MASTER BEDROOM REMOTE CONTROL SYSTEM NURLIYANA BINTI ABDUL AZIZ This report Is Submitted In Partial Fulfillment Of Requirement For The Degree Of Bachelor In Electrical Engineering (Power Electronics and Drives) Fakulti Kejuruteraan Elektrik Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka May 2007ABSTRACT Asa result of scientific and technological advancement, more and more products were designed to make the world a better place to live. In this project, entitle, “Master Bedroom Remote Control System”, a system that can control the switch of typical electrical appliances in the master bedroom is designed. The remote control system designed is able to complement the manually operated switches. This system consists of two main parts; being the transmitter & receiver and the switching mechanism. The transmitter and the receiver used in this design operate at 27.9 MHz frequencies. The switching device used for this project comprise of solid-state relays and 8052 microcontroller. This design is meant to be an improvement of a previously designed circuit. The introduction of a microcontroller in the circuit allow a more flexible and varied controlling mechanism be implemented. The program to operate the microcontroller was also written. The circuit was found to be functioning. However, the integration of the microcontroller to facilitate smooth control required further development.vi ABSTRAK Hasil daripada kemajuan sains dan teknologi, kini semakin banyak produk dihasilkan untuk melengkapkan lagi kehidupan kita. Dalam projek ini yang bertajuk, “Sistem Kawalan di Bilik Tidur Utama”, satu sistem yang berkemampuan untuk mengawal kebanyakan peralatan elektrik di dalam bilik tidur utama telah dicipta. Sistem alat kawalan jauh yang direka mampu menjadi sebagai pelengkap kepada suis kendalian manual yang sedia ada. Sistem ini mengandungi dua bahagian penting iaitu penghantar & penerima serta mekanisma pensuisan. Penghantar dan penerima yang digunakan di dalam sistem ini beroperasi pada frekuensi 27.9MHz. Alatan pensuisan yang digunakan di dalam projek ini terdiri daripada geganti jenis “solid-state” dan mikropengawal 8052. Rekaan ini adalah bertujuan sebagai pembaharuan daripada litar yang telah direka sebelum ini. Pengenalan kepada mikropengawal di dalam litar membolehkan kawalan yang fleksibel dan pelbagai dapat diimplemenkan. Program bagi membolehkan mikropengawal berfungsi juga dihasilkan. Litar ini didapati berfungsi dengan baik. Namun, penggabungan dengan mikropengawal bagi melicinkan proses kawalan memerlukan kajian yang lebih mendalam.CHAPTERI INTRODUCTION 1.1 Introduction Nowadays the use of manual switches is common to start (on) and stop (oft) the electrical appliances in the house. In the advancement of the automation technology today, there are many control system that had use a microcontroller or a microprocessor as an application for an embedded system to execute the control process. To make the control process simpler, there is few control system that can be apply from a distance. A few of the examples are by using wireless, broadband, InfraRed and telephone line. A safety features is quite important in order to make the remote control device perfect. The “Master Bedroom Remote Control System” project is actually a continuation of a previous Bachelor Degree Project. In this project a few adjustment will have be made to the previous project in order to improve this system so that it can be commercialized. The adjustments that were made are the introduction of a microcontroller and the adjustment of the original relay circuit. The scope of this project can be expanded to a bigger area, but in this project the highlight will be for the master bedroom only.12 Project Objectives The main objectives of this project are:~ 1) To design a remote control system that integrate with a microcontroller in the circuit and able to complement the manually operated switches 2) To apply the remote control system for controlling electrical circuit in master bedroom 3) To test and commission the remote control system 4) To design a remote control set that is appropriate and can be commercialized in the future. 1.3 Project Scope This project is a continuation from the previous project that had been done. By referring to this previous project, problems that had occurred were recognized and solutions are proposed to overcome these problems. Additional items were also added to the project to improve it and making it more interesting. This project is also design to suit the commercialize need so that it can hit the market. In this project the type of microcontroller that was used is the 8052 microcontroller.1.4 Problem Statement Living in this new science and technology era, more and more products were design to meet the user demand on high standard living life quality. Even though there are lots of things that were introduced, we still use a manually operated switch to control all the electrical appliances in our house. This can be uncomfortable to the user as they had to get up and operate the electrical appliances manually. This problem however can be solved by using a single remote control to control all the electrical appliances with just a button. The user can choose either to operate the electrical appliances using a remote control or using a manual switch. For this purpose and for commercial purpose, a standard system for this kind of remote control will also have to be design so that almost everyone can choose either to use this system in their house or to use a manually operated switch. This project is actually based on previous Bachelor Degree Project (PSM). During the previous time this project was conducted, a switching problem had occurred. There isn’t any latch used in the circuit, thus making the lamp turns off after the remote button is released. Therefore, in this project all the problems were identified and a new design will be proposed to overcome these problems. Other than that, to compete with the development of the market today, a microcontroller was introduced as a part of the switching device in this system. The remote control set which is consisting of the transmitter and the receiver will also be redesign so that it can be commercialized. Both the transmitter and the receiver will also have to be very reliable to the user.1.5 Project Methodology The project methodology is the most important planning agent in deciding the destination of project. There are a few methods that can be practically implemented to solve the arising problems in the project making process. Below are listed a few of the methodology that were used in this project. 