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Differential Protection: (Protective Relaying by Blackburn)
Differential Protection: (Protective Relaying by Blackburn)
:REACTANCE RELAY
Reactance relay measures only the line reactance and does not vary
with the presence of arc resistance. Fig (11-12) shows that any
increase in arc resistance will not change the value of the reactance.
. reach as the relay continue to measure the value of reactance X
Distance Protection ( Electrical Power System ) :
The basic idea of using distance protection , is to eliminate the pilot . Since
the pilot can be used up to 30 km in route length . for a feeder shown in Fig (101) , the
line (A-B) is to be protected by Distance relay , which located at bus (A) .
Distance relay compares system voltage to system current presented to it to find out the voltage
as the VT primary side :
example
:Solution
Maximum Xs = ((132)/(3)^(1/3)) / (1500/((3)^(1/3)*132))=132^2/1500
j 11.62 ohm / ph (primary)
=
Reach of stage 1
33.6L70 ohm / ph (primary) = 11.48+j31.6 ohm / ph = 96.5 * 0.435 * 0.8=
Total fault impedance = 11.48+j31.6+j11.26 = 44.6L71.8 ohm ohm/ph
Minimum fault current = (132/(3)^(1/3))/44.6 = 1710 A (primary) = 1710*0/600 = 2.8
A(sec)
Line voltage at relaying point = ((3)^(1/3)) * 1710 * 33.6 = 99516 V = 99516 *
(110/132000)=82.9 v (sec)
Reach of compensated impedance= ((32.9) / (((3)^(1/3))*2.85) = 16.8 ohm/ph (scenery)
OR
Reach of compensated impedance 33.6 * CT ratio/VT ratio = 16.8ohm/ph
Relay Setting = relay reach / cost(70-60)
17ohm/phase (Typical relay setting range from 320 ohm)=
Phase sequence
:Differential Protection
.This type of protection is only applied to large transformers
:Buchholz Protection
The Buchholz relay is the best device available for detecting
incipient (primary) faults and is specially sensitive to interterm
:faults. This relay will operate for one of the reason
The introduction of air during filling or because of mechanical 1
.failure of the oil system
.Gas produced by the breakdown of the oil 2
.Gas produced by the breakdown of the solid insulation 3
The gases produced are mainly hydrogen and carbon monoxide.
If the quantity is greater than 1% then sort of action must be
taken. The analysis of the gases may be as follow;
:Overload protection
This type of protection is used for large transformers fitted with
oil and winding temperature indicators
If the gas is mainly hydrogen with less than 2 % carbon- 1
.monoxide then the fault is likely involve only the insulation oil
If the gas is hydrogen with about 20 % carbon monoxide then- 2
the fault is concerned with both solid insulation and insulating
oil
Balanced Earth Fault Relay:For secondary earth fault on secondary side the current on delta side is
equal and opposite in two phases and therefore the output to the relay
will be zero. Thus, the relay will operate only for single earth fault on
.the delta side
:Insulation Failure
:Stator Protection
High impedance differential relay is usual for stator protection and is
applied on phase by phase basis
Unbalanced loading :
Unbalanced loading of the generator phases results in the production
of negative phase sequence ( NPS ) currents.
These currents will have a phase rotation in the opposite direction to
the normal phase rotation, produces a magnetic field which induces
currents in the rotor at twice the system frequency. Time will result in
considerable heating in the rotor and would cause damage if
allowed to persist.
Overload:
Overload protection can be achieved by embedded a thermometer in
the stator winding. Overload relay operates over hundreds to
thousands range where an over current relay operates in the oneten second range.
Loss of Field:
Failure of the field system results in acceleration of the rotor to above
synchronous speed where it continue to generate power as an
induction generator. This condition can be protected by undercurrent
relay.
Over speed:
The rotor speed is controlled by the governor and steam valve. A
sensitive under power relay is used to detect when rotor is over
speed.
Overvoltage:
Voltage is generally controlled by a high-speed voltage regulator. An
instantaneous relay set to 150% is used to cater for defective
operation of voltage regulator.