CMYK

CMYK
11 MM

...Y a Wo bZGC jdG f b

..JY eQ UY IC Wh GaOo jdG dG ,OY
VQC G S Y GhHoC a GdG GSQe ,d b
...cGdGh RdH
...dG NG dG Ya L
Y e dG dG iNC G C G e jdGh
...Y j H dG gOHGC ,VQG Lh
dG GbC G g HGC c dG Gg j
FH kfe dP Vjh !?dG GB dG gcP
dGh jKC G HC G N e Ke
.GbC G d jQdG

dD G Y
Qe SG j dG dD G dh
SQO ,1956 Y IfG j hQg g
SG S Qe eL dG
Y eh ,fSG eL dGh
dG e dG dD G f 1980
c d dD c he j hQgh .Gh dGh SdG YVe
Y Jh YGe Hh ,QdG jf jR J dG YG e
c H LJ bh .jedG dGh jhQGdG H KdG JQG
fdGh dJdGh fSGh djGh fdGh fGh jfG G
jdGh SdGh fcdGh fhfGh ShdGh jddGh HdGh
WJ j hQg ch .GdG J Wh jdGh jOQhGh
Y dG H ,G Zh e G SdG c SJh G
g MGh g M QJ c f ,JLh bGYGh gQYG
QOdGh HC Gh RC G) dG OLh jG J N e SdG QGe a
.dM e aG (AT c Y

CMYK

CMYK

QdG GE
J jdG g CG g jhQGdG jdG Qf UN a J AGQh dG
,G M jhQGdG fCG CG a .jG SdG c Y j dG IYdG
dG OLH dG Gbh hCG fjOCG Y hdG J ,dG OLh M dHh
,jdG Y j kLGh jdG g MO j dd .INCG S HQCGh G N
,c e c e cCG GC j CG Qd UdG J b .e c Y dhDe Jh
.VG Gg a f ka f CG jCJQG dd
jBG AV Y dG g c dhJ dG fEG YVG L T
J dG YVG c MT .fe e dGh dG c EG SdG YJ gh fBGdG
SCG N e QdG gP DhdG hCG d kfe J jH fBGdG jBH
YLG dG L AGq d c JdG YG dG dGh dG
e QdG q dG FGhdG SCG Gg .Jh e J CG dG jGh
,H hj h fMhdG QeCG aj jdG dhCG M ,IMGh L dG IAGb
.H YbG ANEG e Gj h dG g JMG dG FH GhKCJ
e dhj hCG Oe H dDG c e Zh dG Gg GC j CG Qd
Ie bG ha e IOSG Zj jdG dhCG eCG .YL be N
.jNBG EG HQ Y dGh JYfH AOEG e S fEG PEG Gk L
eN j dG Ld c dG dG g VYh IAGb gG CG EG aVEG
hjj jd f dd ,bEG jZ SCH dG g FG VY . jd
.kGc kfY d J dG g EG :jNBG EG jdG f
id ,dG jf IOLG dG g e P Y j CG Qd G e
.IGh G jdG OGH dG QOG g VJ dG dG
J hCG Jd T f Lh ,dG e Z c dG Gg d
Fj VhY hCG Ve YVe VY eZ SCG hCG ,dG c Y J
.dG GfG EG ODJh dG J

IFdG C G
: LJ
f e

: LGe
Y NQhG

j hQg

dD G M
J fCG CG H ,1956 Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh
QGUEH GC H fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh FGHG
ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh SdG c
.IeG jedG LdjjEG e
HQM jnsdG s d Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j
Gg dG g j dG G JQ ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh dG
Sh Y dG U kG f CGh ,jhdG dG NBG g dG BGdG CG EG dG G j .G
c HEGh cdGh jOEG SCG f ag JdG Vh dGh BGdG AV h .dG N g
H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G c d d ,jd jOG cG Y J dG YGG
.g aGgCG Y YEG H c
EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ
.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH dGh dH
EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J
fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG
.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh dJdGh
SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d
e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG Gh dG
GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g GC j Qb CG Y G
dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG AGd j MCG H dh .jOG dG
dG MoO b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG L EG .SSCG e dG J J
.j hQg c EG Oj dGh
g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T
,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN g dG
.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj fCG Y IhY
Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh
.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG gTJh
Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e
VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG
edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d J fCG
dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh ,dEG j dG
.ffEG dG jJh

EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H

e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y OHG f
d dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG J Y dGh EG
FGOCG e H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG dG dM EG dHh .kGQSO d
.SG bdG f b ...EGh
g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df
BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG dG
.dG
Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J
G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG ,dG
S ,3-2-1 YVG ,BGdG nb ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM AGQh ,SdG
hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG ,2-1 FM fehdG :dG
dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY QdG jf QfG ,dCG
dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c dG ,GdCG dG RYEG ,gdG
,dG N , ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG Y dG e FGQ Ph dG H ,dG
Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie ,G IG ,IQdG Ie ,QdG Mh OG ,gJ
UCG ,dG IG ,dG f IG ,VdG IG ,dG IG ,JdG G
cdG AGG IG ,dG jo dH ,GG e S ,G QdG ,Id G
. DNA QGSCG ,JhdG IG ,FdG
FbUCG Y ,GhdG Y ,GG Y ,!jhQGO c WCG jCG :WCd JdG ch
.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG ,dG ,QdG
n pdG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh
dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG g ,3-2-1 Ed jS a ,BGdG bNCG
,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y ,BGdG fMhdG
,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG ,BGdG dOGh dSdG J
,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG jO ,KdG ,dG :oG fEG hY
,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG T ,G BGdG MCG ,kGHCG J ,dG j
N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG M ,BGdG e eY Qe
SQe ,3-2-1 dG dL e Y ,BGdG IG G ,mGB Y dG ,dG SHc ,dG
j c ,f J GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y SEG d VJ dG GAGaG ,Sj
j jdG dhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c j dG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG dG
.BGdG EG

dSdG SDe
9............................................................................
11.......................................................................... ee
11..................................................................

ddG CG

15................................................................ .hCG dG
15.................................................................... f aW
40.................................................................. dG dG
40............................................. dG Y gGHEG dG IM
47................................................................. ddG dG
47.............................. Y Y SCGQ ob dG jGh d b
70.................................................................. HGdG dG
70.....................................''edG

IjL'' ,QHhCGh OY b

86................................................................eG dG
86...........................................................................O`K
94............................................................... SOdG dG
94................................................................. jdG Ya
115................................................................. HdG dG
115.......................................................... dG Sh C S b
126................................................................. edG dG
126.........................................CS

eh ()S dG

131................................................................. SdG dG
131.............................................................. dG UCG
140........................................................................ ``G
143....................................................... QdG jf de
158....................................................................... eGdG


en hn @ l r p Mn hn l pFBbn n r pe
n r nYn o ot nf in o dG Ap B rfnCG r pe
n pdPn }
r psdG o o o p dBG r o r Yn
r n rZnCG Bn an r o on rfnCG BGo n nX r p ndhn r go r n nX
n r nZ r go hr Oo GRn en hn
n Hu Qn o er nCG An B Ln s nd Am Tn r pe pdG phr Oo r pe nYo r jn
.101-100 :Og| mr pr nJ

V a d VQCG d Sh ,fLh fMhQ U eh fEG dG N

rne onr nj GnC } N YCG gh fEG dG N ,jL e dEG Od aj K ,O f
jdG fc dd ,Lj e c d ahh Y 14 :G |o r pnG
o r p sdG n go hn n nNn
dh ,dEG AdGh h dG IOY g fEG LCG e j dG hCG G
Y SdG jW Y jdG J dG dEG MdGh ,dG dSdG fc f
.fEd G jGdG g ,dG
. j hG J CG H j dG Mhh jhdG dG NBG g BGdG
a ,UJ H eMCH f HK c PJG Y dhDe f Gdh
BGdG ee dH e f dHh ,INBGh fdG Ud MdG dG
MdG AGQh e dG CG BGdG Lh Y dG fj ,bH d jhj a dGh
l Mp Ghn l ndGE p n go n sfGnC GB o nr n pdhn ppH Gh Qo n r o pdh p S s pd lnHn Gn gn } :dG EG SdG jGg BGdG
nC G odhr GoC n cs s n pdhn
.52 :gGHEG | p n rd

IFdG CG

fBGdG VGG e g BGdG e Gk c Gk M J dG jHdG b CG cDG e

SdG GHc GbCG e g hHdG ADgh ,a fh eCf CG j dG G
GSG gJh gOY Hh ,kjCG AGdG gUfh H ,dSdH ghDhL jdG
.VQCG Lh Y e GjRoCa dEG dG
h ,HdG LCGh ddG Cd IY EG g rEGp g edG M CG BGdG fNCG
Y Y f dG dG Uh H ke OQh dG IdG IQS e 66 jBG Gg
. |nr p s o rud k n Yp r en h n n rNn en hn n jr n jn n r Hn n ud k nnf gn n rn n an } :dG GY jdG OdG e
Y d fY H g dG ddG CG H b dG Gg VS
.Lh
gG VY g CG H dG QedG GMC eCJ e H f dG dG
U RGHEGh a f dG Y GMCG g cJ dG fBGdG jBd LQG
j ; Jge h dG IgX JjBG CG jdG Hc dG fNCG a ,dG BGdG
m pa npH ntHQn nehn n nf ao p r nan ppJ njGB rorjp on S pd o r nGp bo hn } :dGh ddG jBG dG IQS
.|n on r nJ s Yn
.EG EG OJ dG SSCG dG iMEG d gjh jBG g ae EG
IgX UCG b dG BGdG d gGhQ dG QedG GMCG e EG :dG
. jKCG SGQdGh dG EG dP dG Oj ,gj eCGh d jOHh
CG M ) dG BGdG gcP dG QedG M H QKBG EG VS SGQdG g
Vj dG BGdG C ;dG Gg J j BGdG IQcG CG e kH
H M dG Qedh ,SQh d dG Y Y gcP bG EGh ,f h fed
.( GMCG g e IdGh dG NC Sd kYGO c Ggh ,dd f
IY d YCG eCG GMCG g df dG HdG g VY g g agh
YCG

10

ee
ddG C G
pn UCr Ghn n r pgGn HEGp p nr bhn On o nKhn Om Yn hn m ofp nr b r p p r bn r pe n jr p sdG oCn nf r p pJrCjn r ndnCG }
BGofc r p ndh r o n p rn pd o dG nnc n an pn u n dH r o oSo Qo r o r nJnCG pnp nJDr oG hn n jn r en
.70 :HdG |no p rjn
r o on rfnCG

H ,dEG dG j jdG SdG jW Y HQ dSQ j fEGh G AHn e

a dG e b j MCG H h ,iNCG aQ H ,dSdG g b CG
.jcCG aJ H ,dSQ
,dGh AGjEH d VJ EGh ,SdG jH J jcCG g CG EG
dhj CG H AYR EG M ,QhdGh dGh dGh H J e kdZh
.e dG hCG b
ke dCj a ,YWh dH EG id eb e SdG ADg e j h
jO EG IYdG g a e ,d HSG Y eb Ggj fCG c ,kjfO AY h
.dG G dP Y Gk H IM YJCG e a hDhj jL jW EGh , G
SCG dG bdG ,dEG SQCG jdG je UCG ebh T b d Jh
dG ,JYO Y T b a IOQ hJh ,dEG SQCG dG G Hh SdG H gcP
dG jdGh ,H jQe Gfc dG GG dGh dH EG EG a gYO

11

IFdG CG

:BGdG OdG N e ,H GfG

nnrp G Goo rnJ hn oo rnZ mndGE p rpe rond ne ndG Gh o oYr Gp r bn nj nbn k rn o T rgo Nn GnC nnjr ne ndGE p h}
n n rp G G ao hr GnC p bn jn hn @mr p et m jn
n Gn Yn r or nYn
o Nn GnC r ufGE h m r n pH r co G Qn GnC r ufGE p nGn r p G hn
pdG
o s p Hn @ n jr ppr eo p V Qr nC G pa G nr nJ hn r gAB n rTGnC n S s dG G o n r nJ hn pr p d pH nG n r p G hn
n o r nf rGnC n o eo rC nJ
n oJnnUGnC
o r n o T jn G od bn @ mr p n H r or nYn nfGnC en hn n r ppeDr eo r o r co rGE p r ond l r Nn
rorjGnC Qn GnC p bn nj n bn @ o rpTs dG o p nG nrfnC nsfGE p oA nnf ne npdG reGnC pa nn r sf rGnC hr GnC nfhoD nHGB o or nj ne
o r Yn r co n rfGnC en n GE p r on pd Nn GoC rGnC o jr Qp GoC en hn k nMn kbRr Qp o r pe r pbn Rn Qn hn r Hu Qs pe mn u Hn nYn
o r co rGE p
p r bn jn hn @
o r pfGCo pr ndGE p h
o rcs n nJ pr nYn pdpH sGE p r par nJ en hn
o r n n r SG en
n nrUE p G sGE o jr Qp GCo rGE p
o r bn en hn m pd n U n r bn hr GC Om go n r bn hr GC m r of n r bn
n nUGCn B en o reu r on r pjo rGCn pbn p T r os en p r jn n
ne orn o T nj G odbn @ Ol h Oo hn lrMp Qn uHQn sGE p prndGE p GB oHr oJ soK rosHQn Gh o p rnr SGh @ mrp npH rorue m od
@ m jr p n pH nr nYn n rfGnC en hn n n r Ln n nd n o gr Qn nndhn kr p n V n r pa n Gn n nd sfGE p hn o o nJ s eu Gk r pcn o n r nf
lr p eo n on r nJ n pH Hu Qn sGE kjq p r Xp r co An GB Qhn o o or sJGhn pdG n pe or nYn t Yn GnC p gr Qn GnC p r bn jn n bn
n go r en hn pjr p r jo
l Gn Yn pr pJrC jn r en n o nr nJ
n r n S l peY ufGE r opnf nen nYn G on Yr Gp bn jn hn @
sue mn rMn pH on ne GoneGnB nrjp sdGhn k rn o T n snf nfo reGnC nA nL s ndhn @ lrpbQn ron ne ufGE p G op nJQr G hn lPp cn
Gk r Ho nGnC r pa G r n rjn r sd nC cn @ n r p pK Ln pgQp jn Op pa G o n rUnC an o n r s dG G o nXn n jr p sdG pn Nn GnC hn
.95-84 :Og | Oo o nK
r n p Hn n cn n jn r n ud
dG gNCa ,G EG gYO CG iS fP d j dG ''T p Lr n pH'' GUGJ
Y H , MdG G g Gd T b CG EG ,jBG d OS c gOHCGh HH
IjY kCG CG eb Wj gh T d Y BGdG dG OQh a ,dG
.gCG OHCGh dG geO gH AL Ic CG dch ,OH b je gCG S
,gQKBGh gcP Y JCG dG IFdG d Uh H JBG dG f
a Ghd SdG jBG YJ M ,dH CG g Uh G BGdG OQh
.ADg gb dG bdG e GhQjh

12

j hQg

Y fc GbCG g e dG ddG CG EG UN H gfG BGdG j g

e IFdG CG dG UG g Vf CG ,bdGh IQG e dY LQO
:J db
: |m r p es r pe r gn Op npdG pa Go s n an kn r Hn r o r pe t nTGnC r go mr bn r eu r o nr bn n rngr GnC r cn hn }
.36

jT Gfc fCG g :hCG ,GbCG ADd U f CG HdG jBG

dG VQCG Y GhS fCGh , jb jY fCG Gfc fCG j Ggh ,SCdG
IdH a GebCG
H QfCG YJ Ic kfe CfCG b fc CG J CG g :iNCG dG .
.QG
kjQM kY H dG jG IQG JOLe dG Jg CG cdG Y Z
e gh ,Ic kfeh jce hO CfCGh ,IQG dGh dG N e Gk gOe
EG Ld j ,QgORGh J e Y g e c CG Sf ,gJh dG OLh J dP
cP c QedG e J IFdG GbCG J ebCG dG GQG CG EG ,JQH
IQG jf J d PEG ,dEG GdG Gf Y Fb fc fC ,dG jBG
.VQCG OaEGh jdG Y J fCG W J Y jG
cP Y dG BGdG JCG dG QedG OGM e H j OY KEG d
dG acG g ,jG dG AY H b dG jKCG HCG jW Y ,H
H fCG J ,dG BGdG d gGhQ dG GMCG J bh Y b H gJ
,Geh Ge BGdG dG QU c ,ke H QfoCG b QGdG g J CGh
:JjBG dG feCjh
. 11 :fCG |n r pHu noG o n pbYn n cn
n r cn Gho rfG s oKp V Qr nC G pa Gho r p S r bo }
p VQr nC G pa Gh o rp nj rnan GnC i n o dG p gr GnC rue rp rndGE p Mp tf knLQp sGE np rbn rpe n rnS Qr GnC B nehn }

13

IFdG CG

@ nop r nJ nan GnC Gr n sJG n jr p spd l r Nn pIn Np B G Qo Gn ndhn r p p r bn r pe n jr p sdG o n pbYn ncn n r cn Gho o r n an
Ot n jo nhn Ao n sf r en n u o an nfo rnf r go An B Ln G Ho p co r bn r o sfGnC GB t ` Xn hn o oS t dG n n r n r SG G Pn GE p s Mn
k jr pMn ncn en p n rdnC G pdhoC lIn r Yp r p pnbn pa n cn r n nd @
n pep r oG p n dG p Yn n oSrC Hn
| n operD ojm r n ud k rMQn hn kin go hn Am r n T uco nrpr nJh prjn nj nrnH r p sdG nrjprnJ rp ndhn i n nr oj
.111-109 :Sj
H Gheu Oo fCG EG dGh AcdG Gpgho GbCG Y ddG CG e eCG g
fEG V ie Y d J eCG gh ,eGhC fYh dG Y VGYEG
jQdG dG N e PdG g eCS ddG dG .dN eCG Yh
.edGh

14

hC G dG
f aW
sEGp mn Sn
n rdnCG r p r pa npnan ppenr b EGp kMof n rSn Qr nCG r n ndhn }
|no pd nX r go hn ona tdG o go n Nn nCan keYn n r p r Nn
.14 :dG

H dG adG e Y hQ dG ,f aW b dG BGdG d j
,Y VGYEG Qa , e f b be Y dH IjY jBG Jh ,SGh
.a tdG M ch JGjh FH gAGSGh H gQSGh
,AcT e GhJGh dG jBG Y GhHGh GV jdG eb Qd kMf dG SQCG
Ge ed dG f b ,gOYh fY Y dGh Mh JOY Y dh
gOY Y GX dh ,HY gQfCGh ,dG eGhC G CG e Wh Geh
:VdG QJ eDG IQS jBG d VJh ,AcT dG e hj GXh ,d aQh
n n an @ n o s nJ an GnC o o r nZ mndGE p r eu r ond en n dG Gh o o Yr Gp r bn jn n n an pper bn GE p kM of n rnS Qr GnC r n ndhn }
n n rfnC o dG An B n T r ndhn r or nYn n sn n jn rGnC o jr p jo r ooreu l nHn sGE p GB n gn en pper bn r pe Gho n cn n jr p sdG oC nG
n bn @m r Mp s Mn ppH Go Hs n n an l s Lp ppH l Lo Qn sGE n go rGE p @ n r pdhs nC G n pF Hn GB pa G n n pH n r p n S en k npF en
n n pH pfr orfG uQn
.26-23 :eDG |p oHs c
dG dh kMf dG Gj CG dG AYR hM a jBG J ch
ppH l Lo Qn } fCG Gj CG GdhM ,IhdGh IOdGh d`G Y dH CG , Y ASGh
15

IFdG CG

.dG jh bdG d j CG GhQbh |l s Lp

jh bGZEH eb e jadG bS fCG kMf f J dG NCG dP Y AH
.eDG
IjdG QeCG e dGh VQCG Hj J a tdG bh M eYh
p r n rKG p r Ln hr Rn x co r pe n r pa
r or S an } :d Lh Y dG bh .dG a tdG d
VQCG J Y c e c Z d 27 :eDG |ro rpe o n dG prnYn nnn S rne sGE p nngr GnC hn
G MCG adG e C e j CG fCG X dG dG Y f HG a
,dG X Y f M jdG dhCG ASH ,LCH dG a tdG UCG ,jdG
u Op or G Y dG SG ,a tdG fGh 44 :Og |Ao nG n r Zp hn } VQCG L eYh
.dG BGdG fj c -VQCG e Je Y CG GhQ c ke bh b G Gg CG EG LdGh jKCGh jQdG SGQdG J
GQG eh jQdG dG e dG b OQh a ,dG BGdG
''ddG d M e c'' EG ,ceCGh UTCG ASCG NG e ZdH ,dG
.Yhh QGfEc dG Gg fEG Y Vj
jQTBGh HdGh jedG dG ,jG dGh dG dG Y Gk H
jh nbh ,jdG JQgHgGh gGdGh KHJdG WSCGh ffdG WSCGh
.g a tdG b dG dG ndG Mh fGdG WSCGh
C CG g e MGh V Gh G eG g CG c dh
?a tdG e Y jCG IdGh ,kaKh kaGL H a IYG VGQ
GQG g S OG d dG OdG OLh EG :VGh GG
e YG g CG Y cCG gH d ,JG M CG H LJ dGh ,ke G
GH jdG SdG e jdG NCG d ,MGh dEG Qe jW Y dG J b GbCG
QGc cCG e j dG a tdG H eGbCG ,QdG e Y GQM EG
a tdG b fG Ggh ,eCG V H e Gg gQNEG ch ,kjQJ jdG
16

j hQg

.GQG
a tdG b CG EG ,jO QOeh aK IY bJ b dG g CG e ZdHh
d UCG QG Y Gk H jdGh jdG e dG HUCG b dG Y f dGh
d ,dG jGdG H :f CG M hCG ,G dG hCG ,QOG jR H
b dhJ dG jGhdG L H e SG IMdG jGhdG CG HCG c
dG J g ,aNG e jdG e G f Y kSSCG J dGh ,a tdG
.dG BGdG gOj

dG GB dG a t dGh dG Y f SdG
jBG JCj a Of ,dG BGdG jBG e jdG dG Y f a oW n pcPo
:GMCG J M

G jO GE eb Yj dG Y f dG
r or nYn
o Nn GnC ufGE p o o r nZ mndGE p r eu r ond en n dG Gho o Yr Gp r bn jn n n an pper bn ndGE p kM of n rnS Qr GnC r n nd}
p Yn m jn
.59 :GYCG |mr
n Gn Yn
B en hn @ p o r Wp GnC h n dG Go sJ an @ l r peGnC l oSQn r ond ufGE p @ no s nJ nGnC
l of r go No GnC r o nd n bn Pr GE p }
:AGdG |p o r Wp GnC h n dG G o sJa @ n r p nd n dG
u Qn nYn sGE n p Lr GnC rGE p m Lr GnC r pe pr nYn r oodnC rSGnC
.110-106
| n o s nJ nan GnC o o r nZ mndGE p r eu r ond en n dG Gh o o Yr G p bn j n n an ppe bn ndGE p kM of n rnS Qr GnC r n ndhn }
.23 :eDG

dG Y eb Qj dG Y f dG
:f |l r pdGnC
l Gn Yn r o n pJrC jn rGnC p r bn r pe
n en bn Qr p rfGnC rGnC pper bn ndGE p kM of n rnS Qr GnC sfGE p }
.39 :Og |lr p et
l G n Yn pr nYn t p jhn pjr p r jo
l G n Yn pr pJrC jn r en n o nr nJ
n r nan } :f j
.1

17

IFdG CG
.26

:Og |m rpdGnC m nj nGn Yn rornYn o Nn GnC ufGE p ndG sGE p GB ho or nJ s GnC } :f j

f b jJ
:GYCG |m r pet m nn V pa n Gn n nd sfGE p pper bn r pe oC nG n bn }
o rGE p nfo p nJ n pH npJrC an nndG n Lp nr ncr nC an nnrdOn nL r bn o of nj God bn }
32 :Og |nrpbOp s dG npe nrc
.60

o n rnf sfE p an s pe Gh o n rnJ rGE p n bn o r pe Gh o p n S ppe bn r pe lC en pr nYn s en n sco hn

n ro dG o n rjn hn }
.38 :Og |nh o
n rnJ n cn or pe
nAB n T r ndhn rornYn nsn nnj rGnC o joj roorue l nnH sGE GB n gn ne ppebn rpe Gho n cn nrjp sdG oC nG n n an }
s Mn ppH G oHs n n an l s Lp ppH l Lo Qn sGE p n go rGE p @ n r pdhs nC G pFHn GB pa Gn n pH n r p n S es k npFnen n n rfnC o dG
p
. 25-24 :eDG | m r M
p Oo Rr Ghn l o r en God bn hn nfn r Yn GHo s nan m of o r bn r o nr bn
. 9 :dG |n L
r Hn s cn }

dG Y kMf GJG jdH aSG

r go n jr p sdG sGE
n n n sJG n Gn nf en hn n nreu Gk nHn sGE n Gn nf en ppe bn r pe Gho n cn n jr p sdG oC nG n n an }
.27 :Og |
n r pHPp cn r ot o nf r Hn m ran pe n r Yn r ond in nf en hn p GrC s dG n Op Hn n odPp G Qn GnC
sGE p ro oHn Mp rGE p @ non r nj Gof cn n pH p rYp nehn nbn @ nodPn Qr nC G nn nsJGh nnd operD ofGnC GB r od bn }
. 115-111 :AGdG |lr pet l jr p nf sGE p nfGnC rGE p @
n r ppeDr oG Op Qp n pH nfGnC B en hn @ nho rnJ r nd Hu Qn nYn

j GC d Lh Y dG UJ
| n on r nj G of cn n pH r p nrnJ nan nneGnB r bn rne sGE p npebn rpe npeD oj rnd osfGnC m of ndGE p n Mp hGoC hn }
.36 :Og

18

j hQg

dG Y f AYO
:AGdG |n r ppeDr oG n pe n p es r en hn pu nfhn k r an r o n r Hn hn pr Hn r n ar an }
.10 :dG |r p nrf an l orne ufGC osHQn Yn n an }
.6-5 :f | Gk QG n pa sGE pFB Yn Oo
r go Or p jn r nan @ Gk Q n nfhn kr nd per bn
o r Yn On ufGE p Hu Qn n bn }
n n pH pfr orfG
.26 :eDG |p Ho s c
u Qn n bn }
p oG n r pnan
.75 :adG |n o r
l of nfG On nf r n ndhn }
.118

dG AH
.37

:Og | n bo n ret r o sfGE p GB o nXn n jr p sdG pa r Wp n oJ hn n p Mr hn hn n po Yr nC pH

n ro dGp n `r UG hn }

adH dG Y f b g
kebn G of cn r o sfGE p n pJnjB pH GHo s cn n jr p sdG n br n rZGnC hn pro dG pa o n en n jr p sdG hn o n r n rfnC an o Ho s nan }
.64 :GYCG |
n r p Yn
. 120 :AGdG |nr pb n dG o r Hn n br n rZGnC
s oK}
rgo hn o an t dG ogo n Nn nC an ke Yn nrpr Nn sGE mnn S nrdGnC rp rpa npnan ppe bn ndGE p kM of nrnS Qr GnC r n ndhn }
.14 :dG |n o pd Xn
n pJ jn B pH G Ho s cn n jr p sdG n br n rZGnC h
n pFNn r go n rn Ln hn pro dG pa o n en r en h o n s n an o Ho s nan }
.73 :fj |
n jr Qp n r o rdG o n pb Yn n cn
n r cn r o rf an

dG Y f HG g
:a tdG e IG MGG HGh f H QGO jdG QGG BGdG d j
n n es cn Qr G s n Ho jn m p r en pa n cn hn o n Hr Gp
l of i On nfhn p n p rd cn m r en pa r p pH r p r nJ n pghn }
p reGC rpe n ndG np U Yn n n bn Ap G npe po pr njm nnL ndGE p phB n S nbn @ nrjp pa ndG nse ronJ nhn

