Ly Thuyet Bai Tap HKII

Th.
S L Vn on
Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II
MUC LUC
Trang
Chng 6. KIM LOAI KIM KIM TH NHM .................................................. 2

Bai 25. KIM LOAI KIM VA HP CHT ............................................................................... 2
Li thuyt c ban .................................................................................................................................. 2
Trc nghi m ........................................................................................................................................ 6
Bai 26. KIM LOAI KIM TH VA HP CHT ..................................................................... 8

Li thuyt c ban................................................................................................................................... 8
Trc nghi m ........................................................................................................................................ 12
Bai 27. NHM VA HP CHT CUA NHM ......................................................................... 14

Li thuyt c ban .................................................................................................................................. 14
Trc nghi m ........................................................................................................................................ 18
Chng 7. ST VA MT S KIM LOAI QUAN TRONG .......................................... 21

Bai 31. 32. 33. ST VA HP CHT CUA ST ......................................................................... 21
Li thuyt c ban ..................................................................................................................................
Trc nghi m ........................................................................................................................................
Bai 34. CRM VA HP CHT CRM .................................................................................................
Li thuyt c ban ..................................................................................................................................
Trc nghi m ........................................................................................................................................
21
26
29
29
32
Bai 35. NG VA HP CHT CUA NG ............................................................................ 34
Li thuyt c ban .................................................................................................................................. 34
Trc nghi m ........................................................................................................................................ 37
Bai 36. S LC V MT S KIM LOAI KHAC ............................................................................. 39
Li thuyt c ban .................................................................................................................................. 39
Trc nghi m ........................................................................................................................................ 42
Chng 8. PHN BIT MT S CHT V C ............................................................. 45

Li thuyt c ban .................................................................................................................................. 45
Page 1
Chng
KIM LOAI KIM KIM LOAI KIM TH NHM
Bai 25. KIM LOAI KIM VA HP CHT QUAN TRONG CUA KIM LOAI KIM
I/ VI TRI TRONG BANG TUN HOAN VA TINH CHT VT LI.

1. V tr va cu hnh electron.
Kim loi kim thuc nhm IA (phn nhm chinh nhm I) trong bang tun hon.
Gm cc nguyn t: (c cu hnh lp ngoi cng l: ns1)

: 2s1, Na Ne: 3s1, K Ar : 4s1, Rb Kr : 5s1, Cs Xe: 6s1, Fr (nguyn t phng x).
Li
He
2. Tnh cht vt l.
Kim loi kim c mu trng bc v c nh kim, dn in tt, nhit nng chay v nhit si
thp, khi lng ring nh, cng thp (c th dng dao ct chng d dng).
N c nhit nng chay, nhit si thp, khi lng ring nh v cng thp l do chng c
cu to dng mng tinh th lp phng tm khi, cu trc tng i rng.
i t Li n Cs th nhit nng chay v nhit si giam dn.
Khi lng ring nh v tng dn t Li n Cs.
II/ TINH CHT HOA HOC.

Cc nguyn t kim loi kim c nng lng ion ha I1 nh, v vy kim loi kim c tinh kh rt
mnh. Tinh kh tng dn t Liti n Xesi.
M M + + 1e
Trong hp cht, cc kim loi kim c s oxi ha +1.
Na tri v hp cht ca n khi chy cho ngn la mu vng.
1. Tc dng vi phi kim.
a/ Tc dng vi oxi.
Li, Na, K. nhit thng, to thnh lp oxi trn b mt. Khi t nng th chy mnh lit, to
thnh oxit (Na2O, K2O, Li2O), nu d oxi s to thnh peoxit M2O2 (Li2O2, Na2O2, K2O2). Nhng
peoxit ny l cht rn, tan trong nc to thnh nc oxi gi H2O2.
4Na + O2 2Na 2O ( natri oxit ) ;
2Na + O2 Na 2O2 ( natri peoxit )
Rb, Cs bc chy trong oxi nhit thng.
b/ Tc dng vi cc phi kim khc.

Kim loi kim phan ng mnh vi halogen nhit thng hoc un nh.
2M + X2 2MX : 2K + Cl2 2KCl
Khi un nng phan ng vi S, H2 v mt s phi kim khc.

1
2K + S K 2S
Na + H2 NaH( r ) ( Natri hidrua)
2
2. Tc dng vi nc.
Kim loi kim kh nc d dng nhit thng to ra dd kim v giai phng khi H2.
1
1
M + H 2O MOH + H2 : Na + H 2O NaOH + H 2 .
2
2
Do n d dng kh nc, nn bao quan kim loi kim: phai ngm trong du ha khan.
Page 2
Th.S L Vn on
3. Tc dng vi axit.
Kim loi kim kh d dng ion H+ trong dung dch axit (HCl, H2SO4 long,) to mui v giai
2Na + 2HCl 2NaCl + 2H 2
phng khi H2 :
III/ IU CH NG DUNG NHN BIT KIM LOAI KIM.

1. iu ch.
in phn nng chay mui clorua hoc hidroxit ca chng.
dpnc
dpnc
2NaCl
2Na
4NaOH
4
{ + Cl
{Na + 2H 2O + O
2
{
{2
Catot
Catot
Anot
Anot
2. ng dng.
Dng ch to hp kim c nhit nng chay thp.

Kim loi Cs dng ch to t bo quang in.
To hp kim siu nh dng trong hng khng.
iu ch mt s kim loi him bng phng php nhit, lm xc tc cho nhiu phan ng hu c.
3. Nhn bit kim loi kim.

nhn bit kim loi kim, ngi ta t nng hp cht ca n (bng cch nhng dy platin sch
vo dd cha ion kim loi kim hoc n cht) trn ngn la khng mu. Nu:
Ngn la cho mu vng l Na.
Ngn la cho mu tim l K.
Ngn la cho mu l Li.
Ngn la cho mu tia l Rb.
Ngn la cho mu xanh da tri l Cs.
III/ MT S HP CHT QUAN TRONG CUA KIM LOAI KIM.

1.
Natrihidroxit NaOH, con goi la xut
a/ Tnh cht vt l: NaOH l cht rn, mu trng, tan nhiu trong nc, nng chay 3220C v
khng b nhit phn.
b/ Tnh cht ha hoc: NaOH l mt baz mnh.
Phn li mnh: NaOH Na + + OHTc dng vi axit: to ra mui v nc 2NaOH + H 2SO 4 Na 2SO 4 + 2H 2O .
Tc dng vi oxit axit CO2 v SO2:
n NaOH
1 San phm l NaHCO3 (mui axit).
+ Nu t l
n CO
2
1: 1
NaOH + CO 2
NaHCO 3 (CO2 d).
+ Nu t l
n NaOH
n CO
2 San phm l Na2CO3 (mui trung ha).
2:1
2NaOH + CO 2
Na 2CO 3 + H 2O (NaOH d).
NaHCO
n NaOH
3
1
<
<
2
+ Nu t l
San phm l hn hp gm 2 mui
Na
CO
n CO
2
3
2
NaOH + CO NaHCO
2
3
2NaOH + CO 2 Na 2CO3 + H 2O
Tc dng vi dung dch mui: To ra mui mi v baz mi.
Page 3
2NaOH + CuSO 4 Na 2SO 4 + Cu ( OH )

2
2NaOH + MgCl2 2NaCl + Mg ( OH )

3NaOH + AlCl3 3NaCl + Al ( OH )
( *)
Trong phan ng (*) , nu tha NaOH s c phan ng ha tan Al(OH)3:
NaOH + Al(OH)3 2H 2O + NaAlO 2 (tan)
Tc dng vi cc nguyn t lng tinh nh Al, Zn, Be v axit hidroxit ca chng:
2NaOH + 2Al + 2H 2O 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2

2NaOH + Zn Na 2ZnO 2 + H 2
2NaOH + Al2O3 2NaAlO 2 + H 2O
NaOH + Al(OH)3 NaAlO 2 + 2H 2O
2NaOH + ZnO Na 2ZnO 2 + H 2O
2NaOH + Zn(OH)2 Na 2ZnO 2 + 2H 2O
c/ iu ch: Trong cng nghip, iu ch NaOH bng cch in phn dung dch NaCl c mng
ngn xp gia hai in cc (in cc tr).
pdd
2NaCl + 2H O
2NaOH + Cl +H
2
d/ ng dng.
C mng ngn
Lu rng: Nu khng c mng ngn, clo to thnh s tc dng vi NaOH, sinh ra

nc Javen vi phng trnh phan ng:
Cl2 + 2NaOH NaClO + NaCl + H 2O
144444444424444444443
Nc Javen
NaOH l mt nguyn liu quan trng, ng hng th hai sau axit sunfuric.
NaOH c dng nu x phng (giai thich xt NaOH n da), ch phm nhum, t nhn to,
luyn nhm, lm giy v l nguyn liu quan trng trong cho nhiu ngnh cng nghip u m,
2.
Natri hirocacbonat NaHCO3

a/ Tnh cht v t l: L cht rn mu trng, tan it trong nc, d b nhi t phn hy.
t0
2NaHCO3
Na 2CO3 + H 2O + CO 2
b/ Tnh cht ha hoc.
Dung dch NaHCO3 c tinh baz do b thy phn: (phan ng kim yu)
NaHCO3 + HOH
NaOH + H 2CO 3
HCO-3 + HOH
H 2CO3 + OH
NaHCO3 l cht lng tinh (va c tinh axit, va c tinh baz):
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H 2O + CO 2 (th hi n tinh baz)

NaHCO3 + NaOH Na 2CO3 + H 2O (th hi n tinh axit)
c/ ng dng: NaHCO3 c dng trong cng nghi p dc phm (ch thuc au d dy,) v
cng nghi p thc phm (lm b t n,).
3.
Natri cacbonat Na2CO3, con goi la sa

a/ Tnh cht v t l.
Page 4
Th.S L Vn on
L cht rn mu trng, tan nhiu trong nc. nhi t thng, Na2CO3 tn ti dng mui
ng m nc Na2CO3.10H2O. nhi t cao, mui ny mt dn nc kt tinh tr thnh Na2CO3
khan, nng chay 8500C v khng b nhi t phn (kh b phn hy bi nhi t).
b/ Tnh cht ha hoc.
Na2CO3 c phan ng kim mnh (lm quy tim ha xanh, phenlolphatalein ha hng) do b thy
phn, th hi n qua m t trong cc phan ng:
+
Na 2CO3 + 2HOH
H 2CO3 + 2Na + 2OH
Na 2CO3 2Na + + CO322CO32- + H 2O HCO-3 + OHHCO-3 + H 2O H 2CO3 + OH
Na2CO3 l m t mui ca axit yu (axit cacbonic H2CO3) nn c nhng tinh cht chung ca mui:
+ 2NaCl .
Phan ng vi mui: Na CO + BaCl BaCO (trng)
2
Phan ng vi axit mnh: Na 2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO 2 +H 2O .

Lu rng: Nu cho t t dung dch axit vo dung dch Na2CO3, th 1 lc mi c khi bay ra,
phan ng ny xay ra theo hai giai on k tip:
Na 2CO3 + HCl NaHCO3 + NaCl
( 1)
NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H 2O + CO 2
( 2)
c/ iu ch: Trong cng nghi p Na2CO3 c iu ch bng phng php Slovay.
CO 2 + NH 3 + H 2O NH 4 HCO3
NH 4 HCO3 + NaCl NH 4Cl + NaHCO 3
0
t
2NaHCO3
Na 2CO3 + H 2O + CO 2
d/ ng dng: Na2CO3 l ha cht quan trng trong cng nghi p thy tinh, b t gi c, phm
nhu m
, giy, si,
4.
Kali nitrat KNO3

a/ Tnh cht.
Kali nitrat (KNO3) l nhng tinh th khng mu, bn trong khng khi, tan nhiu trong nc.
Chng d b nhi t phn thnh O2 v KNO2:
t
2KNO3
2KNO 2 + O 2
o
b/ ng dng.
Kali nitrat c dng lm phn bn (phn m, phn kali) v c dng lm thuc n. Thuc
n thng thng (thuc sng) l hn hp gm: 68%KNO3, 15%S v 17%C (than).
Phan ng chy ca thuc sng xay ra theo phng trnh:
t
2KNO3 + 3C + S
N 2 + 3CO 2 + K 2S
o
5.
Natri clorua NaCl (mui)

a/ L tnh: L cht rn, mu trng, d tan trong nc, c tonc = 8000C .
b/ Cng dng: Thc phm quan trng cho ngi v gia sc. Nguyn li u iu ch nhiu ha
cht quan trng: Cl2, axit HCl, NaOH, Na, nc Javen.
c/ Khai thc: T nc bin, qu ng mui.
Page 5
TRC NGHIM
======= =======
Cu 1. Cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t kim loi kim l:
A. ns1
B. ns2
C. ns2 np1
D. (n 1)dx nsy
+
2
6
+
Cu 2. Cation M c cu hnh electron lp ngoi cng l 2s 2p . Khi , M l cation no sau y:
A. Ag+.
B. Cu+.
C. Na+.
D. K+.
Cu 3. Cu hnh electron ca nguyn t Na (Z = 11) l:
A. 1s22s2 2p6 3s2.
B. 1s22s2 2p6.
C. 1s22s2 2p6 3s1.
D. 1s22s2 2p6 3s23p1.
Cu 4. Tinh baz tng dn t tri sang phai theo th t no ?
A. LiOH < KOH < NaOH.
B. NaOH < LiOH < KOH.
C. LiOH < NaOH < KOH.
D. NaOH < KOH < LiOH.
Cu 5. Nhng c im no sau y khng l chung cho cc kim loi kim ?
A. s oxi ho ca nguyn t trong hp cht.
B. s lp electron.
C. s electron ngoi cng ca nguyn t.
D. cu to n cht kim loi.
Cu 6. Nhng nguyn t trong nhm IA ca bang tun hon c sp xp t trn xung di theo th t
tng dn ca:
A. in tich ht nhn nguyn t.
B. Khi lng ring.
C. Nhit si.
D. S oxi ha.
Cu 7. Nguyn t c nng lng ion ha nh nht l:
A. Li
B. Na
C. K
D. Cs
Cu 8. Chn pht biu cha ng ?
A. Kim loi kim c nhit nng chay, nhit si cao.
B. Kim loi kim c khi lng ring nh.
C. Kim loi kim c cng thp.
D. Kim loi kim c kiu mng lp phng tm khi.
Cu 9. Trong nhm kim loi kim, t Li n Cs c:
A. Nhit nng chay, nhit si tng dn.
B. Nhit nng chay, nhit si giam dn.
C. Nhit nng chay tng, nhit si giam.
D. Nhit nng chay giam, nhit si tng
Cu10. Kim loi kim c nhit nng chay, nhit si thp, cng nh l do:
A. Kim loi kim c mng tinh th rng.
B. Nguyn t kim loi kim c bn kinh ln.
C. Lin kt kim loi trong tinh th km bn.
D. C it electron ha tr (1 electron).
Cu 11. Pht biu no sau y khng ng khi ni v kim loi kim ?
A. Nhit nng chay v nhit si thp.
B. Khi lng ring nh.
C. cng giam dn t Li n Cs.
D. Mng tinh th dng lp phng tm din.
Cu 12. Trong nhm kim loi kim, nng lng ion ha th nht:
A. Tng dn t Li n Cs.
B. Giam dn t Li n Cs.
C. Tng dn t Li n K, t K n Cs giam dn. D. Giam t Li n K, t K n Cs tng dn.
Cu 13. Tm mnh sai trong cc mnh sau:
A. Nng lng ph v mng li tinh th ca kim loi kim tng i nh.
B. Bn kinh ca cc nguyn t kim loi kim ln hn nhng nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc
cng mt chu k.
C. Nng lng ion ha ca kim loi kim ln nht so vi cc nguyn t cng chu k.
D. Nng lng ion ha ca cc kim loi kim giam dn t Li n Cs.
Cu 14. bao quan kim loi kim, ngi ta thng lm nh th no ?
A. Ngm vo nc.
B. Ngm trong du ha. C. ni thong mt. D. trong bng ti
Cu 15. Mun bao quan kim loi kim, ngi ta ngm chng trong du ha. Li giai thich no sau y l
ng ?
A. Du ha to lp mng bao v trn b m t kim loi km nn chng khng b oxi ha khi a
ra
ngoi khng khi ho c tip xc vi nc
B. Du ha khng tc dng vi kim loi kim v cch li kim loi kim vi khng khi, bao v
kim
Page 6
Th.S L Vn on
loi kim khng b oxi ha.

