Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1.0
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
2.0
2.1
Rectangular
V-Notch
1.
2.
3.
4.
Note:
It is advisable to prevent damage to the knife edge of weir plate. A small head will be present
due to meniscus at the water which will result in a slight error. However, use of this technique
should be eliminate damage to the notches
3.0
Volume
Height,
Time (s)
Average
Flow Rate, Q
Log H
Log Q
Q2/3
Cd
H/B
(L)
H (m)
(m3/s)
Time (s)
T1
T2
T3
Notch
Volume
(L)
V-Notch
Height, H
(m)
Time (s)
T1
T2
T3
Average
Time (s)
Q2/5
Cd
Note:
If above methods fail, then you will now have to flush the system by bleeding to air
out.
All that is required is the use of a small object such as pen or screw driver, to depress the
staddle valve, found at the top right side of manometer board.
Depress staddle valve lightly to allow fluid and trapped air to escape out. (Take care or you will
wet yourself or the premise).
Allow sufficient time for bleeding until all bubbles escape.
Once all bubbles have been bleed, start to reduce the water supply now by
manipulating BOTH control valves, reducing first the flow apparatus discharge valve
and then the hydraulic bench valve in alternate motion, bringing down the DATUM level
of the water in the manometer board.
(i) At this point you may start the experiment proper.
(j) You are ONLY interested in the data obtained from tubes:
Probe A and C for venturi calculation
Probe G and H for orifice calculation
Probe I and J for 90 degree elbow calculation
All other probe readings are for viewing of pressure curve ONLY.
(k)
With above guide, record water level of each probe at a certain flow. With the height
difference (h), use formula provided to calculate. Verify the results obtained against
rotameter and hydraulic bench for experiment of flow measurement comparison.
(l) Complete experiment with other flow rates.
1.2 Demonstration of the operation and characteristic of three different basic types
of flowmeter
Objective:
To obtain the flow rate measurement by utilizing three basic types of flow measuring
techniques; rotameter, venturi meter and orifice meter.
Procedures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Place apparatus on bench, connect inlet pipe to bench supply and outlet pipe into
volumetric tank.
With the bench valve fully closed and the discharge valve fully opened, start up the pump
supply from hydraulic bench.
Slowly open the bench valve until it is fully opened.
When the flow in the pipe is steady and there is no trapped bubble, start to close the
bench valve to reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.
5.
6.
7.
8.
By using the air bleed screw, adjust water level in the manometer board. Retain maximum
readings on manometers with the maximum measurable flow rate.
Note readings on manometers (A - J), rotameter and measured flow rate.
Step 6 is repeated for different flow rates. The flow rates can be adjusted by utilizing both
bench valve and discharge valve.
To demonstrate similar flow rates at different system static pressures, adjust bench and
flow control valve together. Adjusting manometer levels as required.
1.3 Determination of the loss coefficient when fluid flows through a 90 degree elbow
Objective:
To investigate the loss coefficient of fluid through 90 degree elbow.
Procedures:
1.
Place apparatus on bench, connect inlet pipe to bench supply and outlet pipe into
volumetric tank.
2.
With the bench valve fully closed and the discharge valve fully opened, start up the pump
supply from hydraulic bench.
Slowly open the bench valve until it is fully opened.
When the flow in the pipe is steady and there is no trapped bubble, start to close the
bench valve to reduce the flow to the maximum measurable flow rate.
By using the air bleed screw, adjust the water level in the manometer board. Retain
maximum readings on manometers with the maximum measurable flow rate.
Note readings on manometers (I and J) and measured flow rate.
Step 6 is repeated for different flow rates. The flow rates can be adjusted by utilizing both
bench valve and discharge valve.
Complete the tables below.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Vs
2g
9.
Demonstration of the operation and characteristic of three different basic types of flowmeter
Rotameter
(l/min)
Vol
(l)
Flowrate,
Q
Time
(min)
(l/min)
Venturi
Determination of the loss coefficient when fluid flows through a 90 degree elbow
Volume
Time
Flowrate,Q
(L)
(sec)
(l/min)
V2/2g
(m/s)
(mm)
Orifice
FLUID MIXING
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1.1
1.2
1.3
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
X=
K2
2g
1
r2
11. Plot graph of velocity which is calculated from the pitot tube reading versus the
radius of the profile.