19

IFdG CG

- :Og |nrpbn roG npe n nan or nG n o nrnH nnMhn nMp Qs rne sGE p pdG

.43 42

a t dG e eD G I
.15

:dG |n r p nd n rud k jn GB B gn n rn Ln hn pn r p s dG
n n rUGnC hn o n r n rfnC an }
.119 :AGdG |p
o rnG pro dG pa o n es r en hn o n r n rfnC an }

a t d jOG dG

@ Qn pbo r bn m er GnC nYn Ao nG n n rdan kfo Yo n VQr nC G nfr s ahn @ m p n r et Am B n pH Ap B n s dG n Gn Hr GnC B n r n n an }

- :dG |m oS Oo hn m G n rdGnC pG Pn nYn o n rn Mn hn
n n n S r en sGE
n ngr GnC hp r n rKGp r Ln hr Rn x co r pe n r pa r p Mr G n rbo Qo t s dG Qn an hn nfo er GnC An B Ln G Pn GE p s Mn }
gn nSr eo hn pjr en pdGp rpH n r pa Go cn Qr G n bn h @ l r p bn sGE o n en n en GB en hn n en GnB r en hn o n dG pr nYn
p Qs Ql o nnd uHQn sGE p
.41-40 :Og |lrM
xco rpe n rpa ror S an Qo tsdG Qn nahn nfo reGnC nA nL GPn E p an np rMhn hn npoYr nC pH nro dGp nr UG pGnC prndGE p B nrnMhr nC a}
ro sfGE p GB o nXn nrjp sdG pa prWp n oJ nhn ro rpe o n rdG prnYn nnn S rne sGE p nngr GnC hn p rnrKG p rnLh Rn
.27 :eDG |n bo n ret
.13 11

VQC G e Je Y dG AGSG
nYn
r n n r SG hn o er nC G n pbo hn Ao B nG n r Zp hn p p br GnC Ao B n n S jn hn pAn B en r p n Hr G o V Qr GnC B jn n r pbhn }
.44 :Og |
n r p s dGp r n ud Gk r Ho n r pbhn u Op oG

a t dG KO LdG fG
:bG | l n Yp Ghn lPo GoC n n p nJh kIn pcr nJ r ond n nn r n pd @ pjn Qp nG pa r co n rn Mn Ao B nG nWn s sfGE p }
.12-11
20

j hQg

dG Y f Y dG AK
| n r ppeDr oG nfOp n Yp r pe o sfGE p @ n r ppr oG p r nf
n pdn cn sfGE p @ n r p ndn dG pam of nYn l nS}
.81-79 :adG

? GC Y KQc at dG c g
Y cCdH QfEG Gg be f a oW bh hj jdG dhCG Yj
a tdG e f CG h gQfEG e jdG CG c ,eT Y a oW bh dSG
jGhQh BGdG jd Le
- jdG eh jdG e dG- dG GdG IOQGdG adG b G
GbCG aK e jdG h IGQdG IOQGdG adG WSCG Y H OQh
EG : ( dG dG e hCG G dG gh) G Se QSCG J , iNCG
dG Y H ,Gc AT EG j BGdG CG EG ,dG c Z fEGh kY c a tdG
CGh,dG c j h e e Z kfa oW c fCG Y Y J dG jBG J
.dG Y GSa a t f gQfCG jdG f b a ZCG a tdG Gg
dG j ,kq H NG Gg dG BGdGh dG dG jGhQ J eY
UCa jQJ N jdGh aVEG e d VY c dG) dG
:JCj c a tdG jGH ,(f Mc OYG
jT g EG b QaCG QJ c CGh ,VQCG c b fEG T CG dG iCGQh5''
Y CG :dG a 7 ,b SCJh VQCG fEG Y fCG dG a 6,j c
fM C , AdG QWh HHOh FH e fEG ,N dG fEG VQCG Lh
''.dG Y f La f eCGh 8 ,Y CG
ke ,dG c dh GgCG jdG g a f b CG jBG Va BGdG eCG
IdG Y b SQCG dG SdG ch ,OK EG dUh ,a Od Og n Sp Qr oCG c

21

IFdG CG

k a tdG ch ,a eb EG f nSp Qr oCG dc ,UN eGbC SQCG dGh

. gGS hO GdH dG ADg d
r or nYn
o Nn GnC ufGE p n dG sGE p GB h o o r nJ s GC @ l r pet l jr p nf r ond ufGE p ppe bn n GE p kM of n rnS Qr GnC r n ndhn }
. 26-25 :Og |m r pdGnC m jn
n G n Yn
fY Y GhUCGh dG dSH GSG jdG dhCG g GgCG jdG dG EG
:Gg d J JBG jBGh ,d
ke r bn G of cn r o sfGE p n pJjn B pH G Ho s cn n jr p sdG n br n rZGnC hn pro dG pa o n en n jr p sdG hn o n r n rfnC an o Ho s nan }
.64 :GYCG |
n r p Yn
n pJ jn B pH G Ho s cn n jr p sdG n br n rZGnC h
n pFNn r go n rn Ln hn pro dG pa o n en r en h o n s n an o Ho s nan }
.73 :fj |
n jr Qp n r o rdG o n pbYn n cn
n r cn r o rf an
j da ,kSQ a j M keb j Lh Y dG CG BGdG fj c
:dG IQS Lh Y j ,dG H jdG j eY a
p p r oe sco nehn npJnjGB rp rnYn Gornj koSQn n ueGoC pa nn rnj snM i n o dG np r oe ntHQn n cn nehn }
.59 :dG |n o pd Xn n ogr GC hn sGE p i n o dG
dd , Gk jf eb EG AL dG Y fh ,kSQ a j keb dG j
.dG Y f eR jf a rn r jo dG iNCG GbCG dG j
d ,kbEG c EGh kY j a tdG CG e cCf CG jBG g eh
a tdG e fCG Vj dG jKCG G jLCG dG jKCG jG XCG
KCG Ic KQc c EGh ,dG ZCG keT j a tdG CG ,kM S dGh
.jaGdG OGh e e AL Y

22

j hQg

?dG X Y fGG L UG g
GfCG L dG e UG b dG Y kMf CG EG SJ eDJ
f H ,VGfG e fGG Ggh ,VQCG S Y IOLG fGG
L b VQCG S Y fc dG GhdG GfCG c Ea jGhdG g M .()
.dG S Y
VJ IjY Gf e M HU GLGj CG H G Gg Y aGG
?dG dG fGG oJ fc c :f J dG SCa,jf
j NBG GDS . Z Gg Y GG ?J fc jCGh H Y dY ch
GSCG dG ,dG jdG :GQdG e fGG L eCG c :gCG
e edG fGH eEG eCG c :NBG GDS dP jh ?jeCG QdGh
fG CG EG dG H Y dY eCG ch ?SG fGGh ,QdGh YaCG
?a tdG
GfCG c CH J jBG LJ dG BGdG ,dG dG LGj SCG g
M :kdS M c ,dG HUG b VQCG Y IOLG fGG
dG J g dG X Y Mo dG fGG J dHh ,e e a tdG
.GdH ()f b e LGJ fc
J J fc dG fGG GfCG c L G e j dP eh
c Ggj CG 40 :Og eDG e e fc dG dGh f Y dG e ,G
G Z a , IOLG fGG GfCG e f c e kLhR Gd G
c dd !cdG h e fCG H jdG hCG ,GG GfCG c L e Gj CG
j dG h dCG GfCG H b b dG Y f j CG jdG EG bCG
g fc GfCG g C ,dP HT eh OGh Gh dGh dG e L
.a tdG H TGe e Ic c a e IjL IM AH LCG e jQhdG
23

IFdG CG

UH dG Y d Lh Y dG eCG e dEG G :g g G dG
H IjL IM Ad jQhdG GfCG L G g J ,f c e LhR
VGfG feEa ,kY j a tdG CG h .GG G Y G dh ,a tdG
WG fGM e IjY GfCG CG Gk L G a ,kGOQGh Gk eCG j GG G
g Gk PEG VG SSCGh G dG ,a tdG AfG H G EG JCG b IQhG
.fGG L Gg LCG eh ,G a tdG H IjL IM AH

?AG Uh JQG GC GE
d kac AG JQG c g gh ,a tdG OM d e NBG Ve
t Op oGh ,u Op oG Y SG ,a tdG Hh jdG dG CG BGdG fj ?G
n o rnf CG Y dd ,''JG G '' HdG dH e CG EG ,e SG g keY
dG CG EG H ,H L EG j BGdG coP dG t Op oG j CG FG e fCG
b AG CG j b ''u Op od'' G Gg CG c ,VQCG e Je e Y SG b
Ae CG Gk PEG Lf CG ,G b ie EG j dh ,e ie EG Uh
e Z EGh ,dG dG Qce g c G ch VQCG c j a tdG
.e

() f a Wo e
G J a ,a tdG e g jaGdG OGh e jOh J CG Vj
GdGh LO f H be CG EG aVEH ,jQdG aY dG GQG bCG eb
n MCG jdG jg Oo Lh j CG G a ,dG a tdG e J C gDj
.G bZCGh Va b fj CG M ,a tdG hM IYG eGdG
Lh a :jQJ S g a tdG e g G g QY NBG dG
a oW Y J IOe FKh G Y HJ dG GQG e jdG S
f b g T dG GQG CJQG d ,edG IdG f G ZCG
24

j hQg

WSCG e CG gh ,Ff e Y SCG eh bh c ,G Gg J IQhV

eb bh ,G g a tdG be OM b GQG J JhQ e bJ dG
ch ,G Y JCG b Gk c kfa oW CG KCa ,GbCG d kYO jKCG dG
eh ,G g Y edG e Id GQG fG a G dG iS
.H sM dG IdG KQdG d VGh QKBG X jG N
e jd VJ b G CG jaGdG OGh e jG c d
iMEG Y WGoC :G S Y ,GdGh LO f e c d f QGdG
dCG GM '' jaGdG OGh '' HL bGdG QhCG je cM ,jEG Y GS
1.''VQCGh AdG H OhG GRCG dG a tdG H e'' S ,OG b dG
e S'' dEG Qj S g ,OG b 1700 Y GM CG ,HdG HGQM Y h
.''QY a oH fjEG je Z b
V a oW M ''HBG ce f'' cG Y h ,OG b TdG dG
OGh TdGh SdGh edG dG CG ,dG Y Y A Hh 2,HH je
M jdG dG h , Ic fa EG G VJ OG Y dGh Y
VY kFGO fc G g CG VGdG e 3 .1954 ,1930 ,1925 GYCG JGP AdG
G d VY b c a oW j CG ,BGdG cP c Gk L G eh ,fd
.es o pH eCG gCGh

a t d KC G ddG
ddG d jh ,gQeO Y BGdG KM CG QKBG Y g ejCG JCf CG aOe d
gQKBG Y QdG feEG fc c kLe dG ANG c c qfGE :J M KCG
.cCG gjHh
KQc H j e kdZ dPh ,Le H CG e eCG ANG j eY
25

IFdG CG

a ,aCG H X J CG g QKBG Ea ,ShV HM hCG Fa Ig hCG W

,VQCG edG JM fej Gfc dG JGhOCGh dRe aJ b bh
Y e ee d H a d fEG Y Y IH jW Id X Jh
.AdG EG J eY VG
e Zda , g ejCG f a oW QKBG e dG Y dG jdG H
IQ jS jf a tdG Gg Vh a ,OG b KdG dG a tdG hM
j M dG e B QKBH MG dHh ,IjL IQM ee d ,ec
.kGjf d

f aWo Qj SQ
26

j hQg

OGh bh dG a tdG e Y dG AKCG jG em c Om Y J

QKBG Y ` FQ e HQCG Zh G f dGh ` jG AKCG Y . jaGdG
'' jaGdG OGh '' G cCG fc G g ,UN H keQY kfa oW j a oW
.HQTh ,c ,jjEG ,QhCG gh
dCG M QY a od Gk Q fc G g CG Y jG ac Jh
.OG b ddG
:QhCG je f dG jG khCG hdh
jLCG dG jG AKCG GQG iME Y Y dG QKBG bCG OJ
gQYHh ,OG b HdG dCG EG ,''qG J'' Gg ej Y j dGh ,QhCG je
e jdG SG e QhCG je fc a , dG GQG iME kWe
kYfG T fCG Y G d jKCG dG Jh ,Y dJ dG GQG
e g .`g.Q b ,H e X iNCG GQM CGh ,Y a oW H kjQM
e He dhDe hh OQfd Mh ,G g hCG jH jdG G
eLh jdG G b e J dG jG Y GTEH a ,g CGH
1922 Y e c Y hO d c dGh ,hh H b dG jG SG ,fH
g e g HdG Gh OGH H bGdG AGdG e ch ,1934 Mh
.jG
fCG Y GWCGh jaGdG OGh T e GhDhL b g QhCG je LhCG e hCG
Uh , dG ADg Y ee L eCG OH jG g c .''jdG'' SG
: JCj c hh jM Reader's Digest
jedG AdG Qb UCG, ''QhCG e aGe'' cH ''hh '' a IT e
e G G eb N H ecQ jKCG Q HV eY X dG FGdG

27

IFdG CG

fc a,kM Gk c QdG g H.QdG e ke kjW U Ghd G

e Ye, jfhdG IFG GhOCGh FGdG GhCGh jQHCG, dG ShDdH
X.dG HUCG dG LCG J dG WMCG bh ,OQhRdG QMCG,jGRG
HJh'': HJh'' M Gg c'' JGce c.GQG Y e GQb
G MCG G Oj dG dG VQCG ITe fLh a.cT KCG dG jG
e bCG kTf dG, dG GdCG e Gk c Gk OY G G e W Vh
dCG G OJ fCG Qb Y IOLG HdG W N eh.QdG Y Lh dG J
.''hb KK hCG fH QdG e bCG J Ggh.OG b ddG
e Qb Gg c. jKCG Gh G X c jG J c
e jdG Y eS Afh G a aO dG QdG g MdG Y bh. QhG je
eh gdG e Ye a GQKCG SG BGh dGh ac FGdG dG RdG
IRQdG jQdG dGh OdG: gCG iNCG ATCG g fc.dG QMCG
ASCG f Hc Y QhG MdG Y c. W GdCG Y dY H WG
hCG G Fd hCG SDG mCG M GhLh H .QhG e Fb IOLG
G GUJ CG.Qh dG FdG b e G OJ QdG g CG G ''hh'' UJh.QhG
.QhG je b IOLe fc Ic je CG gOe f
QdG g cCG YC jG QGSG ''hh'' Qb QKBG g bJ H
GSH GhCGHh, W G d dG dG e QG Y G dG ZJh
.ICa AT c bJ K dGh GhCG
aj U W O H,W bQ h U h GhCG g J : ''hh''c
.AG
G SCG, dG dG e W e 2^5 RLG Hh, jG ''hh'' SCG
G OJ GdG M e Ye GhOCGh BG Y dG Y ICah cCG d
28

(WQG GY ) a t dG e
BAGHDAD

M
BABYLON

TIGRIS

EUPHRATES

IA

PERSIAN
GULF

k kT J dG g fc PGE . jaGdG OGh S M b f aWo GC jKC G acG J

.dG Y g Y
G Gg AGQh j dG dG AG eGC ,dG d dG OhG GE YGC q VG SdG MC G G j
.bdG dP dG e kGAL j c a MC G

OLh J dG J Y EG Hh. NCG G dG je UCG

g c aW M Y J QKBG fch. YCG fae je
dG e GL S W CG G QTCG jG dG G c.G
IQM dGRCGh KM kje kfaW CG Y odO c Ggh, dG Fullers earth
Q H f aW b e eL IQSCG Gh dG Ggh.eS
4 .aGdG OGh S
QhCG Y dG dG e dG SdG g CG G dG c

29

IFdG CG

e LG d ,dG jedG IQH gP Y a oW f fc

''jaGdG OGh'' AGU kY M dG G Gg f b e eZ
FdG Leonard Wolley hh OQfd QaCG Max Mallowan Gde ce ihQ
jT N J dGh jdG e dG dG g EG :Gg jG H
W hh Uh c ,Y a oW KQd f EG J CG ,IMGh eR
Y fS OYG dG ''dG'' je Y jedG QhCG je J dG a tdG
5.dG a tdG QKBG e fCG Y , G GhCG GSG
fQhh j ,dG a tdH KCJ dG WG iMEG g QhCG je CG Gg j
dG dG G g QX EG'' :dH kfBG gfcP dG jG gCG c
6.''G a oW hM Y j jKCG jG dG

EG YCG e JdG
:SCG

jaGdG OGh S

a t dG H e GQM

dG W

a t dG b e GQM

n s dG W e W OLh Y jaGdG OGh S hh OQfd dG gGLGC dG jKC G jG c

dGh at dG e e oM dG dn s dG dG e J b dG g J GC LG e .kGe 2^5 H
S a M b a t dG GC j keg kdO Gg jh ;jaGdG OGh S GE dG AfGC e Lj
.jaGdG OGh

30

j hQg

dG J dG ''jedG c'' g dG a tdG QKBG M dG fdG jG

dS hC Gk e G g fc ,dG jedG QOG Mh ,''MCG H''
7 . a tdG H cM
J dGh ''jaGdG OGh'' e HL J dG HQT j dH eCG dc
G g jKCG G Ob .dG a tdG QKBG a X M ,''IdG H'' dG
Oe jG g XCG ,1930 -1920 eY H e fH eL e T jjEG
Lh VGh jG g QKBG fch,. S 3000-2000 b je QgORGh
b e e INCe M e WG e W K .jG e G dG
cCG c .(OG b 2004-2112) QhCG j ddG cG ddG Mh ,jQdG
jQGOEG S jeS GdCG e e H e Re VfCG kMVh G
8.OG b HGdG dCG jf Y X Gk L Qe EG J c FGbh
b (2900-3000) H e jG g M b kY kfa oW CG :g g G dG
d VQCG QeCG 4-3 Y EG T Uh :Gde jGhQ Mh .OG
N e G dG g fc .(a tdG f J) AGdG HdG e W
T Y ... HGdG cdG EG e G iG EG
n bCG GdGh dG e
''f S'' Y jH e J dGh GJh W e WG dG g
9.f a oW e HQh ''f UCG e eQ'' UH
-3000) H e EG kjJ Oj a oW QKBG X ,HQT je jG N e
e gc a tdG QKB VJ b HQT J CG Gk PEG G e ,OG b (2900
10 . G
,''bQdG J'' dG J dGh ,jjEG je g a tdH KCJ dG INCG jG
(2900-3000) H e EG OJ dGh ,a tdG W e W a X G e gch
11 .OG b

31

IFdG CG

dG e '' jaGdG OGh '' GdGh LO f e c j ,he g ch

G QOe e GdG Gg Va ,a tdG hM AKCG fCG hjh ,G EG
dG BGdG j ,dG a tdG d AdG Ae e VQCG e dGh ,iNCG
:G Gg
|Qn pbo r bn m er GnC nYn Ao B nG n n rd an knf o Yo n VQr nC G nfr s an hn @ m p n r et Am n pH Ap B n s dG
n GHr GnC n r n n an }
.12-11 :dG
e eCG ,kGL W IgX fCG Y J ,NBG J MGdG a tdG eGY SQJ eY
jh ed f QGfEG Yh ,MGh BG c gGdG g hM a Ie j
.KQdG g hM e d
Me Z b a tdG e CG :FdG SGQdG H LN dG FdG c
OGh '' S ac Z b a tdG CG j Gg ,G EG dG e (kW) c 600
,a tdG QKBG dG c ,HQT ,jjEG ,QhCG G JJ eCJ GPEGh ,'' jaGdG
VCG ,dM eh G g T b a tdG j Ggh ,jdG Gg Y J kL fCG
dP '' jaGdG OGh '' d LdG dG NG ZEG fCG EG
GfH dG EG ke GdG f VM c edG dP ,dG Y g Y edG
,HQT ,jjEG ,QhCG Y dG G e kaGe c iG Gg ;dG Y g Y cCG
J Iee ge LNh GdG f Va AdG Aeh VQCG Y J eh .ch
.jW fc dG HQCG G

at dG cP dG GQGh jOC G
,G jH GhDhL jdG SdG jW Y dG T c id ahe a tdG b
dG NCG .JjGhQ a Y jRh L EG L e dfG e WSCG EG aM fCG EG
d GbCG e jdG EG SQCG dG ch SQ jW Y ebh f H SdG
32

j hQg

UY a tdG b EG jh ,dUCG Y q j dG c Ie c h ,IYh Gk QGfEG

Uf aGJ dGh ,j hO H dG MdG QG g BGdG .dNh jQSCG
J hCG j CG e fU Lh Y dG C BGdG H ,G jdGh dG e
.dG jM BGda Ggh .9 :G | no pa n nd o nd sfGE p hn n cr u dG n rds nf o r nf sfGE p } .jJ hCG
e jdG jGhQ N e a tdG d VS dG Gg e NCG G
.HUCG dG dG jdG e ZdH ,jG dGh dG dGh GQG

dG dG f a Wo
e edG Qh UCG Y M fCG EG ,IGQdG g Se Y f dG G dG
H FGSEG H EG SQCG dG SdG d dH eCG dc .OdG QMCG b
U a dGh IGQdG QYG EG Gg ajh .jdG j AT e j ,Se
Me dG e ,kjhS kSe kHc fc e cCG jQdG c fCG Y ,UCH
a tdG jGhQ eCJ Y a IOLG bdGh G QSCG d VJ dG jdG
.AGLCG H dG BGdG jGhQ e KdG H OLh e ZdH ,a OQh dG
EG S eb CG dG Y kMf Lh Y dG NCG :dG dG jGhQ M
dH j c NCGh dG AH eCG Gdh ,kGQLn e b VQCG C ,e eDG
HGO c e LhRh ,Jfh KdG OhCGh FY e j CG eCG c ,dH
.DG Hh
ah VQCG Hj J ,a tdG bh M eYh ,jCG H dP H
,dh kej HQCG a tdG SG ,AT c ZCG Y a oW Mh ,AdG GHCG
f M e c fCG Ggh ,JGh G c Z dG AG dG HCGh
40 SG dG a tdG H QeCG bJ ,a tdG A kbZ bdG bh dG Y e
33

IFdG CG

. dP e kej 150 H ge VQCG HGh ,d 40h kej

,GQGQCG L Y dG SG ,HdG dG e Y HdG dG h ,dP H
J eYh , CG tc f b G fc GPEG e id keM Ge IY f SQCGh
e e eh `j CG dG eCGh , fG b G CG QOCG INCG IG eG
. VQCG Ghjh dG
Gg j dG dG g ,dG H j a dG dG VGdG bdG MCG
gS dG fGG e S NCj CG kMf eCG dG EG :j dG h ,''Ggj'' f
e bj Ggh ,''SdG'' gS dG J e a kLGhRCGh ,kKfEGh Gk QcP ,''dG''
SG dG jGhQ a a tdG Ia Y eG bJ dc ,YCG QcG dG
.kej 150 SG d jGhQ H ,kej HQCG AG JQG
: d jGhQ M ,f a oW hJ dG dG e WG H g
fGC a ,e kX C eG VQC G C ,eeGC JGC b H c jf :d dG a}
VQC G Y AG a o H GB fGC a ,L e kN d UG ,VQC G e e
bGC dh , VQC G e c ,AdG e IM hQ a L c gC
e M c eh ,e H Afh JGC eGh Hh fGC
n ro dG Na e Y
e c M f a .e FS pro dG GE NJ c e KG L P c
(22-13 :6 jdG) |.a Gg , dG H eGC
.''|GQGQGC L Y dG e Y HdG dG HdG dG
o ro dG SGh}
.(4:8 jdG)
d dG FdG eh ,fGC h Gk cP S S e NC J IgdG FdG L e}
AS ,fGC h Gk cP S S kjGC AdG QW eh3 ,fGC h Gk cP KG IgH
.(3-7:2 jdG) ''|.VQC G c Lh Y f
a Wo kjGC j h ,at dG jGC L P c Vj a e be bGC }

34

j hQg

.(11:9 jdG) |VQC G d

c Z dG a tdG '' S VQCG Y e c'' :dG dG jGhQ M
.f e dG X Y Gfc jdG dhCG GY e dG HUCG b SdG c Ea ,dG

jG dG f a Wo
a ,kjhS kHc QYG PEG ,dG dG e kM aCH jG dG d
jG dG GC j ,dG Y Y SdG YCGh c e cCG j CG ij
gh Mj h Y Ghj SfCG c ,edG e H Y H c LfCG HQCH
EG UNh ,VdG jT HQCG LfCG g H bdG .Mj ,bd ,be ,e :
e M EG H e aGe J dG iNCG KdG LfCG Y Gk c j dG Mj
jQGG c FSQ e J jG dG e iNCG dG .ec H dh
.Y H SdG YCG a j dH jdGh
EG j e bCG g EGh ,kjhS kHc dG hGG jG dG QYG dd
.jQdG dG
,dV IY b EG kSQ f Ho :JCc QNH f a oW jG dG j
ZCa ,dG Y GSG dHh ,gOY Y Ght UCG H ,dSQ Gj fCG EG
H JCj a .dG Y H e eBG eh kMf fCGh a tdH e HG
:dG J dG jG dG e WG
Gfc c fC ,38fE G HG A j jGC dc f jGC fc ch}
a NO dG dG GE Lhjh Lhjh Hjh cC j at dG b dG jC G
HG A kjGC j dc .G NGoC h a t dG AL M Gj h nro dG f
.(39-37:e) |.fE G
Y Y kfaWo L PGE ,d Gk RQc keK kMf M GE H ,dG dG Y j h5}

35

IFdG CG

.(5 :SH) |.QdG

cC j Gfc .fE G HG jGC jGC j dc f jGC c ch}
a t dG ALh
n ro dG f NO a dG dG GE Lhjh Lhjh Hjh
.(27-26:17 bd) |.G gGC h
a dG j
o ro dG c PGE ,f jGC Ie J dG IfGC fc M b Y PEG}
.(20:3 SH)|.AH fGC K GC b N
dG H VQC Gh ,dG e fc GhdG GC JOGQE H Y j Gg C}
.(6-5:3 SH) | .a AG Y Va M FdG dG H JGdG6 ,AHh AG e Fb

iNGC GQM at dG Y jGhQ

dh ,jdG gEG Y eY iNCG dBG CG SdG fEG dEG NCG :jedG
fEG dEG NCG ,QS je e ,GQOSjR g dG H .gPfEG jj f g
AGLCG CG EG ,OLe Z dG AH G dG , a tdG e d j GPe GQOSjR
c G Gg CG J ,a tdG e dG c hJ dGh dG e iNCG
J CG H fCH M f EG f d HdG jGhdG Y OYHh ,kGOLe
.dG AH ch HSCGh a tdG Y eT UJ e edG jedG dG
dGh ,GQOSjR edG d RGG HdG dG g Hf hCG :HdG
aSCG j CG eZ Qj ,IQSCG M ,eZ T g iNCG G
,g MQ N J dG WGh HdG e eZ QqoM ,OG S Y d
dEG iS MCG H j MdG g EGh ;''G eh Te L Y S fEG :d b
hCG EG Uhh WG c YH RLG eZ CG EG ,BG M eT dG
.Hf
b e j iNCG Ie Oj eYh ,HH eZ j eY dG j
36

j hQg

:ed Hf
gh ,(SdG e Gk MCG Y J fEG :CG) d IGh G H dBG MG''
.dGDS Y Gc a tdG H NCa ?OG Y j CG c :eZ dCS
.eZ IQSCG e ''IY KG FGG '' kjCG a tdG jGhQ LJh
QGSCG e S g eZ EG jhS dG dG g CH jM Hf hCG CGH
,jGhQ M ''EG''dEG GOf ,OcCG VQCG e bCG HQT je e AL fEG :b ,dBG
Y J CG Qb dBG CG NCGh ,dG e G Nc GQL N e GOf
ZCG c HdG dG ZCG Gg gQGb S CG EG ,a oH ba M g e c
a jh S j CG NCG ''EG'' dEG EG :Hf hCG b .jedG jGhdG
kYJQGh kVYh kW gOHCG fa ,dG M Y YCGh ,''AMCG c QhH''
HdG dG h ,jCG S SGh ,Y Y kSCGQ AT c UdG b ,jhe
e'' Y dG SGh ,W EG b AT c CG Hf hCG iCGQh ,CGg
.''f
e ''GJSN'' hCG ''ShKhjEG'' fCG a :HdGh jedG dG Mh
fGG Hh DhbUCGh FYh g Gk e 925 YJQG H dG dG a tdG
QfCG Vah ,BdGh G Zh ,AdG EG JQG G'' EG :jh .QdGh
.''jjQc'' L Y jdG dG SGh ,''gG e La
FYh g ''GJSN'' hCG ''JJ GHhCG'' fCG a :HdG -jQTBG jGhdG Mh
VYh kYGQP60 YJQGh kYGQP 600 dW S Y dCG fGGh fbh eNh
,QGf L EG dG Uh eYh ,d Sh jCG S a tdG SG ,kjCG kYGQP 60
.OSCG GdG j h dG e WCG b fc dG eG OY
e fCG b Hf hCG Ea :HdGh jQTBGh jedG dG H Mh
hCG f HdG dG h '' ,d Sh jCG S SG dG adG e dG FY
37