C. Du ha c khi lng ring b hn kim loi kim nn ni ln trn lm mng bao v cho kim
loi kim b oxi ha.
D. Du ha l cht khng thm nc, khng thm khi nn l cht tt nht bao v kim loi kim
trnh hai tc nhn oxi ha ny.
Cu 16. Khi cho mt ming natri c hnh dng bt k vo chu nc c pha thm vi git qu tim. Hin
tng no khng xay ra trong thi nghim ny ?
A. Ming natri tr nn c dng hnh cu.
B. Dung dch thu c lm quy tim ha xanh.
C. Trong qu trnh phan ng, ming natri chy trn mt nc.
D. Vin natri b nng chay v ni trn mt nc.
Cu 17. Kim loi kim no c dng lm t bo quang in ?
A. Li
B. Na
C. K
D. Cs
Cu 18. Kim loi no c dng lm cht trao i nhit trong l phan ng ht nhn ?
A. Hg
B. Na, K
C. Li
D. Cs
Cu 19. Nguyn liu iu ch kim loi kim l:
A. Mui halogenua ca kim loi kim.
B. Mui sunfat ca kim loi kim.
C. Mui nitrat ca kim loi kim.
D. Mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim.
Cu 20. Phng php quan trng iu ch kim loi kim l:
A. in phn nng chay mui halogenua ca kim loi kim.
B. in phn dung dch mui halogenua ca kim loi kim gia 2 cc c mng ngn xp.
C. in phn dung dch mui halogenua ca kim loi kim gia 2 cc khng c mng ngn xp.
D. Ca A, B, C.
Cu 21. Cho 6,2g hn hp hai kim loi kim tc dng ht vi H2O thy c 2,24 lit H2 (kc) bay ra. C cn
dung dch th khi lng cht rn khan thu c l:
A. 9,4g
B. 9,5g
C. 9,6g
D. 9,7g
Cu 22. Cho 0,69 gam mt kim loi kim tc dng vi nc (d) thu c 0,336 lit khi hiro ( ktc).
Kim loi kim l (Cho Li = 7, Na = 23, K = 39, Rb = 85)
A. Rb.
B. Li.
C. Na.
D. K.
Cu 23. Ha tan hon ton 5,2g hai kim loi kim hai chu k lin tip vo nc thu c 2,24 lit H2
(kc). Hai kim loi l:
A. Li v Na
B. Na v K
C. K v Rb
D. Rb v Cs
Cu 24. Cho 1,5g hn hp Na v kim loi kim A tc dng vi nc thu c 1,12 lit H2 (kc). Vy A l:
A. Li
B. Na
C. K
D. Rb
Cu 25. Ho tan m gam Na kim loi vo nc thu c dung dch X. Trung ho dung dch X cn 100ml
dung dch H2SO4 1M. Gi tr m dng l
A. 6,9 gam.
B. 4,6 gam
C. 9,2 gam
D. 2,3 gam.
Cu 26. Ha tan 7,8g mt kim loi X vo H2O c dung dch D v 2,24 lit H2 kc.
a/ Xc nh kim loi X.
A. Li.
B. Na.
C. K.
D. Rb.
b/ Trung ha 20ml dung dch D cn phai dng 10ml dung dch H2SO4 1M. Tinh nng mol
ca dung dch D ?
A. 1M.
B. 2M.
C. 3M.
D. 4M.
Cu 27. Cho 3g hn hp gm Na v kim loi kim M tc dng vi nc. trung ha dung dch thu
c cn 800ml dung dch HCl 0,25M. Kim loi M l:
A. Li
B. Cs
C. K
D. Rb
Cu 28. Cho 17g hn hp X gm 2 kim loi kim ng k tip nhau trong nhm IA tc dng vi nc thu
c 6,72 lit H2 (kc) v dung dch Y. Th tich dung dch HCl, 2M cn trung ha dung dch Y
l:
A. 200ml
B. 250ml
C. 300ml
D. 350ml
Page 7
Cu 29. Cho hn hp cc kim loi kim Na, K ha tan ht vo nc c dung dch A v 0,672 lit khi H2
(ktc). Th tich dung dch HCl 0,1M cn trung ha ht mt phn ba dung dch A l
A. 100 ml.
B. 200 ml.
C. 300 ml.
D. 600 ml.
Cu 30. Hn hp 6,2g gm kim loi Na v 1 kim loi kim khc, cho hn hp tc dng vi 104g H2O,
ngi ta thu c 110g dung dch. Cho bit s nguyn t gam 2 kim loi trong hn hp u bng
nhau. Xc nh tn kim loi ?
A. Li
B. Na
C. Rb
D. K.
Bai 26.
KIM LOAI KIM TH VA HP CHT
I/ VI TRI CU HINH ELECTRON VA LI TINH.

1. V tr va cu hnh electron.
Kim loi kim th thuc nhm IIA gm cc nguyn t: Beri / Be[He] 2s2, Magie / Mg[Ne] 3s2,
Canxi / Ca[Ar] 4s2, Stronti / Sr[Kr] 5s2, Bari / Ba[Xe] 6s2 v Radi / Ra (l nguyn t phng x)
Cu hnh electron ngoi cng l ns2.
Kiu mng tinh th: Be, Mg (lc phng); Ca, Sr (tm din); Ba (tm khi).
Kim loi phn nhm chinh nhm IIA c gi l kim th bi v oxit ca chng (thnh phn ca
t) tc dng vi nc cho dung dch kim.
Nng lng ion ha I2 nh v giam dn t Be n Ba.
2. Tnh cht vt l.
C tinh cht vt li tng t nh kim loi kim (l nhng cht rn, c nh bc, dn in, dn nhit
tt).
Nhit nng chay, nhit si thp, khi lng ring nh, cng thp (cao hn kim loi kim,
nhng vn nh hn nhm).
Cc tinh cht trn khng bin i theo mt qui lut nht nh nh kim loi kim v kiu mng tinh
th ca kim loi kim th khng ging nhau.
II/ TINH CHT HOA HOC.

Kim loi kim th c tinh kh c tinh kh mnh nhng yu hn kim loi kim. Tinh kh tng dn
t Be n Ba. Trong cc hp cht lun c s oxi ha l +2: M M 2 + + 2e
1. Tc dng vi phi kim.

Vi oxi to oxit:
nhit thng, Be v Mg b oxi ha chm to thnh lp mng oxit bao v kim loi. Cc kim
loi cn li phan ng vi oxi trong khng khi mnh lit hn.
Khi t nng, tt ca cc kim loi nhm IIA u chy to thnh oxit:
t0
2Mg + O
2MgO
t0
2
2M + O 2
2MO :
0
t
2Ba + O
2BaO
2
Vi halogen to mui (phan ng xay ra d dng nhit thng)

Mg + Cl MgCl
2
2
M + Cl2 MCl2 :
Ba + Cl2 BaCl2
Vi cc phi kim km hot ng phai un nng:

t
Ca + 2C
CaC 2
(Canxi cacbua)
t
Ca + H 2
CaH 2
(Canxi hidrua)
Page 8
Th.S L Vn on
t
3Mg + N 2
Mg 3H 2 (Magie nitrua)
2. Tc dng vi nc (H2O).
0
Nhi t thng:Be khng phan ng vi H2O, Mg phan ng ch m (xem nh khng phan ng).
Ca, Sr, Ba kh mnh vi nc nhi t thng d dng, to kim v giai phng khi H2 (y
cung l l do gi Ca, Ba, Sr l kim loi kim th).
Ca + 2H O Ca ( OH ) + H
2
2
2
M + 2H 2O M ( OH ) + H 2 :
2
Ba + 2H 2O Ba ( OH ) + H 2
2
3. Tc dng vi axit.
Vi dung dch axit khng c s oxi ha (HCl, H2SO4 long,..) to mui v giai phng khi H2.
Mg + 2HCl MgCl + H
M + 2HCl MCl2 + H 2
2
2
+
2+
Ion: M + 2H M + H 2
Ca + H 2SO 4 ( l ) CaSO 4 + H 2
Vi dd axit c tinh oxi ha (HNO3, H2SO4,..) s kh N ca dung dch HNO3 long xung N v
- 3
+5
+6
- 2
S trong H2SO4 c xung S to thnh mui, san phm kh v H2O:

4M + 10HNO3 4M ( NO3 ) + NH 4 NO3 + 3H 2O
2
+5
+5
- 3
+2
4 Ca + 10H N O3 4 Ca ( NO3 ) + N H 4 NO 3 + 3H 2O
2
- 2
4 Mg+ 5H 2 S O 4 ( d) 4 Mg SO 4 + H 2 S + 4H 2O
4. Tc dng vi dung dch kim: Ch c Be phan ng.
Be + 2NaOH Na 2 BeO 2 + H 2
III/ IU CH VA NG DUNG.
1. iu ch
Bng cch i n phn nng chay mui Halogenua.
dpnc
dpnc
Phng trnh i n phn: MX 2 M + X 2 : CaCl 2 Ca + Cl 2

Ta thu c kim loi Ca cc m, khi clo thot ra cc dng.
2. ng dng
Mg dng lm ch to hp kim nh, bn dng ch to my bay, t.
IV/ MT S HP CHT QUAN TRONG CUA CANXI NC CNG.

Trong s cc hp cht ca kim loi kim th, quan trng nht l cc hp cht ca canxi v chng c
nhiu ng dng trong thc tin.
1. Canxi oxit Vi sng (CaO)

L cht rn, mu trng.
L oxit baz, tc dng mnh li t vi nc, to thnh baz mnh: CaO + H 2O Ca ( OH ) 2
Tc dng vi nhiu oxit v oxit axit.

CaO + 2HCl CaCl 2 + H 2O
CaO + CO 2 CaCO3
900 C
iu ch: CaCO3
CaO + CO 2 .
0
Page 9
2. Canxi hidroxit Vi ti (Ca(OH)2)
L cht rn mu trng, tan it trong nc (1 lit H2O 200C ha tan c 0,02mol Ca(OH)2).
Dung dch Ca(OH)2 l nc vi trong.
L m t baz mnh:
Ca ( OH ) + CO CaCO + H O
(1)
2
3
2
2
Tc dng vi CO2, SO2:
Ca ( OH ) + SO 2 CaSO3 + H 2O
2
Phan ng (1) thng dng nh n bit khi CO2.

Khi sc CO2 t t n khi d vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 thy to kt ta, sau kt ta tan.
Ca ( OH ) + CO 2 CaCO3 + H 2O
2
CaCO3 +CO 2 + H 2O Ca ( HCO3 )
( tan)
Tc dng vi axit:
Ca ( OH ) + HCl CaCl 2 + 2H 2O
2
Tc dng vi mui:
Ca ( OH ) + Na 2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH

Ca ( OH )
2( dung dich )
+ MgCl2 CaCl2 + Mg ( OH )
2
Tc dng vi Cl2:
2Ca ( OH )
Ca ( OH )
2( dung dich )
2( bt )
+ 2Cl2 CaCl2 + Ca ( OCl) + 2H 2O

2
+ Cl2 CaOCl 2 + H 2O
144444424444443
Clorua vi
iu ch:
CaO + H 2O Ca ( OH )
CaCl 2 +2H 2O
dpdd
ngan
Ca
co mang
( OH)
+ H 2 + Cl 2
ng dng: Ca(OH)2 l cht re tin nn c s dng r ng ri trong nhiu ngnh cng nghi p:
San
xut amoniac (NH3), cluarua vi (CaOCl2), v t li u xy dng, lm mim nc, x li
nc thai
3. Canxi cacbonat (CaCO3).

C trong vi, hoa, phn, qu ng olomit (c cha CaCO3; MgCO3) v canxi cacbonat l
thnh phn chinh ca v v mai cc loi c, s, hn, mc,.... CaCO3 l cht rn mu trng, khng
tan trong nc nhng tan c trong nc c khi CO2 ho c tan c trong dung dch axit:
CaCO3 + 2HCl CaCl2 + H 2O + CO 2
( 1)
( 2)
Ca ( HCO3 )
CaCO3 +CO 2 + H 2O
( tan) ( *)
Trong phan ( *) , Chiu (1) xay ra nhi t thp,giai thich s xm thc ca nc ma vi vi.
Chiu (2), xay ra nhi t cao, giai thichs hnh thnh thch nhu trong hang
ng, c n trong m nc
0
900 C
CaCO3 d b phn hy nhi t khoang 9000C: CaCO3
CaO + CO 2 .
Tc dng c vi axit hu c:
CaCO3 + 2CH 3COOH ( CH 3COO) Ca + CO 2 + H 2O
ng dng:
Page 10
Th.S L Vn on
vi: dng lm v t li u xy dng, san xut vi, xi mng, thy tinh,

hoa: dng trong cc cng trnh mi thu t (tc tng, trang tri,).
phn: d nghin thnh b t mn nn lm ph da ca thuc nh rng,
4. Canxi sunfat (CaSO4).
Trong t nhin, canxi sunfat tn ti di dng mui ng m nc CaSO4.2H2O, ta gi l thch cao

sng.
Thch cao sng l m t cht rn mu trng, it tan trong nc.
Khi nung thch cao sng th n mt m t phn nc v bin thnh thch cao nung:
150 C
2CaSO 2 .2H 2O( r)
2CaSO 2 .H 2O + H 2O( k )
(thch cao sng)
(thch cao nung)
Thch cao nung l m t cht b t mu trng, khi nho vi nc c kha nng ng cng nhanh. Li
dng tinh cht ny, ngi ta n ng tng, s dng trong cc cng trnh xy dng, dng trong y hc
(b b t khi gy xng,).
Thch cao khan CaSO4 c iu ch bng cch nung thch cao sng 3500C. Khi nung thch
cao khan n 9600C, canxi sunfat b phn hy.
0
960 C
2CaSO 2( r)
2CaO + 2SO 2( k) + O2( k )
V/ NC CNG.
1. nh nghia.
Nc cng l nc c cha nhiu ion Ca2+, Mg2+.

Nc mm l nc khng cha ho c cha it ion trn.
2. Phn loi.
Nc cng tm thi: l nc cng cha ion hidrocacbonat HCO-3 (nghia l c cha cc mui
Ca(HCO3)2, Mg(HCO3)2).
Nc cng vinh cu: l nc cng cha cc ion Cl- ho c ion SO-4 (tc l c cha cc mui
CaCl2, MgCl2, CaSO4, MgSO4).
Nc cng ton phn: l nc cng cha ca ion HCO-3 v Cl- ho c SO-4 (gm mui ca ca hai
loi trn).
3. Tc hi.
Gy tt ng ng.
X phng mt tc dng gy lng phi.
Lm thc phm mau chin v giam mi v ca thc phm.
To lp c n trong ni hi gy lng phi nhin li u v khng an ton trong san xut.
Lm hng nhiu dung dch cn pha ch trong phng thi nghi m.
4. Cch lam mm nc cng.

Nguyn tc: lm giam nng cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ bng cch chuyn cc ion trn vo cc hp
cht khng tan ho c thay th chng bng cc cation khc.
i vi nc cng tm thi: C 3 cch.
Cch 1: un nng thu c kt ta, lc kt ta c nc mm.
t
Ca(HCO3 )2
CaCO3 +CO 2 + H 2O
0
t
Mg(HCO3 ) 2
MgCO3 +CO 2 + H 2O
0
Cch 2: Dng dung dch Ca(OH)2 va trung ha mui axit thnh mui trung ha.
Page 11
Ca ( OH ) + Ca ( HCO3 ) 2CaCO 3 + 2H 2O
2
Cch 3: Dng dung dch Na2CO3 ho c Na3PO4 to kt ta, lc kt ta c nc mm.
Na 2CO3 + Ca ( HCO 3 ) 2NaHCO3 + CaCO 3

2
i vi nc cng vinh cu: Dng dung dich Na2CO3 ho c Na3PO4 to kt ta, lc kt ta

c nc mm.
CaCl 2 + Na 2CO3 2NaCl + CaCO3
CaSO 4 + Na 2CO 3 Na 2SO 4 + CaCO3
Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn dng phng php trao i ion (cho nc cng i qua cht trao i ion).
Trong thc t, ngi ta thng dng ng thi m t s ha cht thi d nh Ca(OH)2 v Na2CO3.
VI/ NHN BIT ION Ca2+, Mg2+

Dng dung dch Na2CO3 to kt ta tan trong CO2
CaCO3 +CO 2 + H 2O Ca ( HCO3 )
2
Ca 2+ + CO32- CaCO3
14444244443
( tan)
Ca 2 + + 2HCO-3
Mg 2+ + CO32- MgCO3
MgCO3 +CO 2 + H 2O Mg ( HCO3 )

2
1444442444443
( tan)
Mg 2 + + 2HCO-3
TRC NGHIM
======= =======
Cu 1. iu ch kim loi nhm IIA, ngi ta s dng phng php no sau y ?
A. Nhit luyn.
B. in phn nng chay.
C. Thy luyn.
D. in phn dung dch.
Cu 2. iu ch kim loi Mg bng cch in phn MgCl2 nng chay, qu trnh no xay ra catot (cc
m) ?
A. Mg Mg 2+ + 2e
B. Mg2+ + 2e Mg
C. 2Cl- Cl2 + 2e
D. Cl2 + 2e 2Cl- .
Cu 3. X l Clo hoc Brom. Nguyn liu iu ch Ca l:
A. CaX2.
B. Ca(OH)2.
C. CaCO3 nm trong nc.
D. CaCl2 hoc Ca(OH)2.
Cu 4. san xut Mg t nc bin, ngi ta in phn mui MgCl2 nng chay. Trong qu trnh san
xut, ngi ta da vo tinh cht no sau y ?
A. Mg(OH)2 l cht khng tan.
B. Mg(OH)2 tc dng d dng vi axit HCl.
C. MgCl2 nng chay nhit tng i thp. D. A, B, C u ng.
Cu 5. trng thi c ban, nguyn t kim loi kim th c s electron ha tr l.
A. 1e.
B. 2e.
C. 3e.
D. 4e.
Cu 6. Mg c s th t 12 trong bang h thng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc. V y cu hnh electron
ion c th c ca nguyn t ny l:
A. 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2
B. 1s2 2s2 2p6
C. 1s2 2p2 2p6 3s2 3p2
D. Tt ca u sai
Cu 7. Hy chn pht biu sai. Theo chiu tng dn in tich ht nhn, cc kim loi thuc nhm IIA c.
A. Bn kinh nguyn t tng dn.
B. Nng lng ion ha I2 giam dn.
C. Tinh kh ca nguyn t giam dn.
D. Tinh oxi ha ca ion giam dn.
Cu 8. Khi i n phn nng chay mui BaCl2 iu ch Ba. Tm pht biu ng
A. Thu c Cl2 cc dng, Ba cc m.
B. Thu c Ba cc dng, Cl2 cc m
C. Thu c Ba cc dng, Ba(OH)2 cc m.
D. Thu c Cl2 cc dng, Ba(OH)2 cc m.
Page 12
Th.S L Vn on
Cu 9. Kim loi nhm IIA c nhit nng chay, nhit si, khi lng ring bin i khng theo mt
qui lut nh kim loi kim, do cc kim loi nhm IIA c.
A. in tich ht nhn khc nhau.
B. Cu hnh electron khc nhau.
C. Bn kinh nguyn t khc nhau.
D. Kiu mng tinh th khc nhau.
Cu 10. Chn pht biu ng ?
A. Tinh cht ha hc c trng ca kim loi kim th l tinh kh v tinh kh ca n mnh hn
kim loi kim
B. Tinh cht ha hc c trng ca kim loi kim th l tinh kh v tinh kh ca n yu hn
kim loi kim.
C. Tinh cht ha hc c trng ca kim loi kim th l tinh oxi ha v tinh oxi ha ca n
mnh
hn kim loi kim.
D. Tinh cht ha hc c trng ca kim loi kim th l tinh oxi ha v tinh oxi ha ca n yu
hn kim loi kim.
Cu 11. nhit thng, kim loi no khng phan ng c vi nc.
A. Mg.
B. Be.
C. Ca.
D. Sr.
Cu 12. Kim loi no kh nc chm nhit thng, nhng phan ng mnh vi hi nc nhit
cao ?
A. Mg.
B. Ca.
C. Ca.
D. K.
Cu 13. Dy gm cc kim loi u phan ng vi nc nhit thng to ra dung dch c mi trng
kim l
A. Be, Na, Ca.
B. Na, Ba, K.
C. Na, Fe, K.
D. Na, Cr, K.
Cu 14. Cho dy cc kim loi: Fe, Be, Al, Ca. S kim loi trong dy tc dng c vi nc nhit
thng l:
A. 4.
B. 1.
C. 2.
D. 3.
Cu 15. Tm pht biu khng ng ?
A. Tt ca kim loi kim th u tc dng c vi dung dch HCl, long cho khi H2 .
B. Tt ca kim loi kim th u tc dng c vi dung dch HNO3 c nng ho c c ngu i,
H2SO4 c khng giai phng khi hidro.
C. Tt ca kim loi kim th u khng tc dng c vi oxi nhi t cao.
D. Tt ca kim loi kim th u phan ng c vi nc cho baz mnh.
Cu 16. Cho bari vo nc c dung dch A. Cho lng d dung dch Na2CO3 vo A ri dn tip lung
khi CO2 vo n d. Hin tng no ng trong cc hin tng sau.
A. Si bt khi, xut hin kt ta trng, ri tan.
B. Bari tan, xut hin kt ta trng, ri tan.
C. Bari tan, si bt khi hydro, ng thi xut hin kt ta trng.
D. Bari tan, si bt khi hydro, xut hin kt ta trng, ri tan.
Cu 17. Khi un nng dung dch canxi hirocacbonat th c kt ta xut hin. Tng cc h s t lng
trong phng trnh ha hc ca phan ng l:
A. 4.
B. 5.
C. 6.
D. 7.
Cu 18. Cht phan ng c vi dung dch H2SO4 to ra kt ta l
A. NaOH.
B. Na2CO3.
C. BaCl2.
D. NaCl.
Cu 19. Cho dung dch Ca(OH)2 vo dung dch Ca(HCO3) s:

