www.tnu.edu.vn - sites - quynhntt - K thut o lng 1a - Tài liệu tham khảo - chapter 3SV PDF

Chng 3
o dng in v in p
Chng 3: o dng in v in p
3.1. Nhng yu t c bn khi o dng v

p
3.2. o dng in bng cc loi ammeter
3.3. o in p bng cc loi voltmeter
3.4. Voltmeter ch th s
3.1. Nhng yu t c bn khi o dng v p

Cc phng php o dng in ph bin gm:
-Phng php o trc tip: dng cc dng c o dng
in nh ampemt,mili ampemt, micr ampemt ...
o dng v trc tip c kt qu trn thang chia ca
dng c o.
-Phng php o gin tip: c th dng vnmt o in
p ri trn mt in tr mu (mc trong mch c dng
in cn o chy qua ); thng qua phng php tnh
ton ta s c dng in cn o.
-Phng php so snh: o dng in bng cch so snh
dng in cn o vi dng in mu, chnh xc; trng
thi cn bng ca dng cn o v dng mu s c
c kt qu trn mu.
C th so snh trc tip v so snh gin tip
3
3.1.1 Cc yu cu c bn
a)Cng sut tiu th:
Khi o dng in ampemt c mc ni tip vi cc mch
cn o. Nh vy ampemt s tiu th mt phn nng lng
ca mch o t gy sai s phng php o dng. Phn
nng lng ny cn c gi l cng sut tiu th ca
ampemt PA, n c tnh:
PA= I2A.RA
IA l dng in qua ampemt (c th xem l dng in cn
o)
RA l in tr trong ca ampemt.
Trong php o dng in yu cu cng sut tiu th PA cng
nh cng tt, tc l yu cu RA cng nh cng tt.
4
b) Di tn hot ng:
khi o dng in xoay chiu, tng tr ca ampemt cn
chu nh hng ca tn s.
m bo cp chnh xc ca dng c o, dng c o xoay
chiu phi c thit k ch o cc min tn s s
dng nht nh (di tn nht nh). Nu dng dng c o
dng min tn s khc min tn s thit k s gy ra sai
s do tn s
A
Rt
3.1.2 Yu cu v in tr khi o in bng ampemet

in tr Ampemt s nh hng n kt qu o nh sau:
Gi s ph ti c in tr l Rt, trc khi mc A vo mch th dng

in c tnh:
U
Rt
Khi mc A ni tip vo mch, do nh hng ca in tr A, dng

in c tnh:
U
IA
Rt RA
Vi IA l dng in ch bi Ampemt, RA l in tr ca Ampemt,
Rt l in tr ti. Sai s ph trong qu trnh o lng s c tnh:
I IA
RA
RA
p
I
Rt RA Rt
v RA Rt
6
Ta thy sai s do A gy ra i vi mch ti cng nh nu in tr

ca Ampemt cng nh so vi in tr ti. V th yu cu i vi
Ampemt o dng in l in tr ca Ampemt cng nh cng tt.
Vi mt ph ti c in tr l Rt, cp chnh xc ca Ampemt s
dng l (hoc chnh xc yu cu ca mch ly tn hiu dng l
) th in tr ca Ampemt phi m bo iu kin sao cho :
P , hay ta c RA Rt
(3-1)
Nu khng m bo iu kin trn, sai s ph gy ra s ln hn sai
s yu cu, lc ta phi s dng cng thc hiu chnh:
RA
I A (1 p )
I I A 1
Rt
Trong trng hp in tr trong ca ngun cung cp ng k so vi

in tr ti, th Rt c tnh l in tr ti cng thm vi in tr
ngun.
7
3.2. o dng in bng cc loi ampemet