IFdG CG

eYh ,''dG EG iNCG Ie fEG OY d ,G j AhdG ,QG EG Hf

M e cCd GdG H .kGQYh kHGZh eM SQCG ,QGf L Y dG SG
.GNBG Lj H VQCG
b fe Yj kLQ EG :jdG JQgHgG WSCGh gGdG KHJdG J :jdG
e fe dG dG dG c a :IQSCG jGhQ Mh ,jQ e a tdG e
g fc ,fb EG Hjh S j CG d db ICah ,JM Y HCGh dG
L EG Ud G dG dG Obh ,''a'' dEG e k dG
.ag
IdG KQdG e jhO h jjhO e c a a :jh WSCG M : jh
j c dG ''d'' a e M dG dG a tdG fG eYh ,dG
.jL e fjH WSGh jhOh jjhO e c SG ''GeCG IH''
dG a tdG e Hg b LhRh ZH EG :''GjEG :'' WSCG J :ajSG
.Ic S
Ib G b fGGh dG GhRCG e kb CG fGdG IQSCG hJ :fGd
SG dG G Vah ,jdG Y eY ddG G MCG b Y bY H
dEG dG SQCG ,Y c e c d JG G EG Uhh ,dh kej Y KG
.g dG Ib gQHEH G Y c e h ,bY H Ib
h jNBG S e , '' a'' hCG ,''hj'' Yj kLQ CG dG QOG hJ :dG
fc VQCG'' EG :jh ,VQCG Ggh Y a oW e S G b OhCGh LhR
.AG fG jdG h ''.AT c Zh G J d ,ec QeO
VQCG hD jdG SdG GZEG SjR dEG Qb :jZEG WSCG f a oW
C ,a tdG e GdG g a GH LhRh dcjO ,a tdH j c Gk Oa
J H SSfH L EG LhdG fh . ,S AH f dcjO dGh SehH
38

j hQg

.QdG EG gOU e jCG

Jh SQ gJCG eCG c ,kjQJ Se jQJ M Y WSCG g c J
GC H eY SCd dh ,a tdG b GQG e jdG aY dd h ,ks dEG kMh
KOG g EG j jdG GC H ,Mh hdG MdG gL Y aj SdG
. WSCG EG dd
fC ,Hc jdG dGh f b a CG dG MdG QG g BGdG
.jdG j dG Md MdG QG
e HdG Y EGh ,f b Y a d ,dG eG BGdG d j
G dG VS eOdG dG ,kjCG aGG jQdG GMCGh GbCG
.GbCG d

39

dG dG
dG Y gGHGE dG IM
k pMn nnc r p ndhn kq pfGn nr f h kjq Op o jn o gGHr EGp nnc en }
n r pgGn Hr Ep H p Ss dG n hr nCG sEGp @ n r pcp or G n pe nnc en hn kp r et
| n r ppeDr oG t pdhn o dGhn Go en BG n jr p sdGhn t ps dG Gngn hn o o n sJG n jr p snd
.68-67 :GY BG
fCH Lh Y dG jh ,Se IY h Ge IY BGdG gGHEG dG cjo
KhCG hj Gfc jdG eb EG dG dSQ dG Y gGHEG f d ,jd Ihb
,d ce Y GX H ,JYdh d Gj eb CG EG ,dG Gaj CG gQfCGh
dGh LhR e NBG e EG gj CG gGHEG Y c eb VQe OGORG eYh
.eDG H e Qh d
:f JG fCG BGdG fjh ,dG Y f dS e gGHEG fS Qj
s oK @ n r ppeDr oG nfOp n Yp r pe o sfGE p @ n r ppr oG p r nf
n pdn cn sfGE p @ n r p ndn dG pam of nYn l nnS}
. 83-79

:adG |n r pgG n Hr E p ppn r p T r pe sGE p hn @ n j p Nn B G n br n rZGnC

gh '' jaGdG OGh '' j dG c dG Y gGHEG eR

Gfch ,dG dEG gh IT dBG cCG ''S'' c ,dGh AdG hj VfCG
ADg ch ,g T Y j Gk b jh kHK Jj jW H fEc f
,kSGh Gk QfG Gg IOdG f fG ,fhjh dBG d K jh Gk QU j
40

j hQg

H .jW bdh Gk L Gk QGSG d V dG e Seh N HJ Lh bh

HCG e GfCG X G Gd f ,jOe 600 S M dBG g hj SdG
VfCG gh '' jaGdG OGh'' H e bGdG G OGeG Y ''GQbdG'' S
12

. ''S'' dG dEG Y g ,a UGeh Hc J fch NGdG

d ,dG BGdG Y c ,jdG jKCG jG b j dG jdG Gg

JBG jBG d J ,Mh dG IOd dG , KhCG g IOY dG Y gGHEG aQ
:G Gg AGREG beh gGHEG S c c
c chn @m r pet m nn V pa
n en bn hn n GQn GnC ufGE p k n pdGB ke n rUGnC o p s nJGnC Qn Rn GB pr pHnC o r pgGn Hr GE p n bn Pr GE hn }
p Gh n s dG
o r ndG pr nYn s Ln s nan @ n r ppb oG n pe non dp hn p V Qr Cn Ghn
n onen n r gp Gn Hr GE of
n dp n
Gn gn nbn kZ Rp nH n n n dG iGnC Qn s nan @ nrp paB G tMp GoC nbn nan GnC s nan uHQn Gn gn nbn k cn r cn iGnC Qn
k ZR Hn n r s dG iGC Qn s an @
n ud s dGp r n dG n pe s nf co nC Hu Qn pfpr jn r sd r p nd n bn n an GnC s nan Hu Qn
n p Lr hn
o r Ls hn ufGE p @ n co p roJ s eu Al Hn qfGE p p r bn jn n bn
r nan GC an o n cr GCn G gn Hu Qn Gn gn n bn
p Ghn s dG n n an p sdp
.79-74 :fCG |
n r cp p roG n ep rfGnC B en h k r p Mn n V Qr nC Ghn
g bCG fCG d cP fCG EG ,dH ()gGHEG ebEGh IOh e BGdG cj
e dG BGdG d cPe dP Y O ,MGh eR fch HQe e dh
CG b H JCGeG gJh dG Y gGHEG Y d b GhAL jdG SdG Qhe
.d je EG Gj
BGdG ,dG AH gh dG dG cj ()gGHEG b e Ve g
NQDG aj dG MdG AdG ,YSEG HGh gGHEG H H b dG CG
UCG OLh eCG ,H eR e kSe kfe fc fCG g dG Ve M dG
dG jd k f AL a ,Sh Y dG U Gk S dG gG dG dG
.Y GfGh dEG MhCG dG G gGHEG jO UCG
41

jOC G fc
g cdG
eR IFdG
()gGHGE dG
OGh e
KhC G gGC MGC dG dGE {Sz dE G a .jaGdG
.ghYh dB G d K H SdG b .jd
dG eY J c .QdG GE {Sz K hJ
.dG QU Y VH

a UGeh Hc J fc dG GQcGdG H
dG fc .kGL eG dG dP H ,MGh bh
Y AdG fc dd ;FdG GOG g dGh dGh
jaGdG OGh GQcGR J .d dH gC G e fL
.SC Gh QdG GE edG

j hQg

dG dG jGhQ M dG Y gGHGE
dG IM UJ e dG Y j dG MdG QG g dG dG
1900

Y IGQdG jGhQ M ()gGHEG dh ,bKe Z e dG CG EG ,()gGHEG

bdG G EG J fc dGh ,edG dP e gCG iMEG , QhCG je OG b

Z K GHCG SG c H ,gGHEG SG j dh eY ,'' jaGdG OGh '' S e
.H a j dEG
Z NBG e EG gjh ebh je j CG GHCG e dEG W jCG MCG h
,Y e dGh eG gh AGdG Gg GHCG S ,kGjL k j CGh ,O
HGh - IeCG eh H a IQs S SG S dGh - GQS bdG LhRh a
eYh ,jW GHJ K Gs Mn GbJ ,IQG VQCG EG LJ AKCGh ,d NCG
d ghh NG b VQCG g CG GhNGoC ,H dG gYh dG c VQCG EG GUh
J .gGHEG EG SG Jh dG e kKe HCG dGh SdG GHCG H eYh ,kN
je e kjb Je c aOh Y e G H Gh HdG gh
gGHEG gGTG dG VQCG g ,FGSEG dG HdG dG (G) ho r Mn
. IOYG VQCG FYh g eG e hCG fc ,G e e He

dG dG jGhQ M() gGHGE Oe e

b ()gGHEG EG :iQdGh OdG j a ,e Tf VG Gg H
e jb e dh fCG FdG eSEG OYG Ea ,'' jaGdG OGh '' HL dh
J iQdGh OdG jf CG jG G H XCG ,Gs Mn h aQhCG
.ec G

43

IFdG CG

dh b gGHEG CG cj a ,dG dG Y jGhQ iQdGh OdG YG

e EG Lg ,jG g () gGHEG T CG H ,jdG H e L QhCG je
.cdG GM e Y a e ,jW MQ
g ,eG g U j dG d kjM cG kW CG EG
dG Y f bCG J dGh ,OG b ddG dG EG OJ dG jZEG WG
dG HCG e lIY J dGh ,WEG Y QhCG je cJ ,BG M Lh dG
Y gGHEG CG j Gg ,M aVEG fCG hCG bO Z ''QhCG'' c CG dG dG dhJ
.JM '' jaGdG OGh'' n j Qh ,QhCG dj dG
IQY J Gg ej a ,edG J e J JOh WG H ASCG CG EG VCG
VGQCG GdGh LO d HG dG EG Y H '' jaGdG OGh '' S
GM EG d dG EG cCG '' jaGdG OGh '' c a S dCG e eCG ,bGdG
dG '' jaGdG OGh S'' n cr Pp CG kL S a .cdG VGQCG ZJh
jaGdG OGh '' f g dG '' jaGdG OGh CH dG C G e fEa ,U dG
.Y dCG b e ''
Ea ,dG Y gGHEG SCGd c QhCG je M T g fc GPEG dh
U H j dP Y IhY ,d IQhG Gh GM SG fCH j eY YLEG
:G S Y ,GM c() gGHEG Oe CH dG YJ mee dG dG e
Jh .(10:28 h 13:11 jdG S) ''GQBG e'' fCH GM e dG dG Oj
eCG fCG j ''eGQBH'' gGHEG jg j EG . ''GQBG AHCG'' g gGHEG jQP CG Y
.G J JM
;aQhCG h GM c dG Y gGHEG de CH J eSEG WdG FdG

44

j hQg

.()gGHEG M WSCG e dG ihJ ,''SdG je'' SG Y j dG aQhCG a

dG dG J GP
gGHCG g T Y b jhj fCch BGdGh dG dG hj
,jhS dSQ j Kh b EG Sc gGHEG Ho dG BGdG a ,() gGHEGh
eb Lh ()gGHEG bh , kfKhCGh dGh dGh AdG hj eb c
gAGYh gM M fCG dGh ,dG jdG EG dV Y gOj CG kh
.HCG a g
QdG gGHEG eQ b dc ,dG dG Gg e AT Lj G
e ,OdG L fCG Y dG dG gGHEG Qo s n jo .kjCG IQce Z eb UC ch
eDj .ddG e J dhj jdG OdG AYR Y IPNCe IdG g CG VGdG
b Y Geb d ,dG e Z hO dG YGh dG QNG T fCH OdG
hQj dG Gd ,G Gg e aGd Y GhOGRh ,hdG Hc H QGUEGh
.JGQJ gt L fCG Y gGHEG
g H Qa e ,OdG L U((gGHEG CG ,IGQdH bj jdG iQdG eDjh
c ddG j jdG ` iQdG YG ,kjOj dh kfGf fhj fCG
BGdG d jh ,OdG Hh H G`dGh G QKCG ,IH CGdG Gg ` OdG j
:J dH G Gg
p n p dG n gr nCGjn }
nan GnC ppr Hn r pe sGE p o r p rfE Ghn oIGQn s dG pndp rfGoC B en hn n r pgGHr GE p n Lt B n oJ
odG hn lrYp ppH rond n rnd n rpa n tLB noJ np an lrYp ppH rond n rpa rornL nM Ap B D gn rorfGnC B gn @ n op r nJ
en hn k p r et k r pMn n cn r p ndhn kq pfGn rnf nhn kjq Op o jn o r pgGHr GE p n cn en @ n o nr nJ r o rfGCn hn o nr jn

45

IFdG CG

o dG hn Go en GB n jr p sdGhn t ps dG Gn gn hn o o n sJG n jr p snd n r pgGHr E p Hp S s dG n hr GnC sGE p @ n r pcp roG n pe n cn

. 68-65 :GY BG |
n rpperD oG t pdhn
eb EG dG H SQ g BGdG gGHEa ,IGQdGh BGdG H kVGh jdG hj
jdG eb Qj c ,gV bhh UN Gg LCG eh ,dEG gYjh gQd
HSG fch ,kHT c CG e KdG JSQ Y Gj CH jh UCG GhY
...G n NBG IdG fc ,gQhTh eb OMCG e CG Hh ,b Y GeY CG eb

46

ddG dG
bo dG jGh d b
Y Y SGC Q
mod n BG sEG kU
p Mn r p r nYn nrSn Qr nCG sfEGp @ Qp o t dH mod o nb
r Hn s cn }

@ n nTn r en r p r nf n pdn cn nfpr Yp r eu k n r uf @ m n pn H r go n r s sf

.36-33 :dG | Qp o t dH Ghr Qn n n an n n
n rHn r go Qn n rfnCG r n ndhn

IQhG GbCG H EG kSe dG Y gGHEG eR f ()d TY

jdG aJ PhdG e kYf SQ dG BGdG fj c dG ADg c ,gGHE
dG H gQfCGh PhdG Gg SQ Y Gj CH d f eY .GdG gh ,b
dG g jdG h ,Zh gPhT GhOh ,dSQh Jf GhfCGh Hc ,HYh
.je KQc e Y bh
G g EG Mh ,hS fCG Y d a bCG dG G EG Qj dG dG
AL c ke H b QedG CG HCG c a ,MCG dG e dG EG J
Y dG G dG e fc jG J CG jKCG SGQdG J ,dG BGdG
.dG fOQCG OhG W
hj ,d BG Y AGQh dG eCf CG ,KQdG g QKBG H f CG b
:HLCG GPh en b ld QfCG c BGdG d

47

IFdG CG

@ lrpeGnC loSQn rond ufGE p @ no snJ GnC lod rgo No GnC ro nd nbn Pr GE @ nrp nSr oG mod obn rnHs cn }
n oJrC nJGnC @ n r p nd n dG
u Qn nYn sGE p n p Lr GnC rGE p m Lr GnC r pe pr nYn r oodnC rSGnC en hn @ p o r Wp GnC hn n dG G o sJan
@ nhOo Yn l bn r o rfGnC r Hn r oLp Ghn Rr GnC r eu r oHt Q r ond n nNn en nhQo n nJhn @ n r p ndn dG n pe nGn cr t dG
:AGdG .| n r pd n dG n eu r op n n pd ufGE p n bn @ n r Lp n r oG n pe s nfon nd o od jn pn r nJ r sd r p nd G od bn
EG gYj fC HCG d ,dG jdG JG EG gYO eY kWd o dG Og
:JBG jBG d VJ c e GeBG jdGh g OW Y GeYh ,dGh G
n oJrC n nd r osfGE p @ n r p nd n dG n eu mMn GnC r pe pH r on n n S en n nMp n dG n oJrC nJGnC ppe n pd n bn Pr GE p kW odhn }
G odbn rGnC sGE p pper bn nGnL n cn nehn @ n ao p rte l bn rorfGnC rnH Ap B nudG phOo rue kIn r n T nnLu dG
.82-80 :GYCG |nh o s n n jn l S nfGoC
r o sfGE p r opjn r bn r eu go Lo p Nr GnC
fCG EG ,jUh VGh H gQfCGh VGh G eb Y ()d VY
:H AL dG YdH jJh fGf GhSGh ,Yh hCG jJ C GKj
rospFGnC @ nrp nd n dG nue mnMGnC rpe pH ron nn S ne n n Mp n dG n oJrC nnd rosfGE p ppe n pd n bn Pr GE p kW odhn }
G od bn rGnC sGE p ppe bn
n GLn n cn n an n nr oG o ojr Op nf pa n oJrC nJhn n r ps dG n o n r J hn n Ln u dG n oJrC n nd
n r pbOp s dG n pe
. 29-28 :dG |
n r co rGE p pdG pG n n pH n pFr G
:dG dCj dG EG LJ GG Gg ()d J CG Hh gh
n rjpp r oGp r n dG nYn pfr orfG uQn nbn }
.30 :dG |
.169 :AGdG |
u Qn }
n on r jn s pe p gr GnC hn pu nf
gGHEG Y nG Gg e ,LQ IQU e SQCa ,dSd dG SG Ggh
S gGHE G Th ,keZ d S JCGeG CH idG YCGh ,kWd Gj CG b
...dH SG d b Y M d :d b EG dSQEG
kIQn n Mp r r nYn n pSr o pd @ n r pep r et m r bn ndGE p n rpSQr GoC sfGE p G odbn @ n onS r oG jt GnC r oo r Nn n an n bn }
. 168 160

48

j hQg

- :jQGdG | nrpap ro pd nuHQn n rYp k nes nte @m rWp rue

-59 :G | n jr p pH ndG n p nd sfGE p B nfQr s bn o nJGnC n er G sGE p @ n r p n Lr GnC r go t n o nd sfGE p m od n GB sGE p }
.34 31

.60

A d ZG ,kWd GUh gGHEG - dSQ g Y gh - nG QOZ CG Hh

:e J CG H CGg fCG EG ,kb gBGQ b j fC eCG OH SdG
.77 :Og |
l r pYn l r jn Gn gn n bn hn kY Qr Pn r p pH
n nV hn r p pH An r p S kW od n ooS Qo
r An B Ln s ndhn }
sfGE p hn u n rd pH n n r nJGnC hn @ nh o n r jn r pa Gof cn npH n n r Lp r Hn God bn @ nho nr et l r bn r osfGE p n nb}
Go er G hn l Mn GnC r or pe
r p n rjn nhn r go Qn Hn Or GnC r psJGhn p r ndG n eu m r p pH
n p gr nC pH p rSnC an @ n bo Op nnd
-62 :G | nrp proe lo r ne Ap noD gn n pHGOn sGnC n renC G npdPn prndGE p nrnbn hn @ nho nerD oJ ornM
.66

JSQ FGjEG GhOOj a ,kaV j kWd CG dG Y AKCG g

H j CG e aV Y d N ,LhN hj d `e Gba ,dG
:kFb eb Wa iPCG
p h o r oJ nhn n dG G r o sJG hn @ po nr nJ nan r p r n V Ap B Do gn sGE p n bn }
. 69-68 :G |
:dG HLCa
.70 :G |
n r p nd n dGp Yn
n n r nf r ndhn GnC G od bn }
:a fdG SQG J EG Vp s n oe aVh UCG fCG d X
r Qo ndGE p phGB hr GnC kIs bo r opH r pd sGnC nd n bn }
. 80 :Og | mjr pn Tm c
:Gdbh dEG dG SQ fCH hscPn aV CG EG
r or pe
r p n rjn nhn p r ndG n eu m r p pH
n p gr nC pH p rSnC an
n r ndGE p GB opjn r nd
n Hu Qn o oS Qo sfGE p o od jn Godnb}
:Og | mrjp n pH ort dG n rndGnC ort dG ogo n Yp r ne sGE p ro nHnUGnC B ne orpoe osfGE p nnJGnC n reG sGE p l nMGnC
.81

49

IFdG CG

gGoC dG h ,nG IY kWd dG fCG ,nIhn Qr t dG dG PhT Uh eYh

:b e d H gQfCG dG IeG KQdH dG
kIn rHo r o n s n U r n ndhn @ Qp o ofhn pHGn Yn G bo h o an r o n o Yr GnC B n r n n an pp r n V r Yn o hOo hn G Qn r n ndhn }
. 38-37 :dG | w p n r et
l G n Yn
:dG QeO jBG d Jh
@m r u pS r eu kIQn n Mp r p r nYn nfr n er GnC hn n npan S n n pdYn n rn n an @ n r pbp reo o n r s dG o o rJn Nn nCan }
. 76-73 :G |m r p et m r pn pnd sfGE p hn @
n r p uS n n o rpd mjn B
n pdPn pa sGE p
r Yp k en s n et @ Om or es m r u p S r eu kIQn Mp n r nYn nfr n er GCn hn n npa n S n n pd Yn n rn Ln nfo er GCn An B Ln s nan }
.83-82 :Og | mrp npH nrp pd s dG npe
n pg nehn nuHQn
en hn k jn B
n pdPn pa sGE p @ n jr Qp n r oG o n en An B nan Gk n es r p r nYn nfr n er GnC hn @ n jr p Nn B G nfr es On s oK}
. 175-172 :AGdG |
o r Mp s dG o jr p n dG n o nd
n Hs Qn sGE p hn @ n r ppeDr et go o ncr GnC n cn
OY hj Gfj kL ADgh ,e eBG eh d EG e j dG n eu Oo eYh
.ddG e a bG e J d ICGeG CG EG .IMGdG ISCG OGaCG
n oJrC n nd osfGE p @ n r p nd n dG n eu mMn GnC r pe n pH r on n n S en n n Mp n dG n oJrC nJGnC pper n pd n bn Pr GE p kW odhn }
G odbn rGnC sGE pper bn
n Gn Ln n cn en hn @ n ao p ret l r bn o rfGnC r Hn Ap B u dG ph Oo r eu kIn r n T n Ln u dG
n pe
r nfc o nJGnC n er G sGE p o ngr GnC h o n r n rfnC an @ nh o s n n jn l S nfGoC r o sfGE p r opjn r bn r eu go Lo p Nr GnC
n nrcn r o rfa Gk n se p rnYn nfr n reGnC hn @ nrjp pH ndG
. 84-80 :GYCG | nrpep roG o npb Yn n c
ch .jHdG e fc JCGeG EG FYh eDG e e eh ()d Ggh
eh ddG dG g CG H dG Y gGHEG e d Lg : IGQdG OQh
.VQCG Lh dRe

d IH VGdG jB G
:d b Y bh dG GdG ge Og IQS e 82 jBG VJ

50

j hQg

. |m O orsem up S rue kIQn nMp n rnYn nfr n reGnC hn n npa n S n pd Yn nrn nL nfo reGnC nAB nL s nan }
gh ,kGL Y VQCG Ig HUCG b G CG EG J | n npa n S n n pdYn n rn Ln } L
.c KQc Y VGh FO ,GdG a bh dG G ,d IH CG
:c fa CG QKBG Y j
g ke dG ,dG dG e GQeZh hS j dG S OGh UZ
Y VQCG Ig H QedG Gg M ,S YCG EG MGh j ,G
13.eT jMh W RZ Y f AGVCGh ,GQfG IY MU
e CG ,f dGdR e ,d IH hCG ,G dG e J ,G
JdG W Y c300 OGdG Gg h , Qe J U j gh.RR
14 . kHL HY OGh e G kT jW IHh H UGdG
J a | Om or es m u p S r eu kIQn n Mp n r nYn nfr n er GnC hn } :jBG e INCG G eCG
r pe } fG dG IQG fc Gdh ,d IH V Y cH QfG hM
o n ne nAB n an Gk n se p rnYn nfr n reGnC hn } :IQdG d AGdG IQS e173 jBG VJ | upS
.| n j Qp n oG
:c fa j dP Yh
dP e dG W Y YCG Ieg fc dG fcdG idG Q''
dG e dG OGdG IgX hJ IeG cGdG ga GJ h ,QdG
Me Y dRdG e Y W VJh fcdG G g SJ H ,HdG
15.dG dG e SGh
cHh Y Ig EG G g VJ Y dRdG Wh IG G g J
rue kIQn nMp n rnYn nfr n reGnC hn } BGdG dH KQdG g hJh ,eRCG e eR FK
.YCG dGh ,cdG QfG Gg EG dG ZCG Y ,j BGda | Om o r es m u pS
QSG dG GddG bh EG j | n npa n S n n pdYn rn Ln nfo er GnC An B Ln s nan } :J dbh
51

SG HC G dG

HGC J

d b YdG dG dG IQU

.YCG dGh ,kMh kbTh Iee Gk QKBG d VQCG S Y d cdG

c J Y H ,jd Ie d IH J dG VGdG jBGh dG FdG
g e ,eh HdG IjG ,ShCG dG BGdG jhj dG GMCG
PEG ,LdG gG d IQhG WGh d IH QKCG b .d IH J ke WG
g f NCG CG h ,SG HCG dG S Y Gk e 400 IdG g J
Y Gk e 800 VfH j IdG a PEG ,S Y Gk e 400 M UJ IdG
Y G WG Y ij ,VQCG Lh Y f NCG gh ,dG S
hO IdG g H J dG iNCG UG .kGe 100 e cCG dG dG S
e f C J dG g J h , %30 J dGh a G adG g gZ

52

SdG

d b

G dG

Gdh , a dH dP EG eh TEG ,ddG ,SCG e jdG FdG

.HdG OCG "Dead Sea" G dH S
,OG b 1800 EG OJ BGdG jhj dG d b b Ea :GjdG Mh
J fc GQeZh hS je CG jKCGh LdG JSGQO N e c M
g CGh ,d IH e kVfG cCGh idG jdG j c dG S OGh
.VQCG g kfS WG cCG e fc G
c QedG bGh j dG ddG dP g IdG d jdG FG cCG e
.BGdG gGhQ
NGO f gh,d IH bT IjL T j dG j b g
AG IdG b j gh, dG'' SCG dG Gg Y dG WCG bh IdG

53

dG e d Id IQU
YdG

.j c G dG hGC ,d IH

IjG T dG CG eh.HdG a d Gk gX Gg Ghj h,b G

XCG bh .I LQO G V e jCG fG CG EG, 400 Y Y g g
G g , 16 - 15 Y jj g AG Y CG GS IY e LCG dG dG
GQfd SJ e J eh RdG f fJ H a J dG
b a TY dG GQeYh hS e g G gh. HYCG KM dG IdG
fCG ,H a J b fCG o cG dG ,dG AG Gg c fQhh Md
g G g ,IdG g KMCG dG dG QfGh VQCG IdG f M
.d b e :CG ,GQeZh hS J fc dG
G eCG.GbCG Y ke HG dG G g e fG dG G e c
OGh JOLhGG GQeYh hS e j G dG e dG AG Ca
. dG dG KM Ye W KQc H IYdG QfC fh.S
dG g Ceh OG jdGh GdG Gg G dG e G G afG
16 .ke