A. C kt ta trng.
B. C bt khi thot ra.
C. C kt ta trng v bt khi.
D. Khng c hin tng g.
Cu 20. Ch dng thm thuc th no di y, c th nhn bit c 3 l mt nhn cha cc dung dch:
H2SO4, BaCl2, Na2SO4 ?
A. Quy tim.
B. Bt km.
C. Na2CO3.
D. A hoc B hoc C.
Cu 21. Cho 2g mt kim loi thuc nhm IIA tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl to ra 5,55g mui clorua.
Kim loi l:
Page 13
A. Be.
B. Mg.
C. Ca.
D. Ba.
Cu 22. Cho 10 gam mt kim loi kim th tc dng ht vi nc thot ra 5,6 lit khi (ktc). Tn ca kim
loi kim th l
A. Ba.
B. Mg.
C. Ca.
D. Sr.
Cu 23. Ha tan hon ton 12g kim loi nhm IIA tc dng va vi 400ml dung dch HCl 7,3%
(d = 1,25g/ml). Kim loi l:
A. Ca.
B. Be.
C. Ba.
D. Mg.
Cu 24. Cho 25g CaCO3 tc dng va vi dung dch HCl 20% (d = 1,2g/ml). Khi lng ca dung
dch HCl dng l bao nhiu ?
A. 180g.
B. 91,25g.
C. 182,5g.
D. 55g.
Cu 25. oxi ha hon ton mt kim loi M ha tr II thnh oxit phai dng mt long oxi bng 40%
lng kim loi dng. Kim loi M l:
A. Zn.
B. Mg.
C. Ca.
D. Ba.
Cu 26. Ha tan hon ton 1,44g mt kim loi ha tr II bng 250ml H2SO4 0,3M (long). Mun trung
ha axit d trong dung dch sau phan ng phai dng 60ml dung dch NaOH 0,5M. Kim loi l
A. Be.
B. Ca.
C. Ba.
D. Mg.
Cu 27. Cho 2,84g hn hp CaCO3 v MgCO3 tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy bay ra 672ml khi CO2
(kc). Phn trm khi lng ca 2 mui trn trong hn hp theo th t no sau y ?
A. 35,2% v 64,8%. B. 70,4% v 29,6%.
C. 85,49% v 14,52%. D. 17,6% v 82,4%.
Cu 28. Ho tan 8,2 gam hn hp bt CaCO3 v MgCO3 trong nc cn 2,016 lit khi CO2 (ktc). S gam
mi mui ban u l
A. 2,0 g v 6,2 g
B. 6,1 g v 2,1 g
C. 4,0 g v 4,2 g
D. 1,48 g v 6,72 g.
Cu 29. Nung hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi k tip nhau trong nhm IIA n khi khi lng
khng i thu c 2,24 lit CO2 (kc) v 4,64g hn hp hai oxit. Hai kim loi l:
A. Mg v Ca.
B. Be v Mg.
C. Ca v Sr.
D. Sr v Ba.
Cu 30. Ho tan ht 5,00 gam hn hp gm mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi kim v mt mui cacbonat
ca kim loi kim th bng dung dch HCl thu c 1,68 lit CO2 (kc). C cn dung dch sau
phan ng s thu c mt hn hp mui khan nng
A. 7,800 gam.
B. 5,825 gam.
C. 11,100 gam.
D. 8,900 gam.
Bai 27. NHM VA HP CHT CUA NHM
I/ VI TRI CUA NHM TRONG BANG HTTH CU TAO NGUYN T LI TINH

1. V tr va cu to nguyn t
Nhm (Al) s 13, nhm IIIA, chu ky 3.

Cu hnh nguyn t Al (Z = 13): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1, hay vit gn li l Al [Ne]: 3s2 3p1.
Nhm d dng nhng 3 electron ha tr nn trong hp cht lun c s oxi ha +3.
2. Ly tnh
Al l cht rn, mu trng bc, nh (D = 2,7g/cm3), kh mm, d ko si, d dt mng. C th dt

c nhng l nhm mng 0,01mm dng lm gi giy ko, thuc l,
Dn i n tt (gp 3 ln st, bng 2/3 ln ng) v dn nhi t tt (gp 3 ln st).
II/ HOA TINH

+3
Nhm l kim loi c tinh kh mnh, b oxi ha d dng thnh ion Al :

Page 14
+3
Al- 3e Al
Th.S L Vn on
1. Tc dng vi phi kim (O2, Cl2, S, ...)

Vi Oxi Nhm oxit:
nhi t thng: Al kt hp d dng vi oxi ta lp oxit mng, bn, bao v Al khng b oxi
ha tip tc.
t
Khi un nng: phan ng mnh li t, sng, ta nhiu nhi t: Al + O 2
Al 2O3 + Q .
Vi phi kim khc (Cl2, Br2, S, N2, C)

B t nhm t bc chy khi tip xc vi Cl2 to mui.
2Al + 3Cl 2 2AlCl3
2Al + 3Br2 2AlBr3
Khi un nng, phan ng c vi I2, S. Khi un nng mnh, phan ng c vi N2, C.

t
2Al + 3S
Al2S3
t
2Al + 3I2
2Al I3
t
2Al + N 2
2Al N
t
4Al + 3C
Al 4C3
2. Tc dng vi axit
Vi axit thng (HCl, H2SO4 loang, H3PO4) mui + H 2 .

Al kh d dng ion H+ trong cc dung dch axit trn to mui v giai phng khi hidro.
3
2Al + 3H 2SO 4 ( l ) Al2 ( SO 4 ) + 3H 2
Al + 3HCl AlCl3 + H 2
3
2
Vi axit c tnh oxi ha (HNO3 c nng, H2SO4 c nng).

+5
+6
Trong cc phan ng ny, Al kh N ho c S trong cc dung dch axit trn xung s oxi ha thp
hn nh: NO, NO2, N2, N2O, NH4NO3, SO2 v khng giai phng khi H2.
t
Al + 4HNO3 ( l )
Al ( NO3 ) + NO + 2H 2O
0
8Al + 30HNO 3 ( l )
8Al ( NO 3 ) + 3N 2O + 15H 2O
t0
c nng
2Al + 6H 2SO
Al2 ( SO 3 ) + 3SO 2 +6H 2O
4
t0
Al khng tc dng vi cc dd axit HNO3 c ngu i va dd axit H2SO4 c ngu .i V v y, c th

dng thng nhm chuyn ch (dng lm bnh cha) hai axit ni trn.
3. Tc dng vi oxit kim loi yu hn Phan ng nhi t nhm
3+
3+
Fe
O
,
Cr
2
2 O 3,...
nhi t cao, Al kh c nhiu ion kim loi trong oxit
thnh kim loi t
do v nhng phan ng ny c gi l phan ng nhi t nhm.

t
2Al + Fe 2O3
Al2O3 + 2Fe . Phan ng ny ta nhi t mnh nn c dng hn kim loi.
0
4. Tc dng vi nc
Nhm khng tc dng vi nc bt k nhi t no l v trn b m t ca nhm c ph m t
lp nhm oxit Al2O3 rt mng, bn v mn, khng cho nc v khi thm qua. Nu ph b lp bao
v , nhm kh c nc nhi t thng:2Al + 6H 2O 2Al ( OH ) + 3H 2 .
Phan ng trn s nhanh chng dng li v Al ( OH ) 3 l cht rn khng tan trong nc (dng keo
trng, nhy), l lp bao v khng cho nhm tip xc vi nc.
Nh v y, c th xem nh nhm khng tc dng c vi nc.
5. Tc dng vi dung dch kim
Page 15
Cho ming nhm vo dung dch kim.

Trc ht, lp bao v Al2O3 b ha tan trong dung dch kim:
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO 2 + H 2O
( 1)
Natri alumiat
K tip, Al s kh nc:
Al + 3H 2O Al ( OH ) + 3/2H 2
3
Lp bao v Al(OH)3 b ha tan trong dung dch kim:
Al ( OH ) + NaOH NaAlO 2 + 2H 2 O
3
( 2)
( 3)
Phan ng ( 2) l phan ng oxi ha kh.

Phan ng ( 1) v ( 3) l phan ng trao i ion.
Phan ng ( 2) v ( 3) xay ra xen ke nhau n khi Al tan ht.
Cc phan ng ny c th c vit chung li nh sau:
Al + NaOH + H 2O NaAlO 2 + 3/2H 2
Dd NaAlO2 kt hp vi hai phn t H2O to ra Na[Al(OH)4] nn phan ng (1) c th c vit li
nh sau: Al(OH)3 + NaOH Na[Al(OH) 4 ]
III/ NG DUNG VA TRANG THAI T NHIN CUA NHM

1. ng dng
Nhm v hp kim nhm c c tinh nh v bn i vi khng khi v nc, c dng lm v t

li u ch to my bay, t, tn la, tu vu tr.
Nhm v hp kim nhm c mu trng bc, p, c xy dng nh ca v trang tri n i tht.
Nhm c tinh cht dn i n, dn nhi t tt c dng lm dy cp cao th thay cho dy ng l
kim loi t tin. Nhm dng ch to thit b trao i nhi t, cc dng c un nu, va c ve p,
va bn, tit ki m nng lng. Giy nhm dng bao gi thc phm cc loi bnh ko, khng gy
c hi cho sc khe con ngi.
Nhm l kim loi c tinh kh kh mnh, b t nhm dng ch to hn hp tecmit (l hn hp khi
ta tr n b t nhm vi bt st oxit) thc hi n phan ng nhi t nhm dng hn ng ray. iu
ch m t s kim loi trong phng thi nghi m.
2. Trng thi t nhin

Nhm trong t nhin tn ti dng hp cht:
t st ( Al2O3 .2SiO 2 .2H 2O ) , Myca ( K 2O.Al2O3 .6SiO 2 .2H 2O ) , Boxit ( Al2O3 .nH 2O) ,
Cryolit ( 3NaF.AlF3 ) .
IV/ SAN XUT NHM

Trong cng nghi p, nhm c san xut ch yu bng phng php i n Al2O3 nng chay, c ln
criolit Na3AlF6 giam nhi t nng chay ca Al2O3.
dpnc
Phng trnh i n phn: 2Al2O3 4Al + 3O3 .
1. Nguyn li u: Qu ng Boxit.
Qu n g Boxit thng ln tp cht Fe2O3 v SiO2. Lm sch qu n g thu nhm oxit Al2O3.
2. San xut nhm.

Phng php: i n phn Al2O3 nng chay.
Chun b cho cht i n li nng chay:
Page 16
Th.S L Vn on
giam nhi t nng chay Al2O3 (20500C), ngi ta ha tan Al2O3 trong Criolit nng chay, ta thu
c hn hp cht lng 9000C. Vi c lm ny va tit ki m nng lng, va to c hn hp
c tinh dn i n tt hn Al2O3 nng chay. M t khc, hn hp ny c t khi nh hn Al nn ni
ln trn v bao v nhm.
Qu trnh i n phn:
Cc m (Catot): ti y xay ra qu trnh kh Al3+ + 3e Al .
Cc dng (Anot) l khi than ch, ti y xay ra s oxi ha ion O 2- thnh khi O2
2O 2- O 2 + 4e
Khi O2 nh t cao t chy cc dng l C, sinh ra hn hp CO v CO2. Do v y trong qu
trnh i n phn phai h thp dn cc dng v n m t thi gian no phai thay.
V/ MT S HP CHT QUAN TRONG CUA NHM
1. Nhm oxit Al2O3
Al2O3 l cht rn, mu trng, khng tan trong nc.

Al2O3 rt bn vi nhi t, khng b nhi t phn hy.
Al2O3 rt bn khng b kh bi C, H2, CO.
Al2O3 l oxit lng tinh: va tc dng c vi axit, va tc dng c vi baz.
Phng trnh phan ng chng minh Al2O3 l oxit lng tinh:
Al2O3 + 6HCl 2AlCl3 + 3H 2O
Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO 2 + H 2O

NaAlO 2 + 2H 2O + 2CO 2 Al ( OH ) + NaHCO 3
3
Cc phan ng trn dng tch Al hay Al2O3 ra khi hn hp.
2. Nhm hidroxit Al(OH)3
Al(OH)3 l cht rn, khng tan trong nc (cht kt ta keo mu trng).

Ha tinh ca Al(OH)3:
t
Al 2O3 + 3H 2O .
L hp cht km bn vi nhi t: 2Al ( OH ) 3
0
L cht lng tinh:
Tan trong dd axit: Al ( OH ) 3 + 3HCl AlCl3 + 3H 2O .

Tan trong dd kim: Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO2 + 2H 2 O .
NaAlO2 ch tn ti trong dung dch, c th ti to li Al(OH)3 theo phng trnh sau:
NaAlO 2 + 2H 2 O + 2CO 2 Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3
NaAlO 2 + 2H 2 O + HCl(va )
Al(OH)3 + NaCl
Al(OH)3 th hi n tinh baz tr i hn tinh axit. Do c tinh axit nnnhm hidroxit cn c tn

l axit aluminic, n l m t axit rt yu, yu hn axit cacbonic.
iu ch Al(OH)3: Dng phan ng trao i mui nhm vi dung dch baz.
Al3+ + 3OH-(va ) Al(OH)3
AlCl3 + 3NaOH Al(OH)3 +3NaCl

AlCl3 + 3NH 3 + 3H 2O Al(OH)3 +3NH 4Cl (d)
Nu tha NaOH, s c p ha tan Al(OH)3: Al(OH)3 + NaOH NaAlO 2 + 2H 2O
Lu rng: Al(OH)3 ch tan c trong dung dch kim mnh, khng tan trong dung dch NH3.
3. Mui nhm
Page 17
Nhm Sunfat Al2(SO4)3

Mui nhm sunfat khan tan trong nc ta nhi t, lm dung dch nng ln do b hidrat ha.
Thng kt hp vi mui K2SO4 dng ng m
nc gi l phen nhm (phen chua), c cng
thc K2SO2.Al2(SO4)3.24H2O hay Kal(SO4)2.12H2O c dng lm sch nc (trong nc),
lm cht cm mu trong phm nhu m, cng nghi p giy, ngnh thu c da.
Nhm clorua AlCl3 l cht xc tc trong cng nghi p ch bin du m v tng hp hu c.
VI/ NHN BIT ION Al3+ TRONG DUNG DICH

Cho t t dung dch NaOH n d vo dung dch thi nghi m, nu thy kt ta keo trng xut hi n
ri tan trong dung dch NaOH d th chng t c ion Al3+.
Al3+ + 3OH- Al(OH)3 (kt ta keo trng).
Al(OH)3 + OH-(d) AlO-2 + 2H 2O
.
TRC NGHIM
======= =======
Cu 1. S electron lp ngoi cng ca nguyn t Al l:
A. 4.
B. 3.
C. 1.
D. 2.
3+
Cu 2. Cu hnh electron ngoi cng ca Al v Al tng ng ln lt l:
A. 3s23p1 v 3s23p4
B. 2s22p6 v 3s22p1
C. 3s23p1 v 3s2
D. 3s23p1 v 2s22p6
Cu 3. M ta no di y khng ph hp vi nhm ?
A. th 13, chu k 2, nhm IIIA.
B. Cu hnh electron [Ne] 3s2 3p1.
C. Tinh th cu to lp phng tm din.
D. Mc oxi ha c trng + 3.
Cu 4. Pht biu no di y ng ?
A. Nhm l kim loi lng tinh.
B. Al(OH)3 l mt baz lng tinh.
C. Al2O3 l oxit trung tinh.
D. Al(OH)3 l mt hidroxit lng tinh.
Cu 5. Kim loi Al khng phan ng vi dung dch
A. H2SO4 , ngui.
B. Cu(NO3)2.
C. HCl.
D. NaOH.
Cu 6. Trong thng mi, chuyn ch axit nitric c hoc axit sunfuric c, ngi ta c th dng cc
thng lm bng:
A. Thy tinh.
B. Thy tinh hu c.
C. Nhm.
D. Ch.
Cu 7. Hp kim quan trng nht ca nhm l:
A. Hp kim almelec. B. Hp kim uyra.
C. Hp kim silumin.
D. Hp kim electron.
Cu 8. Ch ra u l phan ng nhit nhm:
o
t
A. 4Al + 3O2
Al2O3
B. Al + 4HNO3 Al ( NO 3 ) 3 + NO + 2H 2O
C. 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H 2O 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2
o
t
D. 2Al + Fe 2O3
2Fe + Al2O3
Cu 9. Khi ha tan mt vt bng nhm vo dung dch NaOH, phan ng u tin s xay ra l:
A. 2Al + 6H 2O 2Al(OH)3 + 3H 2 .
B. 2Al + 2NaOH + 2H 2O 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2 .
.
C. Al2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaAlO 2 + H 2O hay Al2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H 2O 2Na
Al(OH) 4
D. Al(OH)3 + NaOH 2NaAlO 2 + H 2O .
Cu 10. nhit thng, kim loi Al tc dng c vi dung dch
A. Mg(NO3)2.
B. Ca(NO3)2.
C. KNO3.
Page 18
D. Cu(NO3)2.
Th.S L Vn on
Cu 11. Oxit no sau y lng tinh:

A. Al2O3.
B. Fe2O3.
C. CaO.
D. CuO.
Cu 10. Kim loi phan ng c vi dung dch NaOH l

A. Ag.
B. Cu.
C. Fe.
D. Al.
Cu 11. Trong nhng cht sau, cht no khng c tinh lng tinh ?
A. Al(OH)3
B. Al2O 3
C. ZnSO 4
D. NaHCO3 .
Cu 12. Cht c tinh cht lng tinh l

A. NaCl.
B. Al(OH)3.
D. NaOH.
C. AlCl3.
Cu 13. Khi cho nhm vo nc th:

A. Lc u nhm c phan ng vi nc sau dng li, nn coi nh nhm khng phan ng vi
nc.
B. Nhm c lp Al2O3 bao v, lm sch lp oxit ny th nhm c tc dng vi nc to thnh
Al(OH)3 bao v nn phan ng dng li.
C. Nhm phan ng vi nc to ra Al2O3 nn phan ng dng li.
D. Nhm phan ng vi nc to thnh Al(OH)3.
Cu 14. Cht khng c tinh cht lng tinh l
A. NaHCO3.
B. AlCl3.
Cu 15. Cht phan ng c vi dung dch NaOH l
A. Mg(OH)2.
B. Ca(OH)2.
C. Al(OH)3.
D. Al2O3.
C. KOH.
D. Al(OH)3.
Cu 16. Chn cu sai trong cc cu sau y:

A. Nhm khng tc dng vi nc v c lp Al2O3 bao v.
B. Nhm l kim loi c tinh dn in, dn nhit v c nh kim.
C. Dng giy nhm gi ko v nhm deo v khng c hi cho con ngi.
D. Nhm c th tc dng c vi nc nhi t cao.
Cu 17. Nhm hidroxit thu c t cch lm no sau y ?
A. Cho d dd HCl vo dd natri alumiat.
B. Thi d khi CO2 vo dd natri alumiat.
C. Cho d dd NaOH vo dd AlCl3.
D. Cho Al2O3 tc dng vi nc.
Cu 18. Ch dng ha cht no sau y c th phn bit c 3 cht rn l Mg, Al v Al2O3 :
A. Dung dch HCl.
B. Dung dch KOH.
C. Dung dch NaCl.
D. Dung dch CuCl2.
Cu 19. Cc dung dch ZnSO4 v AlCl3 u khng mu. phn bit hai dung dch ny, c th dng dung
dch ca cht no sau y ?
A. NaOH.
B. HNO3.
C. HCl.
D. NH3.
Cu 20. Hin tng no sau y khng ng khi cho t t dung dch NH3 n khi d vo ng nghim
ng dung dch AlCl3 ?
A. Si bt khi, dung dch vn trong sut v khng mu.
B. Si bt khi v dung dch c dn do to ra cht kt ta.
C. Dung dch c dn do to ra cht kt ta, sau kt ta tan v dung dch li trong sut.
D. Dung dch c dn do to ra cht kt ta v kt ta khng tan khi cho d dung dch NH3.
Cu 21. Cho 10,2g Al2O3 tc dng va vi bao nhiu ml dung dch NaOH 0,8M ?
A. 600ml.
B. 700ml.
C. 750ml.
D. 250ml.
Cu 22. Ha tan 31,2g hn hp bt Al v Al2O3 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 13,44 lit H2
kc. Khi lng tng cht trong hn hp ban u ln lt l:
A. 16,2g v 15g.
B. 10,8g v 20,4g.
C. 6,4g v 24,8g
D. 11,2g v 20g.
Cu 23. Th tich khi clo ( kc) cn dng phan ng hon ton vi 5,4g nhm l:
A. 4,48 lit.
B. 0,448 lit.
C. 6,72 lit.
D. kt qua khc.
Cu 24. Cho 11,8g hn hp gm Al, Cu tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d. Sau phan ng, th tich khi H2
sinh ra l 6,72 lit ( kc). Khi lng ca Cu trong hn hp l:
Page 19
A. 6,4g
B. 3,7g
C. 9,1g
D. 1g.
Cu 25. Ha tan 5,4g Al bng m t lng dung dch H2SO4 (long) d. Sau phan ng thu c dung dch
X v V (lit) khi H2 (kc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 4,48 lit.
B. 0,448 lit.
C. 6,72 lit.
D. kt qua khc.
Cu 26. Cho m (gam) b t Al tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d thu c 15,68 lit khi Hidro (kc). Khi
lng b t Al phan ng l:
A. 12,6g.
B. 1,26g.
C. 6,12g.
D. 6,21g.
Cu 27. Cho 16,2g kim loi X (c ha tr n duy nht) tc dng vi 3,36 lit O2 (kc), phan ng xong thu
c cht rn A. Cho A tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl thy c 1,2g khi H2 thot ra. X l:
A. Mg.
B. Zn.
C. Al.
D. Ca.
Cu 28. Cho 2,7 gam Al tc dng hon ton vi dung dch NaOH d. Sau khi phan ng kt thc, th tich
khi H2 ( ktc) thot ra l (Cho Al = 27)
A. 3,36 lit.
B. 2,24 lit.
C. 4,48 lit.
D. 6,72 lit.
Cu 29. Cho bt nhm tc dng vi dung dch NaOH (d) thu c 6,72 lit khi H2 ( ktc). Khi lng
bt nhm phan ng l (Cho Al = 27)
A. 2,7 gam.
B. 10,4 gam.
C. 5,4 gam.
D. 16,2 gam.
Cu 30. Cho 5,4g Al vo 100ml dung dch KOH 0,2M. Sau khi phan ng xay ra hon ton th th tich khi
H2 (kc) thu c l:
A. 4,48 lit.
Page 20
Th.S L Vn on
Chng
ST VA MT S KIM LOAI QUAN TRONG
Bai 31-32-33. ST HP CHT CUA ST
A ST
I/ VI TRI CU TAO LI TINH CUA ST
1. V tr va cu to electron
St l nguyn t thu c phn nhm ph nhm VIII, (VIIIB), chu k 4, s th t l 26 (Z = 26). C

khi lng nguyn t M = 56.
Fe2+ ( Z = 24) : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 6
2
2
6
2
6
6
2
Cu hnh electron: 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 3d 4s
3+
Fe ( Z = 23) : 1s 2 2s 2 2p 6 3s 2 3p 6 3d 5
Ty thu c vo nhi t , kim loi Fe c th tn ti cc mng l p phng tm khi (Fe

) ho c l p
phng tm di n (Fe).
2. L tnh
St l kim loi c mu trng hi xm, deo (d ren), nng chay nhi t 15400C.
St l kim loi n ng (D = 7,9g/cm3). Dn i n v dn nhi t tt. C t tinh.
II/ TINH CHT HOA HOC

Khi tham gia phan ng ha hc, nguyn t st c th nhng 2e phn lp 4s ho c nhng thm 1 s
electron phn lp 3d cha bo ha (thng l 1e). Nh v y, tinh cht ha hc c ban ca st l tinh
kh (tinh kh trung bnh) v nguyn t st c th b oxi ha thnh ion Fe2+ ho c Fe3+, ty thu c vo
cht oxi ha tc dng vi st. C th, khi tc dng vi cht oxi ha yu, st b oxi ha n s oxi
ha +2: Fe Fe2+ + 2e. i vi cht oxi ha mnh, st b oxi ha n s oxi ha +3: Fe Fe2+ + 3e.
1. Tc dng vi phi kim (Cl2, S, O, I)

t0 cao, st kh mnh m nguyn t phi kim thnh ion, st b oxi ha thnh ion Fe2+ ho c Fe3+.
t
Fe + I 2
FeI 2
o
t
Fe + S
FeS
o
t
3Fe + 2O 2
Fe3O 4
1442443 (st t oxit).
o
to
2Fe + 3Cl2
2FeCl3
(FeO.Fe 2 O3 )
2. Tc dng vi axit
a/ Tc dng vi HCl, H2SO4 loang : Mui st (II) + H 2
Fe + 2H + Fe 2+ + H 2
Fe + H 2SO 4 ( l ) FeSO 4 + H 2
Fe + 2HCl FeCl 2 + H 2
b/ Tc dng vi HNO3, H2SO4 c nng : Mui st (III) + khi (NO, NO2, SO2, N2O,..)
Fe + 2HNO3 ( l ) Fe ( NO3 ) + NO +H 2 O
3
2Fe + 6H 2SO 4 ( d)
Fe 2 ( NO 3 ) + 3SO 2 + 6H 2O
to
Lu rng: Fe khng phan ng c vi HNO3, H2SO4 c ngu .i

Page 21
3. Tc dng vi mui cua kim loi yu

St c th kh c ion ca cc kim loi ng sau n trong dy kim loi t do. Trong cc phan
ng ny, st b oxi ha thnh ion Fe2+.
Fe + CuSO 4 FeSO 4 + Cu
Phng trnh ion: Fe + Cu 2+ Fe 2+ + Cu
c bi t, i vi bc nitrat AgNO3:
Nu Fe d th to mui st (II)
Fed + 2AgNO3 Fe ( NO3 ) + 2Ag

2
Fed
2+
+ 2Ag Fe + 2Ag
Fe + 2AgNOd Fe ( NO ) + 3Ag
Nu AgNO3 d th to mui st (III)
3 3
Fe + 3Ag +d Fe3+ + 3Ag
4. Tc dng vi nc
nhi t thng, st khng kh c nc. Nu cho hi nc nng i st nhi t cao, st
kh hi nc, giai phng khi H2 v st b oxi ha thnh Fe3O4 ho c FeO ty theo t0 phan ng.
t < 570 C
3Fe + 4H 2 O

Fe3O 4 + H 2
o
t > 570 C
Fe + H 2O

FeO + H 2
o
III/ TRANG THAI T NHIN
St l m t nguyn t ng hng th t v ph bin trong v Tri t sau oxi, silic v

nhm, ng hng th hai trong s cc kim loi, sau nhm. N to thnh gn 5% khi lng v
Tri t v chim khoang 95% khi lng tt ca cc kim loi m loi ngi tiu th.
Trong t nhin, Fe tn ti di nhng dng qu ng l hemantit (cha Fe2O3 khan), hematit
nu (cha Fe2O3.nH2O), manhetit (cha Fe3O4), xiderit (cha FeCO3), pirit (cha FeS2),........
Ngoi ra, st cn tn ti trong cc c th sng: n rt cn thit san xut hemoglobin trong
mu v cht di p lc (clorophin) trong cy c.
St c tm quang trng hng u trong kinh t v cng nghi p v:
Qu ng st c sn trong v Tri t.
D luy n st t qu ng.
St c tinh c hc rt tt.
IV/ IU CH
C th dng phng php nhi t luy n, thy phn, i n phn iu ch st
t
Fe3O 4 + 4CO
3Fe + 4CO 2
o
Mg + FeCl2 Fe + MgCl 2
1
pdd
FeSO 4 + H 2 O
Fe + O 2 + H 2SO 4
2
B HP CHT CUA ST
======= =======
I/ HP CHT ST (II)
Hp cht st (II) gm: oxit (FeO), mui, hidroxit (Fe(OH)2).
Tinh cht ha hc c trng l tinh kh.
Hp cht st (II) tc dng vi cht oxi ha s b oxi ha thnh hp cht st (II). Trong cc phan ng
ha hc ny, ion Fe2+ c kha nng cho 1 electron tr thnh Fe3+ : Fe2+ 1e Fe3+.
1. St (II) oxit FeO (va c tinh oxi ha, va c tinh kh).

Page 22
Th.S L Vn on
Li tinh: FeO l cht rn mu en, khng c trong t nhin.

Ha tinh: L m t oxit baz, tan c trong dung dch axit, khng tan c trong nc.
FeO tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c mui st (III):
+2
+5
+3
+2
t
3FeO+ 10HNO3 ( l )
3Fe ( NO3 ) + NO +5H 2 O
o
Tc dng vi axit loi 1 Mui + Nc: FeO + H 2SO 4 FeSO 4 + H 2 O

Trong m t s phan ng, FeO ng vai tr l cht oxi ha: Fe2+ + 2e Fe0, thi d nh:
t
FeO + H 2
Fe + H 2 O
t
3FeO + 2Al
Al 2O3 + 3Fe
iu ch:
t
Kh st (III) oxit 500oC bi H2 hay CO: Fe 2 O3 + CO
2FeO + CO 2 .
o
Dng phng php phn hy hp cht khng bn ca st (II) hidroxit Fe(OH)2 nhi t cao,
t
khng c khng khi: Fe(OH)2
FeO + H 2O .
o
2. St (II) hidroxit Fe(OH)2
Li tinh: Fe(OH)2 nguyn cht l cht rn, mu trng hi xanh (mu lc nht), khng tan trong H2O
Ha tinh:
Trong khng khi, Fe(OH)2 d b oxi ha thnh Fe(OH)3 mu nu :
4Fe(OH)2 + O 2 + 2H 2 O 2Fe ( OH )
3
t
Khi nung trong khng khi to oxit st (III): 4Fe(OH)2 + O 2
2Fe2 O3 + 2H 2O .
o
iu ch:
c iu ch bng phan ng trao i ion gia dung dch mui st (II) v dung dch kim,
trong iu ki n khng c khng khi: FeCl2 + 2NaOH Fe ( OH ) 2 + 2NaCl
Nu c khng khi, ban u FeCl2 tc dng vi NaOH to kt ta mu trng hi xanh:
Fe 2+ + 2OH- Fe ( OH ) (trng xnh nht)

2
Sau , ta ny kt hp vi O2 trong khng khi to Fe(OH)3 c mu nu .

4Fe(OH)2 + O 2 + 2H 2 O 2Fe ( OH ) (nu ).
3
y l li do: iu ch Fe(OH)2 cung nh FeO trong iu ki n khng c khng khi.
3. Mui st (II)
Li tinh: a s mui st (II) tan trong nc. Khi kt tinh thng dng ng m nc. Thi d nh:
FeSO4.7H2O, FeCl2.4H2O.
Ha tinh:
Mui st (II) d b oxy ha thnh mui st (III) bi cc cht oxi ha
to
2FeCl 2 + Cl 2 2FeCl3
4FeS2 + 11O 2
2Fe2 O3 + 8SO 2
5FeCl2 + KMnO 4 + 8HCl 5FeCl3 + MnCl 2 + KCl + 4H 2 O

B kim loi mnh hn y ra khi mui: 2Al + 3FeSO 4 Al 2 ( SO 4 ) 3 + 3Fe
iu ch: cho Fe (ho c FeO, Fe(OH)2) tc dng vi axit HCl ho c H2SO4 long.
Fe + 2HCl FeCl2 + H 2
FeO + H 2SO 4 FeSO 4 + H 2 O
Lu : Dung dch mui st (II) iu ch c cn dng ngay v trong khng khi s chuyn
dn thnh mui st (III).
II/ HP CHT ST (III)

Hp cht st (III) gm: st (III) oxit (Fe2O3), mui, hidroxit (Fe(OH)3).
Page 23
Tinh cht ha hc c trng l tinh oxi ha.

Trong cc phan ng ha hc, ion Fe3+ c kha nng nh n 1 ho c 3e tr thnh ion Fe2+ ho c Fe:
Fe3+ + 1e Fe2+ ho c Fe3+ + 3e Fe.
1. St (III) oxit Fe2O3
Li tinh: Fe2O3 l cht rn, mu nu, khng tan trong nc.

Ha tinh:
Fe2O3 l m t oxit baz nn d tan c trong cc dung dch axit mnh.
Fe 2 O3 + 6HCl 2FeCl3 + 3H 2 O
Fe 2 O3 + 6HNO3 2Fe(NO3 )3 + 3H 2 O
Fe 2 O3 + 3H 2SO 4 Fe 2 (SO 4 )3 + 3H 2 O
t
nhi t cao, Fe2O3 b CO ho c H2 kh thnh Fe: Fe 2 O 3 + 3CO
2Fe + 3CO 2
o
t
Phan ng vi cht kh mnh: 2Al + Fe 2 O3
Al2 O3 + 2Fe + Q (phan ng nhi t Al).
o
t
Fe 2 O3 + 3H 2 O
iu ch: thy phn Fe(OH)3 nhi t cao: 2Fe ( OH ) 3
Fe2O3 c trong t nhin di dng qu n g hematit dng san xut gang.
2. St (III) hidroxit Fe(OH)3
Li tinh: Fe(OH)3 l cht rn mu nu , khng tan trong nc.