3.2.1 Cc ampemt mt chiu
a)Cc c tnh c bn:
- cc ampemt mt chiu c ch to ch yu da trn c cu
ch th t in vi cc c tnh c bn sau:
- Khung dy: qun bng dy ng kch thc nh (0,02 0,04 mm)
- Dng in chy qua khung dy thng thng 20mA
-Cp chnh xc:1,5;1;0,5;0,2; cao nht c th t ti cp 0,05.
- in tr c cu: khong t 20 2000.
V vy mun s dng c cu ny ch to cc dng c o dng
in ln hn dng qua c cu ch th, phi dng thm mt in
tr shunt (in tr shunt c ch to bng hp kim ca magan c n
nh cao so vi nhit ) phn nhnh ni song song vi c cu ch th
t in
8
Ta gi I l dng in cn o,
I0 l dng in chy qua c cu
Is l dng chy qua in tr shun Rs
Rm in tr ca c cu o
Ta c: I = Im + Is hay:
I m Rs
R
Is m Im
I s Rm
Rs
Rm
I I m 1
ImK I ;
Rs
Im
Is
Rm
Rs
K I : H s phn dng
Khi bit Rm, dng in nh mc lch ton thang o I m, dng cn o I, ta

c th tnh c:
KI
I
Rm
Rs
Im
KI 1
Im
C th tnh nh sau:
I m Rm I m Rm
RS
Is
I Im
Is
Rm
Rs
10
+ Mt Ampemt 1 chiu c th c nhiu gii hn o, thay i gii hn

o bng cch thay i gi tr R s.
Cn ch rng trn Shunt c cp chnh xc, c ghi gi tr dng nh
mc, gi tr in tr v thng phn thnh cc cc dng v cc p ring
nh hnh
Cc p
Cc dng
11
oi vi ampe-ke co nhieu tam o th dung nhieu ien tr shunt, moi

tam o co mot ien tr shunt, khi chuyen tam o la chuyen ien tr
shunt
Mach o dong co nhieu tam o
12
Mach o kieu shunt Ayrton co 3 tam o B, C, D. Khi khoa A v tr B

(tam o nho nhat).
ien tr shunt: RSB = R1+ R2+ R3
v tr C: RSC =R1+ R2
Con R3 noi tiep vi c cau ch th.
v tr D: RSD = R1
Con R2+ R3 noi tiep vi c cau ch th.
Mach shunt Ayrton
13
Im
V d: Rm =1k; Imax ca c cu
50A. Xc nh 4 tm o:
A (1mA); B (10mA); C(100mA)
D(1000mA) cho R1, R2, R3, R4
R1
I
R2
Rm
R3
R4
Is
SV thay s t tnh
p n:
R1 =RD =0.0526; R2 = 0.5237; R3 = 4.7368; R4 = 47.3684
gi cho cp chnh xc ca ampemt t in khng thay i
cc gii hn o khc nhau, phi ch to shunt vi chnh xc cao
hn chnh xc ca c cu t in t nht l mt cp.
V d c cu t in c cp chnh xc 0,5 th sun phi c cp chnh
xc 0,2.
14
M rong tam o cho c cau ien t: thay oi so vong day quan cho
cuon day co nh vi lc t ong F khong oi:
F=n1I1=n2I2=n3I3=...
V du: F = 300 Ampe vong cho ba tam o; I1 = 1A; I2 = 5A; I3 = 10A.
Khi o n1 = 300 vong cho tam o I1 = 1A
n2 = 60 vong cho tam o I2 = 5A
n3 = 30 vong cho tam o I3 = 10A.
M rong tam o cho c cau ien ong: Trong trng hp ampe-ke
dung c cau ch th ien ong (sat ien ong) c mac nh hnh
2.15 th s m rong tam o bang cach mac ien tr shunt song song
vi cuon day di ong (nh c cau t ien) trong khi cuon co nh c
mac noi tiep vi cuon day di ong. Cach tnh toan ien tr shunt
cung giong nh ampe-ke c cau t ien.
15
cun dy tnh
cun dy ng
Hnh 2.7 C cu ch th in ng
16
3.2.2. Cc ampemet o dng in xoay chiu

a. Ampemet chnh lu
Cc mch chnh lu thng gp trong cc ampemt chnh lu:
17
- Tr trung bnh ca dng in chnh lu:

