INTRIFUGAL BLOWER TEST RIG (Variable Speed) Al To study the effect of forward curved, backward and radial vanes and to find out the overall efficiency of the Centrifugal blower. INTRODUCTION : BLOWER : It consists of a motor, impeller and its body. Motor rotates the impeller and impellers sucks the air through the centre and delivers the air through its periphery Blowers are used to deliver air in large volume. but at low pressure. Impellers may be forward curved, radial and backward curved. Impellers may be made of sheets and can be casted, Velocity, discharge and head depends Upon the outlet, inlet angles and peripheral speed. Forward curved, backward. curved and radial impeller can be interchangeable. “ATION; Blowers are applied where the air is required in large volume at low pressure. Blowers are used in furnaées, mines, industriés, air conditioning plants ete. j oe, ) “RIPTION OF SETUP : To find out the inlet and outlet velocity, the ence of pitot tube is provided. A differential manometer is provided to findout the diff pressure of pitot tube and Static tube. Energy meter is provided to find out the input HP. to blower so that to find out the overall efficiency of blower. For changing the discharge and head, a valve is provided at outlet. OF IMPELL Backward curved impellers are indentified by Red Colour. “ Radial curved impellers are identified by Yellow colour. 3. Forward curved impeller are identified by black colour.SPECIFICATION : DC Motor 1 HLP., 2800 RPM RPM Indicator Non Contact magnetic type Velocity measurement 2 Pitot Statie Tube Temperature measurement Thermometer Outlet Dia 69mm (0.069m) Inlet Dia _150mm (0.150m) PROCEDURE : 1. Tooperate the blower test rig, close the delivery valve and start the blower. 2, Take the readings of static tube, Pitot tube and differential pressure by operati ‘ v L- the suitable valves provided on differential Manometer. ‘Take the reading of pitot tube at all the positions and find out the mean reading. By this procedure, inlet and outlet readings can be found. 4. Record the energy meter Rev/Time to find out the H.P. input. ¢ Now open the outlet valve at desired position and repeat the procedure of readings. 6. From the above observed readings, inlet velocity, outlet velocity, discharge, head, output, efficieney can be found by applying given formulae. 7. Repeat this procedure at different openings of valves provided at outlet 8. Repeat the step no.1 to 7 for different impellers provided.r 3600 1000 Input HLP snare = x08 Where: r = Revolutions of meter t = Time Taken for, ; EMC. = Energy meter constant <= \@2> Pes |e “ 08 = Motor efficiency pQH put = 75 ‘Where ° = Density of air 1.19 kg//m3 Q . Discharge Ae = Head = CStabe +0 ynarne’heaet J *(&e >) ‘ ; page RO a7 = & x Area of Pipe $m Lovo kel} - ep28 R (= 1) = [00 kg | - Ca = Hisg m3 Where R) = | Manometer reading $m =. Density of Manometer Fluid Sa = Density of Air 1.19kg/ 7 Ge = OAT doer, hi decrorge Roy Press twee Efficiency Output i% = ——x100 InputBACKWARD CURVED. VANES ‘Opening | Static] Velocity | Diferen | Time] Input | Ouiput” | Dischar [n% [RPM Pressure | Pressure | tial | Taken /HP. |HP. | ge Mean | Mean | Pressure | Rev m3/see (cm) (cm) Mean, (Sec) fem) & | | mal 73 ooemee i037 3550 Close i %Open [146 [15.13] e390 00s fom [Open | 9.6 15.1 3.04 25 0.48 0.13 0.04 [Open [8013.68 [622] 24 fos 025 [oos | 49001 Fullopen [3.511.748.3223 oss [027d [oss [516 FORWARD CURVED VANES ‘Opening | Static] Velocity | Differen | Time Input] Output | Dischar | q% RPM Pressure | Pressure | tial | Taken S}HP. | HP. | ge Mean | Mean | Pressure | Rev. m3isec | em) | (em | Mean | (See) (em) - Fall | 182 9 08 3810 Close | - Open Tras [046 [36 oo [79 %Open 1632 [1.98] 24 0.034 [2785 Open 1438 [37 119 “Tous | 39.06 Full open aes | as | 0.138 [42.18 | RADIAL CURVED VANES ‘Opening [Static Velocity | Ditferén | Time | Input | Ouiput | Dischar | n RPM Pressure | Pressure | tial | Taken S/HLP. | HP. [ge | Mean | Mean | Pressure mmsisee em) | (em | Mean | (cm) _ 193 i TE eaLES 2570 15 imate | 0a Oo 0009 | aE tai [162 [3.06 [24 0.157 | 00a1 130.9 "Open | 8 14.86 | 5.68 2 025 _|.0.083 | 46.8 Fullopen [3.7 | 13.06 [95 [19 032 o.1a¢ [50.0 |eS / Plote ~ sen 7 = = CENTRIFUGAL PUMP Aim : To draw the performance characteristics of Centrifugal Pump operating at various heads, flow rates and speeds. EQUIPMENT : Centrifugal Pump with energy meter and spring balance (dial type), control valves pressure gauge, vacuum gauge, sump tank and measuring tank. INTRODUCTION & THEORY ‘A pump may be defined as a mechanical device which when interposed in pipeline. converts the mechanical energy supplied to it from some external source, into hydraulic energy. Thus resulting in the flow of liquids from lowe: potential to higher potential, In centrifugal pump, the liquid is made to rotate in a closed chamber which is called volute casing, thus creating centrifugal action, which gradually builds press, gradient towards outlet, thus resulting the continuous flow of liquids. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE 4. Fill the sump tank with clean water 2. Switch ON the mains. 3. Select the desired speed for pump using speed control knob in increasing order 4. Now for a particular value of discharge opening note down the value of suction pressure and delivery pressixt 5. Using hopper fixed at measuring tank, colh.sting water in measuring tank for specific time and calculate volumetric flow of water. 6 Note down the delivery head and suction head. 7 Note down the time taken for number of rer Of energy meter disc 8 Repeat the experiment for different opening of delivery. 9 eae! the experiment for different speeds of pump and repeat the step from 4 to” 10. Calculate the result using formulaes. ) pesINSTRUCTIONS e water in the sump tank should be free from foreign particles. both control valves at delivery and suction line before switch ON the mains. ys start from lower speed. the experiment is over, open all the delivery and suction valves and switch _ OFF the MCB on control panel and then mains.jata constant : 1 H.P. = 736 W = 760 mm of Hg (101m of water) _= 9.910 KN/m? . eco abo [Koll yergy Meter const.) = +6@ttev./KWH. ight of water w lecting tank =O12m, "Where A - Area of collecting tank base (m%) h = height of water in collecting tank (m) Time (Sec.) ‘otal head in meters yaw” \Volutfie press pr _- H=110x (delivery press + —-——----—--) + Diff. In elevation of a 760 pressure gauges. "Brake Power delivered by the pump HP. = W®QH - WSp. Wt. Of water 3500 x No. of Rev. of Enegy meter Eneray meter const. X time Bs IP. Shaft = 1P elec x n motor.t(sec) Tnitial | Final [Height | Time taken | | Press For 5 Level | Level | Water | for water (mm of Hg) | Of EM Disc _| by be h=b;-b; | level + (sec) | Total Head (H) | Q/P (B.P.) |. | LP. | npump 1 Not water Power | Elec | Shaft overall (KW) (KW) | (KW) | | saw .)Fig. 19.1. Main parts of ® FLUID MECHANICS ; pEUVERY PIPE 3 _DELIVERY VALVE SUCTION |, PIPE SUMP FOOT VALVE. AND STRAINER centrifugal pump j 4PELTON WHEEL TURBINE INTRODUCTION. Hydraulic (or Water) Turbines are the machines which uses the Energy of Water (Hydro Powwer) and convert it into mechanical Energy. Thus the Turbines become the Electrical Generators to produce the electricity. Viz.. Hydro Electric Power. The Turbines are classified as impulse & Reaction types. In impulse Turbine, the head of the Water is completely converted into a jet. which impulse the force on the Turbine. In Reaction Turbine. it is the pressure of the flowing water. which rotates the runner of the Turbine, OF many types of Turbines. the Pelton Wheel. most commonly used. falls into the category of Reaction Turbines. . Normally. Pelton Wheel (impulse Turbine) requires high head and low Discharge while the Francis & Kaplan (Reaction Turbines) requires relatively low head and high Discharge. These corresponding heads and Discharges are difficult to create in laboratory size Turbine from the limitation of the Pumps availability in the market Nevertheless, atleast the performance characteristics could be obtained within the limited facility available