Ha tinh: D tan trong dung dch axit to thnh dung dch mui st (III):
t
2Fe ( OH ) + 3H 2SO 4
Fe 2 ( SO 4 ) + 6H 2 O
o
iu ch: Bng phan ng trao i ion gia dung dch kim vi mui st (III)
FeCl3 + 3NaOH Fe ( OH ) +3NaCl

3
3. Mui st (III)
Li tinh: a s mui st (III) tan trong nc, khi kt tinh thng dng ng m nc. Thi d nh:
FeCl3.6H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.9H2O.
Ha tinh: Cc mui st (III) c tinh oxi ha, d b kh thnh mui st (II).
Ngm m t inh st trong dung dch mui st (III) c mu vng (mu ca ion Fe3+ trong dd), sau
m t thi gian, ta thy dung dch chuyn sang mu xanh nht (mu ca ion Fe2+ trong dd):
0
+3
+2
Fe + 2FeCl3 (mu vng) 3 Fe Cl 2 (mu xnh nht)

Cho b t ng vo dung dch mui st (III), ta thy mu xanh xut hi n (mu ca Cu2+ trong dd)
0
+3
+2
+2
Cu + 2FeCl3 (mu vng) CuCl2 (mu vng) + 2FeCl 2

Vi axit yu (HI, H2S):
2FeCl3 + 2KI 2FeCl 2 + KCl + I 2

2FeCl3 + H 2S 2FeCl 2 + 2HCl + S (vng)
Mui FeCl3 c dng lm cht xc tc trong tng hp hu c.
C HP KIM CUA ST
======= =======
I/ GANG
1. Khi ni m
Gang l hp kim ca st vi cacbon, trong c t 2 5% khi lng cacbon, ngoi ra, cn c
m t lng nh cc nguyn t khc: Si(1 4%), Mn(0,3 5%), S(0,01 1%), Mn(0,3 5%),.....
2. Phn loi: C 2 loi

Page 24
Th.S L Vn on
Gang trng: cha it cacbon, rt it silic, cha nhiu xenmentit (Fe3C). Gang trng rt cng v dn,
dng luy n thp.
Gang xm: cha nhiu cacbon v silic. Gang xm km cng v km dn hn gang trng, khi nng
chay to thnh cht lng linh ng (it nht), khi ha rn th tng th tich. V v y, gang xm c
dng c cc b ph n ca my (piston ng c, vng gng du,...), ng dn nc,......
3. Nguyn li u Nguyn tc san xut gang
Nguyn li u: Cc qu ng st oxit (thng l qu ng hematit cha ch yu Fe2O3)

Nguyn tc:
Kh st trong oxit bng CO nhi t cao (phng php nhi t luy n).
Trong l cao, st c s oxi ha cao b kh dn dn n st c s oxi ha thp theo s :
+3
+8
+2
Fe 2 O3 Fe3O 4 FeO Fe
4. Cc phan ng ha hoc xay ra trong qu trnh san xut gang
Phan ng to thnh cht kh CO:

t
C + O 2
CO 2 + Q
o
t
CO 2 + C
2CO - Q (khoang 18000)
o
Phan ng kh oxit st v st v to gang:

Phn trn thn l c t o = 400o C :
t
3Fe 2 O3 + CO
2Fe3O 4 + CO2
Phn gia thn l c t o = 500o C - 600o C :
t
Fe3O 4 + CO
3FeO + CO 2
Phn di thn l c t o = 700o C - 800o C :
t
FeO + CO
Fe + CO 2
Cc phan ng to x: phn bng l, ni c t o = 1000o C xay ra phan ng phn hy CaCO3 v

phan ng to x:
t
CaCO3
CaO + CO 2
t
CaO + SiO 2
CaSiO3 (canxi silicat) x.
II/ THEP
1. Khi ni m
Thp l hp kim ca st cha t 0,01 2% khi lng cacbon cng m t s nguyn t khc (Si,
Mn, Cr, Ni, P, S,...).
2. Phn loi: Da vo thnh phn ha hc v tinh cht c hc, chia lm 2 nhm chinh:
Thp thng (hay thp cacbon): cha it cacbon, silic, mangan v rt it lu huynh, photpho.
cng ca thp ph thu c vo hm lng cacbon.
Thp mm: cha khng qu 0,1%C. Thp mm d gia cng, c dng ch to cc v t
dng trong i sng v xy dng nh ca,...
Thp cng: cha trn 0,9%C, c dng ch to cc cng c, cc chi tit my nh cc vng
bi, v xe bc thp,....
Thp c bi :t l thp thm cc nguyn t nh Ni, Cr, W, V, ... lm cho thp c nhng tinh cht
c bi t. Chng hn nh:
Thp cha khoang 13% Mn rt cng, c dng lm my nghin .
Thp khng r c cha khoang 20%Cr, 10%Ni, n rt cng, dng lm dng c gia nh (tha,
dao,...), dng c y t, ....
Thp cha khoang 18%W v 5%Cr, rt cng, dng lm ch to my ct gt kim loi cho my
ti n, my phay,....
Thp silic c tinh n hi tt, dng ch to l xo, nhip t, ....
Page 25
3. San xut thep

a/ Nguyn li u
Gang trng, gang xm, st thp ph li u.

Cht chay l CaO.
Nhin li u l du mazut ho c khi t.
Khi oxi.
b/ Nguyn tc
Oxi ha cc tp cht trong gang (C, S, Si, Mn, ....) thnh oxit, sau loi cc cht ny di dng
to x giam hm lng ca chng v tch ra khi thp.
c/ Nhng phan ng ha hc xay ra trong qu trnh luy n gang, thp
t
1) Si + O 2
SiO 2
o
t
C + O 2
CO2
o
t
2) 2C + O 2
2CO
o
t
2Mn + O 2
2MnO
o
t
3) C + O 2
CO2
o
t
4) 2Fe + O 2
2FeO
o
t
5) FeO + Mn
MnO + Fe
Sau , cc oxit ny phan ng vi cht chay l CaO to mui di dng x.
o
t
CaO + SiO 2
CaSiO3
o
t
3CaO + P2 O5
Ca 3 ( PO 4 )
o
d/ Cc phng php luy n thp
Phng php l thi oxi (phng php Bessemer): dng khng khi hay oxi lm cht oxi ha.
Phng php l bng (phng php Martin): dng Fe2O3 lm cht oxi ha.
Phng php l h quang i n.
TRC NGHIM
======= =======
Cu 1. Khng nh no sau y khng ng ?
A. Fe c tinh kh mnh hn Cu.
B. Fe khng tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 c ngu i, dung dch HNO3 c, ngu i.
C. Fe c i n tich ht nhn ln hn Al.
D. Fe (d) tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng cho mui Fe (III).
Cu 2. Cho hai l st (1), (2). L (1) cho tc dng ht vi khi Clo. L (2) cho tc dng ht vi dung dch
HCl. Hy chn cu tra li ng ?
A. Ca hai trng hp u thu c FeCl3.
B. Ca hai trng hp u thu c FeCl2.
C. L (1) thu c FeCl3, l (2) thu c FeCl2.
D. L (1) thu c FeCl2, l (2) thu c FeCl3.
Cu 3. Nhng nh n xt no sau y ng ?
Page 26
Th.S L Vn on
1/ Fe nguyn cht l kim loi c mu trng hi xm, deo, d ren.

2/ Fe l kim loi n ng.
3/ Fe rt cng.
4/ Fe c tinh nhim t.
5/ Fe dn i n tt hn Al.
A. 1, 2, 5.
B. 1, 3.
C. 1, 2, 4.
D. 2, 4.
Cu 4. Cho Fe tc dng vi hi nc nung nng nhi t di 570oC th san phm thu c l:
A. Fe(OH)2 v H2.
B. Fe3O4 v H2.
C. Fe2O3 v H2.
D. FeO v H2.
Cu 5. Cho Fe tc dng vi hi nc nung nng nhi t trn 570oC th san phm thu c l:
A. Fe(OH)2 v H2.
B. Fe3O4 v H2.
C. Fe2O3 v H2.
D. FeO v H2.
Cu 6. Lp g st mu nu xut hi n khi st trong khng khi m l:
A. Fe2O3.
B. Fe(OH)3.
C. FeO.
Cu 7. Hai dung dch u phan ng c vi Fe l:
A. CuSO4 v ZnCl2.
B. CuSO4 v HCl.
C. ZnCl2 v FeCl3.
D. Fe(OH)2.
D. HCl v AlCl3.
Cu 8. Xt hai phan ng ha hc:

t
FeO + CO
Fe + CO 2
o
FeO + 4HNO3 Fe ( NO3 ) + NO 2 + 2H 2 O

3
( 1)
( 2)
T hai phan ng ny, ta c th kt lu n:

A. Hp cht st (II) ch c tinh kh.
B. Hp cht st (II) ch c tinh oxi ha.
C. Hp cht st (II) va c tin kh, va c tinh oxi ha.
D. Hp cht st (III) c tinh kh.
Cu 9. Tm nh nghia sai ?
A. Gang l hp kim ca st vi cacbon v m t s nguyn t khc, trong C chim 2 5% .
B. Gang l hp kim ca st vi cacbon v m t s nguyn t khc, trong C chim 0,01 2% .
C. Thp l hp kim ca st vi cacbon v m t s nguyn t khc, trong C chim 0,01 2% .
D. Gang gm 2 loi chinh l gang trng v gang xm, thp gm 2 loi chinh l thp cacbon v
thp c bi t.
Cu 10. Loi qu ng no sau y khng cha st ?
A. Qu ng manhetit.
B. Qu ng xiderit v qu ng pirit.
C. Qu ng hematit v hematit nu.
D. Qu ng sinvinit.
Cu 11. Qu ng manhetit c thnh phn chinh l:
A. FeO.
B. Fe2O3.
C. Fe3O4.
D. FeCO3.
Cu 12. Qu ng hematit c thnh phn chinh l:
A. Fe2O3.
B. FeS2.
C. FeCO3.
D. Fe3O4.
Cu 13. Qu ng hematit nu c thnh phn chinh l:
A. Fe2O3.nH2O
B. FeCO3.
C. Fe3O4.
D. FeNO3.
Cu 14. Qu ng xiderit c thnh phn chinh l:
A. Fe2O3.
B. FeCO3.
C. Fe3O4.
D. FeS2.
Cu 15. Qu ng pirit c thnh phn chinh l:
A. Fe2O3.
B. FeS2.
C. FeCO3.
D. Fe3O4.
Cu 16. Nguyn tc ca san xut gang l:
A. Kh oxit st bng CO nhi t cao.
B. Kh oxit st bng Al nhi t cao.
C. Kh oxit st bng C nhi t cao.
D. Kh oxit st bng H2 nhi t cao.
Cu 17. S no sau y cho bit qu trnh kh st trong l cao:
A. Fe2O3 FeO Fe3O4 Fe.
B. Fe2O3 Fe3O4 FeO Fe.
C. Fe3O4 Fe2O3 FeO Fe.
D. FeO Fe3O4 Fe2O3 Fe.
Cu 18. Nguyn tc ca san xut thp l:
A. Kh oxit st bng CO nhi t cao.
B. Oxi ha cc tp cht c trong gang thnh kim loi, nhm giam hm lng ca chng.
Page 27
C. Oxi ha cc tp cht c trong gang thnh oxit, nhm giam hm lng ca chng.
D. Oxi ha st c trong gang thnh oxit, nhm giam hm lng ca chng.
Cu 19. Cho cc qu trnh sau xay ra trong qu trnh luy n thp:
1/ C + O2 CO2
v
S + O2 SO2.
2/ 2CaO + P2O5 Ca3(PO4)3
v
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3.
3/ Si + O2 SiO2
v
4P + 5O2 2P2O5.
Hy sp xp cc qu trnh trn theo ng trnh t phan ng xay ra trong l luy n thp:
A. 1 2.
B. 1 3 2.
C. 2 1.
D. 3 1.
Cu 20. M t loi qu ng cha st trong t nhin c loi b tp cht. Ha tan qu ng ny trong dung
dch HNO3 thy c khi mu nu bay ra, dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch BaCl2
thy c kt ta trng (khng tan trong axit mnh). Loi qu ng l:
A. Xiderit.
B. Hematit.
C. Manhetit.
D. Pirit st.
Cu 21. Cho 2,52 gam mt kim loi tc dng ht vi dung dch H2SO4 long, thu c 6,84 gam mui
sunfat. Kim loi l:
A. Mg.
B. Zn.
C. Fe.
D. Al.
Cu 22. Ngm m t l kim loi c khi lng 50g trong dung dch HCl. Sau khi thu c 336ml khi H2
(kc) th khi lng l kim loi giam 1,68%. Kim loi l:
A. Mg.
B. Fe.
C. Zn.
D. Al.
Cu 23. Ha tan m (gam) Fe trong dung dch HCl d, sau phan ng kt thc thu c 4,48 lit khi H2
(kc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,8g.
B. 1,4g.
C. 5,6g.
D. 11,2g.
Cu 24. Cho m gam Fe vo dung dch HNO3 ly d ta thu c 8,96 lit(kc) hn hp khi X gm 2 khi
NO v NO2 c t khi hi hn hp X so vi oxi bng 1,3125. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,56 gam.
B. 1,12 gam.
C. 11,2 gam.
D. 5,6 gam.
Cu 25. Cho 32 gam hn hp gm MgO, Fe2O3, CuO tc dng va vi 300ml dung dch H2SO4 2M.
Khi lng mui thu c l
A. 60 gam.
B. 80 gam.
C. 85 gam.
D. 90 gam.
Cu 26. Kh hon ton 16 gam Fe2O3 bng khi CO nhit cao. Khi i ra sau phan ng c dn vo
dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 15 gam
B. 20 gam.
C. 25 gam.
D. 30 gam.
Cu 27. Kh hon ton 17,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 cn 2,24 lit CO ( ktc). Khi lng st
thu c l
A. 5,6 gam.
B. 6,72 gam.
C. 16,0 gam.
D. 8,0 gam.
Cu 28. Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe2O3, MgO, ZnO trong 500 ml axit H2SO4 0,1M (va
). Sau phan ng, hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c khi lng l
A. 3,81 gam.
B. 4,81 gam.
C. 5,81 gam.
D. 6,81 gam.
Cu 29. Cho 9,12 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4 tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d). Sau khi cc
phan ng xay ra hon ton, c dung dch Y ; c cn Y thu c 7,62 gam FeCl2 v m gam
FeCl3. Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,75.
B. 8,75.
C. 7,80.
D. 6,50.
Cu 30. Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe2O3 v Fe3O4 phan ng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long
(d), thu c 1,344 lit khi NO (san phm kh duy nht, ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung
dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 38,72.
B. 35,50.
C. 49,09.
D. 34,36.
Page 28
Th.S L Vn on
Bai 34. CROM VA HP CHT CUA CROM
I/ CU TAO VI TRI TRONG BANG TUN HOAN LI TINH

1. V tr va cu hnh electron
V tri: Crom l kim loi chuyn tip, nm s 24 (Z = 24), thu c nhm VIB, chu k 4.
Cu hnh electron: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d5 4s1. Vit gn li l: [Ar] 3d5 4s1.
Nguyn t Cr c cu hnh electron bt thng nh trn do 1 electron phn lp 4s chuyn sang

phn lp 3d c cu hnh bn bao ha bn hn.
S sp xp cc electron lp ngoi cng:
[Ar]
Nh n xt: Nguyn t Crom khi tham gia phan ng ha hc khng ch c cc electron phn lp
4s m cn cc electron phn lp 3d. Do , trong hp cht Crom c s oxi ha bin i t +1
n +6. Ph bin l cc s oxi ha: +2, +3, +6.
2. L tnh
Crom l kim loi n ng, c khi lng ring ln (D = 7,2g/cm3), c mu trng bc, rt cng (cng
nht trong cc kim loi, v c th rch c thy tinh)
o
0
Nhi t nng chay cao (kh nng chay): t nc = 1890 C .

Cr l kim loi c tinh kh mnh hn Fe nhng yu hn Zn. (Cr c tinh cht ha hc gn ging Al)
1. Tc dng vi phi kim
nhi t thng: Cr ch tc dng vi Flo
2Cr + 3F2 2CrF3
nhi t cao: Cr tc dng c vi O2, Cl2, S, N2, ...... to hp cht Cr (III).

t
4Cr + 3O 2
2Cr2O 3
o
t
2Cr + 3Cl 2
2CrCl3
o
t
2Cr + 3S
Cr2S3
o
t
2Cr + N 2
2CrN
o
2. Tc dng vi nc
Cr khng tc dng vi nc, cung nh khng khi (ging nh Al) do c mng oxit (CrO3) bao v .
3. Tc dng vi axit
V c lp mng bao v , Cr khng tan ngay trong dung dch axit HCl, H2SO4 long ngu i.
Khi un nng, mng oxit tan ra, Cr tc dng vi 2 axit trn giai phng khi H2 v to mui Cr (II)
khi khng c khng khi:
Page 29
Cr + 2HCl CrCl 2 + H 2
Cr + H 2SO 4 CrSO 4 + H 2
Khi c khng khi :
CrCl2 + O 2 + HCl
Cr khng tc dng vi dung dch axit HNO3 c ngu i, H2SO4 c ngu i ging nh Al v Fe.
III/ IU CH NG DUNG
iu ch: Cr c iu ch t qu ng cromit (Cr2O3.FeO) bng phan ng nhi t nhm:

t
Cr2O 3 + 3Al
2Cr + Al 2O3
o
ng dng: Ch to thp chng g c cng cao, m crom ln st bao v st,
IV/ HP CHT CUA CROM

Crom c nhng hp cht ging nh hp cht ca lu huynh.
1. Hp cht Crom (II)

a/ Crom (II) oxit CrO :
L m t cht b t mu en, khng tan trong nc.
CrO l m t oxit baz : tc dng c vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long, trong iu ki n khng co
khng khi, to mui Cr (II).
CrO + 2HCl CrCl 2 + H 2O
Nu c khng khi : CrCl 2 + O 2 + HCl

CrO c tinh oxi ha: trong khng khi d b oxi ha thnh Cr (III) oxit Cr2O3.
4CrO + O 2 2Cr2O3
10000C, H2 kh CrO thnh Cr.
0
>1000 C
CrO + H 2

Cr + H 2O
b/ Crom (II) hidroxit Cr(OH)2 :
L cht rn mu vng, khng tan c trong nc.
Cr(OH)2 c tinh kh, trong khng khi d b oxi ha thnh Cr (III) hidroxit c mu lc xm.
Cr(OH)2 l oxit baz mnh, tc dng c vi HCl, H2SO4 long, khng c khng khi, to ra
mui Cr (II):
Cr ( OH ) + 2HCl CrCl 2 + 2H 2O
4Cr ( OH ) + O 2 + 2H 2O 4Cr ( OH ) (mu lc xm).

2
3
iu ch: dng phan ng trao i ion gia dung dch mui Cr (II) vi dung dch kim trong iu
ki n khng c khng khi:
CrCl2 + 2NaOH Cr ( OH ) (vng) + 2NaCl
2
c/ Mui Crom (II) c tinh kh mnh, d b oxi ha thnh mui Cr (III).

Sc khi clo vo dung dch mui crom (II) clorua (mu xanh lam) thy c mu tim .
2CrCl(xanh
lam) + Cl 2 2CrCl3 (mu tim ).
2
Page 30
Th.S L Vn on
iu ch: Dng Zn kh mui Cr (III):
2CrCl3 + Zn 2CrCl 2 + ZnCl 2
2. Hp cht Crom (III)

a/ Crom (III) oxit Cr2O3 :
Cr2O3 dng v nh hnh c mu lc thm.
Cr2O3 l m t oxit lng tinh ging nh nhm nhng khc oxit nhm ch ch tan trong kim
c ho c axit c :
t
Cr2O 3 + 3H 2SO 4
Cr2 ( SO 4 ) + 3H 2O
o
Cr2O3 + 2NaOH( ) + 3H 2O
2Na
Cr OH )
4
(
to
iu ch: Cr2O3 c iu ch bng cch un nng Cr (III) hidroxit.
2Cr ( OH )
Cr2O3( r ) + 3H 2O( l )
o
2( r )
Trong cng nghi p, ngi ta san xut crom (III) oxit lm nguyn li u san xut crom kim loi
bng cch dng lm than hay lu huynh kh kali dicromat:
t
K 2Cr2O 7 + S
Cr2O 3 + K 2SO 4
ng dng: c dng to mu lc cho s, thy tinh.
b/ Crom (III) hidroxit Cr(OH)3
Cr(OH)3 l cht rn (c dng kt ta keo mu lc nht), khng tan trong nc.