55

VJ QdG GE IQU
QfGh fcdG IQdG
s S dGh ,J dG
pInrnH Y dG ANG
.HGC
e ,HG dG
.d Id H

,kHL f bCG EG d IH Y Qb J eY ...VGh d b QKBG hJ

e e H Y ,kge kT iS ,dG H TCG Se dG J eYh
H G dG Me M dG HdG OhM J dG dG Ae h ,WdG
OGh .dCG AGG G dG HQV QhLh ,kGL b ZCG :VGh
QTCGh ZCG g fc M ,edG dP G J ceCG LCG ...S
...e OhQdGh j GP fj AGN
g J ,d b KQd ejdG MdG Y LdG HCG J
N) VQCG jW U d f AL dG eO dG GddG EG :SGQdG
GM khf jdG f QGfG j ,jdG f VM d c 190 H Y (dG

56

57

.d IH M G a J ,jY IQU

kKOM CG EG VQCG S Y e 400 QG G dG VfG EG aVEH ,c 180

. edG e M G JG b gCG e fL Y kLdL
dG dG hCG dG e a Gk U Gk AL d IHh jdG d IG dG J
.a g ejCG dG Gg Wh e
n p o cG d ,VQCG e G g e
OGeG UGj K ,d IH M kHL h ShQW L We e dG CGj
,jaEG d MCG dG Y j K ,dG N EG d HdG AGdG N
dRdG IQG Me M ,fcH fCG Md dG Gg OGeG Yh
N h OQCG e JGh G WG h a G L fcdGh
.IQhG WGh dG
59

m GQ e ie Y Gfc d b GC Y jdG g Jh IdG V Y Y Y dGh ,d IH GE dfG dG jG jH

.

j hQg

.YGC IQdG j c ,eSdG e jdG n N d b QeO ob dGC d

KQc T b d IH CG Y LdG eGh QKBG g J

:c fQhh c , LdL
g ke dG ,dG dG e GQeZh hS j dG S OGh UZ
Y VQCG Ig H QedG Gg M ,MGh j S YCG EG ,G
idG Q ,eT jMh W RZ Y f AGVCGh ,GQfG IY MU
GJ h ,QdG dP e dG W Y YCG Ieg fc dG fcdG
H ,TH b OQCG e dG OGdG IgX hJ IeG cGdG ga
e SGh Me Y dRdG e Y W VJh fcdG G SJ
EG G g VJ Y dRdG Wh IG G g J ,dG dG
17 ''.eRCG e eR FK cHh Y Ig

61

j hQg

g QM a aGG

GZL fTf'' eCG

:1957 Y e hCG fc eG
,GQeZh hS :Ies G G BG M MCG j , G dG H L b Jj
dG e J b ,jdG G eCG S OGh fc fCG hj MdG CG EG
.(18) ee GdR H JZ G
National Geographic

jdG f b eH je
:J fGbh dG S CG JBG jBG dG fj
s nan neoC G i n rMGE p rpe i n gr GnC sofonsd l jp nf rgo nAB nL rp nd rp pf n rjGnC n r nL pdpH G o nbr GnC hn }
o rnG o p jn nhn Ap u s dG n ren hn p VQr nC G Gk Q n rpr SG @ Gk Q o of sGE p r go On G Rn es l j p nf r go An B Ln
ps o d n p nJ r ndhn kj pr nJ pdG ps opd n p nJ nan
n pdhs nC G n s o S sGE p nh o o jn r n an pp gr nC H sGE p Ao u s dG
. 43-42 :Wa | kj p
r nJ pdG
S Y dG jh fGb VQj e a ,|kpj rnJ pdG pso pd n p nJ rnd } f
d ,fehdG jQWGeG fG eQ , ''Pompei'' eH .jhdG fGdG f Y
.d b jd He jf fa ...d b SQ SQ jG g fc
S ,S dCG kFOg cdG Gg H ,Hf UNh djEG SH ha cH j
hS eO dG KQdG fc d ,kY dc j h ,''jdG H '' cdG Gg
.eH eO dG H Gk L T GQeZh
S NCG V cH ,eH J dG EGh ,Hf je J ha e dG EG
HUCG fCG LQd Gk L Le LdG fc ,S dCG e OeQh H jG g
S dCG e dM Y jG Hh ,QdG e ...edG Wf SQ gh
.bJ b a edG Cch ,Gg ej Mh

62

.cg b eH je H J fc dG ANdGh QgORG IM VJ IQU

IFdG CG

Y OLdG e g CG T ,S hO Gg VQCG Lh Y eH
GdG SQ Gk ce fc jG g CG EG jQdG dG J Yh
IQYdG H OY AMEGh Y G e j fCG LQd ,ApdH IQe fc ,IPdG
H NGG GHCG Y J ,dH PdGh jcdG AYCG fc ,j j a
Ge dEG EG f) jG fjdG EG gQhL OJ dG ddG g Mh ,dG
...CG Y J CG j G SQG Mh G AYCG Ea ,(SQdG
Gh ,VQCG S Y jG ha SQCG dG fcdG G CG EG
cdG KMCG dG dG QfG e ZdH KQdG g e MCG o j fCG g VG
d ,gPCGh U b ICLG Cc H ,KQdG Gj fCch GH d ,ha
GhRCG e c OY ,dG J ke eW hJ fc eH FY
ah a e kLGhRCGh G f e GhRCG OLh Md c ...LhGJ AKCG Gh
eCG ,dG j ec fc VQCG e LSG dG LdG H !!Ie S
.G gdG fc a LdG Y X dG HdG
G Lj CG SdG e BG fCG c !KQdG gG fG g Ggh
?T Gj hCG Ghj CG hO
BGdG C ,BGdG cP dG QedH kT c eH je ANG CG dP J
CG jBG d J j IQS a ,GMCG g e jGhQ Y ''ZG IOHEG ''cj
:IMGh bO L GJe jG gCG
.29 :j |nh o pe N
n r go GPn E p an kIn Mp Ghn k n r n U sGE p
r nf cn rGE p }
cP eY ''dG IOHEG'' Y Gk cJ iNCG Ie dG IQS e 31 jBG h
:OK g
p n r oGp pn cn G of nan kIn Mp Ghn k n r n U r p r nYn n rnS Qr GnC sfGE p }
.31 :dG |p

65

dG IG G MGC
jG AKGC X
eH jLGC dG

IFdG CG

. eH dG AKGC X dG IG G Y NGB e

.eH X dGh IG ffE G G Y iNGC eGC

.dG UGC dG ZG dG Y eh M e jQdG IQdG

67

j hQg

.HdG jBG AL c ke eH S Y G bh d
dG Wa ,dG eH e Y dG e dG GC j Gg c e ZdH
a j dG IYdG g Hc IjL ,eH je a Y J Hf QdGh
.''jPdG L'' fCG Y Hc J jQdG fYEG ,IGdGh kL hPdG
SdGh ,QfH NBG bNCG fa ,dG IMdG g djEG Hc dh
.G Jjfh G dhCs G Q e QYG Y Y nht p jo

69

HGdG dG
''edG IjL'' ,QHhGC h OY b
n r Sn r p r nYn gn n s Sn @ mn pJYn m Un r Un m jppH Gop gr oCan Ol Yn es nCGhn }
Ro n Yr nCG r sfnCcn Yn r Un n r pa n nr dG in n an keo Mo m js nCG n n pfn nKhn m n nd
. 8-6 :bG | mn pbHn eu o nd in nJ
r n an @ mjphNn m r nf

,jBG e jdG BGdG gcPh GgCG jdG jNBG GbCG e b ...OY b

AcT hO Mh dG IOY EG gYa eb EG Gk Og dG SQCG ,f b H gcP AL
jO J hj fCGh ,dGh bH JGh AGdH Gk Og dG LGh ,YW Gh
.AHBG
:dH ebh Og H QGO e c Og IQS jBG d OJ
@ nho n r eo sGE p r o fGnC rGE p o o r nZ mndGE p eu ond en n dG Gho o YGp r bn jn n bn Gk Ogo r go Nn GnC Om Yn ndGE hn }
Gh o rn r SGp r bn jn hn @ nop r nJ an GnC n n an p sdG nYn sGE n p Lr GnC rGE p Gk Lr GnC pr nYn r oodnC rSGnC B p r bn jn
pep roe G r sd nnJ nhn ropJs bo nGE p kIs bo rco Or p njhn Gk QGQn r ue ornYn nA s dGp pS r oj prndGE p GoH oJ soK rosHQn
GE p @
n ppeDr o pH
n nd o r nf en hn
n pdr bn Yn n n dGB pcQp n pH o r nf en hn m u n pH n n r Lp en Oo go jn G od bn @
@ nco p roJ s eu Al p Hn ufGnC GB ho n r TGh dG o p rTGoC ufGE p n b Am opH n pn pdGB o r Hn n Gn n Yr G sGE o o sf
sGE p mHq GOn r pe es oHu Qn hn Hu Qn pdG nYn
o rcs n nJ ufGE p @ pho p r oJ s oK k p Ln pfho p an ppfhOo r pe
70

j hQg

rorndGE p ppH orpS Qr GoC B se oornrHGnC r n an Gr sdn nJ rE p an @m p nte mG n p U nYn uHQn sGE p B pnp U npH l Np GnB n go
An B Ln s ndhn @ lp Mn Am n T u co nYn Hu Qn sGE p k n T o nfh t onJ hn r co n r nZ ker bn Hu Qn
o p r n r jn hn
Ol Yn
n rpJhn @ mp nZ mGn Yn r eu go n r s nfhn s eu mn Mr n pH o n en G o en GB n j p sdGh Gk O go n r s nf nfo er GnC
k n r nd ft dG pp gn G o prJGoC hn @ mpYn Qm s Ln u co n er GnC GB o n sJGh o noS Qo Gr nYn hn r p Hu Qn p jn B pH Gh o n Ln
n Gk O Yn sGE p B GnC pne p dG nr njhn
.60-50 :Og | Om go p r bn Om n ud G k r oH nGnC ro sHQn Gh o n c
H j c dG FG H Y cdG e kT AGdG IQS h
nh o p s nJhn @ n on r nJ k jn GB m j Qp u opH n o r nJGnC } :d dSQ W N e f dG ADg
gQfCG eYh ;iPCG SdH jh IH aj Gfch |nho or nJ r osn nd n pf nen
EG Gk L e Gfc .|npdhs nC G ooNo sGE p GB n gn rGE p } :d Gdb dYCG bY AS e f
:iPCG CH GHj d fCG
Go sJan @
l peGnC l oS Qn ond ufGE p @ no s nJ nGnC Ol go r go No GnC r o nd n bn Pr GE p @
n p nS r oG Ol Yn
r Hn s c}
u opH n o r nJGnC @
n p nd n dG
u Qn nYn sGE p n p Lr GnC rGE p m Lr GnC r pe pr nYn r oodnC rSGnC B en hn @ po Wp GnC h n dG
@ njQp snL rorn nH rorn nH GPGE hn @ nho or nJ rosn nd npfnne nho p snJhn @ nonr nJ k njGB m jQp
m s Ln hn @
n pHn hn m rfnC pH co s en GnC @ n o nr nJ n pH co s en GnC sdG G o sJGh @ po WGnC hn n dG G o sJ an
n eu onJ r nd r GnC
n r Yn hn GnC n r nYn Al Gn n S G od bn @m p Yn m jn
n Gn Yn or nYn
o Nn GnC ufGE p @ m o Yo hn
sGE p go n rngr nC an o Ho s nan @
n pHs n o pH o r nf en hn @
n pdhs nC G o oNo sGE p G n gn rGE p @
n p Yp G n dG
p s dG o j p n dG n o nd nsHQn sGE p hn @ npperD te go o ncr GnC n cn nehn k njB npdPn
.140-123 :AGdG | o M
Y dG GYCGh dSQ GHc jdG dG dhCG ...OY g d
. 68 :Og| n pa G r n ` rjn
r sd nC cn } VQCG S Y JOHCG Y eQ UY ,dN

r Qn GE p je jKC G acG
jG cG'' Y J IQe Y U jhY 1990 Y jGH X
IjL ,QHhCG'' ,''WSCG Y J dG HdG jG cG '' ,''jQSCG HdG
71

IFdG CG

e cCG e dG BGdG cP b jKCG G JXCG e CG gd G ,''edG

EG g e BGdG gcP dG OY b CG j Gfc jdG dhCG j ,kfb 14
dgPh gO ANEG e VQCG Lh Y j d fe CGh ,hdG bj IQSCG
hdG jGhQ N e EG J J dG dG g QKCG d ,acG d
.gGh dG e n dG
jG Lh dG g dG KCG Nicholas Clapp c Sf c
aCG eh dG jQJ IGg e UHh19dG BGdG Y ihQ dG IQSCG
dG Gg c ,G KHCG AKCG dG jQJ Y k kHc c Lh ,FKdG
dG Bertram Thomas SeJ GJH G MdG dCJ e ''Arabia felix ''
HdG IjG T e HG Ad ehdG dG g Arabia felix h .1932 Y Vh
Eudaimon'' SG G g Y ffdG WCG ,Yh dG dG J dGh
dG'' SG Y j Gfc a ,SdG hdG dG KdG eCG ''Arabia
20.''dG
J j Gfc jdG SdG C ,''XG HdG G'' J ASCG g c
?GP dh ,L Gg ,eR kM SdG cCG Gfc IHdG eRCG G
GQn dG IQ N Y JGSG be j dG M e AL c d
dP EG aVEH ,HdG IjG e ddG WGh dG H Sj dGh HGdGh
c h ,QOdG T e fj Gfc dG Qo n dH hLj G g S c
SW j c M ,edG dP HdG GbCG Y c CT dG Gd
.gdG b RGJ fc a ,jdG
Lh fCG Yjh ,ke kUh ''XG'' FdG g SeJ G MdG j
d Y J jG g fc 21,JCfCG b FdG g iMEG fc b je QKBG
YWEH G j jdG hdG e H b JMQ iMEG h ,''QHhCG'' SH hdG

72

j hQg

.WQG GY = OY b
Iraq

Saudi
Arabia

Iran

Oman

'Ad
Yemen

.Y MGS e dH WG iMGE OY TY M ,QHhGC je jH Lh

iHCG dG SeJ CG EG ,QHhCG je EG OJ QKBG g EG :d Gdbh ,VGh QKBG Y

21.KHCG j CG b J VH Gk c kegG
FdG jG OLH bGh ,SeJ c Y WG CG H kbh ''c'' j
.dG H GC Hh ,dG dP aUG
NCG dG jG QKBG khCG J ,QHhCG je OLh Y gd jW c QS
,AdG e d QU Y G LCG e Sf dch EG kW b K ,hdG Fb Y
22.G d QU Y d gDj jJ Y G aCG jW ce Hh
eL gLh dG dG WGh FGG SQj NCGh OL c HJ
b H Hh ,G d b jN EG j CG ag c ,fQdc fg
200 Y ''SH'' jZEG -G GG SQ k WQN fc ,IMGh Lh

73

GE j h ,dG GB dG jGhQ M QHhGC VQC G Lh Y e bGdG IQG eh dG YC G e dG

.gQKGB iS dG

j hQg

.QHhGC jG

.jG g EG ODJ dG dGh G b j be Y j ,Oe

QdG h ,gjJ b Sf e W dG QdG CG Y QNCG Uh AKCG g
jDhQ h ,IOG dH VQCG Y gj QG e c aGb G X
,c gLh dG dG jG e QdG g fQh ,AdG e EG ec H
FdG QdG Y J dG aGdG G EG :Y j c dG dG EG UJ
e GG d INCG G fc ,dG WQG Y LJ dG GG e HJ
.b je jCG e j fc fCG VGdG e ,SGh
H ,hdG jhj nd kMe jCG MCG fc dG G cG Gk NCGh
e J dG jG QKBG NCGh Y jKCG jG CGH b bH dP
.''edG IjL ,QHhCG'' dG jG g S Ggh ,ka kT VQCG
?dG BGdG gcP dG OY g jG g CG j dG e dh

75

.QHhGC GE J gh aGdG W WJ e IQdG hj .YdG dG QU c c OY be

G e j ,QHhGC `1
QbC G e iS Jge
.jG b YdG
12 Y Y je QX ` 2
.jG AGLGE H kGe

j hQg

''OdG GP QEGh OY '' je g jG g CG J QdH jG QKBG CGH CG e

J fc VQCG e X dG QKBG H e C ,dG BGdG gcP OQh dG
sEG Dr.Zarins:jQGR QcdG jKCG dG AYCG MCG j ,BGdG gcP dG GHCG
J g ,BGdG gcP dG OY je ,Qn GE p g fj dG G g CG Y dO cCG
:g QHhCG e dG IYCGh GHCG
:dG | Op npdG n orpe r nr jo r nd psdG @ Op n p dG pGPn n Qn GE p @ Om n H
n Ht Qn n n an
n r cn n nJ r ndGnC }
.8-6

OY b
dG Mh ,dG BGdG gcP dG QEG je g QHhCG CG KEG eCG BG M
dSdH dEG AL dG dG Y Gk Og s f GHc jG g S Ea :fBGdG
.IOHEG GSG Ggh ,dG Y gQfCGh
jQdG da ,L sn en dGR dG ADg jg CG kM dG e fCG EG
g HGZ cCGh ,IQG e dY LQO Y Gfc ; ADg e d cP CG a Lj
.jQdG dG SCG O M Oj fCG
dG GQG S dG ADd cP OLh Y hj b ,iNCG L e
e gh ,HdG IjG HL GTY dG ADg CG g :dP dG ,kW Gk eCG
bY e cCG H j j h ,ShCG dGh ''jaGdG OGh'' e Y IH
eh ,jQdG dG oJ OJ e cP jo CG PEG dG e .IOh
.''OY'' QNCG hGJ ShCG dG T fc a dP
CG g :HG jQdG dG V jG g OLh Y SCG gCG e
OY b CG f CG G e,edG dP G g kFT j HdG JG
SG dhdG g CG dh .jQdG dG dhdG g J dh,dhO GT
.g ejCG cCG Y f CG k j a kb WCG bd
77

IFdG CG

Y eg ee CG eEH fCG EG ,OY Y He S LJ :PEG

OY Y Ia dN e NCf CG dHh gOMCG Y CG,Y IQG GbCG
.fCG

OY OMGC ,eQG
OY IQM Y dG AKCG QfCG dEG LJ CG j dG hCG G
c dGh ,''edG IjL QHhCG'' Lh M ,dG HL g Y IQG GQGh
SG GM Gg bh b GbCG e HQCG dG L n Lp ho ,''IdG dH'' dEG Qj
,e gCGh ,CS gCGh ,nen r nM gCG g GbCG ADg ,''XG hCG AGdG dG''
.H e HQe We MGh bh M GbCG g .Ab gCGh
e X K Me NO b Gk OY EG :dj jUG AdG e jdG
OY b CG jghCG eL MdG MQ Fe QcdG j ,jQdG e Y jL
GhX jdG eQG c ,dG L GTY jdG GbCG MCG ,eQG OGLCG g
M .''XG dH'' GaY jdG H IT FdG bCG ,OG b 500 S GM
Ia H Oe 240 Y kFf GNG CG EG edG e jW Id dG L dG ADg
.IdH J fG e
jZEG JdG j ,OY OMCG fj b dG ADg CG EG eM c J
Jh -''eGQOCG'' H dG g EG ,OG b ddG dG TY dG H
j dG ''GQOCG'' g SG QLh ,SG e g jZEG SG jf 23.eG
.BGdG IQcG J ''n Qn EG-OY'' Y kj fc MG G gdG EG
IjG e HG AG CG Y (Oe 150-100) SH jZEG GG j

78

j hQg

,Gg ej M eH J G gh ,eQG a TY dG G g HdG

WSCGh ndG hJ e Mh ,en n r Mn OGh e dG EG ,Ir Tn UdG Jh
.en n r Mn Lj OY EG SQCG dG dG Y Og b Ea
aj c dG IhdG ,Od OGeG g eM CG EG J dG iNCG FdG e
dG J ,''dG T ZCG'' fCG Y eQG aj jZEG c ,dG a
,bdG dP JdG KCG iMEG ,Qo n dG YGQR Gk c GeJ eQG sGE :jQdG
cCG ejCG dG g YGQR gORG d ,eGSG e jG d GhLhCG fCG c
.g ejCG gQgORG e
e c jd Gk e c en n r Mn UY Ir Tn je jKCG jG JXCG e EG
jG QKBG EG j CG ,1975 Y CGH dGh jG g LdG Y Gk L dG
fc G YCG jf X dG acG CG EG .edG dG Y H
BG M cG e YCc VQCG faG dG jG X a ;ge
dG G ShCGh cCG e dG Y c dG IQG jG fc ,kTgOEG cCGh
.H ka AH c fCG Y gb jh ,G g aY dG
e QG dG GKQh b eQG CH :j G dG CG a T
:j gh ed Og b d ,OY b gOGLCG
.129-128 :AGdG |nh o o
r nJ r osn nd n pf n en hn o p s nJhn @ n on r nJ k jGB m j Qp u opH n o ` r nJGCn }
hJ ,aNG IYCG g IrTn Lh dG HCG ge iNCG U
e GhQ V eh Ije fd ke Ija Ir Tn cG dG IYCG
d ,e T Y He V dG e iNCG We IYCG hJ H ,FGO
SJa fdG jZEG QjdG b ,OY gOGLCG e GdG Gg IrTn gCG Qh

79

IFdG CG

HG dG Y SGh H OG SdG dG SG QjH Photius

bh IOLe J b jZEG W EG UdG SG fC ;jQdG fCGh
.MCG dH j dGh ,(OG b 132( ''Agatharacides'' c UNh ,VG
Ie Ic IYCG GH b (HG dG) fEG :j'' :VGe MCG SJa j
24

''eCdG J IYCG g J jW CG .dG e Ye hCG gdH

Ia J fCG EG ,en n r Mn EG ITe J Photius SJa de CG e ZdH

j ,G g GTY jdG dG H j c dG FdG YGdGh dG Y
je'' fCG Y G g Strebo HGSh PlinyH SdG jZEG JdG
.''G QdGh dG HH
BGdG Y GP :ke Qf OY dS e g G g UCG CH f eY
.7 :dG | Op n p dG pG Pn
n Qn GE p } fCG Y OY We

FGMh OY Hj
e edG J ,GWCG eGe Mb AGH HdG IjG L EG aG
g IOLe fc iQdG g ,kjM T dG WGh G GY ,G g
. dG B M hCG
dG jBG N e G g Y ee j dG BGdG CG EG
:OY Y
ms Ln h @
n pHn hn m n rfnC pH co s en GnC @ n o nr nJ n pH co s en GnC p sdG G o sJGh @ p o Wp GnC hn n dG G o sJ an }
-

.135 131

:AGdG |m p Yn m r jn
n Gn Yn r onYn
o Nn GnC qfGE p @ m o Yo hn

WGh ,QEG je gh OY Wc oYG dG dG QHhCG CG M dh

80

j hQg

Og SG GPa ,edH kc Ie ,kjCG d kWe fc fCG G e dG iNCG

?PEG eb j gh dG g
G d jQdG dG J ,NG GdG S NGO GG j
fch ,AZ FGM jCG e j fc SGdG AGdG g CG gh :eg M
,e SGh Me HdG HdGh AGG JdG fc ,HG nIjT VQC
o G
dGp o rfCnpH G g gCG J bh ,dG e BG IY e bCG e BGdG d hj c
J dh ,IOLe AGdG fc a ,G Ib e J HdG fc ,Y
.JG GH
H J CG dGh ,OY b e Y eg FO IjG L d jh
dSCG ej Gfc G g S EG :d J FdG g ,VG Y AdG
c dG ,YGQdG g a MGh d fc dSCG gh ,jdG Gk L IQe
.dG Id U J dGh G g S SQ
e dCj ,dG jG SGh Q f Y jCG YdG QbCG QU c
S e fEG 200^000 OhJ fc fCG Qb dGh d eSG b OhSh Gb
N QCe M G fc '' :G MdG MCG Doe ''hO'' j 25,G g
a fc b eMh QCe H dG G CH OYG fCG LQd ,kGL
26

'' .IgOe IQ kWe e

j dG jdG dLh ddG HH G g H jZEG JdG j

H Lh dG WG H J ,G JHZh gQfCGh dGh QTCG
m Hc en n r Mn UY Ir Tn e dH bGdG dG HG
fGG U EG J
Ie fc G g CG EG Gg j ,VCc H Jh G g

81

IFdG CG

.jhGdG edG fL EG G VGQCH

e H b dG HCG H N e AGdG H MJ dG YdG ae
hdG ahe N e d M ,cdG Smithosonian fS
AGdG CG cG bh ,QeCG 6 YJQG H dG dG H eQ AGU EG SdG
J fCch ,gdG HCG edG J Gg YdG ,kej S 15 fc
Xh

1950

Y dG J jLCG dG jG dP e ,kUCG OLdG EG

Ie fc kjCG jG eGgCG , edH aOh OY dGh ec HCGh ce

eGO GASGh jM H EG AdG EG J h ,jCG e j edG ke
a m m e GP fc jhGdG VGQCG g CG VGdG e :QNH ,kjW kbh
.eRCG e S

?OY g c
fKh d S SG fCGh JY UU jH gCG b Gk OY CG BGdG d cj
.HCG pIn rHn Y Gk OY gCa jCG
m r nf p jn Gk nUr n U kj Qp p r nYn rnSQr GnC sfGE p @ Qp o ofh pHGn Yn n cn
n r nan Ol Yn
r Hn s cn }
.20-18 :dG | m p n et m
r nf Ro n Yr GCn sfCn cn n S s dG o p r nJ @ m u n r et
ke o oM m sjGnC n npfnKhn m nnd nrn S p rnYn g n s nS @ mnpJ Yn m nU r n U m j p pH G op gr oC an Ol Yn seGnC hn }
- :bG | mjn ph Nn m r nf Ro n Yr GnC sfnC cn Yn r n U pa n r n dG in an

.7 6

,dSQ jJ GhSGh Gj dG CG EG ,QGfEGh jdG e ZdH

GdG GhCGQ eY j GPe GcQd Gfj fEG M ,hOj dV Gfc
:jJ GhSGh e j
l j Qp ppH o rn r n r SG en n go r Hn nfo p r eo l VQp Yn Gn gn G od bn r p pjn Op hr GCn n pr n r et kV Qp Yn o hr GnC Qn s an }
82

.dG edG dH OY a J fc dG G

.24

:MCG | l pdGnC
l Gn Yn n pa

GXh H e Gj fCG EG ,e J fc dG GdG HS dG iCGQ d

e KQdG a J fc dG dG Y eg dO gh ,QeCG d fCG
dG e hj jhGdG edG j dG hG QYEG hCG edG HhdG C ,dG
h HdG g YN b OY J CG Gk L G a PEG ,I HS fCch
e Uh fCG hj dGh ) edG UGdG d kUh ''hO'' j .KQdG J
FGg QGL GbG g edG UGd hCG edG '' :(T H N
27