in the laboratories, further. understanding of various elements associated with any particular Turbine is possible with this kind of facility DISCRIPTIO! The actual experimental facility supplied consist of Centrifugal Pump Set, Turbine Unit Sump Tank. arranged in such a way that the whole unit works as recirculating water system. The Centrifugal Pump Set supplies the water from Sump Tank to the Turbine through control valve. which has the marking to meter the known quantity of water. The water after passing through the Turbine Unit enters the collecting tank, The water then flows back to sump tank through the Notch Tank. which is fixed with 60° V-Notch for the measurement of flow rate. The loading of the turbine is achieved by rope brake drum connected to spring balance, The provision for measurement of Turbine Speed (Digital RPM Indicator), Head on Turbine (Pressure Gauge) are built in on the control PanelSPECIFICATIONS: Pump Motor Break Spring Balance Noggle Runner dia Flow measurement Formulae:- Head P Discharge a R Si Sw BHP w s D N HP ing w D H n% Centrifugal 80x 65 mm = = Rope Break 300 mm dia Kg. 25 mm = 260 mm Pitot Tube in 68 mm dia pipe kg 10x P = Prgauge reading cross sectional area of pipe = velocity of water exR = Manometer Reading = Sp. Gravity of Manometer fluid = Sp Gravity of Water HPS 4500 = Fixed spring balance reading = Adjustable spring balance reading Break drum dia = = — RPM WQHOPERATIO! 1. Connect the suppy water pump-water unit to 3 ph, 440V. 20A electrical supply with neutral and earth connections and ensure the correct direction of pump motor unit. 2. Keep the Gate Valve and Sphere valve closed. 3, Press the green button of the supply pump starter. Now the pump picks-up the full speed and becomes operational 4. Slowly open the Sphere valve so that the Turbine rotor picks up the speed and attains the maximum at full opening of the valve. TO OBTAIN CONSTANT SPEED CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Keep the Gate Valve opening at Maximum. For different brake drum loads on the Turbine change the Sphere Rod setting between maximum and minimum so that the speed is held constant 3. Tabulate the readings as per Table —1 NOT The above reading are utilized for drawing constant speed characteristics. Namely: percentage of Full Load Vs Efficiency TO OBTAIN RUN-AWAY SPEED CHARACTERISTICS: 1. Keep the load on the brake, zero. 2. Keep Sphere Rod and Gate Valve at maximum> PERFORMANCE UNDER UNIT HEAD-UNIT QUANTITIES: In order to predict the behavior of a turbine working under varying conditions and to facilitate comparison between the performance of the turbines of the same type but having different outputs and speeds and working under different heads. it is often convenient to express the test results in terms of certain unit quantities. From the output of a turbine corresponding to different working heads (Table of Caleulations-11) it is possible to compute the output which would be developed if the head was reduced to unity (say | meter): the speed being adjustable so that the efficiency remains unaffected. a) Unit Speed. Nu Ny, bed Power. P, = PrH?? Discharge. Q = QUH d) Specific Speed: °) The specific speed of any turbine is the speed in rpm of a turbine geometrically similar to the actual turbine but of such a size that under corresponding conditions it will develop | metric horse power when working under unit head (ie.. | meter) The specific speed is usually computed for the operating conditions corresponding to the maximum efficiency6 Do not start Pump Set if the supply voltage is less than 300 V (Phase to Phase Voltage). Frequently. at least once in three months. grease all visual moving parts. Initially. fill-in the tank with clean water free from foreign material. chan; water every six months Atleast every week. operate the unit for five minutes to prevent any clog moving parts. ing of To start and stop supply pump. always keep Gate Valve closed itis recommended to keep Sphare rod setting at close position before starting the turbine, This is to