Cr(OH)3 l m t hidroxit lng tinh, tan c trong dung dch axit to mui Cr (III) v dung dch
kim to thnh cromit :
Cr ( OH ) + 3HCl( dd) CrCl3 + 3H 2O
3( r )
Cr ( OH )
3( r )
+ NaOH NaCrO 2 + 2H 2O hay Na

Cr ( OH )
(Natri Cromit)
Cr(OH)3 khng tan trong dung dch NH3 (ging nhm) nhng tan trong NH3 lng nguyn cht,
to nn phc cht Cr(NH3)63.
iu ch: dng phan ng trao i ion gia mui Cr (III) vi dung dch kim.
CrCl3 + 3NaOH 2Cr ( OH ) +3NaCl

3
c/ Mui Crom (III)
Mui Crom (III) c mu tim nhi t thng, c mu khi un nng.

V trng thi s oxi ha trung gian, ion Cr3+ trong dung dch va c tinh oxi ha (trong mi
trng axit), va c tinh kh (trong mi trng baz).
Trong mi trng axit, ion Cr3+ b kh thnh Cr2+ bi Zn:
2CrCl3 + Zn 2CrCl 2 + ZnCl2
2Cr 3+ + Zn 2Cr 2 + + Zn 2 +
Trong mi trng kim b oxi ha thnh mui Cr (VI):
2NaCrO 2 + 3Br2 + 8NaOH 2Na 2CrO 4 + 6NaBr + 4H 2O
2CrO-2 + 3Br2 + 8OH- 2CrO 42- + 6Br - + 4H 2O
Page 31
Mui Crom (III) c nhiu ng dng nht l phen crom kali: K 2SO 4 .Cr2 (SO 4 )3 .24H 2O c mu
xanh tim, c dng thu c da, cm mu trong ngnh nhu m vai.
3. Hp cht Crm (VI)

a/ Crm (VI) oxit CrO3
CrO3 l cht rn mu thm.

CrO3 c tinh oxi ha rt mnh, oxi ha c m t s cht v c v hu c nh S, P, C, NH3,
C2H5OH :
2CrO3 + 2NH 3 Cr2O3 + N 2 +3H 2O .
CrO3 l m t oxit axit, tc dng vi nc to thnh hn hp axit cromic H2CrO4 v axit H2Cr2O2.
CrO3 + H 2O H 2CrO 4
(c mu vng)
2CrO3 + H 2 O H 2Cr2O 2
(c mu da cam)
Hai axit ny u khng bn, ch tn ti trong dung dch. Nu tch khi dung dch, chng s b
phn hy tr li to thnh CrO3.
b/ Mui Crm (VI)
Mui cromat va icromat c mu da cam, l nhng hp cht rt bn.

Mui cromat v icromat l nhng cht oxi ha mnh, nht l trong mi trng axit. C th oxi
ha c: I, H2S, HCl, SN2+, SO2, Fe2+ v mui Crm (VI) b kh thnh mui Crm (III):
K 2Cr2O 7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 2CrCl3 + 3Cl 2 +7H 2O
K 2Cr2O 7 + 3SO 2 + H 2SO 4 Cr2 ( SO 4 ) + K 2SO 4 + H 2O

3
K 2Cr2O 7 + 6KI + 7H 2SO 4 Cr2 ( SO 4 ) + 4K 2SO 4 + 3I 2 + 7H 2O

3
K 2Cr2O 7 + 6FeSO 4 + 7H 2SO 4 3Fe2 ( SO 4 ) +Cr2 ( SO 4 ) + 4K 2SO 4 + 3I 2 + 7H 2O

3
nhi t rt cao, mui icromat c th b nhi t phn:

t
4Na 2Cr2O 7
2Cr2O3 + 3O 2 + 4Na 2CrO 4
o
22Trong dung dch cc ion Cr2O 7 (mu da cam) lun c ca ion CrO 4 (mu vng) trng thi
cn bng vi nhau:
2CrO 24- + 2H +
Cr2O72- + H 2O
V c cn bng trn nn khi thm dung dch axit vo mui cromat (mu vng) s to thnh
icromat (mu da cam). Ngc li, khi thm dung dch kim vo mui icromat, s to thnh
cromat.
TRC NGHIM
======= =======
Cu 1. Cu hnh electron ca ion Cr3+ l:
A. [Ar] 3d5.
B. [Ar] 3d4.
C. [Ar] 3d3.
Cu 2. Cc s oxi ho c trng ca crom l:

A. +2; +4, +6.
B. +2, +3, +6.
C. +1, +2, +4, +6.
Cu 3. Trong cc pht biu sau y, pht biu no ng ?
A. Crom l kim loi c tinh kh mnh hn st.
B. Crom l kim loi nn ch to c oxit baz.
Page 32
D. [Ar] 3d2.
D. +3, +4, +6.
Th.S L Vn on
C. Trong t nhin, Crom dng n cht.

D. Phng php iu ch Crom l i n phn Cr2O3 nng chay.
Cu 4. Trong cc cu hnh electron ca nguyn t v ion crom sau y, cu hnh electron no sau y
khng ng ? Bit rng crom c s th t l 24 (Z = 24).
A. 24Cr: [Ar] 3d5 4s1. B. 24Cr: [Ar] 3d4 4s2.
C. 24Cr2+: [Ar] 3d4.
D. 24Cr3+: [Ar] 3d3.
Cu 5. Pht biu no sau y khng ng ?
A. Crom l nguyn t c s th t l 24, thu c chu k IV, nhm VIB, cu hnh e l [Ar] 3d5 4s1.
B. Nguyn t khi ca Crom l 51,996, cu trc tinh th l p phng tm di n.
C. Khc vi kim loi nhm A, Crom c th lin kt bng electron ca ca phn lp 4s v 3d.
D. Trong hp cht, Crom c s oxi ha c trng l +2, +3, +6.
Cu 6. Pht biu no di y khng ng ?
A. Crom c mu trng, nh bc, d m i trong khng khi.
B. Crom l m t kim loi cng (ch thua kim cng), ct c thy tinh.
C. Crom l kim loi kh nng chay (nhi t nng chay 18900C).
D. Crom thu c kim loi n ng (d = 7,2g/cm3).
Cu 7. Giai thich ng dng ca Crom no di y l khng hp li ?
A. Crom l kim loi cng, c th dng ct thy tinh.
B. Crom l hp kim cng v chu nhi t nn dng lm hp kim cng, khng g st, chu nhi t.
C. Crom l kim loi nh, nn c s dng to cc hp kim dng trong ngnh hng khng.
D. iu ki n thng, Crom to c mng oxit mn, bn chc nn Crom c dng m bao
v thp.
Cu 8. Oxit lng tinh l:
A. CrO.
B. MgO.
C. Cr2O3.
D. CaO.
Cu 9. C p kim loi no sau y bn trong khng khi v nc do c mng oxit bao v ?
A. Fe v Al.
B. Fe v Cr.
C. Mn v Cr.
D. Al v Cr.
Cu 10. Khi so snh trong cng mt iu kin th Cr l kim loi c tinh kh mnh hn
A. Fe.
B. K.
C. Na.
D. Ca.
Cu 11. Nh t t dung dch H2SO4 long vo dung dch K2CrO4 th mu ca dung dch chuyn t
A. khng mu sang mu vng.
B. mu da cam sang mu vng.
C. khng mu sang mu da cam.
D. mu vng sang mu da cam.
Cu 12. Cho phan ng : NaCrO2 + Br2 + NaOH Na2CrO4 + NaBr + H2O
Khi cn bng phan ng trn, h s ca NaCrO2 l
A. 1.
B. 2.
C. 3.
D. 4.
Cu 13. Sc khi Cl2 vo dung dch CrCl3 trong mi trng NaOH. San phm thu c l
A. Na2Cr2O7, NaCl, H2O.
B. Na2CrO4, NaClO3, H2O.
C. Na[Cr(OH)4], NaCl, NaClO, H2O.
D. Na2CrO4, NaCl, H2O.
Cu 14. So snh no di y l khng ng ?
A. Fe(OH)2 v Cr(OH)2 u l baz v l cht kh.
B. Al(OH)3 v Cr(OH)3 u l cht lng tinh v va c tinh oxi ha, va c tinh kh.
C. H2SO4 v H2CrO4 u l axit c tinh oxi ha mnh.
D. BaSO4 v BaCrO4 u l nhng cht khng tan trong nc.
Cu 15. Hi n tng no di y m ta khng ng ?
A. Thi khi NH3 qua CrO3 un nng thy cht rn chuyn t mu sang mu lc.
B. un nng S vi K2Cr2O7 thy cht rn chuyn t mu da cam sang mu lc thm.
C. un nng Cr(OH)2 trong khng khi thy cht rn chuyn t mu lc sng sang mu lc thm.
D. t CrO trong khng khi thy cht rn chuyn t mu en sang mu lc thm.
Cu 16. Chn cu sai ?
A. Crom l kim loi c cng ln nht trong tt ca cc kim loi.
B. Crom l kim loi n ng v c nhi t nng chay cao.
C. Crom l kim loi chuyn tip.
D. Crom l kim loi lng tinh.
Page 33
Cu 17. Phan ng no sau y sai ?

t
(1): 2Cr + O 2
2CrO
t
(2): 2Cr + 3Cl 2
2CrCl3
(3): Cr + 2HCl CrCl 2 + H 2

A. (1).
B. (2).
(4): Cr + H 2SO 4 CrSO 4 + H 2

C. (3), (4).
D. (1), (3), (4).
Cu 18. Cho cc dung dch H2SO4 long, HCl, HNO3 c, ngu i, NaOH long, CuCl2. Hi Crom c th
phan ng ti a vi bao nhiu dung dch ?
A. 5.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 2.
Cu 19. Cho cc cht sau: CrO, Cr(OH)2, Cr(OH)3, CrO3. S cht th hi n tinh cht lng tinh l:
A. 5.
B. 4.
C. 3.
D. 2.
Cu 20. Hp cht CrO3 c tinh cht no sau y ?
A. Tinh oxi ha mnh.
B. Tinh kh mnh.
C. Tinh kh trung bnh.
D. Tinh oxi ha yu.
A. 30.
B. 31.
C. 32.
D. 33.
Cu 21. Mun iu ch c 6,72 lit khi Cl2 (kc) th khi lng K2Cr2O7 ti thiu cn ly cho tc
dng vi dung dch HCl c d l: (Cho O = 16, K = 39, Cr = 52)
A. 26,4g.
B. 27,4g.
C. 28,4g.
D. 29,4g.
Cu 22. Thi khi NH3 d qua 1 gam CrO3 t nng n phan ng hon ton th thu c lng cht rn
bng bao nhiu gam ?
A. 0,52g.
B. 0,68g.
C. 0,76g.
D. 1,52g.
Cu 23. Khi lng b t nhm cn ly iu ch c 7,8g crom bng phng php nhi t nhm l:
A. 1,35g.
B. 2,7g.
C. 2,95g.
D. 5,4g.
Cu 24. nh lng Fe2+ trong mu phn tich, ngi ta dng phng php chun icromat da vo
s phan ng: Fe2+ + H+ + Cr2O72 Fe3+ + Cr3+ + H2O.
Hy tinh khi lng Fe2+ trong dung dch X bit dng ht 30ml K2Cr2O7 0,1M.
A. 0,56g.
B. 0,112g.
C. 1,008g.
D.1,56g.
Cu 25. Khi lung K2Cr2O7 cn dng oxi ho ht 0,6 mol FeSO4 trong dd c H2SO4 long lm mi
trng l
A. 29,4 gam
B. 59,2 gam.
C. 24,9 gam.
D. 29,6 gam.
Cu 26. Lng Cl2 v NaOH tng ng c s dng oxi ha hon ton 0,01mol CrCl3 thnh CrO42
l bao nhiu ?
A. 0,015 mol v 0,08 mol.
B. 0,015 mol v 0,08 mol.
C. 0,03 mol v 0,04 mol.
D. 0,03 mol v 0,04 mol.
Cu 27. Lng HCl v K2Cr2O7 tng ng cn s dng iu ch 672ml khi Cl2 (kc) l bao nhiu ?
A. 0,06mol v 0,03mol.
B. 0,14mol v 0,01mol.
C. 0.42mol v 0,03mol.
D. 0,16mol v 0,01mol.
Cu 28. Khi lng kt ta S to thnh khi dng H2S kh dung dch cha 0,04mol K2Cr2O7 trong H2SO4
d l bao nhiu gam ?
A. 0,96g.
B. 1,92g.
C. 3,84g.
D. 7,68g.
Cu 29. Khi lng b t nhm cn dng thu c 78 gam crom t Cr2O3 bng phan ng nhi t nhm
(gia s hi u sut phan ng l 100%) l
A. 13,5 gam
B. 27,0 gam.
C. 54,0 gam.
D. 40,5 gam.
Cu 30. t chy b t Crom trong oxi d thu c 2,28g m t oxit duy nht, khi lng crm b t chy:
A. 0,78g.
B. 1,56g.
C. 1,74g.
D. 1,19g.
Bai 35. NG VA HP CHT CUA NG

Page 34
Th.S L Vn on
I/ CU TAO VI TRI TRONG BANG TUN HOAN LI TINH

1. V tr va cu hnh electron
V tri: Crom l kim loi chuyn tip, c s th t l 29, thu c chu k 4, nhm IB.
Cu hnh: 29Cu: 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 3d10 4s1.

L nguyn t d, c elctron ha tr nm 4s v 3d.
Trong hp cht c s oxi ha l +1, +2 to ra c 2 ion Cu+ [Ar] 3d10, Cu2+ [Ar] 3d9. Trong ,
s oxi ha ph bin l +2.
Bn kinh nguyn t bng 0,128nm, c cu to mng tinh th l p phng tm di n. l tinh th

c chc, do , lin kt trong tinh th ng vng chc hn.
2. L tnh.
ng l kim loi c mu , deo, dai, d ko si, dt mng.
Dn i n, dn nhi t tt (ch thua Ag).
3
0
0
L kim loi n n g D = 8,96g/cm , nhi t nng chay t nc = 1083 C v nhi t si
(t
0
si
= 25670C cao.

E0 Cu2+/Cu = +0,34 V > E0 H+/H ng l kim loi km hot ng, c tinh kh yu.
1. Tc dng vi phi kim
Cu phan ng vi oxi khi un nng to thnh CuO bao v nn Cu khng b oxi ha tip tc.
t
2Cu + O 2
2CuO
o
Khi tip tc un nng n khoang 800 10000C:

0
800- 1000 C
CuO + Cu
Cu 2O (mu )
Tc dng trc tip vi Cl2, Br2, S,...
Cu + Cl2 CuCl2
Cu + S CuS
2. Tc dng vi axit
Cu khng tc dng c vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long.

Khi c m t oxi, Cu tc dng vi dung dch HCl, ni tip xc gia dung dch axit vi khng khi:
2Cu + 4HCl + O 2 2CuCl 2 + 2H 2O

+6
+4
+5
+4
+2
Tc dng vi HNO3, H2SO4 c, Cu kh S xung S v N xung N ho c N :

+6
+4
t
Cu + 2 H 2SO 4 ( d)
CuSO 4 + SO 2 +2H 2O
o
+5
+4
Cu + 4 HNO3 ( d) Cu ( NO3 ) + 2 NO 2 +2H 2O

2
Page 35

+5
+2
3Cu + 8 HNO3 ( l ) 3Cu ( NO3 ) + 2 NO +4H 2O

2
3. Tc dng vi dung dch mui

Kh c ion kim loi ng sau n trong dung dch mui:
Cu + 2AgNO3 Cu ( NO3 ) + 2Ag
2
III/ NG DUNG VA SAN XUT NG

1. ng dng cua ng
Da vo tinh deo, dn i n, dn nhi t, bn ca ng v hp kim nn n c ng dng nhiu trong
cng nghi p v i sng
ng thau l hp kim ca Cu Zn (45%Zn).
ng bch l hp kim ca Cu Ni (25%Ni).
ng thanh l hp kim ca Cu Sn.
Vng 9 cara (vng ty) l hp kim ca Cu Au (Au chim 2/3).
2. San xut ng
a/ Nguyn li u
Trong t nhin, phn ln ng tn ti dng hp cht. Cc loi qu ng cha ng gm: pirit ng
(CuFeS2), maladit (Cu(OH)2.CuCO3) v chamcozit (CuS).
b/ Qu trnh san xut: trai qua 2 giai on.
Lm giu qu ng: Do hm lng ng trong qu ng thp (di 1%) v v y lm giu bng phng
php tuyn ni.
Chuyn ha qu ng ng thnh ng, gm 3 bc:

+O
+O
+Cu S
2
CuFeS2 2 Cu 2S 2 Cu 2O
Cu
Chuyn ha trong qu n g thnh Cu2S:
2CuFeS2 + 4O 2 Cu 2S + 2FeO + 3SO 2

Nung Cu2S trong khng khi sao cho m t phn Cu2S chuyn thnh Cu2O:
2Cu 2S + 3O 2 2Cu 2O + 2SO 2

Sau , ngng cung cp O2 xay ra phan ng:
Cu 2S + 2Cu 2O 6Cu + SO 2
Tinh luy n ng th bng phng php i n phn.
IV/ MT S HP CHT CUA NG

1. ng (II) oxit CuO
CuO l cht rn mu en.
iu ch: nhi t phn Cu(OH)2, Cu(NO3)2, CuCO3,...

t
Cu ( OH )
CuO + H 2O (CuO l cht b t mu en).
2
o
t
2Cu ( NO3 )
2CuO + 4NO 2 + O 2
o
t
CuCO3.Cu ( OH )
2CuO + CO 2 + H 2O
o
Page 36
Th.S L Vn on
CuO c tinh oxi ha:

t
CuO + CO
Cu + CO 2
o
t
3CuO + 2NH 3
N 2 + 3H 2O + 3Cu
o
CuO l m t oxit baz, tc dng d dng vi axit v oxit axit:
CuO + H 2SO 4 CuSO 4 + H 2O
2. ng (II) hiroxit Cu(OH)2
L cht rn mu xanh.
iu ch: t mui ng (II) Cu2+ vi dung dch baz:
CuSO 4 + 2NaOH Cu ( OH ) +Na 2SO 4

2
CuCl2 + 2NaOH Cu ( OH ) +2NaCl

2
Cu(OH)2 c tinh lng tinh, tuy nhin tinh baz tr i hn tinh axit. N d tan trong dung dch
axit v tan ch m trong dung dch baz c.
Cu ( OH ) + 2HCl CuCl 2 + H 2O
2
2-
Cu ( OH ) + 2OH-
Cu OH )
2
4
(
Cu(OH) tan trong dung dch NH3 to ra dung dch c mu xanh thm gi l nc Svayde, c
kha nng ha tan xenluloz dng san xut t nhn to.
Cu ( OH ) + 4NH 3
Cu NH 3 )
OH ) (phc tetraamin ng II) (xanh thm).
2
4
2
(
(
Trong ha phn tich, ngi ta da vo phan ng to phc amino trn nh n bit ion Cu2+.
Cu(OH)2 d b nhi t phn:
t
Cu ( OH )
CuO + H 2O
o
3. Mui ng (II)
Dung dch mui ng c mu xanh.
Mui ng thng g p l mui ng (II), nh CuCl2, CuSO4, Cu(NO3)2,...
CuSO4 dng khan l cht rn c mu trng, khi hp th nc to thnh mui hirat

CuSO4.5H2O l tinh th mu xanh trong sut.
t
CuSO 4 .5H 2O
CuSO 4 + 5H 2O
Mu xanh
Mu trng
Trong cng nghi p, ngi ta iu ch CuSO4.5H2O bng cch cho ng tc dng vi axit
sunguric long, nng, ng thi thi vo m t lung khng khi:
2Cu + 2H2SO4 + O2 2CuSO4 + 2H2O
o
Mui ng (II) rt c vi rong, ru v nm. V v y, ngi ta dng ng sunfat ( dng hn hp

CuSO4.5H2O v sa vi) phun ln cy chng nm.
TRC NGHIM
====== ======
Cu 1. Hai kim loi u phan ng vi dung dch Cu(NO3)2 giai phng kim loi Cu l
A. Al v Fe.
B. Fe v Au.
C. Al v Ag.
D. Fe v Ag.
Page 37
Cu 2. ng thau, ng bch, ng thanh ln lt l hp kim ca ng vi:

A. Sn, Ni, Zn.
B. Zn, Ni, Sn.
C. An, Sn, Ni.
Cu 3. Cp cht khng xay ra phan ng l
A. Fe + Cu(NO3)2.
B. Cu + AgNO3.
C. Zn + Fe(NO3)2.
D. Ni, Sn, Zn.