1.5.1 Project Planning Before starting a project, an adequate planning must be made with respect to the aspect such as the ability, the cost and the most important thing is the target. The project planning was highlighted as it is important to make sure that the project will work well without any difficulty. Without any plans, a project will not work well and will face a lot of problems. The first part is the most important part in the project methodology because the project results will depend on the planning that had been made. 1.5.2 Literature and Development A study on the project is important to make sure that it can reach a good level of understanding regarding the topic so that it will reach the targeted objectives. Furthermore, a research on the tools and the components needed in the project is important. The role and the functionality of the tools and the components must be understood including the software needed, structure model, control circuit and many more. With all the understanding of these things, the integration between the hardware and the software can be made successfully and project can be totally implemented.1.53 Designing The designing process can only be done after figuring all the importance and the need of the project. This process can be divided into two main parts which are the hardware and the software. This process is very important as it will results that the prototype that will be built is according to the project objectives and the early planning. 1.5.4 Hardware and Software Integration The integration part is the part where the prototype of the project will be built. This part can only be done after the designing part is finish. At this level the software for the microcontroller will be conducted by using a simulation and then written into the ic and tested with the transmitter, receiver and relay circuit. The software should be able to show the output based on the software that had been written in the ic. 1.5.5. Testing and Commissioning The last part of the methodology is the testing of the whole prototype. This part will be done only after all the development process had finished. Through this process the effectiveness of the integration of the hardware and the software will be proven through the output display.1.6 Project Planning (Gantt Chart) Table 1.1: Gantt chart for “Master Bedroom Remote Control System” Project PROJECT PLANNING 2006 2007 Project’s Activities J} J}A;S/O}N/D/J|F/M/A]M Project Title Proposal x Literature Review and Analysis X|X Project Proposal Paperwork x Designing Hardware - Transmitter = Receiver - Relay Control Circuit x|x|x - Electrical Wiring Designing Software - Microcontroller First Presentation x Project Progress Report x[xPROJECT PLANNING 2006 2007 Project's Acti s|s/A}s|o|Nip|s}F]/Mjalm Identification and Preparing Component for - Transmitter - Receiver - Relay Control Circuit - Electrical Wiring Installation and Electrical Assembly for - Transmitter - Receiver - Relay Control Circuit - Electrical Wiring Integration of Hardware and Software Program Testing and Commissioning of - Transmitter - Receiver x|x]x]|x - Relay Control Circuit = Electrical Wiring Troubleshooting of Hardware and Software Final Presentation X|X/X Final Project Report x |x] xCHAPTER I LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Introduction This chapter will focus more on the explanations of the components that are in the project. The literature review is done so that a further and deeper understanding of the project can be gained. It is also as a main references and guidance for this “Master Bedroom Remote Control System” project. ‘Through the research that had been done through the internet, there are already a few products in the market that had already implemented the knowledge of controlling appliances, Iamps and even home security system by using a remote controller. The usage of X10 [12] in home is one of the example of the product that already in the market nowadays. Other related product that can be used as a references is “Integrated Lighting Control System” [13]. This system used an infrared control which was combined with the X/0 Control and interfaced by using a computer. Both of the product use the application of the microcontroller. However, the difference that can be seen from the project “Master Bedroom Remote Control System” is that in this project; the type of remote control that used is a radio frequency remote control which had more advantages from the infrared remote control.Figure 2.1: Smart Home by Using X10 Products There are many types of remote control, but the early “wireless” remote control was using ultrasonic frequencies in the 35 to 45 kHz range [1]. A few of this old version would generate 10 to 15 control pulses that could be decoded for more logic control functions [1.] A study had been made on these few topics so that a firm basic knowledge about the functionality of the system can be obtained. The topics are:~ 1) Basic remote control system 2) Wireless remote control system 3) Radio frequency (RF) remote control system 4) Infrared remote control system 5) Transmitter 6) Radio frequency control10 2.2 Basic Remote Control System Remote control device is actually a device that can control appliance/things from acertain limited distance that has been set up earlier. There