.''IdG IjT GQJ H jh Jj ,GbCG BG EG YJQG j b ,edH

QeCG IY dG H ''edG IjL'' jH e fCG j dG QHhCG Y c d

edG e kfWCG Sc b jCG fKh d S SG dG JdG jdG CG hj ,edG

83

IFdG CG

f EG QHhCG jLCG dG jG J ,edG AMCG SdG aOh ,jG a

Gk e 12 QHhCG aO d :'' Ca

'' fdG G AL dc,MG

M'Interesse

28

''eQ UY H edG e

gcP dG ''MCG'' c edG aO b Gk OY CG Y gCG FdG cCG

:OY mj dG BGdG
sGnC pp rNn r pehn pjr n jn p r Hn pe Qo o t dG pnNn r bn hn p n Mr nC pH o en r bn Qn n rfGnC Pr GE p Om Yn Nn GnC co Pr G hn }
p Yn m r jn
.21 :MCG |m
n Gn Yn or nYn
o Nn GCn ufGE p n dG sGE p GB ho o r nJ
Ggh ,edG dG :CG ''
l r Mp '' gOeh ,''edG dG'' HdH J MCGh
CG Y ke kdO j e Ggh ,edG dH e e WJ fc Gk OY CG j
ge MCG c a :SdG H M eQ UY ICWh GaOo b Gk OY
j Gg CG EG ,OY TY M dG HL kSG UCGh ,''edG dG''
kUN ''edG dG'' G Gg j b dh ,dG dG G M e
.H J feR G fc jdG dG dhCH
b OHCG b |m p n r et m r nf Ro n Yr GnC o sfC cn n S s dG o p r nJ } dG UdG J CGh H
j bdG dP M Gfc jdG dG dhCG ,kGL b bH HCG pIn rHn Y OY
aO Gg c ,VQCG YQjh GdGh OhdG jh HCG hj ,IZQ IM
KCG c Zh AGdG eG dG g Hh ,AMCG fSh jG aO c edG
.gQKBG e
IOLe QEG jeh Gk OY CG EG J jQdGh LdG dG CG g dGh
jG g QKBG IOSG M HCG Hh ,dG BGdG cP c g fCGh ka
.edG e

84

j hQg

db d ,BGdG Y cDj dG IdG NCj CG QKBG g ij eY fEG Y

:dV OY
Gof cn hn kIs bo o r pe t nTGnC n go r o n nNn p sdG n dG sGnC G hr n jn r ndhn GnC } dh | kIs bo s pe t nTGCn r en }
.15 :a |nh o
n r jn n Jp jn B pH
g dG CG Qjh ,bdG GW gP HdG FG H j CG fEG Y
.JOH EG QgORG hCG s CG j CG fEd h ,kFGO YCGh ibCG

85

eG dG
O`K
Gk PEGp sfEGp o o ps sf Gk Mp Ghn s eu Gk n n Hn nCG BGodnan @ Qp o t dH Oo o nK
r Hn s cn }

l Gscn n go r Hn kpr Hn pe pr nYn o cr u dG n p rdoCGnCG @ m o So hn m nVn p sd

p nCG
.26-23 :dG | o T
o GsndGp es Gk nZ no nr n Sn

@ l Tp nCG

Gba OY e dEG dG SQCG dG QdH GhSGh GHc Gk Or o nK CG BGdG d hj

LdGh jQdG SGQdGh HCG H dG AdG EG X bh ,G f
,gH dG dGh ,OK b H bCG dG G e ,AdG EG b ahe J Ao TCG
jQJ M g dG BGdG cP dG OK EG ,fj Gfc dG IG h
.jKCG dG e jdG KCG
dG ADg b EG IOdG G e ,OH J dG jKCG dG EG dG b
c dd , eRCG c Wj c BGdGh ,dSQ e LGe GC d dG BGdG
.QdG e Y SdG c H d BGdG gOS dG OGG e dSd OK jJ

dSd () dU J
Gfj eb CG EG ,dG OGaCG e Oa g dUh ,OK EG ()kU dG SQCG
Y Gfc e g fCGh JYO GS eY GLa a dd ,G jH JCj CG bj
:Th ab CG H HL e hCG c ,dGh GfG e
86

j hQg

nue co nC nrfGnC n go oo rnZ mndGE p rue ond ne ndG Gho oYG p bn nj n bn kp n U go Nn GnC On o nK EGh}
r bn o pd n U jn G odbn @
l p et
l j p bn pHQn sGE p r ndGE p GB Ho oJ s oK o ho p rn r S an n pa r co n n r n r SGh p VQr nC G
|
m j p oe prndGE p nfYo r nJ s ue xn T p nd nsfGE p hn nfhoD nHGB o or nj ne n or sf GnC nf n rnJGnC GB n gn nrbn Gk q oLr ne n pa n co
.62-61 :Og
gs TCG ch ,JYO Gj dG dZ CG EG ,dd GHSG dG e dG
CG GdhMh Hsa ,dG IOd gYO fC dU e GZ ,DhYRh p dG o n rYp kIhGY
CG hQj a ,dP j e nhCs G Ok K J h ,gHjh e GeBG jdG Ghj
ADg H j BGdG CG Gd ,b GTY jdG OYh f b e w c a bh dG
:KdG GbCG
sGE p r o o nr jn r pgpr Hn pe n j p sdGh On o nKhn Om Yn hn m ofp r bn r op r bn r pe n j p sdG oC n nf r opJrC jn r ndGnC }
p nd sfGE p hn ppH orpSQr GoC n pH nfr n cn sfGE p G od bn hn p pgGn ar GnC ro njprjGnC GB hOt n an p und pH ro ooS Qo ro rJnAB nL odG
.9 :gGHEG | mj p eo pr ndGE p n nf Yo r nJ s eu
x nT
f EG H AL eDj h ,dSH j dG X ,ed dU j e ZdHh
,HG dH M dG dG e dU e dG gfCG jdG g ADgh ,e b
:eDG bdG d gOVG Y dG AYR SGh
kpdn U sGnC n o nr nJGnC r pe eGB p Go p ro r SG n j p sd pper bn r pe Gho n rn SG n j p sdG oC nG n bn }
|nh o pa cn ppH oneGB p sd pH sfGE p GB h o nrnSG nj p sdG nbn @ noperD oe ppH npS Qr GoC n pH sfGE p GB od bn puHQs ue lnS r oe
.76-75 :GYCG
g fc dP Y IhY ,()dU IH Jh gOY Y dG s UCGh
GhFG jdG g ADg ,MbHh Gk QL H AL ch ()kU fCG e Y
.dG Y dU H
pjnG ncn hn @ n o n r oJ l bn o rfGnC r Hn pdG n r Yp co o pF Wn n bn
n n e n hn
n H nfr s Ws G G od bn }
sndo nnd soK gn GnC h osnunond dH Go n S n nJ G od bn @ n op roj nhn p V Qr nC G nho pr oj mgr Qn o n r pJ
nho o r jn go hn Gk ren nfr nen hn Gk ren Gho nen hn @ nbo Op n nd sfGE ph pp gr GnC
n p r en nfr p n T en pu pdn pd
87

IFdG CG

- :dG .|
ed b ? CG fa Jf e dP j g id bdG jBH ()dU gALh
...bdG Gb CG EG eb e c a ,iPCH d GVj CGh ,F bf GcQj CG
:dc dG AGdG IQS hJ
@ lpeGnC loSQn ond ufGE p @ no snJ nGnC lpdn U go No GnC o nd nbn Pr GE p @ np nSr oG Oo r o nK rnHs cn }
n co n r oJGnC @
n p nd n dG
u Qn nYn sGE p n Lr GnC rGE p m Lr GnC r pe pr nYn oodnC rSGnC B en hn @ p o Wp GnC hn n dG G o sJ an
kJ ooH np G npe n op rnJhn @ lrpgn n o rWn m r nfhn hQo Ro hn @ moYo hn m snL @ nrppeGB ngo gn e
nhn p VQr nC G nho pr jo n j p sdG @
n pap roG n er GnC GB o p oJ hn @ p o Wp GnC h n dG G o sJ an @
n gQp an
npe n co rGE p mnjB H prC an norue l n pH sGE p nrfGnC B ne @ npj snoG npe nrfGnC B sfGE GB od bn @ n op roj
co n No rC n an Am o pH gn tn nJ h @ m or es m j
o r p T ondhn
l r p T s d l bn nf pp gn n bn @
n pbOp s dG
p Yn m r nj oG n Yn
.157-141 :AGdG | npeOp nf G onr UnC an gn h o n n an @m
:dG IQS d Va eb e ()dU GU eCG
n p rdGoC GnC @ m o o Sh m nn V p sd Gk PGE p sfGE p oo pssf Gk Mp Ghn sue Gk n nHGnC GB odn an @ Qp o tdH Oo o nK rnHs cn }
pb s dG GoSr eo sfGE p @ o pTnC G
o G s ndGp es Gk nZ n o nr n nS @ l pTGnC
l G s cn n go r Hn n pr Hn r pe pr nYn o cr u dG
o nMp n U Gh On nan @ l nnroe mr p T tco ro nrnH l n rpb nAB nG sGnC ro r uf hn @ r pn r UG hn ro rp J Qr an ro sd k nrpa
.29-23 :dG | n n n an Wn n n an
Gea gJh gOY OGR ,a H ITe dG GLGj dG ADg
.dH JGh JYO Y GhfCG ,()dU L
| np nS r oG npe n co GE p nfo p nJ n pH npFr G opd n U nj G od bn hn p uHQn p reGnC rYn Gr nYn hn n bn sdG Gho n n an }
.77 :GYCG
H GhOGQCG e j H e kU fCGh ,YNh jadG dG dG MCG
... Gk AS
Y eb Hh ,dSdG J dGh FSdG L ()dU SG CG H
:jCG KK N g e S gNCG ,d HSG ZQ Yh VGYEG
o Qp G On pa G o sn nJ nn an gn ho n n an }
.65 :Og | mh o rne o rnZ l Yr hn npdPn m sjGnC n nKnnK c
.50 47

88

j hQg

.OK gh dG Y GdG bh jCG KK H ke

s GE p nGnC B n pa G r n rjn r sd rnC cn @ n r p pK Ln pgQp j Op pa Go n rUnC an o n r s dG G o nXn n j p sdG n Nn GnC hn }
n GOn o nK
.68-67 :Og |On o nud Gk r oH nGnC o sHQn Gh o n c

OK d jKC G acG
e dG dG jd aj jdG dG ADg BGdG gcP dG GbCG H e
MCG ka jOLe Gfc OK b CG jKCG dG J PEG ,Y eG
.eRCG
BGdG gcP bh ,OK b dG BGdG jQcG G UCG CG j
p UCG'' NBG SH dG
gLhCG dG G iMEG g jG g C .''r G
''KehO'' CG H c .Gg e H jZEG GG Uh aGjh ,dG ADg
29.dG ahG G
r p je H dG g INCG gh ,OK ebEG e fc ''Gg''h
, HdG d jQdG dG S g OK EG J dG dG QOG bCG EG
Y JM iMEG dG ADg g dG (OG b edG dG) dG LS
Hc OK CG ''OeJ'' fCG Y dEG jZEG j c ,HdG IjG T
H Sh Y dG U fS b dG ADg NG d 30.Hh H h SQCG
.Oe 600-400 GM ,ec
,e Gj CG geCjh Om H GOo nK ucn jo fEG H ,fe Gk Oo nKh Gk OY BGdG ocr jn
.OY Y eG e dG jd c Gk Oo nK CG j Gg
eu l n u Hn orJAn B Ln r bn o o r nZ mndGE p r eu ond en n dG Gho o YGp bn jn n bn kp n U r go Nn GnC On o nK GE p hn }
rco n No rC nan Am o pH gn t n nJ hn pdG V Qr GnC rco rC nJ gn hQo n an k njGB rond pdG o bn nf pp gn ouHQs
.73 :GYCG .|
l pdGnC
l Gn Yn
Gk Q obo pdo o S pe nh o p snJp V Qr nC G pa rco GnC s nHhn Om Yn pr nH pe nA n nNo onn nL Pr GE p Gho co Pr Gh}
.74 :GYCG |
n jppr eo p VQr nC G pa Gr nr nJ nhn pdG An GB GB h o co Pr an kJ o Ho n n p G n o p r nJh
OK jQJ e Gk AL Ol Y J bh , OH bY Y fc Gk OK CG jBG e j c
89

IFdG CG

Damascus

ijr
Al-H

z
ja
id
H

jLGC dG jG
jH cG M ,QHhGC
W Xh jG
e .QeGC IY H eQ
eQ KQc GC hG
c cGJ J GC
b bH edG e Ic
j GC Ggh ,kGL
.be Z jHh IC a

Ubar

aut
m
a
hr
Had

.IdG e GhNCjh OY e Gj CH eb dU f d ,JQMh

eg jQJ HGQ g CG ch ,b GTY jdG f b Y eb OY SQ NCG
aj GbCG ADg ,OYh f b H eg jQJ HGQ g dc ,OKh OY H
.ddG f e Gfj CG G e fEG M H
U Lj fCG gh hC hj b ddh ,kaGL JYe GOo nKh Gk OY snCG EG
?fBGdG jBG OH OK cP bG GPa PEG ,H ITe
,gh ae g edG H aGG aG EG :kL GG j eCdG e H
90

j hQg

C Gk OY OK J ,OYh OK H Gk L Kh JG Y jQdG QOG J kjQJ

YSG c ''OK'' GY ,CG f e GhDhL dG ZCG ,edG jg
:IG fjdG
ZdHh ,IQG FdG e fc fCG hj dG HdG IjG Fb hCG b ''
dG EG fG e Ic Y CG EG ,HdG IjG L g OK C e CG e
dG H GTY jdG OK b CG KCG L GQe Y SGh e jQJ
Hc Y jKCG jG c d , ''G UCG'' SG aj RGh
HdG IjG Sh Y H ,a KCG L Y d V jOK QUh jM
31.kjCG
Y dG EGh ,HdG IjG L jOdG jHCH T Lh
JJh OH J dGh ,SdG dG T eCG OH G Lh 32,RG
.Ir pn H dG eh en n r n pH G eh ,G HdH dG L e
j Gfc OK CG Gk L kVGh c ,IjG L OY b Jge bh
OKh OY H bdG g ,UYh OY OMCG ,eQG e UNh ,OY e
:fe GhNCG fCG d dH ed dU N N e BGdG Vj
eu l n u Hn orJAn Ln r bn o o r nZ mndGE p p eu ond en n dG Gho o YGp bn jn n bn kp n U r go Nn GC On o nK ndGE p hn }
rco n No rC nan Am opH gn t n nJ h pdG V Qr GnC pa rco rC nJ gn hQo n an k njGB ond pdG o bn nf pp gn ouHQs
.73 :GYCG .|
l pdGnC
l Gn Yn
Gk Q obo n pd o o S pe nh o p snJp V Qr nC G pa co GnC s nHhn Om Yn pr nH pe nA n nNo onn nL Pr GE p GB ho co Pr G hn }
.74 :GYCG |
n j ppr eo p V Qr nC G pa G r nr nJ hn pdG An GB Gh o co Pr an kJ o Ho n n p G n o p r nJhn
a feh ofe ueOo h ,dG e ba fY K OK aO d
OK g ,OUH d c dG OSCG Gh dG Y JT dG JQM Y
Y IOG UdG CG e gH AL eh b c e f dG dEG dG dfh
.YTh dG

91

An B n nNo onn Ln Pr GE p GB ho co Pr G hn }
r co GnC s Hn hn Om Yn pr Hn pe
n pd o o S pe nh o p s nJp V Qr nC G
kJo Ho n n `p G n o p r nJhn Gk Q obo
Gr nr nJ hn pdG An B GB GB h o co Pr an
|n j ppr eo p VQr nC G
C G
.74 :GY

IFdG CG

GC ,GH OGh kjGC Yj dGh G Gg ,OQC G dG OGh ,b HY b gh fC G SGC d

.AdG a bJh dhH GOK cP dG dch ,dG AD g H b dG G dG P aGC
hJ .gY j c dG dG Y fJ dG jdG g iS dG e j ,Y Gfc e c e ZdHh dGh
.GH OGh G dG Y IjY eGC QdG

SOdG dG
jdG Ya
GHo s cn pp r bn pe n jp sdGh nr Yn r pap BG prCGn cn }
nr Yn r pa n BG Bn br n rZnCGhn r p pHofo pH r go n rngr nCan pHu Qn pjn BpH
.54 :fCG |
n p pd nX Gofnc w co hn

bCG fCH ,jdG H e OGh IQM e dG jG IQG TG

dP OH cCG L IQe YLG f J fc a ,jQdG aY dG GQG
HdG cG e ,IQG g QJh J eGY IY gS d ,keJ edG
V dG aGG Gh ,dG gQSGh OG b ddG dCG eGSGh
.LQG hdG W e dG gOhM d
dG H fch ,YGdG dS fc G G Gg CG EG
fG d ,dG BGdG Y j c ,YdG G f fCH Y dG GdG
eh Jb J jdG dh , d gQX GhQGOCGh dG GhfCGh ,kGQhZ YGdG
.dG LGe dG bJh dG JQMh

YGdG M
H dG OGh jG SG d dG f HN Y YGdG IQM eb
gG hO d gaj dG G H VQCG YGQR e Gh ,dG Gg e Iah
94

j hQg

VG Gg Ernest Gombrich ec . fjEG QDG j jdG QeCG S

:JCj e
,UGe QT Id J b QeCG EG M ,Lh QM e jaEG e CG
J dG WG gh ,Mb J IdG IQdG g e We IY Ea Gdh
gQeCGh hGdG G Y j dG V Ea dc ,SGdG AGdG
e ke e e da ,gCG GP d G g QeCG CG EG ,b
33.jf M jGH
dG FdG OQGH dG dG Y IdG e j e Ea Ggh
.e Y JS YGdG H jdG H ,YGQdGh IQdG gCGh e
a dd ,Ic S ebEH d jOdGh dG dG OGh H J
bGdG Ggh ,IdG G e kH IU eh ib V j G G c
.gCGh dG Y YGdG IQb OGR
Ie hC dG e Mh dG hCG G YdG fCG Y ''e'' G j
eCG bGh ''Ya'' c J ,OG b ddG dCG Gk MGh Gk H a ,jQdG
kd dG UCG edG Qhe e fCG EG ,e e a j c dG G Y
.YGdH Gaa G LCG KQGJh ,e
dG dEd kSfG Gfj CG Gb a ,OdH Gh OdG de UHh
,Ya dd OdG c QGJ fc ,aG cdG jG IdG fc dG
.OdG j e c QNH ,NGdG fEGh jQdG OQGGh YGQdG VGQCG
CG M ,IdH OdG Ya eCG jdG OGSG G f e d
.jj AT CG j
G b eY ,hCG fYdG ddG SCJ jGH Y edG EG dG e jRJ GC H
c ,Ya dd dG fc dP fL EG ,HGh ddG e MH e
95

IFdG CG

M eb Y dG g jRH QhH Ya jh ,jd J fc OQGG

OSG OdG IdG g c GH jdG G ADg Y d j ,JLMG
Se OLh fCG Y ,H a SG UCG c YdG hCG e e EG j c ,OdG
dBG YGdG UCG edG eh ...dEG EG d ,eb LM c jh Y Ib
OLh J Se e QGM Ya eSG dG dG H ,eb f M
bh .29 :AGdG | n p fo rnG n pe
n s nn Lr nC nZ kdGE p
n n sJGp p nd n bn } :OYG Gg
:Wj ed
oC nG tjGC nj o Yn r pa nbn hn }
.38 :dG | ... p nZ mndGE p ue ond or p Yn ne

jdG GG
Y J SdG cCG Gfc eGdG jG EG :JhOhg jZEG QDG j
jH e GXh ,ce Gfc H ,G jO j jO CG EG ,edG dP
.gOJ H G
e d ,a j Gfc dG dG dH Gk L jKCe eGdG jG c
Gh iQdH k W e fc a ,LQN g CG Y aGG gOH W
G e ch ,a jW e EG dG J ,G c e dGh
,LQG dG Y de e H aGG dG g Hh ,dH Y IdG
If jG id UCG Ggh , YCG J EG d edG e ddG g CG EG
,keh kffb jO EG hj b a ,jJ CG Y e ,J CG Y e UN
.jde KCG BGdG cj dG FHBG jO UCGh
:G jd gYO eY hQgh S gQX TMh Ya QGOCG Gd
n ond ornf nehn p V Qr nC G pa oAB njp rp dG n ond n onJhn nfnAB HGB prnYn nfr nLhn s Yn np rnpd nnr Lp GnC GB d bn }
.78 :fj |
n r ppeDr o pH
96

jdG GG eb
Y FQ H jd
{ASdGz c ,dGB eN
g dB G Jh SdG H
H e Gfc jdG dG
dG c ,G OGbh ALh
eg YLG W j
dG SQ gQYH
YGdG ch ,IPdGh
SdG AS fej
.MQ

NBG bh ,dhdH j SQ b :b EG j eGdG jG jO c

Y dhdG j dG jdG G j ,G H IG M SdG Ge j
.SdG jh a dGdG d VQCG Y dBd SfG gh ,Se fc Ya CG
dG jdG OdG fch ,dG jZ SdG H fG dG GG fc
Y SSCG H fjO J ,fYa MCH J SdG dhdG jO e VQJ
,GM SCGQ j H L T Y dBG g QJ e kdZh ,dBG OH OYG
.iNCG EG e e J dH f CG kjCG G e fCG EG
hdG CH eDj g ,jG GG e cCG dG G H IG J
dEG EG JG GhQCG FG :G Gg Mh ,G CG H IG fCj
Gg hdG b Rjh G GG Vj ,kVb HQCGh KG fL EGh ,VdG
eCG ,IOS jh L e EG cCG M j jdG dhCG jo ,GG
97

IFdG CG

EG Hsn oj g ,GdG GdCG a bhj e EG Sa

n JS J jdG dhCG
.''JG cBG'' SG Mh b e HCG
Mh OYG Gg EG ,MdG jO e NBG dG eGdG jG e j
b jdG Gg CG EG ,dG jG IQG EG Uh b MdG jO CG Y gd j
SQ e Y HJ b fCG kjM cG d ,jOdG EG fGMdG dh jdG a
EG bh e VQCG gCG c Y Hj Gfc c ,JOYh dG MJ EG jG GYO
bh ,dH b BGdG hj dG dG Y Sj fS ADg eCG ,NBG
.a gQGSGh e EG FGSEG H Uh J fEG M e e Sj
jO EG IYdH Geb jG H CG jQdG QOG H J :iNCG L e
JeCG fEG ...e jQJ gCG YGdG cCG g ADg MCG ,()Se b M MdG
.HGdG

HGdG JeGC MG YdG

UGh ,Meh HQ X Ib AGTCG Y H jG YGdG c
.fCG GdCGh dH G e jO Gb fCG YGd cG
YdG Gg aGO ,jNBG Y k c G jQdG MGh Ya g dh
c Y sTn Y g Ve UCG GHh ,MGh dN IOH j dG G Y
h ,ghYS jdG G Hh ,dG IY e hj Gfc jdG eBG dEG
dG dG YG dG HGdG JeCG g YdG Gg c ...YdG b jdG
.OG b Y HGdG
e e KhQe a dJh GOY LGhQ OG b 1375 Y ke JeCG J
,J CG hO J dG e edG JbYh G H fc bdG dP M , GYCG
M ,jO Gj CGh LQG GMCG c Lh HGHCG ke G H

98

j hQg

ddG Y aG dG Gg jZEG haG

e SdG Y Vj Ya c ,kHS gfcP dG jdG
hO Jh b ge c Gj CG SdG jdG N
.SdG jdG Gg j JeCG CG EG ,T hCG b
Ernst H. Gombrich: jeZ fjEG QDG c
fc dG GOdG e jdG (JeCG) M d
EG AdG J Zj ,dG ddG SJ
gj c dG dG jdG dBG e jdG
dG JBG g d dH MdG dG dEG c,eb
SG f Y WCG , dG T Y Qj c
,iNCG dBG c Y Gk H b NCG h ,JNCG
HGdG JeGC
34.fQdH BG YJ e EG
fCG dG Gg S ch ,c V dGh Iah H HGdG JeCG UCG
dG hMh ,G dG dG jd H MdG Y j jL jO EG
fG ,YG dG jdG dSQ H W AYR d j ,G c QL H
,jYh IjL je GebCG gh ,fQdG J EG W je e YJCGh HGdG JeCG
fCW) j dG SG qZ HGdG JeCG CG Z ,''JG-G-CG'' SG Y GWCG
IdG Kh YC eBG SG c .''JB G'' J dG JNCG EG (eBG
fEG ''VQCGh GhdG dN'' g JBG c a JeC dH eCG ,jG cdG
.dG SG K
eRCG e JNCG e G GfG GhOGQCGh eBG c VdG Gg HQCG
H Ggh ,jeBG j Y kee JNCG ob CG jdG fch ,G jObG
.dG KCJ AdG Y jM J jdG YGdG

99

IFdG CG

IdG OY iNCG Ieh ,jY H YGa JNCG H e TY Y J

H dP H ,VG EG IOdG S dH Ic OL H Od dG jOdG
,jQJ gT M Ia WCG e TY YGh G EG dG eQ Uh kjJ
Jbh FGSEG H SG dG g Gg eQ Ea :NQDG e jdG GbCG M
35. Se

()Se dG A
AL ,KdG JGe Y d OGSG Y jG j YCG J H
jdG h ,G jH j kFGO Gfc dh ,MdG dSQ j e dEG
Gfch G jO Y GafG fCG :hCG ;d kSQh kf Se d dG SQCG
Gg eh ()Se SQCG Ggh ,FGSEG H GhSG fC :dGh ,ce
:FGSEG H PfEGh MdG jO EG e IYO GeCG
n n Ln hn p VQr nC G nYn nYn r pa sGE p @ n o peDr jo m r n pd u n pH n Yn r pah n S eo C n sf pe
n r nYn G or nf }
n j pp r oG n pe nc sfGE p g An B pf p r n rjn h go An B Hr GnC o Hu n jo o r eu k n pF Wn
o p rn r jn kn p T n ngr GnC
@ npKQp Gn dG oo nn rnfhn k s pFGnC ro nn rnfhn p VQr nC G Go p ror SG njp sdG Y so sf GnC o jofh @
|nh Qo n r jn G of cn es o r pe go On o Lo h n en gn h nr Yn r pa n p ofhn p V Qr nC G o nd n u n ofh
.6-3 :dG
CG dCG Gd ,QcdG gdGe j NCa ,FGSEG H OGYCG OjORG e Ya OGQCG
UhCG dG jdG Gg ch ,dG e MH S Vh CG H dG Se Se
:Ya b EG
sfGE p pfn r nJ h n nJ hn u n dG pp rdnC an pr nYn pr Np GPn E p an p p pV Qr GnC rGnC S eo u GoC GE n r Mn hr GnC h}
nr Yn r pa sGE kf n Mn hn Gk hq o Yn o nd n on pd n Yn r pa o GB o n n n d an @
n p nS r oG n pe oYp Ln hn pr ndGE p o hOt GB Qn
nYn ooor nJ n nndhn udm rYn oIs bo nr Yn r pa oIGnC n reG pnd bn hn @ p Wp Nn G ofc n go On ooLh n negn hn
100

j hQg

- :dG | n h o o rnj n go hn Gk ndhn on p snf hGC B nn n rnj GnC

b dW Se eCG Ggh ,Jh dG e ()Se Ya ICGeG fCG
.d Vc dG EG eCG NO dG fh Ya
,FGSEG H e Gk MGh j e AHCG MCG iCGQ ,kHT ()Se UCG eYh
e CGh ,Ya b HJ fCG e ZdHh ,t G a s G chh Se a
S eY ,G g MdG HY CG Y GLCG dG AYR CG EG ,J dG g e
dG c g geCG dG IG jf h ,jn r en EG Gh e e g dH ()Se
. gjEG jh Ya EG Oj CG eCGh ,dSdG YCGh
.9 7

Ya b
e kW ,Ya EG G dSQ fh dG eGhC (dG Y) hQgh Se eG
id ke eCG j ,e Lj Yj CGh FGSEG H jJ Y bj CG
,TY jQh j CG Vj dGh ,b HJ dG ()Se j CG Ya
:hd dH JG dd ,jdG H dEG jh Lh

n nfGnC hn
n rn an sdG
n n nr an
n rn an hn @
n pp S n p o Yo e n r pa
n rpndhn Gk pdhn n pa
n Hu n of r ndGnC n bn }
.19-18 :AGdG |
n j p pa ndG n pe
a c HQ dG a ,WGYh Se Ye j CG hj Ya c
CG Ya hM dG WdG G Gg ,j CG Se Y keGd a ,b YJh
.U Gd TM e IOdG Y kjCG Va ,()Se Y a KDj
e AdEG hQgh Se H AL dG G jdG Ya Lh :iNCG L e
j d dG J a ,OdG fEG e d d`e e j fCGh ,e
SQCG fCG d H r o S dG IdG IQG fL EG Gg ;()Se YW Y H ,kdEG
.d dH Ic jH Y Ib j Gfc fC ,Se e ka FGSEG H