D. Ag + Cu(NO3)2.
Cu 4. Dung dch FeSO4 v dung dch CuSO4 u tc dng c vi

A. Ag.
B. Fe.
C. Cu.
D. Zn.
Cu 5. Kim loi Cu phan ng c vi dung dch

A. FeSO4.
B. AgNO3.
C. KNO3.
D. HCl.
Cu 6. Cht khng kh c st oxit ( nhit cao) l

A. Cu.
B. Al.
C. CO.
D. H2.
Cu 7. Cho m t mu Na vo ng nghi m ng dung dch CuCl2, hi n tng quan st c l:

A. Si bt khi, dung dch nht mu.
B. Si bt khi, c kt ta mu xanh xut hi n.
C. Xut hi n kt ta mu xanh.
D. Ch si bt khi.
Cu 8. Hy chn hi n tng ng xay ra khi dn khi NH3 i qua ng ng m t lp rt mng b t CuO
nung nng ?
A. CuO t mu en chuyn sang khng mu.
B. CuO khng thay i mu.
C. CuO t mu en chuyn sang mu .
D. CuO t mu en chuyn sang mu xanh, c hi nc ngng t.
Cu 9. Nhng thanh st vo dung dch CuSO4 th hi n tng quan st c l:
A. Dung dch chuyn t mu xanh sang mu vng v c kim loi mu bm vo thanh st.
B. Mu xanh ca dung dch nht dn v c kim loi mu en bm vo thanh st.
C. Mu xanh ca dung dch nht dn v c kim loi mu bm vo thanh st.
D. Mu xanh ca dung dch m dn v c kim loi mu trng xm bm vo thanh st.
Cu 10. Cho kim loi ng v cc dung dch: NaOH, HCl, CuCl2, FeCl3, AgNO3. ng b tan trong my
dung dch ?
A. 2.
B. 3.
C. 4.
D. 5.
Cu 11. ng bch l hp kim Ni Cu c tinh bn vng cao, khng b nc bin n mn, dng ch
to chn vt tu bin. Thnh phn v khi lng ca ng bch l:
A. 70%Ni 30%Cu. B. 50%Ni 50%Cu.
C. 40%Ni 60%Cu.
D. 25%Ni 75%Cu.
Cu 12. Khi cho Cu tc dng vi dd cha H2SO4 long v NaNO3, vai tr ca NaNO3 trong phan ng l
A. cht xc tc.
B. cht oxi ho.
C. mi trng.
D. cht kh.
Cu 13. Trng hp xay ra phan ng l
A. Cu + Pb(NO3)2 (long)
B. Cu + HCl (long)
C. Cu + HCl (long) + O2
D. Cu + H2SO4 (long)
Cu 14. loi b kim loi Cu ra khi hn hp bt gm Ag v Cu, ngi ta ngm hn hp kim loi trn
vo lng d dung dch
A. AgNO3.
B. HNO3.
C. Cu(NO3)2.
D. Fe(NO3)2.
Cu 15. C hai dung dch axit HCl v HNO3 c ngu i. Kim loi no sau y c th dng nh n bit 2
dung dch axit trn ?
A. Al.
B. Fe.
C. Cu.
D. Cr.
Cu 16. phn bi t dung H2SO4 c ngu i v dung dch HNO3 c, ngu i c th dng kim loi no sau
y ?
A. Cr.
B. Fe.
C. Cu.
D. Al.
Cu 17. Cho kim loi X tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long, ri ly khi thu c kh oxit kim loi Y.
V y X v Y c th l:
A. ng v st.
B. st v ng.
C. ng v bc.
D. bc v ng.
Cu 18. Trong phng thi nghi m, iu ch CuSO4 ngi ta cho Cu tc dng vi dung dch no sau y
Page 38
Th.S L Vn on
A. H2SO4 m c.
B. H2SO4 long.
C. Fe2(SO4)3 long.
D. FeSO4 long.
Cu 19. C cc dung dch: HCl, HNO3, NaOH, AgNO3, NaNO3. Ch dng thm
A. Dung dch Al2(SO4)3.
B. Dung dch BaCl2.
C. Cu.
D. Dung dch Ca(OH)2.
Cu 20. Cho ba hn hp kim loi: 1) Cu Ag. 2) Cu Al. 3) Cu Mg.
Dng dung dch ca c p cht no sau y nh n bit cc hn hp trn ?
A. HCl v AgNO3.
B. HCl v Al(NO3)3.
C. HCl v Mg(NO3)2. D. HCl v NaOH.
Cu 21. Cho 19,2 gam kim loi M tc dng vi dung dch HNO3 long, d thu c 4,48 lit khi duy nht
NO (ktc). Kim loi M l
A. Mg.
B. Cu.
C. Fe.
D. Zn.
Cu 22. Cho 7,68 gam Cu tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO3 long thy c khi NO thot ra. Khi lng
mui nitrat sinh ra trong dung dch l
A. 21, 56 gam.
B. 21,65 gam.
C. 22,56 gam.
D. 22,65 gam.
Cu 23. t 12,8 gam Cu trong khng khi. Ho tan cht rn thu c vo dung dch HNO3 0,5M thy
thot ra 448 ml khi NO duy nht (ktc). Th tich ti thiu dung dch HNO3 cn dng ho tan
cht rn l
A. 0,84 lit.
B. 0,48 lit.
C. 0,16 lit.
D. 0,42 lit.
Cu 24. t 12,8 gam Cu trong khng khi thu c cht rn X. Ho tan cht rn X thu c vo dung
dch HNO3 0,5M thy thot ra 448 ml khi NO duy nht (ktc). Khi lng cht rn X l:
A. 15,52g
B. 10,08g.
C. 16g.
D. 24g.
Cu 25. Kh m gam bt CuO bng khi H2 nhit cao thu c hn hp cht rn X. ho tan ht X
cn va 1 lit dung dch HNO3 1M, thu c 4,48 lit khi NO duy nht (ktc). Hiu sut ca
phan ng kh CuO l
A. 70%.
B. 75%.
C. 80%.
D. 85%.
Cu 26. M t thanh ng n ng 140,8g ngm trong dung dch AgNO3 m t thi gian ly ra ra nh sy kh
cn c 171,2g. Th tich dung dch AgNO3 32% (D = 1,2g/ml) tc dng vi thanh ng l:
A. 177lit.
B. 177ml.
C. 88,5llit.
D. 88,5ml.
Cu 27. Cho 19,2g Cu vo 1 lit dung dch gm H2SO4 0,5M v KNO3 0,2M thy giai phng khi NO. Tinh
th tich khi NO (kc) ?
A. 1,12 lit.
B. 2,24 lit.
C. 4,48 lit.
D. 3,36 lit.
Cu 28. Ha tan 19,2g Cu vo dung dch HNO3 long. Khi NO thu c em oxi ha thnh NO2 ri sc
vo nc cng vi dng khi oxi chuyn ht thnh HNO3. Th tich oxi tham gia vo qu
trnh trn l:
A. 22,4 lit.
B. 3,36 lit.
C. 0,448 lit.
D. 6,72 lit.
Cu 29. Cho hn hp gm 2g Fe v 3g Cu vo dung dch HNO3 thy thot ra 0,448 lit khi khng mu
ha nu trong khng khi (ktc). Khi lng mui khan thu c sau phan ng l:
A. 5,4g.
B. 8,72g.
C.4,84g.
D. 10,8g.
Cu 30. M t oxit kim loi c t l phn trm ca oxi trong thnh phn l 20%. Cng thc ca oxit kim
loi l:
A. CuO.
B. FeO.
C. MgO.
D. CrO.
Bai 36. S LC V M T S KIM LOAI KHAC
I/ BAC Ag
Bc l kim loi chuyn tip chu k 5, nhm IB.
Trong cc hp cht, bc c s oxi ha ph bin l +1.
Page 39
1/ Tnh cht cua bc.
Bc l kim loi n ng, t0nc = 960,50C, c mu trng, dn i n v dn nhi t tt nht.
Bc khng b oxi ha trong khng khi bt k nhi t no. N tc dng vi axit c tinh oxi ha
mnh nh HNO3, H2SO4 c nng.
Ag + 2HNO3 AgNO3 + NO2 + H2O
Bc c mu en khi tip xc vi nc ho c khng khi m c cha H2S:

4Ag + 2H2S + O2 2Ag2S (en) + 2H2O
2/ ng dng cua bc
Bc tinh khit dng ch tc trang sc, v t trang tri, m bc, ch to cc linh ki n ki thu t
trong v tuyn,
Ch to m t s hp kim c tinh cht rt qui nh hp kim Ag Cu, Ag Au c dng ch

tc trang sc, c tin,
Ion Ag+ c kha nng st trng, di t khun.
3/ Trng thi t nhin
Trong t nhin, bc c trng thi t do, nhng phn ln dng hp cht ln trong qu ng ng,
qu ng ch.
Bc c iu ch ch yu t cc hp cht cng vi ng v ch.
II/ VANG Au
Vng l kim loi chuyn tip chu k 6, nhm IB.
Trong cc hp cht, vng c s oxi ha ph bin l +3.
1/ Tnh cht cua vang
Vng l kim loi mm, mu vng, deo, c tinh dn i n, dn nhi t tt (sau Ag v Cu).
Vng c tinh kh yu nht so vi cc kim loi khc. Khng b oxi ha trong khng khi k ca
nhi t cao. Khng b ha tan trong cc axit c tinh oxi ha, ch b ha tan trong nc cng
toan ( l dung dch hn hp gm 1 th tich HNO3 c v 3 th tich HCl c):
Au + HNO3 + 3HCl AuCl3 + 2H2O + NO
Vng tan trong dung dch xianua ca kim loi kim do to thnh ion phc [Au(CN)2]2.
2/ ng dng cua vang

Ch to trang sc.
M vng cho cc trang sc.
Ch to hp kim qui.
3/ Trng thi t nhin va iu ch vang
Trong t nhin, vng trng thi t do, phn tn trong cc lp t, ct,...
Khai thc vng bng phng php i: dng nc tch cc ht vng (vng cm) ra khi ct,
t,...
Ngoi ra cn dng phng php thy luy n: dng dung dch NaCN ha tan nhng ht vng ln
trong ct t.
Au + 2NaCN [Au(CN)2]2 + 2Na+
Page 40
Th.S L Vn on
Lc ly dd cha [Au(CN)2]2 ri dng kim loi mnh nh Zn kh ion phc, thu vng t do:
Zn + [Au(CN)2]2 [Zn(CN)2]2 + Au
Vng thu c c ln Zn, dng H2SO4 long ha tan Zn, thu c Au.
III/ NIKEN Ni
Niken l kim loi chuyn tip nm s 28, thu c chu k 4, nhm VIIIB.
Trong cc hp cht, niken c s oxi ha ph bin l +2, ngoi ra cn c s oxi ha +3.
1/ Tnh cht cua Ni
Ni l kim loi mu trng bc, rt cng, khi lng ring ln (D = 8,9g/cm3), t0nc = 14550C.
Ni c tinh kh yu hn st, khng tc dng c vi nc v oxi khng khi nhi t thng.

Khng tc dng vi axit thng do trn b m t c lp oxit bao v . Niken d dng tan trong
dung dch axit HNO3 c nng,
Ni + 4HNO3 ( c, nng) Ni(NO3)2 + 2NO2 + 2H2O
Tc dng c vi nhiu n cht v hp cht, nhng khng tc dng c vi H2:
5000 C
2Ni + O2
2NiO
o
t
Ni + Cl2
NiCl2
2/ ng dng cua Ni
Niken c dng ch to hp kim chng n mn v chu nhi t cao. Chng hn nh:
Hp kim Inva Ni Fe c h s gin n rt nh, c dng trong ki thu t v tuyn, replay nhi t.
Hp kim Cu Ni c tinh bn vng cao, khng b nc bin n mn, c dng c chn vt

tu bin, tuabin cho ng c my bay.
Ngoi ra, m t phn Ni c dng trong ki thu t m i n, ch to c qui. Trong cng nghi p ha
cht th Ni c dng cht xc tc. Hn 80% lng Ni c san xut dng trong ngnh luy n kim,
thp cha Ni c bn cao v m t ha hc v c hc.
IV/ KEM Zn
Km l kim loi chuyn tip nm s 30, chu k 4, nhm IIB.
Trong cc hp cht, km c s oxi ha l +2.
1/ Tnh cht cua kem
Zn l kim loi c mu lam nht. Trong khng khi m, km b ph m t lp oxit mng nn c mu

xm. Km l kim loi c khi lng ring ln (D = 7,13g/cm3), c t0nc = 419,50C.
iu ki n thng, Zn kh gin nn khng ko di c, nhng khi un nng t 100 1500C

li deo v dai, n 2000C th dn tr li v c th tn c thnh b t.
Zn trng thi rn v cc hp cht ca km khng c. Ring hi ca ZnO th rt c.
Zn l m t kim loi kh hot ng, c tinh kh mnh hn st. Phan ng vi nhiu phi kim nh O2,
Cl2, S, ...
to
2Zn + O2
2ZnO
o
t
Zn + S
ZnS
to
Zn + Cl2
ZnCl2
Zn khng tc dng c vi nc nhi t thng do c lp oxit bao v . Khi un nng th Zn
phan ng vi hi nc:
to
Zn + H2O
ZnO + H2
Zn tan trong dung dch axit v trong dung dch kim:
Page 41
4Zn + 10HNO3 4Zn(NO3)2 + NH4NO3 + 3H2O

Zn + 2NaOH Na2ZnO2 + H2
Zn ha tan c trong dung dch NH3 (khc Al):

Zn + 4NH3 + 2H2O [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 + H2
2/ ng dng cua kem
M (ho c trng) bao v b m t cc dng c, thit b bng st, thp chng g, chng n
mn.
Ch to hp kim nh hp kim vi Cu Zn.
Ch to pin i n ha, ph bin nht l pin Zn Mn ...
M t s hp cht ca Zn dng trong y hc, chng hn nh ZnO dng lm thuc giam au dy

thn kinh, cha b nh eczema, b nh nga,...
3/ Trng thi t nhin va iu ch kem
Trong t nhin, Zn tn ti di dng hp cht ca qu ng ZnS (sphalerit), ZnCO3,...

San xut km t qu ng c 2 giai on:
t qu ng chuyn thnh km oxit:
2ZnS + 3O2 2ZnO + 2SO2
Kh ZnO thnh Zn bng cch i n phn hay nhi t luy n.
V/ CHI Pb
Ch nm s 82, thu c nhm IVA, chu k 6 trong bang tun hon.
Trong hp cht, ch c s oxi ha l +2 v +4, trong s oxi ha ph bin v bn hn l +2.
1/ Tnh cht cua ch
Pb l kim loi c mu trng hi xanh (trng bc), c khi lng ring ln (D = 11,34g/cm3),
nng chay 327,40C. Pb mim nn d dt thnh l mng.
iu ki n thng, Pb tc dng vi oxi ca khng khi to thnh mng oxit bao v cho kim loi
Pb khng tip tc b oxi ha. Khi un nng trong khng khi, Pb b oxi ha dn dn n ht, to
ra PbO.
to
2Pb + O2
2PbO
Khi un nng, Pb tc dng trc tip vi lu huynh to ra PbS

to
Pb + S
PbS
Pb hu nh khng tc dng vi axit thng (HCl, H2SO4 l) v to thnh mui khng tan bao v .
Pb tc dng vi axit c tinh oxi ha to thnh mui Pb (II).

Pb + HNO3 ( c) Pb(NO3)2 + 2NO2
Tc dng vi dung dch kim

Pb + 2KOH K2PbO2 + H2
Ch v cc hp cht ca ch u rt c. M t lng ch vo c th s gy ra b nh lm xm men
rng v c th gy ri lon thn kinh.
2/ ng dng cua ch
Ch c dng ch to cc ban cc cquy, v dy cp, u n v dng ch to thit b
bao v cc tia phng x. Ngoi ra, n cn dng ch to cc hp kim.
VI/ THIC Sn
Page 42
Th.S L Vn on
Thic nm s 50, thu c nhm IVA, chu k 5 trong bang tun hon.
Trong hp cht, thit c s oxi ha l +2 v +4, trong s oxi ha ph bin v bn hn l +2.
1/ Tnh cht cua thic
nhi t thng, thic l kim loi c mu trng bc (thng gi l thic trng), c khi lng
ring ln (D = 7,92g/cm3), mm nn d dt mng, nng chay 2320C.
Thic tn ti hai dng th hnh l thic trng v thic xm, hai dng ny c th bin i ln
nhau ph thu c vo nhi t . vng lnh, nhng v t bng thic chng b hng, do qu trnh
bin i t thic trng sang thic xm lm tng th tich nn thic vn ra thnh b t mu xm.
iu ki n thng, Sn tc dng vi oxi ca khng khi to thnh mng oxit bao v cho kim loi
Sn khng tip tc b oxi ha. Khi un nng trong khng khi, Sn b oxi ha dn dn n ht, to
ra SnO2.
to
Sn + O2
2SnO2
Thic tan ch m trong dung dch HCl long to ra SnCl2 v khi H2
Sn + 2HCl SnCl2 + H2
Tc dng c vi axit c tinh oxi ha to thnh mui Sn (II) ho c Sn (IV) ty vo trng hp.
Sn + 4HNO3 ( c) H2SnO3 + 4NO2 + H2O
Tc dng vi dung dch kim.