V = (2gH) 0.5
Theoretically, the velocity can be calculated by using the following equation:
K
V
r
Diameter at
Centre, D
(mm)
1.4
Measure
d Height,
h (mm)
Pitot Tube
Head
Difference,
H (mm)
Pressure
Head / Depth
of the pitot
tube, X (mm)
ho (mm)
1st (___LPM)
2nd (___LPM)
3rd (___LPM)
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
1.1
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1.2
Objective:
To demonstrate the filmwise and dropwise condensation
Procedures:
1. Follow the basic procedure as written in section 6.1. Make sure that the equipment is
connected to the service unit.
Assignment:
Describe the characteristics of filmwise and dropwise condensation and how it may affect the
efficiency of the condensers.
1.4
C(Tout Tin)
q x =m
).
1.3
2. Adjust the heater power to obtain the desired pressure at 1.01 bar.
3. When the condition is stabilized, record the steam ((Tsat) & surface temperature (Tsurf), Tin
(T3) & Tout (T4), and flowrate.
Assignment:
1. Plot Heat Flux vs. Temperature Difference (Tsat - Tsurf).
2. Plot Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient vs. Temperature Difference (Tsat -Tsurf).
3. Plot Heat Flux vs. Temperature Difference (T sat - Tsurf) for filmwise and dropwise
condensation in a single graph. Plot also Surface Heat Transfer Coefficient vs.
Temperature Difference (Tsat -Tsurf) for filmwise and dropwise condensation in a single
graph. Compare and discuss the heat transfer coefficients between filmwise and dropwise
condensation.
1.5
Refrigeration Unit
1.0
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1.1
1.2
1.3
Assignments:
i.
1.4
Cooling Water
Flow Rate, FT1
Cooling Water
Inlet Temperature,
TT5
Cooling Water
Outlet
Temperature, TT6
Compressor Power
Input
1. Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = Cooling water flow rate (%)
5 LPM
100%
2. Refrigerant flow rate (LPM) = Refrigerant flow rate (%)
1.26 LPM
100%
Assignments:
i. Plot the performance curves for Heat Pump (Coefficient of
performance, Heat Delivered, Compressor Power Input)
versus Temperature of Water Delivered
Data Sheet:
Test
Cooling Water
Flow Rate, FT1
Cooling Water
Inlet
Temperature,
TT5
Cooling Water
Outlet
Temperature,
TT6
Compressor
Power Input
1.5
i.
ii.
Refrigerant Pressure
(Low), P1
Bar(abs)
Refrigerant Pressure
(High), P2
Bar(abs)
Refrigerant
Temperature, TT1
Refrigerant
Temperature, TT2
Refrigerant
Temperature, TT3
Refrigerant
Temperature, TT4
Compressor Power
Input
1.6
Assignments:
i. Plot the performance curves for Heat Pump (Coefficient of
performance, Heat Delivered, Compressor Power Input)
versus Condensing Temperature
Data Sheet:
Test
1.7
Refrigerant Flow
Rate, FT2
Refrigerant Pressure
(Low), P1
Bar(abs)
Refrigerant Pressure
(High), P2
Bar(abs)
Refrigerant
Temperature, TT1
Refrigerant
Temperature, TT2
Refrigerant
Temperature, TT3
Refrigerant
Temperature, TT4
Compressor Power
Input
Expe
rime
nt 5:
1. Cooling water flow rate (LPM) = Cooling water flow rate (%)
5 LPM
100%
Properties Measurement/PVT
1.0 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES
1.1 General Operating Procedures
1.1.1
Refrigerant Flow Rate, FT2
Bar(abs)
Bar(abs)
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.1.2
equipment to single phase power supply and then switch on the unit.
Fully open all valves and check the pressure reading on the panel. This is to make
sure that the chambers are under atmospheric pressure.
Then, close all the valves.
Connect the pipe from compressive port of the pump to pressurized chamber or
connect the pipe from vacuum port of the pump to vacuum chamber.
Now, the unit is ready for use.
Objectives:
To determine the ratio of volume and compares it to the theoretical value
Experimental Procedures:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Perform the general start up procedures in section 5.1. Make sure all valves are fully
closed.
Switch on the compressive pump and allow the pressure inside chamber to increase up
to about 150kPa. Then, switch off the pump and remove the hose from the chamber.
Monitor the pressure reading inside the chamber until it stabilizes.
Record the pressure reading for both chambers before expansion.
Open V 02 and allow the pressurized air flows into the atmospheric chamber slowly.
Record the pressure reading for both chambers after expansion.
The experimental procedures can be repeated for the following conditions:
a)
From atmospheric chamber to vacuum chamber
b)
From pressurized chamber to vacuum chamber
Calculate the ratio of volume and compares it with the theoretical value.