101

J OdG J TY dG bC G fa ,UN H IjG G Y Ya X jdG h n G dG

YGC IQdG gQJ jdG dG GC hj ,bC G g H e FGSGE H c ,dG HC G Jh bdG YC H
H e kjGC g jdGh dG j SC G GE IQdG .LQC G Y FGSGE H g ,HG MGC AH ej jdGh
Y dG H /NG QMC G /LB G YH dG j ,dH AndG b dG YC G H hj gh ,FGSGE
.pG h QdG

102

jGhQ M GB dG cP dG dG ed IQdG g GC VG
jdG dG e kH j gh dG eQ hj ,NQD G e jdG
Je Gfc YGdG GC kjGC FG IQdG g J ,H eGC
g ,jY cC H edG GW HC c hQs n oj Gfa ;AGTGC
.MGh bh UTC G e OY

103

IFdG CG

c dGE UGC e UH
GC YGdG hj ,hj
Y eh Y Ghj
.dG H e gZ

104

j hQg

gjh e GC j CG hM H ,()S Ya j QhdGh G IT Hh

ASH hQgh Se j CG hMh H ;dSH h S eDj Gd,JhL Y d
kW IdG GY ` TM h Ya eDj G jf h ,VQCG OaEG dhh
OH dG Y SQCa ,G jO JG GaQ .(dG Y)hQgh Se dSH `
.QGdG e Gk OY eCG

TMh Ya Y bh dG FG
Gfj h ''FHBG jO '' KdGh OdG g e TMh Ya c
fJ ,kfK fG dG dGh AdG j : H Se AL dG JG M ,cd
n pJrC nJ n r en G od bn hn } :Gdb ,kGQL dP GYCG d ,G jO Y j ac
.132 :GYCG | npperD o pH nnd ornf n an H nfn nr npd mjGB e ppH
''e Gc'' QGdG e Y Y dG SQCG Gg aJ Hh
fc hCG KQdG ,INBG IG dG GdG b IG g GdG Gbhd
:fBGdG jBG J ,GdG fh dG
s s nj o sn nd pGn n sdG nuem r nfh npu dpH nr Yn r pa nGB B nfr Nn GnC r n ndhn }
.130 :GYCG | nh c
G GH GhKCd Gfj Gdh ,dG f Y J jG YGQR fc
dG Y gQSGh TMh Ya QhZ H H M be Z KQc CG EG ,dG
VGQCG EG AG e j e j j h dG f ie fJ SCh ,dSQh
M e KQdG JAL Ggh ,IjdG IQGG H UG Lh ,YGQdG
CG OYG dG Ya KQdG g YQCG ,Y hj Gfc dG dG e ,Gj
:kFb eb Wj
pr nJ pe p r nJ Qo n rfnC G pp gn hn n rpe
o reo pd n r ndGnC p bn jn n bn pper bn or Yn r pa i On nfhn }
.51 :NdG | nh o p roJ an GnC

105

IFdG CG

SQ dN QdG a QdG e gch ,AGYC G e Ic Y j gh G HY dG eQ j

.Ya e eGC Y AH eSdG

fc fGC Y jdG e AH jG NQD G f ,Gh eQ H L dG cG g ,jOb ce

.U d VGh ,cG g NGB G e Ya PfGE :eC G bGh ,Yd kY kGf

j hQg

d HCH Ya J KQdG g fc
H EG j dP EG :Gdb ,fBGdG jBG cJ c- dG j CG e kHh
WdG gFY H ,jQdG H Gdb d ,FGSEG Hh Se H AL dG ddG AS
Vh V GTa S IY Gg geCG Hh GbGP bh.gY dG Wh
jGdG g fc H ,KQdG H Gk Oh j eCG CG EG ,FHBG jH h
BGdG cP bh.d kJh e d GQGfEG kYJ dP H QGdG dJ PEG ,a
:QGdG g dG
Gh o n rn Sa mnsn et mjGB n s dGh n Op n s dGh n s o dGh On Gn nGh n an t dG o p r nYn n rSn Qr nCan }
.133 :GYCG |
n pep te ke bn Gf cn hn
:dG dG e dG BGdG QGdG g Uh aGj
,dG e Ae GHj GC jG Qj a dG fGC h ,dG dG dG eh21''
.(21:7 hG) ''.e VQGC c dG ch
dG a3 ,OdH eJ L VGC fGC a J GC HC J c GE h2''
Y H GE h jS Yh TGa GE h H GE NJh a OV
(3-2 :8 hG) ''.Le GE h fJ GE h T Yh
kVH d VQC G GJ VGh Y e :hQd b :S dG b K16''
.(16 :8 hG) ''.e VQGC L
c d j a Ya b TG dh ,dG UGC Gg :Yd aGdG a19''
.(19 :8 hG) .''dG J
QGdG g FN gCG e c ,TMh Ya Y YG QGdG SGh
Sj Gfc :G S Y a , dBc fhj KdG dG c Hf fc fCG
e dG bY ,g dBG e dGh IYG bj dG c a ,OdGh dG
dBG g CG cQjh.eKBG K Gajh gANCG GcQj CG Y ,dBG g N
.f J h Ib h M CG
107

IFdG CG

EG dG f Ae fc dG dG e Ea :dG dG e GbCG M
M a :SdG H Mh ,MCG dG EG dG Ae d Y jc gh ,O
e f CGh ,jd SSCG IG Qn e odG c ,jdG e f H Gg
dG e jdG g MLG e GPEGh ,e d G j QG GH j iPCG
e dG e j e c CG j Ga ,MCG dG EG dG Ae dM dG dG H
.jdG H S AMCG
e GfCG g HdGh G G MCG dG S CG jG acG dO
hCG QdG g c ,QdG hCG ddG hCG TEG hCG MdG dGdG hCG jRhdG
36
M ,AMCG H J IQV keS RJh AG e cCG J jRhdG
IG jd WdG SCG IMh IG Patricia A.Tester J CG jJH
e kYf 50 e bCG CG e ZdH fCG ,d Qjf OcCG dM J ceCG
dG UG dG GfCG g CG EG ,keS j jdG G e 500 UCG
IQGRh e gh Ewen C.D Todd OJ jjCG j c ,FG IG Y Gk c Gk N J
HQCG GM ,g FG G GfCG e OY J EG dG f jdG dG
dG VGeCH Fb Vh a fdah eQc eCG .dG UCG kYf jYh
Joann QdcQH GL OM c ,HdG G QRCGh NCG dG j
H ddG jhQc eL e - FG dG d FNCG ghM.Burkholder .SCd Jb fCG Y GfCG
:GMCG S Mh ,QGdG g e S hM j Ya eR h
Z h ,AGd keg Gk Qe jG a dHh ,dG J eY SCG Je
OGORGh OdG KJ ,OdG VH e YCG dG cCJ fc dG SCG
Jh Jeh jCG J dh ,dG d KG G e Hgh IH gOY
hCG d dU Z AGh Gk Qb Gk Sa dM eh dG UCG Ggh ,SCG e h

108

j hQg

.SGh H dGh GG OY OGORCG OdG VGfGh e

n s Hh
n ,Sd
H sM dG dG Y dG Hh jhCJh J O j YCG AL e CG T
GX H ,dG EG GLj h TM h Ya j ,cJ dG QKBGh QGdG
TM) dGh ()Se GYj CG feEH CG TMh Ya X d ,j fW
:Y ad S GhSG GdG Y bh eY dh ,(d
n Lr u dG s Yn
n r n cn p nd n n Yp n p Yn n pH
n Hs Qn n nd o Or G n S eo jn G od bn o Lr u dG o p nYn n bn hn s ndhn }
GPGE p opd nH go m nLGnC GE p n rLu dG oo rYn nr ncn s nan @ n pFGB rSGE p pnH nn ne snpS r ondhn nnd snperD ond
.135-134 :GYCG | n oo nj rgo

e e hG
HGL c a ,HY gQfCGh Se N e dSQ TMh Yd dG VhCG
:S Se NCGh j jf d dG YCa ,Gh dH JGh Y CG EG
@ njp pTnMp pFGB n nG pa or Yn r pa nnSQr nC an @ no nste osfGE p Op np pH p rSGnC rGnC nSoe ndGE nrnMhr GnC hn }
eu go n Lr n Nr nC an @ nh Qo Pp Mn l p n nd sfGE hn @ n o pF nnd n nd o sfGE p h @ n o p bn l en Pp r pnd Ap B D gn sGE p

n pbp ret go o n rJnC an @ n pFGSGE pHn gn n rKQn hr GnC hn

n pdn cn @m p cn m n en hn Rm o co hn @ m o Yo hn m s Ln
o Qn r o nd sfGE p n S eo
.61-52 :AGdG | n c
o n rUGnC n bn p n r nG i An GB n nJ s a @
TMh Ya s X HHh ,ka cQe fCG Se UCG X c hX h
r Hu Q n p en sGE sc n bn } :dG MQ e Gj CG d b Se CG EG ,H GbhCG b fCG
. 62 :AGdG|p jr r n n S
ebh Ya ZCGh ,f EG dG a ,FGSEG H dG fCG dG J
.FGSEG H Y CG H Y WCG dG dG
@ p p n dG Op r s dcn mr pa tco nnan nnn rfan n rndG nnn uH p r VG pGnC nSoe ndGE p BnnMhr nCan }
pa sGE p @ n j p Nn B G n br n rZGnC s oK @
n p n Lr GnC o n es en hn n Seo n `r n rfGnC hn @ n j p Nn B G s nK n r ndRr GnC hn
109

IFdG CG

- :AGdG | o Mp s dG o j p n dG n o nd
n Hs Qn sGE p hn @
n ppeD et go o ncr GnC n cn en hn k jn B
n pdPn
eYh ,K EG d dSQ dEG dG MhCG eY ,Ie FH Se Y J
f dG g BGh ,Yh IdG HK HG K EG kjCG d IdG LM
Y Se Ge cCG fc gh | p p n dG Op r s d cn mr pa t co n nan } dG ba
.dG
. 68 63

KOG g bh g
?MC G dG GC SGdG
BGdG CG h ,f EG dG ()Se a b dG G Y LEG Lj
GH j GbG CG U e cCf CG a ,VG Gg Y dH d hj
AL .GMCG e g c SG dG Y G WdG EG :H j ,OdG
Judaica: jGOL YSe
GdG MCG fCG iMEG KOG g bh Y AGQBG e dG ddG O''
'' 37.SG HCG dG WT Y IOLG dG
g H Qh ,dG eQ M Ia M b j CG OG Gg EG
gG NCG GMCG CG :dG dG hG c OQh a.jOb ce
38.ddG T J dG jR Hh he
CG :dG dG e hG c SJ OQh ,dG dG Y j CGdG Gg
jdG J j jdG dhCG CG EG ,(Red Sea)MCG dG GbZ b dLQh Ya
(The G g The Red Sea ) MCG dG fCG Y LJ dG dG EG :dj
`c QOG e jdG dG g eSG bh ,dG H Jh Sea of Reeds)
EG ,(The Sea of Reeds) J :M c Y ,QcG bG Y ddG e (Red Sea)
110

j hQg

jR Hh he e cP bh ,SG HCG dG Y jG WGdG

T GOLe bG Ggh ,e eh Ya S dG jdG dG dG
b KOG CH dG YJ ''dG H'' dO EG ,SG HCG dG WT Y ddG
H dG e dG j G g fC ,SG HCG dG WT Y bh
.dG e aGj Ggh ,ddG W

dG dLQh Ya Z
b ()Se Ea :fBGdG jGhdG M ,dG a MGdG gCG Y BGdG fj
aGe hO dH Gej CG kW Ya Vj ,e e JG jdG FGSEG H e N
Yh WdG EG Se e FGSEG H Uh .90 :fj | Gk hr Yn hn k rnH} OLh g a
EG j dP GM jdG FGSEG H e H CGH ,e eh Ya gQKBG
dh ,kGY c g ,fQjO e LNCG GP'' :S Gdb :dG dG M .()Se
Uh Y BGdG AL YG J dG Gg .'' a BG eCG ,JM f c
:AGdG IQS
o Qn r o nd sfGE p n Seo
.61 :AGdG | n c
o n rUGnC n bn p n r nG iAn GB nJ s an }
fY FGSEG H a j dG INCG h hCG IG g g J G
:Gdb eY Gg b geJ GhHCG d ,d
rco hs o Yn np r oj rGnC rtHQn nYn nbn nnr Lp ne pr nH pehn nnpJrC nJ GC p rbn e nj Pp hGoC G od bn }
.129 :GYCG |n on r nJ
n r cn n o r n an p V Qr nC G pa on p r n rjn hn
fC ,dG f e ke kKGh Se c ,dG Y cJ Yh eb e dG Yh
n bn } :d Gk Ufh ke S fCG dG NCG ce jGH a ,dH eJ K Y c
.46 :W | iQn GnC hn on r SGnC B n on ne sfGE p an
n nJ

111

j hQg

113

IFdG CG

k r Np pp r nf pa n Ln hr nC an } Ie hCG IdG ()Se iCGQ eY

fCGh ,kGHCG j CG Y CG dEG dG MhCG gh .67 :W |n Ste
dd ,G jW Y CfCGh Se dG sY ,cCdH ddG g jdG
n p e sGE p scn n bn } :d b Ya cQj CG eb H
o N eY
.62 :AGdG |p j pr n n S Hu Qn
:H dG j CG ()Se EG dG MhCG
|p p n dG Op r s d cn mr pa t co n nan n nn rf an n r n dG n nn Hu p r VG pGC }
.63 :AGdG
Z kT g CG QOCG IG g Ya a gT dG dG
dG eCG dG a d ,VdG kdEG kNJ ij fCGh ,j OY
OS dG CH Mje g j fCG EG ,cgEG j c jdG
kYa a d ,dG EG Ok Lh g J QGUEHh ;Gh CG H jh
a ,JhLh fGhY H dG J n dG dG Ok Lh

k jGB
n n rNn r n pd n o pd
n pfn n pH
n u n of n n d an
nopa nnd n pJ jn GB r Yn p S s dG n eu Gk pcn sGE p hn
.92 :

fj

113

IFdG CG

dG BGdG j ,KOG J dEG RYEG a hCG LGe Y jQOb Gfj

:fj IQS Yd INCG
n bn
o n ndG o cn Qn Or GnC GB Pn GE p s Mn Gk h r Yn hn kn rHn o Oo o Lo hn or Yn r pa r o n n rJnC an n r n dG n pFG rSGE p n pH nfRr hn Ln hn }
. 90 :fj |
n p p r oG n pe nfGnC hn n FGB SGE p o Hn ppH
r n en GB p sdG sGE p n ndGE p B sfGnC
o en GB
:jBG g N e ()Se Ge e iNCG kIe n dh
np pn S Yn Gtpopd nsHQn nrft dG pInnG pa kGreGnC hn k nj Rp onC nehn nr Yn r pa nrnJGB nsfGE p sHQn n S oe nbn hn }
r bn n bn @ n pdnC G
n G n n dG Gho n jn s Mn Go peDr jo nan p pHobo nYn Or o r TGh r p pdG n er GnC nYn r p Wr G Hs Qn
.89-88 :fj | n o nr jn
n j p sdG n pn S uB n ps nJ h n p n r San n ooJn Yr Os n Lp GoC
eDS Ya CG :Yd HSG ()Se NCG b dG CG jBG g VGdG e
Gg CG EG ,j AG c H Ya eBG ,ka M e Ggh ,dCG GdG j gh dH
f d a Gg Ya b d ,UNEGh dG e kdN c kVGh c c dG
.G e
:dG e OLh Ya j h ...INCG dG EG dG j dH
k jGB nn rNn rn pd n onpd npfn npH nunof nr nd an @ nj ppr oG npe nrco hn orbn nrnYn r bn hn nB GB }
.92-91 :fj | n opa nnd n pJ jn GB
r Yn p S s dG n eu Gk pcn sGE p hn
| Gk h r Yn hn kn rHn } aj Gfc fC e f Gd Ya OL CG BGdG fj dc
n o Ln r jo n n r ndGE p r o sfGC GB t Xn hn } , 40 :dG |
n p Xn } ,8 :dG |
n p Wp Nn Gof cn } ,90 :fj
oOn ooLhn o nfr Nn nC an } :dH dG a ,gpu nc ke dG Y GSG Ggh ,39 :dG |
. 40 :dG | ...
u n dG go nfr n n an
.136 :GYCG |
n p pa nZ n r Yn G of cn hn n pJjnB pH G Ho s cn r o sfnC pH u n dG r go n br n rZnC an o r pe r n n rf an }
:IMGh L Ya e H Me BGdG d jh
o n p cn rs nJhn n rpa ncr Qn nH psdG n nHQp nnehn p VQr nC G nQp nne no n rnroj G of cn nj p sdG nr n dG nrKQn hr GnC hn }
Gof cn en hn o eo r bn hn or Yn r pa o n rjn n cn en nfr es On hn Gho n n U n pH n pFGSGE p p Hn n Yn n r oG
n Hu Qn
.137 :GYCG | n o T p r jn
114

HdG dG
dG Sh C S b
pRr Qu pe Goco m n Tp hn m p jn Yn pns Ln l jBG ppnr en pa Cm n n pd nnc r n nd }
n r Sn r p r nYn n rSn Qr nCan GVo n Yr nCan @ Ql onZ
w Qn hn l n u nW lIn rHn o nd Gho oTGh
r oHu Qn
Qm r Sp eu Am Tn hn m rKnCGhn mr Nn m ocoCG r nJGhnn Pp r n s Ln r p r n s n pH go nrds Hn hn p pn dG
. 16-15 :CS |m p bn

jh ,HdG IjG HL TY GQM HQCG cCG e Gk MGh C S j

GM JQM QfGh ,OG b 750-1000 H e GSCG b dG ADg CG
fL e d Vj Gfc dGh fb eGO dG dG H ,OG H 550
.dGh SdG
HH GYj da ,BG M N Ve C S IQM Af jQJ H
.jQdG Gd HS S CG Lj dd ,OG b 600 S M eG gjQJ
QTBG dG LS G S EG CS b EG J dG QOG bCG Oj
dG JS QTBG G j dG J ,(OG b 705-722) HG
Qe bCG Gg .''GQY jEG'' CS e EG FGdG d aJ fc dG CG a hO
b IQG g CG f CG GdG e d fCG EG ,dG
s IQG EG j
J MG C, MdG QG Gg Y Gk OYG a OG b 700 GM gDhfEG

115

IFdG CG

C S gGC H He Tf
116

j hQg

OQh .jQdG Gg j b C S jQJ CG j Ggh ,kGL OQGh dP b IQG g

,39 ''CS je'' J dGh ''HS'' c ,jNCG QhCG je e MCG ,Qff OGQCG Tf
b 2500 EG Oj C S jQJ CG j Ga ,CS je fCG Y dG g J U GPEGh
.OG
IQH TCG fc fEG :IQG g Y J dG jQdG QOG J
T Y dG jQdG dG Y dG ADg S d ,jQ JWf ZCG ,dG
cM dG LS QTBG G e kfPEG GhNCj CG dG QdG Y c ,IjG
hCG ,SG dGh IZ EG JQH Gj CG GhOGQCG e GPEG ,IjG T J dG G
QTBG d FGdG aH QdG ADg GC H eYh ,JQ Y jV d Gaj CG
.G d jdG dG o o SG nhu Oo
,''LSG'' e c J ,je c jQdG N e dG j
gCG MCG c dG QCe S jh ,eM Tf Qe H ,''AH'' ,''jJ''
EG ;dG ADg dEG Uh dG G dG iG Y kVGh kdO ,IQG g e
dG eGdG gCG e dG G c a ,kjY AV Gfc fCG j Gg CG
.jW Id IeU IQG g QGSG V
kSJ Gk OGeG e V bh ,edG dP TL ibCG e dG G c
IQdG We IY Y IdG e h , dG e C S MLG a ,kGL
dG G g ,G Y G iMEG AKCGh OG b 24 Y h ,jaEG
jQWGeEG e Ac e j c dG ehdG SdZ SjEG ScQe L
fc fCG Y C S jJ ,Re hO edG dP Ib YCG fc dG fehdG
C S fc d ..IQhdG Y IdG GSG NCd fc e fCG EG ,kSS de Gk OH
.edG dP ''dG idG '' e eG JQMh H
c N e H G Gg K Jh ,dG C S L cP BGdG OQh d

117

IFdG CG

:dG IQS OQh c e e dG G OGb

n j p eo rC nJ GPn en p o f an pr ndGE p o er nC Ghn mj pn Tm SrC Hn odhGoC hn mIs bo odhGoC o r nf G od bn }
.33 :dG |
,GG be EG Oj dGh ,kGL Z fch ,CS UY g QCe fc
Gk L Se H L e FdG f fc dG gdG f e Gk L jb UdG fc
,JQM Cf M G J Gk S GHh IG g dG SG ,S Ad
d .QgORG e Gk L Y ie EG GUh Ggh ,YGQdGh dG SQ GhDhHh
H jZEG JdG QTCG .edG dP Gk QgORG WG cCG e UdG QCe fc
40.AGNh SGh VGQCG fCG bh EG ` Me SCGh G QGR dG `
fCG kHM j Ggh ,kGe 620 dWh Gk e 60VYh Gk e 16 QCe S JQG H
,dG d bdGh ,HG dG 5300 e , VGQCG e Gk Qg 9600 hj CG
bdG dG j h 41''dGh QCe'' dG TdG dG jg EG Qj c
hCG jOGdG jg hch FGM OLh EG |m n pT hn m p jn Yn pn s Ln } :BGdG
KCG .geh dG H kLfEGh k Z dG We cCG G UCG d ,dG
.H eR e LhCG b QCe S CG SZ hdGh ag . fdG :MdG
.AdGh HG jZ G L b dG Gg CG ''n `r Mp '' H HG FKdG hJh
g CG EG ,Od SOdGh eG fdG N dG Gg UEG d
dG p pn dG Sn H dG QfG .Od 542 Y QfG e dG MUEG
FGGh hdGh JdG c g d ,dH Gk QGVCG nsSn dGh ,dG BGdG cP
e dG fY dG QfG H ,HCG pIn rHn Y ` hb Id fYj dG H dG `
.dG QfG e CGH dG dG jf fc gh ...gH Fb d J jW OcQ Ia

118

j hQg

C S Y JGC dG p n dG S
kaGJ fLd ,Y JCG dG jQdG eG AV Y fBGdG jBG eCJ e GPEG
.kGc

d S d ,dG FSdG MC H QC e S FH H dG Y eb IQM YGC UGC dG UGC

eh ,JM SGC W dG QgORGh ANdH Gj GC ,jQdG dG Y JSh geG dG G VQGC
pn dG S gGC h gS QfG dd , po rfnC h d jcT , Gfj GC Y Lj dG zdG Y GVYGC { dP
.H e s c

119

IFdG CG

d BGdG cP a ,BGdG AL e jKCGh LdG G e c J

` H GeDj h gAL H GHch dSQ d Gj jdG ` dG ADg SG
:CS IQS dG Gg dG BGdG j ,mpYn m pH dG
o nd Gh o or TGh oHu Qn pRr Qu pe G oco m n pThn m p jn Yn p n s Ln l jGB r p pnr en C m n n pd n cn r n nd}
p rnsnL rp rnsnpH go nrds nHhn p n dG nrn S p rnYn nrnSQr C an G oV n Yr nC an @ Ql o nZ wQn hn l nuWn lIn rnH
sGE p Rp n of r gn hn Gh o n cn n pH go n jr n Ln
n pdPn @m p bn Qm r p S r eu Am r n Thm rKGnC hn mr Nn m co GoC r nJG hn Pn
.17-15 :CS | Qn o ndG
L ,dH IQe e j dG jBG J c dG c d
e gd dH Gk L e ie Y fc d , IQdG W Y J fch ,hch
.edG dP e
G oco } iS fdj L e d j h ,IR c IH dG hX fc
f e Gf H ,dP Gj fCG EG ,jBG J c | o nd Gho or TG hn r oHu Qn pRr Qu pe
ANdG e ae GhLhCG jdG g fCGh , IdG g UCG fCG GX d ,fC
} :jBG J ch ,d VGdGh dG Y dGh QhdG GhQNG ,QgORGh
.| ...G oV n Yr nC an
c GhN ,U e fCG Ght UCGh ,fC Y H dG fCG e c Gf fC
.jjCG U e s c pn dG o S gCG d ...AT
fj BGdG dG Ggh .|p p n dG n r nS} SQEH c dEG dG CG BGdG cj
dG |p p n dG n r nS} J j .dG hCG LG J ''pYn '' a ,bGdG bh c
AV Y Gh edG Ve G hG M d ,LG Gg ed AL dG
:J OhOG j ,dG S Uh OQh dG fBGdG dCG
''Y'' c e e ''pYn '' c Ea ,dG S dG SG c''
g Y Y bh ,''LG ,dG'' J dGh ,IjG L S d eG

120

j hQg

dG dG dG OY
e GE iNGC Ie QG
feGE e Y c
.HdG dG

QcG pndG S H dG Gg QfG ,dG YGC TGC MGC ,YGC IQdG QKGB J dG QC e S c
bH jObG Jb C S IH ah ,dG QfG H jG g d ,YGQdG WG sc ZGC h ,GB dG
..OH K OS IQc TJ GC H d e ,kGL b

,G Gg J Ic SH dG L f dG jG AKCG dG
dG e b e fc dG HdG dG g eSG :G S Y
Ie ''LG'' dG d 543h 542 QCe S UCGh J H ,''gHCG'' G
.''S H KM dG dG KQc'' j |p n dG n r nS} Ca PCG .iNCG
121

GC dG GB dG fj
Gfc ebh C S e
zdG e dG hj{
VJh ,S q J GC b
g dG eG
c ,G g TdG
hj Gfc fGC GE J
gHe dGh dG
gMGC j dGh
.YC G

Tf IYC G Y J
. dG dH c

j hQg

:CG .16 :CS |m p bn Qm r p S r eu Am r nThn m rKGnC hn mr Nn m co GoC r nJGhn Pn p r n s Ln r p r n s n pH go n rds Hn hn }

dG bCG L d ,dG H dG QfG H bZ b eH IdG EG
j h ,G H LGM FH hDfCG dG FG dch ,dG gM dG
iS ,AT QdG e n j h ,ZOCG EG G d Ggh ,OLh CG dG d
42.QhG Ic Ib QTCGh RdG J QK
c MUWerner Keller c fQhh G QKBG Yh JdG bCG d
,dG BGdG Uh OQh c M b dG S CG ''kU c SG dG''
G CG Y gj EG ,QfG H eH G g CGh ,G J bh fCGh
43 .ka bh b G b Y dG BGdG OQh dG
NdG QOe gCG CS b ah ,dH G VGQCG CGH ,dG KQc bh H
GaJh dG Y GVYCG jdG dG bY fc Ggh ,YGQdG VGQCG ANG e jd