Sn + 2NaOH Na2SnO2 + H2
2/ ng dng cua thic
M t lng ln Sn dng ph ln b m t ca st chng g (st ty), dng trong cng nghi p

thc phm.
L thic mng (giy thic) dng trong t i n. Hp kim Sn Pb (nng chay 1800C) dng
hn.
SnO2 c dng lm men trong cng nghi p gm s v thy tinh m.
TRC NGHIM
====== ======
Cu 1. Dy no sau y sp xp cc kim loi ng theo th t tinh kh tng dn ?
A. Pb < Ni < Sn < Zn.
B. Pb < Sn < Ni < Zn.
C. Ni < Sn < Zn < Pb.
D. Ni < Zn < Pb < Sn.
Cu 2. St ty l st c ph ln b m t bi kim loi no sau y ?
A. Zn.
B. Ni.
C. Sn.
D. Cr.
Cu 3. Hp cht no sau y khng c tinh lng tinh ?
A. ZnO.
B. Zn(OH)2.
C. ZnSO4.
D. Zn(HCO3)2.
Cu 4. lm sch m t loi thy ngn c ln tp cht l Zn, Sn v Pb cn khuy loi thy ngn ny
trong dung dch:
A. Zn(NO3)2.
B. Sn(NO3)2.
C. Pb(NO3)2.
D. Hg(NO3)2.
Cu 5. Kim loi dng ngn can cht phng x l:
A. Pb.
B. Pt.
C. Sn.
D. Pd.
Cu 6. Cht no sau y tc dng c vi vng kim loi ?
A. Oxi khng khi.
B. Hn hp axit HNO3, HCl vi t l mol 1:3.
Page 43
C. Axit HNO3 c, nng.
D. Dung dch H2SO4 c, nng.
Cu 7. ha tan vng, ngi ta dng:

A. HNO3 m c , nng.
C. Dung dch kim xianua.
Cu 8. Cc cht tc dng c vi dung dch HCl l:
A. Ag, Ni, Pb.
B. Sn, Zn, Al.
B. H2SO4 m c, nng.
D. Nc Svayde.
C. Au, Zn, Sn.
D. Ni, Pb, Zn.
Cu 9. Chn cch sp xp theo chiu giam dn tinh kh ca cc kim loi.

A. Fe > Ni > Zn > Sn > Pb > Au > Ag.
B. Fe > Ni > Zn > Sn > Pb > Ag > Au.
C. Sn > Fe > Zn > Ni > Ag > Pb > Au.
D. Zn > Fe > Ni > Sn > Pb > Ag > Au.
Cu 10. Hp kim c dng hn vi mch i n t l:
A. Ni Pb.
B. Zn Sn.
C. Sn Pb.
D. Pb Zn.
Cu 11. Tng h s cn bng ca phan ng: Ni(OH)2 + KBrO + H2O Ni(OH)3 + KBr.
A. 6.
B. 7.
C. 8.
D. 10.
Cu 12. S c phan ng ha hc xay ra khi:
A. Cho dd Pb(NO3)2 vo dd Cu(NO3)2.
B. Nhng l Cu vo dd Pb(NO3)2.
C. Nhng l Pb vo dd Cu(NO3)2.
D. Nhng l Pb vo dd Sn(NO3)2.
Cu 13. Pin i n ha Fe Ni c sut i n ng chun l:
A. 0,44 V.
B. 0,21 V.
C. 0,53 V.
D. 0,40 V.
Cu 14. Nm 1912 m t on thm him Nam cc dng bnh bng Sn ng du ha. Nam cc gi lnh
ph hng cc bnh Sn, mt du, ca on thm him hi sinh. Nguyn nhn ca bnh Sn b ph
hng l v:
A. Sn tc dng vi O2 khng khi.
B. Sn tc dng vi du ha.
C. Sn tc dng vi CO2, SO2 tng khng khi.
D. nhi t thp, Sn bin thnh b t Sn.
Cu 15. C th dng Pb ch to cc thit b bao him ngn can cht phng x, l do:
A. Pb l m t kim loi n ng, khi lng ring 11,34g/cm3.
B. Trong khng khi, Pb to ra lp mng PbO bao v .
C. Pb c kha nng hp th tia gamma.
D. Pb khng tc dng vi nc trong khng khi.
Cu 16. Cu hnh electron ca Ni l:
A. [Ar] 3d8 4s2.
B. [Ar] 3d5 4s5.
C. [Ar] 3d7 4s8.
D. [Ar] 3d9 4s1.
Cu 17. Cu hnh electron ca Sn l:
A. [Kr] 4d10 5s1 3p3.
B. [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2.
C. [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4.
D. [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5.
Cu 18. Cu hnh electron ca Pb l:

A. [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2.
B. [Xe] 4f14 5d8 6s2 6p4.
C. [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 6p5.D. [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 6p3.
Cu 19. Ngm m t thanh km c cng khi lng v kich thc trong dung dch Pb(NO3)2, dung dch
Cu(NO3)2, dung dch AgNO3 n khi s mol km trong dung dch bng nhau. Thanh kim loi
thay i khi lng nhiu hn l thanh km
A. Ngm trong dd Cu(NO3)2.
B. Ngm trong dd AgNO3.
C. Ngm trong dd Pb(NO3)2.
D. Ngm trong dd Cu(NO3)2 v dd Pb(NO3)2.
Cu 20. Nh t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch AgNO3 thy thu c kt ta en. Nu nh t t n
d dung dch NH3 vo dung dch AgNO3 thy c kt ta mu en, sau kt ta tan dn to
thnh dung dch khng mu. u chng t:
A. AgOH c tinh lng tinh.
B. AgOH va c tinh oxi ha, va c tinh kh.
+
C. Ion Ag c kha nng to phc vi NH3.
D. AgOH c tinh oxi ha.
Cu 21. Cho dung dch NaOH vo dung dch mui sunfat ca m t kim loi c ha tr II thy sinh ra kt
ta tan trong dung dch NaOH d. Mui sunfat l mui no sau y ?
A. MgSO4.
B. ZN(OH)2.
C. MnSO4.
D. ZnSO4.
Cu 22. Ha tan ht 5,3g hn hp kim loi gm Mg, Zn, Al, Fe bng dung dch H2SO4 long, thu c
3,136 lit khi (kc) v m gam mui sunfat. Gi tr ca m l:
Page 44
Th.S L Vn on
A. 32,18g.
B. 19,02g.
C. 18,74g.
D. 19,3g.
Cu 23. Hai mu km c khi lng bng nhau. Cho m t mu tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl to ra
6,8g mui. Cho mu cn li tan hon ton trong dung dch H2SO4 th khi lng mui thu c
to ra l:
A. 16,1g.
B. 8,05g.
C. 13,6g.
D. 7,42g.
Cu 24. Ngm m t l Zn n ng 100g trong 100ml dung dch c cha Cu(NO3)2 3M v Pb(NO3)2 1M. Sau
phan ng, ly l Zn ra khi dung dch, khi lng Zn sau phan ng l:
A. 113,9g.
B. 119,3g.
C. 131,9g.
D. 139,1g.
Cu 25. Cho 20,4g hn hp Mg, Zn, Ag vo cc ng 600ml dung dch HCl 1M (va ). Sau khi phan
ng kt thc, thm dn NaOH vo t c kt ta ti a. Lc kt ta v nung nng nhi t
cao n khi lng khng i c a (gam) cht rn. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 23,2.
B. 25,2.
C. 27,4.
D. 28,1.
Cu 26. Ha tan m (gam) Zn vo dung dch HCl d thot ra V1 lit khi (kc). Ha tan m (gam) Zn vo
dung dch NaOH d thot ra V2 lit khi (kc). So snh V1 v V2 thy:
A. V1 = 2V2.
B. 2V1 = V2.
C. V1 = 1,5V2.
D. V1 = V2.
Cu 27. Cho 32g hn hp gm MgO, Fe2O3, CuO tc dng va vi 300ml dung dch H2SO4 2M. Khi
lng mui thu c l:
A. 60g.
B. 80g.
C. 85g.
D. 90g.
Cu 28. Cho 40g hn hp Cu, Ag, Au, Fe, Zn tc dng vi oxi d nung nng thu c 46,4g cht rn X.
Th tich dung dch HCl 2M c kha nng phan ng vi cht rn X l:
A. 0,8 lit.
B. 0,4 lit.
C. 0,6 lit.
D. 0,5 lit.
Cu 29. Bit 2,3g hn hp MgO, CuO v FeO tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch H2SO4 0,2M. Khi
lng mui thu c l:
A. 3,6g.
B. 3,7g.
C. 3,8g.
D. 3,9g.
Cu 30. Cho 23,8g kim loi X tan ht trong dung dch HCl to ra ion X2+. Dung dch to thnh c th tc
dng va vi 200ml dung dch FeCl3 2M to thnh ion X4+. Kim loi X l:
A. Mn.
B. Pb.
C. Sn.
D. Cr.
Page 45
Chng
PHN BIT M T
S CHT V C
Bai 40-41-42. NHN
BIT ION TRONG DUNG DICH NHN BIT CHT KHI
NHN BIT CATION

STT Ion
1
Na +
K+
Li+
NH +4
6
7
Ba 2+
Ca
2+
Thuc th
t trn
ngn la
en cn
t trn
ngn la
en cn
t trn
ngn la
en cn
dd kim
Phng trnh phan ng
Ngn la
mu vng
Ngn la
mu tim
Ngn la
mu tia
NH+4 + OH- NH 3 +H 2O
Mg
Ba 2+ + SO 24- BaSO 4
trng
CO32-
Ba 2+ + CO32- BaCO3
trng
CrO 24-
Ba 2+ + CrO 42- BaCrCO 4
CO32-
Ca 2+ + CO32- CaCO3
vng ti
trng
CO32OH
Mg 2+ + CO32- MgCO3
Mg
2+
Al3+
OH-
Cr
3+
10
Fe2+
11
3+
12
Cu 2+
13
Ni 2 +
OH
OHH +; MnO-4
+ 2OH Mg ( OH )
-
Al + 3OH Al ( OH )
3
Al(OH) +OH- [Al(OH) ]- (tan)
3
4
Cr 3+ + 3OH- Cr ( OH )
3
Cr(OH) + OH- [Cr(OH) ]- (tan)
3
4
Fe2+ + 2OH- Fe ( OH )
2
4Fe(OH) + O + 2H O 4Fe(OH)
2
2
2
3
5Fe2+ +MnO-4 +8H + 5Fe3+ +Mn 2+ +4H 2O

3+
Fe
Si bt khi mi khai
SO 24-
( NH 4 )2 C 2O 4 Ca 2+ + C 2O 42- CaC 2O 4
2+
Hi n tng
trng
trng, tan trong
nc nng
keo trng, tan
trong kim d
xanh, tan trong
kim d to dung
dch mu xanh
xanh nht, sang
mu Fe(OH)3.
Mt mu thuc tim.
To dd nu.
OH-
Fe3+ + 3OH- Fe(OH)3
mu nu.
OH-
Cu 2+ + 2OH- Cu ( OH )
mu xanh, khi d
NH3 to dd xanh
thm.
mu xanh l cy.
dd NH 3
OH-
Cu 2+ +2NH +2H O Cu(OH) +2NH +

3
2
2
4
Cu(OH) +4NH [Cu(NH ) ]2+ +2OH

2
3
3 4
Ni 2+ + 2OH- Ni ( OH)
2
Ni(OH) +6NH [Ni(NH ) ]2+ +2OH
2
3
3 6
Page 46
Dung dch mu
xanh l cy.
Th.S L Vn on
NHN BIT MT S ANION

STT Ion
1
NO-3
SO 24-
Cl-
CO
23
Thuc th
Phng trnh phan ng

3
2+
2Cu+2NO +8H 3Cu +2NO+4H 2O
Cu, H +
2NO + O 2 2NO 2
BaCl 2 trong
Ba 2+ + SO 24- BaSO 4
axit d
Ag+ trong Ag + + Cl- AgCl
HNO3 long AgCl + 2NH [Ag(NH ) ]+ + Cl3
3 2
H + d
Ca 2+, Ba 2+
Hi n tng
C khi khng mu
thot ra chuyn
thnh mu nu
trng
trng. Kt ta tan
trong NH3 d.
CO32- + 2H + CO 2 +H 2O
Si bt khi.
Ba 2+ + CO32- BaCO3
trng.
NHN BIT MT S CHT KHI

STT Kh
1 CO 2
Thuc th
dd Ca(OH)2
SO 2 + Br2 + 2H 2O 2HBr + H 2SO 4
SO 2
dd Br2
ho c I2
Cl2
dd KI v
H tinh b t
NO 2
H2O, Cu
H 2S
2+
Cu , Pb
Phng trnh phan ng

CO 2 + Ca(OH) 2 CaCO3 +H 2O
SO 2 + I 2 + 2H 2O 2HI + H 2SO 4
2+
Cl2 + 2KI 2KI + I 2

2NO 2 + O 2 + 2H 2O 4HNO3
3Cu+8HNO 3 3Cu(NO3 ) 2 +2NO+4H 2O
Cu 2+ + S2- CuS
Pb 2 + + S2- PbS
Hi n
tng
Vn c
Nht dn mu nu
ca dd Brom.
Nht dn mu nu
ca dd Iot.
San phm lm h
tinh b t ha xanh.
Ging nh nh n
bit gc NO-3
en.
en.
Lu :
Cn nm vng tinh cht v t li c ban ca cht: trng thi, mu sc, tinh tan,...
Cn nm vng cc tinh cht ha hc c ban: tinh cht c trng, kem theo du hi u (to kt ta,
ha tan, si bt khi,...).
Phan ng c chn phai c n gian v c du hi u ro rng.
nh n bit cc ion trong cng m t dung dch cnchu y th t nh n bit sao cho s nh n bit
ion ny khng lm anh hng n ion khc.
Nn xt cc cation ri chn phng php nh n bit tt nht.
Page 47

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Th.

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

Chng 6. KIM LOAI KIM KIM TH NHM .................................................. 2

Bai 26. KIM LOAI KIM TH VA HP CHT ..................................................................... 8

Bai 27. NHM VA HP CHT CUA NHM ......................................................................... 14

Chng 7. ST VA MT S KIM LOAI QUAN TRONG .......................................... 21

Chng 8. PHN BIT MT S CHT V C ............................................................. 45

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

KIM LOAI KIM KIM LOAI KIM TH NHM

I/ VI TRI TRONG BANG TUN HOAN VA TINH CHT VT LI.

Gm cc nguyn t: (c cu hnh lp ngoi cng l: ns1)

II/ TINH CHT HOA HOC.

b/ Tc dng vi cc phi kim khc.

2M + X2 2MX : 2K + Cl2 2KCl

Khi un nng phan ng vi S, H2 v mt s phi kim khc.

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

III/ IU CH NG DUNG NHN BIT KIM LOAI KIM.

Dng ch to hp kim c nhit nng chay thp.

3. Nhn bit kim loi kim.

III/ MT S HP CHT QUAN TRONG CUA KIM LOAI KIM.

Natrihidroxit NaOH, con goi la xut

2 San phm l Na2CO3 (mui trung ha).

Tc dng vi dung dch mui: To ra mui mi v baz mi.

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

2NaOH + CuSO 4 Na 2SO 4 + Cu ( OH )

2NaOH + MgCl2 2NaCl + Mg ( OH )

Trong phan ng (*) , nu tha NaOH s c phan ng ha tan Al(OH)3:

NaOH + Al(OH)3 2H 2O + NaAlO 2 (tan)

Tc dng vi cc nguyn t lng tinh nh Al, Zn, Be v axit hidroxit ca chng:

2NaOH + 2Al + 2H 2O 2NaAlO 2 + 3H 2

Lu rng: Nu khng c mng ngn, clo to thnh s tc dng vi NaOH, sinh ra

Natri hirocacbonat NaHCO3

NaHCO3 l cht lng tinh (va c tinh axit, va c tinh baz):

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H 2O + CO 2 (th hi n tinh baz)

Natri cacbonat Na2CO3, con goi la sa

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

Na 2CO3 2Na + + CO322CO32- + H 2O HCO-3 + OHHCO-3 + H 2O H 2CO3 + OH

Phan ng vi axit mnh: Na 2CO3 + 2HCl 2NaCl + CO 2 +H 2O .

NaHCO3 + HCl NaCl + H 2O + CO 2

c/ iu ch: Trong cng nghi p Na2CO3 c iu ch bng phng php Slovay.

Kali nitrat KNO3

Natri clorua NaCl (mui)

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

loi kim khng b oxi ha.

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

KIM LOAI KIM TH VA HP CHT

I/ VI TRI CU HINH ELECTRON VA LI TINH.

II/ TINH CHT HOA HOC.

1. Tc dng vi phi kim.

Vi halogen to mui (phan ng xay ra d dng nhit thng)

Vi cc phi kim km hot ng phai un nng:

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

S trong H2SO4 c xung S to thnh mui, san phm kh v H2O:

Phng trnh i n phn: MX 2 M + X 2 : CaCl 2 Ca + Cl 2

IV/ MT S HP CHT QUAN TRONG CUA CANXI NC CNG.

1. Canxi oxit Vi sng (CaO)

L oxit baz, tc dng mnh li t vi nc, to thnh baz mnh: CaO + H 2O Ca ( OH ) 2

Tc dng vi nhiu oxit v oxit axit.

Cng Hoc T p Ha Hoc 12 HK II

2. Canxi hidroxit Vi ti (Ca(OH)2)

Phan ng (1) thng dng nh n bit khi CO2.

CaCO3 +CO 2 + H 2O Ca ( HCO3 )

Ca ( OH ) + Na 2CO3 CaCO3 + 2NaOH