prevent racing of the propeller shaft without load. In case of to repair, 1y major faults, please write to the manufacturer, and do not attemptTECHNICAL MANUAL FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RI Hydro - power is one of the major source of power in the world now-a-days. To convert potential energy of water into mechanical power, turbines are used. Depending upon the head and quantity of water available, various turbines are installed, When water is available at high heads, normally Impulse turbines i.e. Petton Wheel turbines are used. For low head and greater quantity of water, reaction turbines are used. Francis turbine is one of reaction turbines widely used. In reaction turbines, pressure of the water changes gradually as it flows through the runner. In Francis turbine, water from the penstock enters the scroll casing, which completely surrounds the runner. From scroll casing, water passes through a series of guide vanes, which are provided around the periphery of the runner. The guide vanes direct the water to runner at an appropriate angle and also Teguiate the flow of water through runner. The guide vanes are of streamlined shape, From the guide vanes, water enters the runner radially. After flowing through the runner passages and having imparted all the energy to the runner, water leaves the runner axially: Normally, negative head is established at the exit of the runner, hence a draft tube of divergent section is fitted at exit of the runner. The lower end of the draft tube is always submerged in the water. Due to divergent section of the draft tube, it converts a large portion of velocity energy into pressure energy thus makes it possible to install the turbine above the tail race without loss of headThe unit essentially consists of a spiral casing, outer bearing pedestal and rotor assembly with runner, shaft and brake drum ,all mounted on a suitable sturdy cast iron base plate. A straight conical draft tube is provided for the purpose of regaining the kinetic entergy from the exit water and also facilitating easy accessibility of the turbine due to its location at a higher level than the tail race. A rope brake arrangement is provided to load the turbine. The output of the turbine can be controlled by adjusting the guide vanes for which a hand wheel and a suitable link mechanism is provided The net supply head on the turbine is measured by a pressure gauge and for the measurement of speed, use hand tachometer. Specifications - 1. Rated speed 1500 rpm. 2. Power output 3.75 kW.(Shp) 3. Run away speed 2600 rpm 4, Brake drum diameter 270 mm. 5. Belt thickness 6mm. 9. Pumpset 15 HP. (100mm x 100 mm. ) 10. Venturimeter Inlet 100 mm 11. Throat diameter 68 mm. The Turbine is placed on sturdy sump tank at suitable height. The supply pumpset mounted on sump, draws water from the same and supplies it to the turbine. The 100 mm. Venturimeter and Manometer arrangement are mounted as shown to measure the flow rate A gate valve is provided just above the inlet of the turbine to regulate the discharge and supply head on the turbine in relation to the guide vane settings. A set of guide vanes are provided around the periphery of the runner to control the load, the whole of the guide vanemechanism being operated through a hand wheel by suitable link mechanism. The flow measuring unit, venturimeter and manometer, is so arranged and mounted that the readings can be conveniently taken The discharge from the turbine is directly led into the sump tank. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE - 1) Fill up sufficient water in the sump tank. 2) Pump to be primed while starting the turbine. 3) Keep the venturimeter cocks closed 4) Insure that there should not any load on the turbine: Close’ gate valve (top of the turbine )& guide vane pointer should be in zero position Press ‘Green’ button of starter, hold it for 1-2 seconds and release so that pump starts running. 