are a few basic principle of a remote control system that can be classified and divided as: Transmitter — sending signals to the receiver ii. _ Receiver — consist of an antenna and a circuit board that receive signals from the transmitter. iii. _ Power Source — to supply power to the transmitter and receiver to operate. There are two types of remote control system which are using either infrared detector or a radio signal detector. Infrared are used widely as a television remote control or an air-conditioning remote control while radio frequency are used widely as car alarm, garage gate controller or radio controlled toys. By using a radio frequency at a radio station, licenses need to be applied. However, for a simple remote control system i.e. garage gate controller, car alarm system, radio control toys and etc. no license are required to operate it. There are also another type of remote control system that used an ultrasonic sound wave but it is commonly not used anymore.2.3 Wireless Remote Control System Garage door remote control and car alarm are almost on the same basis. Most of it will use a transmitter and a receiver to send the signal using the radio frequency. The standard frequeney is at 400MHz, but it can be change widely according to the involved unit. This frequency is mentioned below Part 15 in FCC Rules where a low power is allowed to be used at a radio system without a license. A special digital coded system is used to differentiate one system with another. It uses a binary type code as a medium to differentiate the system. If accidentally a code is set same on two different systems at a same frequency, both of the system will operate at the same time. This code operation is quite simple. A digital circuit in the transmitter build a series patent for a binary number where it will then be sent by the transmitter repeatedly to the receiver. The receiver then will change the binary patent number that is received earlier. When the decoder detect and accept the same pattern as been set by the user, it will send a control signal to the equipment that is controlled.12 2.4 Radio Frequency (RF) Remote Control System The remote controls that are used in this project are more advanced than a garage door remote control system. Other than a switching medium, it will have to control a few movements such as turning the vehicle steering at the remote control car, or at the air aeroplane model to navigate. For this type of remote control, the information received from the joysticks is turned into series type in digital pulses. This system can be as simple as changing the period to pulses or as hard as sending numerical degree values to control through the binary number. The information gathered from all channel are combined into a repeated data flow which is then sent to the remote control device through the radio. At the other part, the receiver receive the signal and then changeover the data received into original data flow. This data flow then is inserted into decoder circuit which will be distributed into many channels. It then will change again the data position to be sent to the motor in order to start the actual mechanical control to the model.2.5 Infrared Remote Control System Infrared remote control system basically functioning using the same method as the radio frequency remote control, but in this system signals are not sent as radio wave but sent through the infrared vibration. The infrared light is actually a red part on the spectrum which can’t be seen using ordinary human eyes. In order to make sure that this device didn’t interfere with one another; a set of codes are designed and implemented to identify types and model of the television or stereo that is controlled. Thus it can avoid the television remote control system from activating the stereo system. There are a big difference between the infrared remote control and the radio remote control system. Infrared used light, therefore it needs a straight path without any blocking in order to function. However, light can be reflected at walls and if the phase are accurate it still can be received by the receiver.14 2.6 Transmitter The transmitter will sends a signal over a frequency to the receiver. The transmitter has a power source, which is usually a 9 volt battery that provides the power for the controls and the transmission of the signal. The key difference between radio controlled and remote controlled is that remote controlled have a wire to connect while radio control is wireless. Most of the remote control toys will work at either 27 MHz or 49 MHz. This pair of frequencies has been allocated by the FCC for basic consumer items such as garage door openers, walkie-talkie and remote control toys. Advanced remote controlled model, such as the more sophisticated remote control airplanes, use 72 MHz or 75 MHz frequencies. The transmitter ranges are from single-function simple-controllers to full- function controllers with a wide range of options. Most full-function controllers have six controls: © Forward o Reverse © Forward and Left © Forward and Right © Reverse and Left © Reverse and Right In most full-function controllers, not pressing any buttons or turning any knobs causes the toy to stop and await further commands. Controllers for more advanced remote control systems often use dual joysticks with several level of response for precise control.2.7 Radio Frequency Control If we took a simple example of a radio control toys on how this remote control system work; we assume that the frequency used is 27.9 MHz. Below are the sequence of events that will occur when we used the radio frequency control transmitter: iii. A trigger at the transmitter is press so that the toy will move forward. The trigger will cause a pair of electrical contacts to touch; completing a circuit connected to a specific pin of an integrated circuit (or known as IC). The completed circuit will then cause the transmitter to transmit a set sequence of