123

IFdG CG

EG jLe VGQCG hj dG GC Hh ,KQdG g H dG Jh ,T Y

44.jQSh e ,IjG T
dd ,jG dGh dG dG eR H KQdG g T dG edG G oJCj
.dG BGdG EG cP Oj
jBG e jBc ,d kWe jCG e j fc dGh IQG QCe QKBG J
jdG jMdG dG g dG j ,dG N hQj jdG dhCG QJ GdG
Gg eG ,G MU b dG BGdG d hj dG IQS a ,dG gCG
VYCG :N f JQG fCG EG ,CS b L J L N L LdG
:Z Y hO d gh g U e dG g CG X d ,dG Y
n r Ln hn m r n pH n go n r n Mn h m n Yr GnC r pe p r n s Ln n pgpMn nC n rn Ln p r nLo Qs knes o nd
r p r VG hn }
o nd n cn hn @ Gk n nf n o ndnNp nfr s an hn k r n T o r eu p r nJ ndhn n nco GoC
r nJGB p r n s nG n rpc @ kYQr Rn n o n r Hn
pp r n ud l pdXn n go hn o n s Ln n Nn On hn @ Gk n nf t Yn GnC hn k en
n pe o ncr GnC nfGnC o Qo h n jo n go hn ppMp npd n n an l n nK
Gk rNn sn Lp nC uHQn nGE p tOOp Qt p ndhn k n FB bn n Yn s dG tXo GnC B nehn @ Gk nHGnC pp gn n pnJ GnC tXo GnC B ne n bn
s oK mn r tf pe s oK mG n oJ pe
n n nNn p sd pH
n r n cn GnC o Qo h n jo n go hn o o Mp n U o nd n bn @ k nn eo r eu
An B n T en
n rbo
n n s Ln
n rNn On Pr GE p B ndhn @ Gk Mn GnC Hu n pH o p rTGoC B h Hu Qn o dG n go s p sd @ kLo Qn n G s nS

n ps Ln eu Gk r Nn p n pJDr jn GnC Hu Qn n an @ Gk ndhn hn k en

n pe s bn GnC nfGnC pn nJ rGE pdpH sGE p nIs bo n o dG
n p nr nJ nan Gk Qr nZ gn hoD B ne nproj hr GnC @ k ndRn Gk p n U nproan Ap n s dG nue kf nr oM rnYn npS r ojhn
n p Tho Yo nYn l jn h Nn n g hn n pa n n fGnC B en nYn pr s cn
o un jo n n rUnC an pp n npH nMp GoC hn @ k nWn o nd
n cn en hn pdG phOo pe o nfh o o jn l n pa o sd onJ ndhn @ Gk Mn GnC Hu n H r p rTGoC r nd pn r nd jn o o jn hn
. 44-32 :dG | k r Yo l r N
n hn kHG n nK l r Nn n go u nG pd o jn n dG
n pdn go @ Gk pn eo
Qj a dG Y H ,dG OLd Gk cf G MU j jBG e f c
e M dG e a g e c GY d ,G g e Gk N a HQ EG OY d M fCG
.Mh H b Lf YCG

124

j hQg

EG dG j e c f dh :dH dG e ke j Gg CG VGdG e
Y ''IM'' h ,UN ReG jd jdG Gg CH OYG e dG e G Gah ,Z
.dG
Gd fCG Gd fLh gOH bZ CG bY fa ,CS b a e Ggh
...a Y SGoC f fCG H ,IdG UCG

125

edG dG
C S eh ()S dG

r n nn chn k s od o r n p Mn o rJnCGQn s nan

n r dG
s p No Or G n nd n pb }
ufEGp
u Qn
r ndnb n jpQGnn b eu Ol s n et
l r Un o sfEGp n nb n r bn Sn Yn
|
n p ndn dG
u Qn pd nr nSo n en
o r nSr nCGhn rp nf
o r n nX
.44 :dG
e AdG EG C S ()S He Y dG jQdG dG X
dG jdG c a ,dG C S dG L jLCG dG jKCG dG
b OG b 590 h 1000 H e G TY e CG ,G J QKBG Y jLCG
.SdG H kT aS
IdGh ,jFdG jg H L dG GMCG Ud dG IQS VJ
IQS e AL cCG dG dG GC J ,a G fh gOd jdGh jObG
() S L AYCG MCG ` gdG f dG QNCGh C S e EG IQTEH ,dG
:dCG

t Ln hn ufGE p @ m p jn C m n n pH C m n n S pe
n o r Lp hn ppH rp oJ r nd n pH
o Mn GnC n n an mp Hn n r nZ nnn an }
nh o o r jn n en r bn hn n tJLn hn @ l p Yn l Tr Yn ndhn Am r n T u co pe
r n pJhGoC hn r o o p r nJ kIGnC n er G
@ nho nr nj o an p ps dGp Yn go s nan o ndn Yr GnC on s dG oo nd nsjRn hn pdG phOo pep r spd
n o p r oJ en hn n o r oJ en o nr jn hn p V Qr nC Gh pGhn n s dG pa An
r nG
o p r jo p sdG pd Gho o r jn sGnC
|
n pHPp ndG n pe
n co r GnC
n br n nUGnC o o n n S n bn @ p p n dG p T r n dG
t Qn n go sGE p n ndGE p o dG @
.27-22 :dG
126

j hQg

:eGhCG YCG gdG e QNCG g ()S J CG H

p r jn GPn en r o rf an r o r Yn s n nJ s oK r p r ndGE p r p rdnC an G n gn H n p Hu
.28 :dG | n o L
r gn Pr G}
:()S d G J H C S L dG GMCG Y BGdG fj ,H a
p Mp s dGp n M s dG pdGp rpH sfGE p hn n n r no S pe sfGE p @ l p cn
l n pc s ndGE p n p rdGoC ufGE p oC nG jt GnC B jn
r nd bn }
s Mn Gk er GnC k n Wp bn
o co en p er GnC pa pf o ar GnC oC nG jt GC B jn
r nd bn @
n p p reo pf oJGrC hn s nYn G or nJ sGnC @
rndbn @ nj p oerC nJ G Pn ne o f an prndGE p o renC Gh mj pn Tm SrC nH odhGoC hn mIs bo odhGoC ornf G odbn @ pho n rnJ
l npS r eo ufGE p hn @ n on r jn
n pdn cn hn k sdPp GnC B n p gr GnC nIs Yp GnC GB on Ln hn gn h o n ar GnC k jn r bn G oNn On Gn PGE p n ooG sGE p
o dG n fp nJGB B n an m pHp nfht p oJGnC n bn n n r no S An B Ln s nan @ nonS r oG o Lp r jn n pH lIn Xp n an m js p n pH p r ndGE p
n pH o nd n n pb s Om o o pH r o s n pJrC n nan r p r ndGE p r Lp Qr G @ nMo n r nJ opjs pn pH o rfGnC r Hn co nJGB s eu l r Nn
pfoJrC jn rGnC n r bn n pTr n pH ppJrC jn ojt GnC oC nG jt GnC B jn n bn @ nh o Zp n U r go hn k sdPp GnC B n r eu o s Ln p r o ndhn
@ l peGnC w p n nd pr nYn ufGE p hn n pen es pe n o nJ rGnC n r bn ppH n pJGB nfGnC u p G n eu l jp r Yp n bn @ n p p reo
on Yp G v p nr oe oGB Qn s nan nao r Wn nrndGE p s nJr nj GnC nrbn ppH npJGB nfGnC p np dG nue lrYp on Yp p sdG nbn
sE p an n n cn r en hn p pr n dp o orjn n sfE p an n nn T r en hn o o cr GnC r GnC o orTGnC GnC n or n dp Hu Qn p ran ep G n gn n bn
s nan @ nh o n r jn n n pjsdG n pe oonJ r GnC pn r nJGnC r o r nf n nTr Yn n nd Gh o unf n bn @ l p cn w pnZ Hu Qn
en gn s nU hn @
n p p r eo s co hn n p r bn pe n rp dG n pJhGoC hn n go o sfnC cn
r nd bn poT r Yn G n ngn GnC n pb
r An B Ln
o rJGnC Qn s nan
n r s dG p No Or G n nd n pb @ n j p pa cn m r bn pe
r nf cn sfGE p pdG ph Oo pe o o r sJ nf cn
p r nf or nXn ufGE uQn rnd bn n j Qp Gn bn ue Ol s n te lr n U osfGE p nbn rbn n S Yn rn ncn hn k sod ornpnM
.44-29 :dG | np nd n dG uQn pd n n rno S nne or nr SGnC hn

()S b
d cj ,kjCG ()S dG cP Y C S e Y J dG WGh jBG JCJ
,Gh dG Yh Y Uh fL EG dG Y iNCG UJ dG BGdG
Ne eCG ,gGj e c YEG J iNCG K ATCGh ge a b Y dG j
:CS e Y KCJh dG Gg BGdG d jh ,LdG e U a dG
127

IFdG CG

Ol s n et
l r n U sfGE p n bn n r bn n S Yn
r n ncn hn k s od o r n p Mn o rJGnC Qn s nan
n r s dG p No Or G n nd n pb}
:dG |
n p nd n dG
u Qn pd n n r no S n en
o r nrSGnC hn pr nf
o r nXn ufGE p
u Qn
r nd bn n j Qp G n bn eu
.44

hCG dG Gg e j ,''S e'' SG OdG OCG S b Y j

FM'' SG OdG Y j dG f gh ,a ''HdG FG'' iS G Gg e
iNCG We IYh dG Gg QeO AGQh dG ,())(dDG f Lh gh) ''G
IQS Gg Y BGdG fj ,OdG e MdG LCd dGh G dG g SdG
:AGSEG
GPn E p an @ Gk pcn Gk q oYo s or n ndhn p r nJs en p VQr nC G so pr o nd p n p dG n pFGSGE p pHn n GE p B n r nbn h}
Gk Yr hn n cn hn Qp jn u dG n nNp Go S n an mj pn Tm SrC Hn hGoC n sd Gk On Yp or nYn n rn Hn n go hGoC o Yr hn An B Ln
rGE p @ Gk p nf n ncr GnC r co n rn Ln hn
n pHn hn m Gn er nC pH co nfOr n er GnC hn r p r nYn nIs ndG o ond nfOr On Qn s oK @ k o r es
ogn oLho Gh oAr onpd pIn Np B G o Yr hn nAB nL GPn E p an n nan roJrC nSGnC rGE p hn op o fnC r o r n rMGnC r o r n rMGnC
.7-4 :AGSEG | Gk pr nJ G r nYn en Gh o u n o pdhn mIs en
n hs GnC o oNn On n cn n p r nG GoNo r n pdhn
GHh ,dG fCH gch fd dG jBG gcJ jdG dhCG SG d
GUh CG EG Wh hO GdGh UCG GdG FGO GX d ,GdG Y bh
iNCG Ie QedG HUCG CG Gj fCG EG ,S G jCG SG VQCG EG
Gd jdG VG OdG OYh ,UCG gOah fYh OhG c cf
hCG QGfEG b Ga c ke ,kGOa VQCG Gdh ,G f

128

SdG ce YGC IQdG j ,dG gG hQGC h Y ah J MGC S b J

:S G M N
HZ (6 fdG (5 kGOY 32 j Ne (4 S b (3 G b (2 HdG HG dG (1
.G (10 G MH (9 G Ne (8 AdG dG `e (7 d
129

IFdG CG

S b

j S e QeO H
dG HdG FG iS
FMz GE OdG dM
.{G
Sd G a Hh
G H ,HdG dG
{IdG bh Yz e
e j ke G c M
SdG GJ h ,jC G
GE IdG b J ,GH
.dG
130

SdG dG
dG UGC
r pe Gofncp pbs dGh pr ndG
n n Ur nCG snCG
n r p Mn r nCG }
.9 :dG | k
n Yn n pJjn BG
Y b gh ''dG'' IQS dG BGdG e IY edG IQdG J
OLH eDj h dH j cM YCG Y Gd dG MCG EG GhhCG dG e
:dG H jBG dJh ,eb e eDG jh
ndGE p o n r p dG i hn GnC Pr GE p @ k n Yn n pJ jn GB r pe Gof cn p pbs dGh pr ndG
n n rUGnC sGnC
n r pMn r GnC }
pa r p pfG Pn GB nYn n Hr n n an @ Gk nTQn nfp er GnC r pe n nd r u gn hn k n Mr Qn
n fo sd pe n pJGB B n Hs Qn G od n an pr ndG
t o nf o r sf @ Gk en GnC GB opnd n pd nMr GnC p r Hn r p G t GnC n nr n pd r go n rn Hn s oK @ Gk O n Yn
n pp S pr ndG
Goebn Pr GE p p pHobo nYn nr nHQn hn @ kik go rgo nfOr Rp hn rp uHn pH GoneGB l nrpa ro sfGE p un pH go nC nnf nrnYn
Ap D gn @ kn n T Gk PGE p B n rbo r n sd kdGE p pfh Oo pe n Yo r sf nd p VQr nC Gh pG hn n s dG
t Qn n Ht Qn G od n an
pdG nYn i n n ar Gp s pe o nXr GnC r n an m u Hn m n ropH p r nYn n oJrC jn sd k n pdGB ppfhOo pe Gho n sJG eo r bn
ppn Mr Qs eu oHt Qn r ond r or jn pr ndG GE p Ghho rC an n dG sGE nh o o r jn en hn r go o o rdn n Yr G Pp GE p hn @ kHp cn
p p ndG nG Pn rp p r cn Yn Qo hn Gn sJ n nWn GPn GE p n r s dG i n nJhn @ k an r ue co p reGnC rue ond r un ojh
n o an o dG pr jn en pdG p jn GB r pe
n pdPn o r eu mIn r an r go hn p n u dG
n G Pn r o oVp r sJ Hn n nZ GPn GE p hn

n GPn o o un ofh Ol bo Qo r go hn kX n jGnC r o o nr nJh @ Gk pTr et kq pdhn o nd n p nJ nan r p rjo en hn pn r oG

Gk QGn pa r o r pe
n r sdn nd r p r nYn
n r nWs G p nd ppUn d pH pr Yn GQn Pp lp S Hn o o rcn hn p n u dG
n G Pn hn p p n dG
nrpnd G od bn rorpnd rcn ro rue lpFB bn n bn o nrnH G odnA nnnpd rgo nrn nH npdn cn hn @ k Yr Qo ro rpe nr p o ndhn
131

IFdG CG

o rnran pnjpnG GE p pp gn ropbQp n pH co n nMGnC GB on rH an rorpnd n pH onYr GnC rotHQn G odbn m r nj n r nH hr GnC ker nj
Gh o n r jn GE p r o sfGE p @ Gk Mn GnC r opH sn p rjo hn
r s nn n rdhn o r eu mRr p pH opJrC n ran ke n Wn cn Rr GnC n jt GC
r p r nYn nfr nYr GnC
n pdn cn hn @ Gk Hn GnC Gk PGE p GB o p r oJ ndhn r p pspe r co h o p jo hr GnC r co o Lo r jn or nYn
G o ` Hr G G od n an r go n er GnC r o n r Hn nYo Rn n n jn Pr GE p B n pa
n jr Qn n Yn s dG sGnC hn w Mn pdG n Yr hn sGnC GB o nr n pd
n odo n nS @ Gk p res p r nYn sn p s n nd r pgp er GnC nYn G o nnZ n j p sdG n bn p pH o nYr GnC r o Ht Qs kf n r Ho p r nYn
r o o pe nKhn l n r n S n od o jn hn pr nd pH k Lr Qn r o o rcn o oSOp n S l nr Nn n od o jn hn r o o rcn r o o pHG Qs l nK nK
pr n rnJ hn Gk pgXn Ak GB n pe sGE p r p pa Qp n oJ an l p bn sGE p r o o nr jn es p pJs p pH o nYr GnC Hu Qs bo r o o rcn
nsHQs r co Pr G hn odG nA nnj GnC sGE p @ Gk nZ npdPn lYp an ufGE p Am r npd snd o nJ hn @ Gk nMGnC ro rue p pa
mn pe n nK rp p r cn G opndhn @ Gk nTQn Gn gn rpe nn br nC uHQn p njpr nj GnC n Yn bo hn np nf G Pn GE p
ppH r p Hr GnC p VQr nC Gh pG hn n s dG
n ppS
o r nZ o nd G opnd n pH o nYr GnC o dG p bo @ k rpJ GhOo G On Rr G hn
.26-9 :dG | Gk M
n GnC pp rMo o p rjo hn x pdhn pe ppfhOo eu o nden r p rSGnC hn
Gh eSEG dG M jdG dG UCG Y FdG OYG j
bh d ,SjO ZdG ehdG QWGeG X j Gfc fEG :AGS M Y
Gj CG IG J IG d Gfh eb GhQfCGh SjO W Lh dG ADg
OVG EG aVEH d gh JYd eb gEG dh ,cj h dG jH
IQOe EG aO ,G M EG Uh dGh ZdG cG dP e LGh dG
.We
OVG SS GSQe jdG IWHCG e OY Y jQdG dG J
H e Gfc jdG FGhCG G e eDG M jdGh gQEGh
.dG UCG G
T j c dG ,(OG H 113-69) SH ehdG cG c
H GbY G e Y Y a j dSQ SfjJ QWGeG EG ,VfCG
OVG J dG FKdG gCG iMEG dSdG g Jh ,QWGeG IOY aQ
132

j hQg

jdG dG aQ c hX X h ,bdG dP FGhCG G d VJ dG

:Gdbh eCd YPEG QWGeG IOY e W
@ kn nT Gk PGE p n rbo n sd kndGE p ppfhOo pe n Yo r sf nd p VQr nC Gh pGhn n s dG t Qn n Ht Qn Godn an ...}
in n ar G p s pe o nXr GnC r n an m u Hn m n ropH p r nYn n oJrC jn sd k n pdGB ppfhOo pe Gh o n sJG eo bn Ap B Do gn
n pdG nYn
.15-14 :dG | kH p c
CG EG ,AGQBG dM NG a dG UCG a TY dG d dH eCG
.SSW e fCG g d HbCG
dEG ihCG dG dG e g fCG Y ''SjEG'' O G QOG L
Vj jNBG CG EG ;dP Y G jGh MdG H aGjh ,eDG dG
G UH SSW KEG dhjh ,dG e g d SjEG CG dH
G Y NG eh .G c SGQdG g hS M c Y ,dG
eR bh KOG g CG Y Gh G hGh MdG j
.OG H 250 GM (SfjO kjCG jh) SjO ehdG QWGeG
,d Gk OVG ehdG IWHCG cCG fc hf e SjO CG hG e
dB VCG j CG dG e Oa c Y SjO Va IdG M Ia a
IOT Y Gjh H ,KhCG d QhdG Gejh G CG G Y c ,ehdG
QOG J ,oj dP j eh ,dG Xe EG ged dH Geb b fCH J
EG je e Hj GhDhHh ,KdG g GaQ G e YCG OGdG EG :G
.FGhCG G ADg e Y dG UCG j b ,iNCG
G H b e ihj VG Gg CG :gh ,e f Y cdG Y g
f IQSCG EG j L ,b T Y jGh MdGh Gh
. kM kjQJ kKM j fCG EG ,Y NOCG dG jPcCGh aVEd

133

IFdG CG

?SjEG dG UCG c g
dG ,dG UCG a TY dG WG fCG Y eh ceCG IY EG Qj
fCGh e Gk AL dG dG ADg j CG j SdG CG :jhbCG dG Gg
:G S Y ,WG g c H dG HdG EG aVEH ,je GTY
.dG g Y H fEG :j IOd ceCG kjJ WG g L Lj
g CG g :dGh ,G Y kSe kfe SjEG J ,he g ch
a ,c EG H a dGh ,AGQdG e `e fEG :dj jG g k`e
H gJh ,SG ceCG g MCG GebCG b dG UCG j CG Gk PEG G
.dG UCG LGJ e g Gg CG cDa dP e HCG EG G QOG
452 Y dh) hQS b L QdG dG g VG Gg QOG bCG
L gOQhCG dG SGQdG We e jdG L dG QDG bG ,(Oe
b dG QWGeG Ea :dG Gg jGhQ Mh .''fehdG jQWGeG QfG'' Hc
,SjO g dG NGO ANG Y gLCGh G eDG e S jH
jdH M h ,(Oe 251-249) H e fehdG jQWGeG SjO M
g dG gCG a G jd dH .Y JCG Y SQ c dG
e HdG WdG Y Ybh Hh .''SaEG'' fCG ij a L eCG ''SaCG''
QKBG Y jh ,fehdG jQWGeG jdG fGG cCG e fc a ,VfCG
.''jKCG aEG je'' dG jG g
g Y dG a SG dG QWGeG SG Ea :eSEG QOG M
H e QWGeG Gg M .''dG SShOK'' SG EG :a L eCG ,''SJ''
.G EG jQWGeG d CG H ,Oe 450-408
dG Ne EG :jG H j ,dG Ne J dG jBG EG IOY
Lj kT dH e ij GHh , dG TCG NJ dG EG c

134

j hQg

:dP EG dG jBG J ,NGO

n G Pn r o oV p r sJ Hn n nZ GPn GE p hn p p n dG
n G Pn p p r cn Yn Qo hn Gn sJ n nWn GPGE n r s dG i nJhn }
n p nJ nan r p r jo en hn pn r oG n o an o dG pr jn en pdG p jn GB r pe
n pdPn o r eu mIn r an r go hn p n u dG
.17 :dG | Gk p T et kq pdhn o nd
:''SaEG'' Hc GQH Se QcdG KCG j
Oe 250 S '' :jh ,eDG dG a TY dG G g G g EG
ADg Lh hd e dh h ,KdG GaQh G jdG a S QNG
Y Gk QGL Ga dP ehdG OG iCGQ ,H L e bdG QG kc dG
.''45dG Ne
XCG ,QdGh IQG g a H bh jdG G e jdG gj dGh
L S Y X dG QKBG CG 1926 Y KCG GSG G H b dG jG
M N) HdG dG e dG UCG SG Y J AH EG OJ H
46.(dG SShOK

?SSW dG UGC c g
,dG UCG H bCG dG G fCG Y dEG Qj dG dG G g SSW
Y OLe gh BGdG AL dG UdG Gk c aUhCG j c Lj G
.SSW Z T EG ,''SH'' hCG ''SjEG''j L
UCG ebEG e g SSW CG hj G KdG e dG ddG
a Lj dG G SG dG gh eSEG dG LGe cCG MCG Oj ,dG
Lj G Gg CG jh ''CG jQJ'' Hc ''SH'' fCG Y dG
.47SSW
SG CY , BGdG J LGe e Leh c MH gh ,eCG aGj dc

135

j hQg

d NGdG NG
oj dG ,SjGE
ihGC dG dG fGC
.dG UGC dGE

136

IFdG CG

137

. QG e SjGE c

MCG H j SH SG Gg ,SSW OLe fCGh '' SH '' g G

M d NG eEG S dG H NG Gg Ea :j ch .''djEG''
48.''jQdG dG cBJ'' j e gh UCG dG e G Gg S hCG ,AdG
g CG e ZdH '' :` he NBG eSEG MH gh ` RGdG jdG a j
NBG SG EG ge SjEG C ,SSW g g dG CG EG ,SaEG J G
49''.SSd
,dGh dG J dch dGh hdG jG Y eCG j h
SSW g G CG Y ADg j M ,jNBG eSEG MdG e jdGh
p p n dG
n G Pn r p p r cn Yn Qo hn Gn sJ n nWn GPGE n r s dG i n nJhn } :J db hjh ,jdH
50.dG EG j dG Ne CG Y |p dG G P
n u n n o oV p r sJ Hn n nZ GPGE h
Gea ,MdG gG dG UCG Ve QKCG fdG jQWGeG Y h
VG Gg M dOG eGh SGG H LJ ,Y HCG H AGLEH
G IQGOEG SQCG dG dSdG :G S Y ,fdG AGQRdG SFQ TQCG
H kW J ae dSQ e SQ W Lj ,dG fGG Fd SSW

138

.dG gGC GE Oj fGC j dG SSW c

OdG J bh ,''dG UCG'' c fUh H ej jdG OGaCd JGhQ

e H ,dhdG jN e ADc UTC JGhQ J j d fCH dSdG g Y
AH jLCG dG jdG fch ,dG UCG e ka fCG Y G e dG
.bG j Gk L Ie dP Y
IQeEG SSW e dG EG j'' :WdG G b e f dG jdG ALh
cP c ke dG f j dG Gg Neh ,SSW Y YS j L VCG
51.''BGdG
dG UCG a TY dG Gh edG M FdG Gh bG Hh
e jdG Yj ,VG M HCG e jG AGLEG EG dH aJ
.dG Lhh dG
ADg TY eR CG :GDdG jh ,CdG GH AT CG j BG M :PEGh
...T GL hO ?BGdG cP dG c j jCGh ?eDG

139

``G
pe n jp sdG o n pbYn nnc
n nc Gho on an p VQr nCG Gho `p jn r ndhn nCG }
s pe n ncr nCG Bgn ho n Yn hn V
n Qr nCG GhQo nKnCGhn kIos b r o r pe s Tn nCG BGofnc pp r bn
p ndhn r o n p rn pd o dG nnc n an pn u n dpH o oSo Qo r o rJAn B Ln hn gho n Yn
.9 :hdG | no p rjn o o
n fnCG BGofnc
eGhCG d :e ,ce U BG M n n
n b fOS jdG GbCG j
SQ ,kX jNBG M ZG ,VQCG dGh dG ,dH dG ,fYh dG
G Xh OVG :gh ,H FT iNCG U g .dGh ,G PhdG
.Hb YdG Hh HgQE FSdG H GdhM d ,gQGL EG j jdG
,jQJ kShQO QdG AYEG ` dH ` dG d BGdG OdG AGQh e dG d
hTj eGbCG g jdG AfCG ADa ,eCGh Y ndG g EG :BGdG d j
:dG jdG EG gJ e
mjn B
n pdPn sGE p r p ppc n en n or jn ph o o dG n eu o nr bn n rngr GnC r cn r o nd pr jn r nan GnC }
oC
.128 :W | n tdG h
dG GbCG e aCH d J e AGLCG CG a ,''eCG'' g fYG GPEGh
.dGh fH :BGdG dG j dGh ,HCG
jdG dG e dY f Y g ejCG J e :G S Y
hj kL jPdG e jda ,''d H'' fcj ,G PhdGh GdG SQ
GfCG Gg GS fCG CG,YL L M G ALh e hj e e

140

j hQg

.GQeZh hS gCGh S
fa ,UYCG ,RR :W QGH gCG gVSG dG G L
GbCG KBG QGJ Y GC Jh dG jW J dG G dc ,dg EG eh
.jdG Hh HdG f bS ,ddG
j hCG ,Aj e bhh Aj e Y GdG GfEG Y QOb dG CG f CG j
IQS J dG j ,INBG GdG EG j K jOY IM j Aj e
:dG
r es o r pehn o n r s dG o rJn Nn GnC r es o r pehn k p U Mn pr nYn n rnSQr GnC r es o r p an ppfn pH nfr Nn GnC voan }
|n o p r nj ro n o fGnC GB of cn p ndhn ro n p r npd odG n cn nehn nbr n rZGnC rse o rpehn n VQr nC G ppH nr n Nn
.40 :dG
c Se eR Ya ISCG e eDe gh ,Ya BG eDe Y kjCG BGdG fj
:ed eDG Gg b ,fEG j
Om Yn hn m ofp r bn pGrC On nrpe @ pGn rMnC Gp r nj nrue onYn o Nn GnC ufGE p bn nj nneGB p sdG nbn hn }
Op n s dG n jn o nYn
o Nn GnC ufGE p p bn jn hn @ Op n p ud k Xo o j p jo o dG en hn pgpr Hn pe n j p sdGh On o nKhn
:aZ | Om gn r pe o nd n an o dG p p rjo en hn m p U Yn r pe pdG n eu ond en n j p pHr eo n tdn oJ n jn @
.33-30
e jJ GdhMh ,INBG QGdH neb jQp e GSQGoC jdG SdG L qcP d
AfCGh SdG eCG d .fEG j c dG eDG Gg a c ke ,dG GY
dG c GYdG g Nh ,kGQGJh Gk QGe eGbC QeCG g T JM
hOj K , ASGh dG hCG ,Oe ae dG hCG ,dH eJG d j
HCG EG gP e eh ,SdG ADg dj dG hCG dG hO Y ge SQ
c kb eDG OY c GMCG L h ,gOW hCG eDG b ha dP e
.a YJCGh AfCG dG j GdG bh Yh ,Ie