5) Observe direction of pump rotation during starting, It should be clockwise, as seen from fan end. If it is reverse, interchange any two phases in supply line. 6) Slowly open the venturimeter cocks and remove the air bubble. Then Slowly open the gate valve 7) Adjust the guide vanes so that turbine will start rotating. 8) Open the cock for the cooling water to the loading drum. 9) Take the readings at different load. the turbine speed 1800 rpm. (for constant speed use guide vanes. ) 10) Note down the readings in observation table 11) Repeat the procedure for different speeds also, say 1300 rpm., 1400 rpm., 1500 rpm ,1600 rpm. 12). This is a constant speed test 13) Repeat the procedure for constant guide vane position.OBSERVATION TABLE : - 1) Constant Speed —------------ RPM. (BY CHANGING GUIDE VANES POSITION - AT FULL OPENING OF GATE VALVE ) Spring balance [Manometer difference | Pressure | Vacuum | Guide vanes Sr.| difference, () gauge | gauge position No. L,kg mm of water (kgicm?) | mm of Hg TION E:- 2)Constant Speed ~~ —-- RPM. ( BY CHANGING GATE VALVE POSITION - AT CONSTANT GUIDE VANES POSITION ) Spring balance | Manometer difference | Pressure [Vacuum | Guide vanes Sr. | difference, (hw) gauge | gauge —_| position No. L,kg mm of water (kg/m?) | mm of HgOBSERVATION TABLE : - 3) Constant Guide vanes position : - (AT FULL OPENING OF GATE VALVE ) 1) Head over the turbine : - Since 10 mtrs. Of water head corresponds to 1 Kg / cm? .. H= Pressure gauge reading (Kg/cm’) x 10 Mtr 2) Water flow rate : - : ax a m/sec 7.854 x 10° x 3.632 x 10° Q= 0.98 —— L( 7.854 x 10°)? - (3.632 x 10°) 71°° Q= 0.06311 (hw)? m*/sec Spring balance | Manometer difference | Speed | Pressure | Vacuum Sr. | difference, (hw) (N) gauge —_| gauge No.| L, kg mm of water RPM (kg/cm? ) | mm of Hg CALCULATION: annem (2X 9.81 X 12,6) °° x (hy)?Where, a; = Inlet area of venturi at dia. = 0.1m = 7.854X10° om? a2 = Throat area of venturi at dia = 068 m= 3.632 X 10° m* Ca. = Co - efficient of discharge = 0.98 hw = Manometer difference (h) mtr 3) Power supplied to turbine - Pin= (WQH x 9.81)/1000 Kw. Where W = Specific weight of water = 1000 Kg./m> 4) Brake Power - T = (Spring balance diff. Kgs) x 9.81x (0.135 +0.003)_N-m 2aNT Brake Power = Kw. 60,000 = 1.42 x 104 xNxL. Note - i) Brake drum diameter is 270 mm. (0.270 Mtr ) ii) Belt thickness is 6 mm., (i.e. 0.006Mtr ) 5) Overall efficiency of turbine - BP n =—— x100 % 6) Graph - Plot the graph of load ( B. P. ) Vs efficiency 7) PRECATIONS - a) Before switching off the supply pump set first remove all the load. b) Close the cooling inlet water gate valve. ©) Slowly close the guide vanes to its full closed position. Then close the gate valve just above the turbine d) Switch off the supply of pump set. Never switch off the supply of pump set when the turbine is working under load| Flow control valve Venturimeter Manometer Starter iz of : "i 3 Turbine casing J RPM Indicator soe TST |T a ES ‘Suction vacuum Delivery pressure ‘Sump tank FRANCIS TURBINE TEST RIG (5-H. P. ) ~ DYNAMIC ENGINEERING EQUIPMENTS , SANGLI,HYDRAULIC RAM TEST RIG AIM 1. To study the Hydraulic Ram operation. 2. To determine the efficiency of the Hydraulic Ram: THEORY The Hydraulic Ram is a contrivance utilizing the water hammer principle. Ram are used when a natural source of water like a spring or stream at low head is available at a nearby place to pump a part of water to higher heads. The Ram requires no external energy. The work done by a large quantity of water in falling through a small height is used to raise a small part of water to a greater height. A quantity of water is first allowed to pass through a long column of pipe connected to the Hydraulic Ram and discharged through a waste valve. The momentum of the water flowing through the pipe is then suddenly destroyed by the automatic closing of the waste valve which pumps a small quantity of water to high head tank. When the moving column of water is brought to rest, the waste valve opens and the cycle is repeated automatically. The efficiency of Hydraulic Ram can be determined by following formulae: I D’ Aubuisson’s E! axha ee (4+ Qhs 2, Rankine’s Efficiency axhe uxh,