electrical pulses. Each of the sequence contains a short group of synchronization pulses, each followed by the pulse sequence. For this example toy taken, the synchronization segment (which alerts the receiver to the incoming information) is actually a four pulses that are 2.1 milliseconds (thousandths of a second) long, with a 700 microsecond (millionths of a second) intervals. The pulse segment, which tells the antenna what the new information is, uses a 700 microseconds pulses with a 700 microsecond intervals.A typical RC signal transmi @ Putse sequence © 27.9muz signat QO transmitted signal 4 synchronization bursts each = 2.4ms long with = 700ys spacing Burst uence, Gi auret sequence. an = 700us spacing @ Sequence repeats Figure 2.2: A Typical RC Signal Transmission Here are the pulse sequences that are used in the pulse segment: ° ° ° Forward —_: 16 pulses Reverse _: 40 pulses. Forward/Left_: 28 pulses Forward/Right: 34 pulses Reverse/Left : 52 pulses Reverse/Right : 46 pulsesvi. viii. The transmitter then sends bursts of radio waves that oscillate with a frequency of 27,900,000 cycles per seconds (27.9MHz). This is known as the pulse modulation, The toy will constantly monitor the assigned frequency (27.9MHz) for a signal. When the receiver receives a radio bursts from the transmitter, it will send the signal to a filter that blocks out any signals picked up by the antenna other that 27.9 MHz. The remaining signal is converted back into an electrical pulse sequence. The pulse sequence is then sent to the IC in the toy, which decodes the sequence and starts the appropriate motor. For this example, the pulse sequence is 16 pulses (forward), which means that the IC sends positive current to the motor running the wheels. If the next pulse sequence were 40 pulses (reverse), the IC would invert the current to the same motor to make it spin in the opposite direction. The motor’s shaft actually has a gear on the end of it, instead of connecting directly to the axle. This will decrease the motor’s speed but increases the torque, giving the truck adequate power through the use of a small electric motor. As for this example taken, the toy will then move forward.CHAPTER IIL HARDWARE DEVELOPMENT 3.1 Introduction During the developing process for this project, the hardware development must be done carefully. This chapter will basically explain about the circuit operation and the functions of all the components that are used in this project. In order to develop a perfect circuit, a work division must be made according to a few different phases. The overall control circuit based on the microcontroller can be split into a few phases/stages. This is to ensure that all the circuit in each phase would perform well without having any faulty during its operation. The software development can also be done easily following each specification needed on each circuit The main phases of this project are: 1) Transmitter 2) Receiver 3) Relay Circuit 4) Domestic Electrical Wiring 5) Microcontroller Circuit3.2 Hardware Operation Ln 7 From remote control | TRANSMITTER: RECEIVER MICROCONTROLLER 80C51 RELAY CIRCUIT == ELECTRICAL APPLIANCES Figure 3.1: Hardware Operation20 ‘As in Figure 3.1 above, the hardware operation start from a transmitter which is from a remote control transmits signals to the receiver in order to activate the microcontroller circuit. This is when the microcontroller then act as a switching device. It will energize the relay coil so that the relay will start working and completing the circuit to the load which is the electrical appliances, 3.3. Transmitter The transmitter that used in this project is a radio frequency transmitter. According to the project objectives that had been stated earlier, the transmitter is redesign to suit the market demand for quality and features. 281815 Figure 3.2: The Transmitter Schematic DiagramFigure 3.3: Previous Transmitter Design Figure.3.4: New Transmitter Design with Casing 213.4 Receiver 2x 2801615, Figure 3.6: Receiver Circuit 2scsac, 2scr815 2223 3.5 — Relay Circuit A relay is actually an electrical switch that opens and closes under another electrical circuit. In the original form, this electrical switch is operated by an electromagnet to open or close one or many sets of contacts. Because a relay is able to control an output circuit of higher power than the input circuit, it can be considered to be a form of electrical amplifier. These contacts can be either Normally Open (NO), Normally Closed (NC) or change-over contacts. © Normally-open contacts connect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit will be disconnected when the relay is inactive. It is also known as Form A contact or “make” contact. This contact is ideal for applications that require switching a high-current power source from a remote device. © Norally-close contacts disconnect the circuit when the relay is activated; the circuit is connected when the relay is inactive. It is also known as Form B contact or “break” contact. Form B contact is ideal for applications that require the circuit to remain closed until the relay is activated. © Change-over contacts control two circuits: one is normally-open contact and the other one is normally-closed contact with a common terminal. It is also called Form C contact.4 When current flows through the coil, the resulting magnetic field will attracts an armature that is mechanically linked to a moving contact. The movement either makes or breaks a connection with a fixed contact. When the current to the coil is turned off, the armature is retumed by a force; half strong as the magnetic force to its relaxed position. Usually this is a spring, but once a while gravity is also used commonly in industrial motor starters. Relays are designed and manufactured to operate quickly. Ina low voltage application, the purpose is to reduce noise while in a high voltage or high current application, this is to reduce arching. LOGIC 1 LOGIC Figure 3.7: Basic Relay Circuit