu qu cn li ch l lp v bn ngoi. V v lun c ng knh khc vi li, nn
vic b ny l hu dng. Hai li ph khng cn thit phi c nhn bit r rang qua
2 li trong cp 3 li, nhng m 2 li ca cp n th phi dung. Cng nh iu ny,
cc s c i vi v c th c xc nh.
Khong cch ti im s c c th c xc nh trong mi tng quan vi
chiu di tng th ca cp.

Phng thc kt ni theo s Glaser vi 2 dy ph v 1 dy c mt ct ngang

khng i.
Khong cch cui si cp n im s c l:

3.3 Cc trng hp xc nh in hnh trong thi gian gn

y
3.3.1 S c cp ngm 22kV 3 pha in lc Kon Tum
Loi cp: 3 pha li nhm
Chiu di:
Dng s c: ngn mch gy t li cp

 V tr s c: cch tr
Phn tch nguyn nhn:
3.3.2 S c cp ngm 22kV 3 pha in lc Hi An

Loi cp:
Chiu di:
Dng s c:
V tr s c:
Phn tch nguyn nhn:

3.3.3 S c cp ngm 22kV 1 pha NM Knh ni Chu Lai

Loi cp: 1 pha, li Cu

Chiu di: 1000m
Dng s c: chm t in tr thp
V tr s c: cch tr nh my khong 635m

Phn tch nguyn nhn:

Si cp pha B t trong ng st khi i qua on ng nha
vo nh my. Trong qu trnh o xc nh im s c, mc
nhit mi trng xung quanh l kh cao (xp x 60 0C). Tuyn
cp t trong ng ng st kh nng tn nhit rt thp cng vi
nhit mi trng xung quanh cao c th l nguyn nhn gy
ra s c (Cp XLPE kh nng chu c nhit khong 900C).

CHNG 4: NH GI THC T CNG TC TH NGHIM THC T

HIN NAY MT S KIN NGH LIN QUAN N LP T, VN HNH
V BO DNG CP LC NGM
4.1 nh gi chung
Qua cc phn tch cc phn trn, hin nay c kh nhiu cc
phng php nh gi, th nghim cp lc trc khi a vo vn
hnh cng nh trong th nghim nh k, bo dng. Cho n thi
im ny mt s n v vn cn s dng th nghim DC nh m mt
phng php ph thng trong vic th nghim nh k hng nm i
vi cp qua thi gian vn hnh v b gi ha cch in. Vn
ny v tnh lm cho h thng cch in ca cp lc ngy cng b lo
ha nng thm v nguy c b s c cng ln. Qua , i vi h
thng cp cn th nghim trc khi a vo vn hnh, chng ti
khuyn nn hn ch s dng phng php DC v th nghim nh
k, bo dng i vi h thng cp qua thi gian vn hnh trn 5
nm th khng c th nghim DC.
Cng tc th nghim h thng cp lc hin nay nn thc hin
bng k thut VLF hoc DAC cng vi cc k thut chn on
chuyn su nh PD v Tan Delta nhm c nhng d liu nh gi
chnh xc tnh trng cht lng ca h thng cch in cp lc
hin ti v nhm mc ch theo di xu hng trong tng lai.
4.2 La chn cp lc theo mi trng lp t
S la chn cp lc theo mi trng lp t tc l chn vt liu
cch in ca cp ph hp vi mi trng ni m n c s dng
m bo cht lng cao nht. Nh trnh by phn u, cc
loi cch in hin nay gm c PVC, EPR, XLPE, TRXLPE, SCFF v
PPL, c tnh ca cc loi cch in ny c th hin trong bng
sau:
M t c tnh

Cch in

in p nh mc Um (kV)
Tan @900C, U0
Hng s in mi ( )
Nhit tr sut (K.m/W)
Cng in trng in
hnh (kV/mm)
Kh nng chu cng xung
Nhit vn hnh cho php
0

PVC
1
--3,54
66,25
1,53,5
--70

EPR
XLPE SCFF PPL
170
1000 1000 1000
0,005 0,000 0,002 0,00
1
4
07
2,7
2,5
3,5
2,6
4,5
3,5
5,0
5,0
6-7

9-11

13-30

2530

70
90

80
90

95
90

95
90

Giy tm du c p lc (SCFF) v Giy tm du polyethylene

(PPL) c c tnh k thut vt tri. Tuy nhin, vic ch to
v vn hnh loi cp ny c gi thnh rt cao. Do vy, ngi ta
ch s dng loi cp ny vi cng xut truyn ti rt ln, cc
loi cp trung h th v cao th rt t s dng.
PVC: Loi cch in ny c nhit in tr cao v kh nng
cch in thp, cng nh nhit lm vic cho php ca cp
thp. Tuy nhin n c gi thnh sn xut thp v c kh nng
lm vic mi trng nc v rt chm b lo ha khi tip
xc trc tip vi nh sng mt tri.Do , loi cp ny vn
c s dng ph bin vi cc loi dy v cp in h th.
EPR: Vi b quyt pha trn cc loi nha ca cc nh sn xut,
loi cp ny rt mn do v chu c mi trng nc. Tuy
nhin, n c nhc im l nhit in tr cao v vy dng in
lu di cho php thp hn nhiu so vi cp XLPE. Do , loi
cp ny ch ph hp khi lm vic trong mi trng ngp nc.
XLPE: Loi ny c kh nng chu cng in p cao, nhit
in tr thp, tn tht in mi thp nn c s dng rng
ri. Nhng nhc im chnh ca loi ny l kh nng chu
nc km v d lo ha khi tip xc trc tip vi nh sng mt
tri.
4.3 Cng tc qun l thi cng

Cng tc qun l thi cng bao gm 2 phn l: thi cng lp

t h thng cp ngm v k thut tay ngh cng nhn.
Thi cng lp t: i vi cc thnh ph nh, s lng
cp ngm v cc cng trnh ngm t, cn tr cng trng
tng i khng ng k. Nhng mt khi mt h
thng ngm dy ln thm vo l cc yu cu c bit
khi cng tc nh yu cu tr ngay hin trng trong
ngy, khng cho php t ro chnth vn tr ngi
khi thi cng l khng trnh khi. gii quyt vn ny
cn chun b cc phng n thi cng kiu mu gii
quyt.
K thut tay ngh cng nhn: k thut ca cng nhn
trong vic lp t, u nil rt quan trng. N quyt
nh n hn 60% cht lng thi cng v phn cn li l
qui trnh, hng dn qun l cht lng i vi h thng
cp lc ngm. Trong k thut thi cng, u ni mt
thong mt tp trung cng c th dn n vic nhim
m, ncvo cch in ca cp v l nguyn nhn
sinh ra cy nc, cy in trong tng lai gn v dn n
s c.
KT LUN