+ Ampemet chnh lu mt
na chu k:
T
I cltb
1
icl dt I max
T 0
V d: Dng in AC: iAC = Imsint. Khi :
id I m sin t : 0 t ; id 0 : t T
2
icltb 0.318I m 0.318 2I hd

18
+ Ampemet chnh lu hai na chu k:

V d:
Icltb
iAC =Im sin t

= 2 0,318Im
= 0,636Im
Cu chnh lu
- thng nht s dng, ngi ta quy c khc

vch cc dng chnh lu theo cc gi tr hiu dng.
- Nu dng AC c dng tn s bt k th Icltb ph
thuc vo dng tn s ca tn hiu, php o s phm
thm sai s v hnh dng, ta phi xc nh hiu
chnh.
19
20
b. Ampemet in ng
Thng c s dng o dng in tn s 50Hz v
cao hn (400 3000Hz) vi chnh xc kh cao (cp 0,5
0,2)
21
c. Ampemet in t
L dng c o dng in da trn c cu ch th in t.
Mi c cu in t c ch to vi s ampe vng xc
nh (I.W l mt hng s)
chnh xc thp, nhng bn chc, d s dng v r tin
nn c dng rng ri hn trong cng nghip.
22
d. Ampemet nhit in
L dng c kt hp gia ch th t in v cp nhit in.
Nh vy kt qu hin th trn milivon k t

l vi dng cn o
Ampemet nhit in c sai ln do tiu hao cng sut, kh
nng chu qu ti km nhng c th o di tn rt rng t
mt chiu ti hng MHz.
23
e. M rng thang o
- Phng php chia nh cun dy:
24
- Phng php dng bin dng in:
I1W1 I2W2 Hay I1/I2 = W2/W1 = KI

KI :h s my bin dng VD: My bin dng : 100/5;200/5;300/ 5..
25
- Phng php dng in tr Shunt:

Diode mc ni tip vi c cu o t in, do dng in
chnh lu qua c cu o, dng in qua Rs l dng AC.
26
Bi tp:
27
28
Kp o dng in
(clamp ammeter)
29
30

Dng c dng o in p gi l Vn k hay Vn mt
(voltmeter)
Khi o in p bng voltmeter th voltmeter lun c mc song
song vi on mch cn o.
Sai s ph trong qu trnh o lng c tnh:
Ut Uv
R0
R0
p
Ut
R0 Rv Rv
E.Rt
Ut
Rt Rn
U t Rv
Uv
R0 Rv
Rt Rn
R0
Rt Rn
31
in tr ca voltmeter phi m bo iu kin:
R0
Rv ;
Nu khng m iu kin trn, sai s

ph do volmet gy ra ln hn sai s
ca bn thn c cu ch th v ta phi
dng cng thc hiu chnh.
o in p ca mt phn
t no ngi ta mc
vnmeter nh hnh:
32
3.3.1. Voltmeter t in
Voltmeter t in c cu to t c cu o t in bng cch
mc ni tip mt in tr ln cng vi in tr ca c cu o.
Gi tr ca in tr ni tip c gi tr ln m bo ch mc
dng chp nhn c chy qua c cu o, c dng:
-o in p mt chiu: c nhy cao, cho php dng nh i
qua.
-o in p xoay chiu: trong mch xoay chiu khi s dng
km vi b chnh lu, ch n hnh dng tn hiu
33
3.3.2. Voltmeter in t
- Voltmeter in t ng dng c cu ch th in t o in
p. c dng o in p xoay chiu tn s cng
nghip.
-V yu cu in tr trong ca Voltmeter ln nn dng in
chy trong cun dy nh, s lng vng dy qun trn cun
tnh rt ln, c 1000 n 6000 vng.
-Khi o mch xoay
chiu s xut hin
dng in cm ng
sinh ra bi tn s ca
dng in, nh hng
n tr s trn thang
o.
Khc phc bng cch mc song song vi cun dy mt t b
34
3.3.3. Voltmeter in ng
Vnmt in ng c cu to phn ng ging nh trong

ampemt in ng,cn s lng vng dy phn tnh nhiu
hn so vi phn tnh ca ampemt v tit din dy phn tnh
nh v vnmt yu cu in tr trong ln.
Trong vnmt in ng, cun dy ng v cun dy tnh
lun mc ni tip nhau, tc l:
U
I1 I 2 I
ZV
Khi o in p c tn s qu cao, c sai s ph do tn s,

nn phi b tr thm t b cho cc cun dy tnh v ng.
35
3.3.4. M rng gii hn o

a. Phng php dng in tr ph
36
Cch m rng thang o
37
C th ch to vnmt in ng nhiu thang o bng cch thay i cch

mc song song hoc ni tip hai on cun dy tnh v ni tip cc in
tr ph. V d s vnmt in ng c hai thang o nh sau:
trong : A1, A2 l hai phn ca cun dy tnh. B cun dy ng.

Trong vnmt ny cun dy tnh v ng lun lun ni tip vi
nhau v ni tip vi cc in tr ph RP.
B i ni K lm nhim v thay i gii hn o:
Cc t in C to mch b tn s cho vnmt.
38
b. Phng php dng bin in p
39
3.4. Voltmeter ch th s
3.4.1. Voltmeter s chuyn i thi gian
40
41
3.4.2. Voltmeter s chuyn i tn s
42
43
44
Voltmeter s chuyn i trc tip kiu ty ng
45
46
47
3.5. o dng in v in p
bng phng php so snh
Sinh vin t hc
48
* ng h o a nng
49
S dng ng h o a nng d tm h hng
50
51
52
53
54
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Chng 3

3.1. Nhng yu t c bn khi o dng v

3.1. Nhng yu t c bn khi o dng v p

3.1.2 Yu cu v in tr khi o in bng ampemet

Gi s ph ti c in tr l Rt, trc khi mc A vo mch th dng

Khi mc A ni tip vo mch, do nh hng ca in tr A, dng

Ta thy sai s do A gy ra i vi mch ti cng nh nu in tr

Trong trng hp in tr trong ca ngun cung cp ng k so vi

3.2. o dng in bng cc loi ampemet

Khi bit Rm, dng in nh mc lch ton thang o I m, dng cn o I, ta

+ Mt Ampemt 1 chiu c th c nhiu gii hn o, thay i gii hn

oi vi ampe-ke co nhieu tam o th dung nhieu ien tr shunt, moi

Mach o dong co nhieu tam o

Mach o kieu shunt Ayrton co 3 tam o B, C, D. Khi khoa A v tr B

Mach shunt Ayrton

3.2.2. Cc ampemet o dng in xoay chiu

Cc mch chnh lu thng gp trong cc ampemt chnh lu:

- Tr trung bnh ca dng in chnh lu:

V d: Dng in AC: iAC = Imsint. Khi :

icltb 0.318I m 0.318 2I hd

+ Ampemet chnh lu hai na chu k:

iAC =Im sin t

- thng nht s dng, ngi ta quy c khc

Nh vy kt qu hin th trn milivon k t

- Phng php dng bin dng in:

I1W1 I2W2 Hay I1/I2 = W2/W1 = KI

- Phng php dng in tr Shunt:

3.3. o in p bng cc loi voltmeter

3.3. o in p bng cc loi voltmeter

in tr ca voltmeter phi m bo iu kin:

Nu khng m iu kin trn, sai s

Vnmt in ng c cu to phn ng ging nh trong

Khi o in p c tn s qu cao, c sai s ph do tn s,

3.3.4. M rng gii hn o

Cch m rng thang o

C th ch to vnmt in ng nhiu thang o bng cch thay i cch

trong : A1, A2 l hai phn ca cun dy tnh. B cun dy ng.

b. Phng php dng bin in p

3.4.2. Voltmeter s chuyn i tn s

Voltmeter s chuyn i trc tip kiu ty ng

S dng ng h o a nng d tm h hng

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