141

IFdG CG

dGh ceCG GdG e dG hMh ,dG BG Qhe e ZdH

JCG dGh Id YLG fCGh odG CG EG ,jdG Y CGW dG GQGh
OdG ee aH j dG e b Lj ,fcP a ,J gcP Y
j n jn r en b c a ,BGdG ndG gcP dG GbCG J Y fc dG
J kL IPT Y g dch .dGh YOH dG J J ,dG
. ShG H b e Ua c Y adG jh,d b Y aGfGh gOa
p o rfnC jcT Z ,CS b e d jac je SfCG Y Fb G e c AL
Xh ,f b e iPCG GfCG d jh eDG ,Qn EGp b e FYh dG
. OY c
...eYh GQTEG g
dG ie c eh ,G GdG H e fCG kFGO cf CG Y
gCG e dh kT j c Gg Ea ,dEG j b dG hCG ,a j dG dG
.AT
:G H kL dG fcj ,dG GY e j Gg e AT
kIs bo r o r pe s nTGnC GB of cn p p r bn pe n j p sdG o n pbYn n cn
n cn Gho o n an p VQr nC G Gho ` pjn r ndhn GnC }
o dG n cn n an p n u n d pH o ooSQo r o rJAn B Ln hn gn h o n Yn s pe n ncr GnC B gn h o n Yn hn n V Qr nC G GhQo nKGnC hn
.9 :hdG | n o p r jn
r o n o fGnC GB of cn p ndhn r o n p r n pd

142

QdG jf de
M RhJ dh AMCG N Ia gd X jf g jhGQqdG hCG QqdG jf qEG
YqJh .QfGh CG Y IH jf fc EG aVEG U jCH dG EG S fc
e YS AYqOE G Gg qdh ,AdG aOd f M Z OGe e Cf IG CG jdG g
a Vhh dG N da .Lh Y dG b e AMCG Zh AMCG N K eCG ihJ
FU J CG d QqdG jfh .Jh fS WdG dG T H g bdG jRGG
. Y H '' aOG'' e Jh '' Fd dG N '' aQ IH J W
MGdG gqJ dG dOCG CG gOHCG ac e jdG g fGL f eY dHh
eh .G Z FdG e GJ cCG G FdG OLG QG da ,NBG H
AGLEH jRGG g CG fh jd SM jRGe ah IOLe a GQqdG dP Y
,GJ cCG NBG JJ ah G dG IOLe f GQqdG g qCG qGE Y G HCG
jeh dBG d Sh Jh jGh fCGh JhdG cd SSCG OGe J a
.ge LQO EG SM
jdG dG jf H jdG g YGe d FQ S c QG dG Gg qEG
.

jhGQdG eg dG YG
jdG cGdG EG Ie Y SdG dG G IO IQH jqdG g X
b We d Lh jdG g QH dG G qdh ,jZEG IQG EG gQhL dGh
Y Hc dDG VQjh .jhQGO dQJ dD '' GfCG UCG '' c QhU g dG fO
Y G OYG EG Yj dP e Hh ,Jh fS dG b e G G FdG N
hM f AMCG H NG X edG Qhh ,MGh L e G FdG ac Af
.dG GdG

143

IFdG CG

q GE d ''e L'' fc Rhj h Y dO CG Y j jhQGdG AYOG Gg qEG

de IQH hJ '' jdG Ye'' SH H Y iMG dG CG M T g aGYH
jdG J dG SCG e jdG OLH f jhQGO aGYG
.jdG H ja GK dH d SG OhOdG d CG
SCG d SG OhOdG QH dG j CG j ch
W dG Ggh .edG Qh jd Ib e dG QdG d
YGe ah jhQGO eCG N jG dG dh ,Hc cP
. NBG H GMGh
jc jhQGdG AfG EG OCG FQ eGY KK cP h
:gh Y
.Ie hC IG QX c Y Y J OjEG e J jdG qEG (1
.AMCG H d Sc '' Qd UN dBG'' OLh Ia Yj Y dO CG OLh Y (2
YJ e Y IMGh aO AMCG OLh d J GG j dG
q qEG (3
. QdG jf
.KdG eGdG g dH Sh

GHGC G Z FdG: IG UGC

.S Qe3^8 b IMh N e Cf cCH G FdGh IG qCG Qq dG jf Yq J
M e G G FdG GfCG e jG EG J CG IMGh M c dh
.?dP J Ge jCG LJ GPa a M b dG Gg c GPEG h ?cdGh dG
AYOEG Y bdG j UdG g VG bh ,SCG g Y HLEG jdG J
X G g CG jdG YJ ?OLdG EG X c iJ .''CG G'' J Gh hCG
Z hCG LQN KCJ CG dg j CG hO dG hX X h gMh aOG f OLdG EG
fGdG H X G g CG jdG YJ NBG ,Wb aQ G Ia aJ fCG CG W
jdG g a .FGdG aOG jW Y H J hCG J CG OLh hO dG
fGdG SCG e bj YdG Gg dh.aOG f M N fEH M Z OGe eb
.IOLG LddG
144

j hQg

IG e a C J IG
W qj dGh ,QcG Hc IG UCG Y GHCG jhQGO dQJ j
H OGe e AMCG J Va J fc dGh Y IFS fc dG dG gG
e JS VJ fc dG ''FdG ddG'' jf KCJ Gj e GfBG dG ch .GL
H gh .M GOGe fCG h aOH b M Z GOGe qCG gOeh SdG hdG
qdG a GG KJ e OYG Gg J EG dG J fc edG G
e QdG H fc jdG GAYOq G g KEh .G eGU GdG KJh
QdG GdG GC S b QfG Yh Tb e Shh dH b Y G e M Vh
. IdG J SdG OYG M
OhdG KJ gh iNCG IgX g fch
jdG OYG Gg EG Sq dG bS a dG
H a NBG AT KEG dh d dO JGh
Jbd eG HdG SGH L j OhdG CG gh
dG IdG h .Y jd dG Y j dGh
fc ''GfCG UCG'' Hc jhQGO dN dCG
Z OGe e C J fCG jdG Y IFdG IdG
N H dG GQdG KCG dh ,M
a AL e U Y dG dCJ e a GS
C H FdG jdG H KGE QSH jd
AMCG Y gGLCG dG HCG jW Y dPh
AGLGE jW Y ''M Z OGe e C J G OGG''
KHCG Ff SH jh ,SH jd fdG
jf FYO MGE f dH h Lf Q
Z OGG CH FdG AYOEG UCG d'' :j c
.QdG
52
Xh . ''jdG e IG J CG J G
dG dh ,SH dEG UJ dG dG dOCG V jW I aj QdG jf Y aGG
cdG Gg e QX dSG dHh ,G cJ H j dG dG KCG edG Y QH
. f AJ e G

145

IFdG CG

jdG dG ihL hO dhG OG

e hCAlexander Oparin jQHhCG QdG AMCG Y ShdG FNC
q G c d
KE jdG dG KK IjY KHCG iLCGh ,jdG dG IG UCG Ve hJ
jQdG dH AH KHCG dh ,aOG jW Y M OGe OjEG J G Z OGG CG
SCj h .53 '' QdG jf e AGOS f j G UCG qEG'' : Fb IQG j CG VGh
Ud KHCG GhLCGh jQHhCG S dG f jdG GhSGh QdG IYO e AdG bH
VaG M 1953 S e fS ceCG FdG b e LCG H TCGh .IG UCG EG
e GRdG g Vhh dG VG G dG e GRZ GP OGe OLh
cJ NJ dG eCG VMCG H Y j CG SGh ,bdH gLh MGh
. JhdG
C a K e YS dh eCG EG e IN GdG
q J HdG g YGh
Ggh ,dG VG IOLe fc dG OGG M J dG eG OGG
54. MdG GdG cCdH K dG
OGG CH j CG f e VG jW U Ia Hh
fc dG OGG M J HdG AGLEG eSG dG
.55edG dS G dG LJ
dG W jhQGdG gGLCG dG QdG L AHh
Jeffrey Bada GOH L dhJ G gh ,dH jdG
jO S dG G LdG AdG FNCG
U Y 1998 S f e V HS
jQHhGC QdGC e d
:JCj e G AL h jhQGdG LdG GP ''VQCG''
HQ L jQdG dH
e LGf jGH c c dRe h jdG dG Of f ''
J GE Ud gGLGC dG
56. '' ? IG CGH c gh HLEG d
.IG UC QJ

QdG jd dG dB G
Ga '' QdG dBG '' M QhJ fc jhQGO jf f S fc dG fdG dG
.G jdG Hb Y FGMG dh Y U d dG fO e CG d j AYOEG
146

j hQg

Gd FSG gCG YCGh ''dG fG'' f M QdG qEa jhQGO AYOG Mh

jW Y GfCG UCG'' SCG dG dG SG e j b e gG Gg qGC M AYqOE G
. '' dG fG
eAeh Ib J dG G FdG AH CGe EG j dG fG e qEG
SG fGG b e jEG e b Og d G S a ,VGfG Yh dG hdG
AjbCG OGaCG e dCe dG j Ggh ,IG b Y AdG j hdG SCG jCG Ea
.e N EG d Cc ,NBG EG T e jEG QJ CG J dBG g dh .hdG jS
dP j c f jhQGO M h ,Qd Sc ''dG fG'' J dG
q Gd
dG fG Ea HjEG GJ J W'' :j '' GfCG UCG '' Hc V H OaCGh
57.''G VdH j

Qe KC J
jhQGO LCGh ? HjEG GdG g S fc c :f j dG GDdGh
AMCG Y Qe h ,Qe e Y LQ e S e QaCG EG GOSG GDdG Gg Y
EG KQJh jgX GJ J AMCG CG Yj c GH jhQGO b eh TY fa
Mh ,IjL GfCG QX EG qOGC L H L GdG g cGJ ch MqdG LCG
MCG Y ddG QTCG GQhCG Y d Jh f dG e Cf aGQqdG qEa FYOG
e Ob UCG G CG YqOG a ''GfCG UCG'' Hc He eCG jhQGO YCGh .jW
CG qGE .58 NBGh G H AG EG hdG EG Ie FG FdG Y iJ fc dG HdG
jf EG iqOGC jdG dG G Y Y GC W dG QdGh e cG dG KGQdG fGb
''dG fG dBG '' X Ggh ,NBG EG L e G dG fH FdG IQSCG
.jG dG f Lh e KCJ hCG IFa GP Z dBG

KGQdG GdGh jG jhQGdG

KK UN gLGh dG jdG G eCG gOL H jhQGqdG b
jhQGdG''`H aY e hCG ''jG cdG jdG''`H gSCG IjL jf GbSh jdG dG
Ggh ,dG fG fL EG QJ KCJ d NBG eY g jdG g Mh ,'' jG
147

fCG
Y

a
HqdG Y j KGQh GW GMGE Y jdG dG e e jhQGdG GC O d
iS C J dG Gd SG dG QdG g qGC Z, GdG g FGa KE
H cdG HHP SGC Q QdG GE YC G IQdGh .Ubh jeh q e HH
.KGQh GdG e QJ b h cdG HHP a dG GE IQdG eGC ,dG

,HG HjEG GdG J h S J L hCG KGQh GW M j edG

. d KGQdG SG C N f hCG YTEd VdG H qeEG GdG gh
g YJh ,jG jhQGdG SG AMCG id QdG Y aGJ dGRe jdG gh
dc cdG IGh AMCG id IOLG G cGdGh AYCG CG dH jdG
hM hCG KGQh GW hM KCH EG J hCG J dG... Gh dG hCG PCGh
KGQdG GdG CG gh M Y qe LGj AYOEG Gg dh ,G cJ GJ
VGh dP Sh .jCG e j IFa GP J h AMCG Y QV eY GhdG Y J
CGh H W c e FGY jL J CGh jd cdG Ie DNA`dG jL qEa GL
KffGQ.. jeCG dG Y j dG G gh ,S KCG d j
:j c G Y FNCG B.G.Ranganathan
KCJ P Z Jh GQOf EG h QdGh FGdGh dH J KGQdG GdG qEG''
GQhO J CG GdG qCG VJ dG edG FG g qEG .GMCG MCG
Z hCG GQV qeEG j CG d qH G G FGY J qGC qCG UN QdG GMEG
EG ODj CG cCG Ma ,gjJ EG ODj dG YS FGY J qGC a ,KDe
59.'' IH qKDe Z j CG hCG H QdG EG

148

j hQg

Fd G dG jEG qOD J KGQh IW OLh dG EG j qfC a M e Ggh

dG GdG g qGC j Ggh ,UG GdG L QV KCG dG gGdGh .G
M AMCG Y KCdG jJ Sh EG g e jG jhQGdG b e AMCG Qd S L
HUEG g fEG UG KGQdG Id e aCGh ) MCG ZCG be cJ
Ie dBG QdG KCdG GP KGQdG GdG J CG dc Gh h (WdG V
a gMd IKDe J CG gQhH a dG fG dBG qeCG .QqdG Y d Y
Y qGC CG ,''QdG''`H Yj e Lj CG dHh ,f jhQGO aGYG M
.dG AMCG id QdG

SdG G hGC dfG bd KGC : GG S

jf YqJ dG gjQdG e CG hM Y Y dO aCG GqG qS J
a ,NBG dG e H Cf GfCG e qG FdG qCG YqJ jdG a ,QdG
GfCG X SdG Hh edG Qh NBG f EG j CG G e G FdG e e
.dG e jG e SG YdG dG Gg qEa jdG Mh ,AMCG e G
dG M Ia GW Sh M hCG dfG GfCG OLh j AYOEG Gg Y GOSGh
. AMCG YdG
fC SCGh MGhdG e ce JU Fc OLh j G S Y
GP Fc OLh Vj hCG ,MGhR EG jQdH dh AG J Fe b fc jGdG
g dh ,QW EG d K MGhR fc jGdG fC MGhdGh QdG e ce U
J
q hCG bYEH He hCG N Qb GP J CG Ha Ia TY b VGaG bG
.''SdG G'' SG dfG FdG g Y QdG IYO jh ,e
Lh fCG H a jQdG MCG a TY b ''SdG G'' g CG Va dh
GG V GKCG J CG H ch ,GQH H jH QJ Ic GfCHh Ic OGYCH
:Hc G g Y jhQGO jh ,G
S Y e Ia TY b dG G FdG g J CG H a jf U GPEG''
.60 ''jG V Ge cG g gOLh Y dO MCGh ... VQCG

149

IFdG CG

jhQGO eGB N
j dh BG Mh Y SdG dG e e GL Ic Jh jM jLCG
G dG GG KCG bh ,'' dfG TCG hCG SdG G '' d KCG CG Y
X b YGfCG AMCG L CG e jhQGdG bj c e Y jG f Y
. IQU cCG Yh ICa OLdG EG
FNCG W.Ager Derek jGh jjO gh q jhQGdG IZ MCG G H YG bh
:Fb GG Y jdG
UCG hCG GfCG ie Y AGS ec M Fc Y dM g G e qEG
d KCG
q GC Y QdG hO ehO LGh dG gh ,G Gd J Y
61. jQJ IQG bG
Ggh .dfG TCd OLh CG hO ICa ac AMCG QX d J GG CG CG
Qd MdG dG C b G FdG g c Y J Ggh ,W jhQGO YOG e Y
Qe AMCG Y b b G gh ,b j CG g e L d j CG hO ICa M Fc
:j dG Douglas Futuyma Ja SZhO e

cGC GG S J
C QdG jf QfG eGC fe
FdG qGC J q dG g
Hh IC a X b G

q GC g j GC hO hG
h .jQJ H GfC OLh hGC
Y GcC J J G g qGE
G FdG GfGC L qGC
.b

150

j hQg

qeEG AMCa ,AMCG OLh d dG fO GFS GJ hCG ee QdGh G qEG

gQJ f X fCG CG ,dc J hCG IQU cCG Y dG Lh Y ICa Lh
dG ec IQHh ICa X b fc EGh ,OLdG S OGLCG hCG GfCG Y
.62 G FdG g e OjEG dJ AT H Yh d M Ib e Ha jdGh
T MCG Yh VQCG Lh Y ICa X b G FdG CG J Ga
. jhQGO j c c QdG dh G g GfCG UCG CG CG ,jJh

fE G Qd G dG
Gg h ,fEG UCG TH g QdG jf V Td MhG VGG gCG e qEG
VG TY OdH T M Fc e GQe Cf G fEG CH jhQGdG YJ OdG
N dG TCG H OLh jdG YJh S je 5-4 b CGH QdG Iah ,dG
fEG QJ Y V FQ e HQCG g G AYOEG Gg Mh ,IQcG IdG
:gh
. SHdGShCG-1
. Hg eg-2
. SjQG eg-3
. HS eg-4
,G Ob hCG '' cSdGShCG '' SG G fEd YCG G Y QdG IYO j
dG HCG KCG bh ,G OhdG GfCG e V`e f iS d bG g dh
OQdG jdGh Charles Oxnard OQchCG dQJ QahdG jeCG e qc gGLCG
Gg EG G Ob Y jdG AY TCG e gchSolly Zuckerman eNGR dS
.63 fEH IH d bY h OhdG e Ve f EG ge G FdG
ac h ,fEG hCG ''eg'' SG jhQGdG b e Y j G Ob J dG MGh
VH jhQGdG jh ,G Ob e GQJ cCG G FdG UCG ''eg '' `dG MGe
Gg e OLh Y GcCJh jf U Y dc VG GfCG H UG GG
GfCG g H QJ HGQ CG OLh BG EG j fC N fh ,G QdG hG

151

IFdG CG

YJ Ie jH jGC LJ
E a dHh ,fE G QJ qjf
M OL h J GG g
H Rh jJ hGC Ua
g e ZdHh OdG h fE G
GdGR e jhQGdG E a G
H SGH jH e
,q G PdGh dG SqdG
SdG g Y j gh
dG eGh qdG PdGh
QhJ dGh dG gAGQGB J
fE G H M Fc OLh M
.OdG h

je fQCG gh jdG dG QdG jf IYO MCG H YG dG dG g h .G

.64'' IOe H G e jS eg EG IG dG qEG'' :Fb Ernest Mayer
(SHdGShCG) G Ob e J U KEG jhGQdG hj S gh
acG dh ,j qd GL j ebCG CG CG HSeg ` SjQGeg ` Hgeg
Lh b SjQGeg h Hgeg h G Ob CG KCG GG AY gLh dG
b SjQCG eg e GfCG OLh g dP e gCGh .65 edG IdG f h ceCG
h dJQff jS eg e L EG L Lhh f jM Ga M TY
66. (G fEG) jSeg
dG jdG G g eCG h ,NCd GL gMCG c U Y KCG acG gh
Stephen Jay Gould dc L S gh JYO MCG j QdG jhQGO jf LGh
:JCj e OQaQg eL GG Y FNCG
Id M GPe PEG ,edG G f TY b fEH T GfCG KK fc GPEG''
H fQe AGLEG Y dP e gOCG h ,NBd GL j H e MCG fCG VGdG ? fEG UCG
67.'' H a jQJ bY jCG EG dN e UdG j dG H
152

j hQg

Jh eYEG Y cCdGh fEG QJ Y dN b NG CG IQdG jHh

CG EG j Y EG g e fEG NBG fh Ob f G FdG e Ve d jhdGh
15 I G Ob Ge Y KHCG jdG eNGR dS OQdG iLCG bh .Y dO
jCG OLh Y EG UJ bh GG Y FNCc dG ce d CG Y UGe S
fc e ZdH dG H YGh fEG Hh OdH dG FdG H e S
. dG jhQGO
dch , Y gj dG aG ha a QOCG ad UN hL dCH eNGR b
dGh dG hdG J eNGR hL Mh .dG f QN gj dG aG ha
CG ,GNCGh YLG da AMCG Y jh .AjdGh AdG Y jOe dOCG EG J
OJ Y hG e AG Gg Vhh .dG f Y LQG aG ha JCJ hG aM
jh fEG QJ Y GNCGh (KdG )FdG dG hCG QdGh SOdG SGh WGG
:j c hG INCG IOG g Y J eNGR
Y QSEG hCG FdG AMCG Y EG H dG hdG EG jOq G dG e dfG Y ''
UN h FL AT c qGC GG SGH fEG jQJ SG Mh H
BG HQG hCG IOG VdG j CG j fCG M QdG jH eDG Ad
68.''MGh
Z jhCdH SdG H b e YCG EG qGE d fEG Qd G dG qEG PEG
. G GG H UC G

PC Gh dG bGdG dG
e bGdG iG Gg OLh c gh NBG eCG J Y dG J Qq dG jf qEG
AGOCG c Y RjEH dh f fYO dG Ve T bh .PCG hCG dG AGS dG
AdG Ggh ,He IQH dG T Y j e L e G Ada ,QHEG Xd dG
OLG QHEG ce EG aJ FHc GQTEG EG dG IOLG jG jW Y j
e G dd IQU EG jh GQTpE G g J j YdG e S Hh ,G INDe
Y j G qEG :JCj ch b d LG VGSG Gg H h .QHEG ce b
153

IFdG CG

UdG GHCG j iMCH hCG ,NGO ddG j AdGh ,e e NGO CG CG ,AdG

cG Gg SGH QHEG j AG dh , X ceCG TCG e c Qh ,QHEG ce EG
G dG Y j ge LQO EG VGhh GOM QHEG Gg c EG aVEG ,dG jdG
e GhfGh jjCG H dG dG EG GhfG a ,d e j CG jdGh OG dG
CG IQdG AdG Gg EG ?BG fhJ dc IQdG MVhh AU jCGQ g dM
S100 e CGH j YQdG SG GReh .BG M U jJ MCG M ij
IQJh jdG TT EG iNCG Ie GhfG h ,fH BG fhJ dc IQU AU Y d
IQdG AU Mf e JQdG H ST a g, jjCG H dG dG EG iNCG
Ka fH fhJ dG IQdG qeCG OHCG FK fjdG IQdG c EG aVEG ,MVhh
.() OHCG
OHCG KK JQU jdG ILCG fE IjY GS e jQeh HCG gh
dh jdG Gg U fEG h ,fEG Y J dG IQdG gJh
U OHCG KK IQdG c EG aVEG ,UN IQf GSH EG TT Y QdG
q Ige
IQU J CG GHCG h ,Qh b fCc hJ LGdGh Te hJ IQdG a ,EG d
J CGh H jdG hCG GedG fJ dG IQda ,fEG Y fJ dG IQd ge
J IGh AdG Gg CG jhQGdG Yj g .FU e GAL J hCG AdG H Te
b adG OLG jdG CH gMCG cNCG dh ,aOH cG b dG b e IQdG
c , jdG YG RG Gg H a qdCGh H e GQdG LG CG aOe J
? dG e jG j AT Y GQdG J c ?G Gg hJ
f dG dc aOH dG e GJ bCG RL j CG G e qCG a PEG
,PCG EG dH AdG fh ,aOH Gg Gj CG G e fJ dG IQdGh
PCG EG Jh PCG GU SGH h JdG LG SH J LQG PCa
g jH J dGh NGdG PCG EG fh LG g jH gQhH J dGh SdG
ca ,QHEG AKCG j e j gh ,G EG J FHc GQTEG EG JdG LG
. e U EG FHdG GQTEG g jhCH j G OLG dG
CG CG ,AdG eCG g c dG eCG e qG CG CG gdG bG f AGLEG h
SMEG j Gg e ,LQG G dY AVdG fc e dG Y j G NGO
154

j hQg

J GcQhG S dG Y hG Gg h ,G SGH GUCG fCH

e RL SGH G NGO dG ie Sb d dh QdG AVV S hCG ,fS
. G NGO G dG CG cDG a NdG Sd SG Y
dH cj AdG a VhCGh QdG OCG Y d LddG eSG eh
ILCG EG.g`fCGh GUCG VhCG Y d dG GY e jQL ha d
d d SM fhdEG iNCG ILCGh SG G SG ILCGh dG J
gh YQdG dGh SG ADg c OLh e ZdHh .jQG hG d f iS
dG ILCa .jdG PCd JdG AdG LQO EG BG M UdG j eG LddG
jdG e Ad Ve QJ dG dG j CGh H cdG MCG b e YG
VdG jH a jdG PCG J dG dG eCG VdG e e LQO Ga hCG
hCG AVdG e AT g j Cc GHCG dG ILCG S J jdG PCa ,AdGh
fEG N e ah OLe eCG Ggh ,J hO g c dG SG j PEG, YG jRCG
PCGh dG bOh Vh LQH Fe CG c JU fEG U RL CG j h .BG Mh
Ca .VH f Y Jh dGh dG SM N J ic M g dh jdG
:fCG
?G dGh dH UG QdG Oj
GUCG EG j hCG dM e GdCG gGdG dG Gg gjh G NGO Lj dG e
? cdG QgdG FGQ j hCG IKDG fdG SG hCG QdG
EG gJ dGh PCGh fCG IOLG G AYCG e eOdG FHdG GQTEa
c IAGb jW Y G IQU EG FHdG IQTEG c Y j CG Ad h G
CG eCG GH J M g dh ,jG AdG hCG jG AjdG Y hCG AMCG Y
UN f G Lj fC ? G NGO j hCG ij hCG j dG GP e ,Qe CG gh
? G dG Gg Oj ,fCG hCG PCG hCG Y EG LG hO dGh dGh QHEG j
dG EG j hda ,G dG dG N dG hdG EG g e G dG Gg EG
CG M.dP e HCG g a d G EG j h j c PCG EG j h j c
jhQGdG j dd dG jG hCG YCG e G G EG Oj G dG Gg
. SCG g Y HLEG Y IOG g AT c UCG CG j jdG
155

IFdG CG

J G e e GS Ia , dG G g eCG e j CG fEG a
CG fEG a QdG jdG IQH GdCG gRCGh ,(OHCG KK ) H FdG QHEG
.dEG jh dG g Y jh jh HQ j

jOe IY
bJ ieh dG gGdGh dOCG e bJ ieh QdH UG jdG VSG d
ad QdG KCdG GfG c jCG VSGh ,dG YGdG e IG UCH G ga
TCG OLh J G QKBG jCG OLh GfGh jdG g dEG YJ dG QdG dBG
dG Y dG IQhV EG Uf dG Gd ,jQdG Y Id SdG G hCG dfG
Y iNCG jf fG c J CG Hh ,dGh dG YGb e be J dG jdH
jdG g AH Y Y QGUEG g dh .dG ce VQCG CG H YOG dGh jQdG
dG Y g fCH jd f CG jh eJ iOj dG gh dG GMCG LGh
. AdGh
,Y dG eQU IY gQYGh jdG d G H J j dGh
Jh YCG JG OG dH e H jOG SQG e Hf fCH gJ j G gh
.d MdG OG dG jhQGdG
Richard Lewontin fdO QjQ j c ,HdG H G g J fMCGh
jf Y SdG aGG e g h OQaQg eL j dGh G Y MdG TCG
: Y LQ K jOe f jh QdG
H WJQGh jOG dH G EG Ggh S H e ATCH eDfh ,jOH eDf f''
dG YGb dh .dG gdG jOe geh jOe GJ f j dG g
OjE jQG HCG d OhdG YO S g jOH G fEGh .,DhOeh
a e U U jOG dh ,Y LJ dG gGdG ad jOe GJ
69.''GMCG LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f CG GHCG
, AdG ADd jOG dH YCG JQGh FZhdG ie J dG g EG
OGG CH eDj dG Gdh , IOG Z AT g Lj fCG jdG g UCG IZ jh
aGQdGh ASCGh Qdc G GfCG e jG CG CG ,G OGG OLh S g G Z
156

j hQg

dG NGdG d Lf EG d fEG Mh Gh QgdGh QTCGh GGh QdGh

VQj OYG Gg CG bGdGh .YGdGh YdGh G c W eGY H IOG Y GC W
'' aGgC eN FGQBG Y aGj GdGRe jhQGdG CG EG , dGh dG YGb e e
.'' GMCG LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f CG GHCG
WdG G ij CG d H jOe Z f Lh e AMCG UCG b EG j fEG qc h
b e N CG d M Yh ge Ib KCH Lh b G FdG ac qEG ,dc
. a c d bh dG e AT c N dG jdG dG dG g dG Ggh ,d dN

157

IFdG CG

158

eGdG
66 U ,1964 , 4xxvi- -4 GdG ,()f aW IjL If ,Gde ce -1
.HdG LG -2
.1996 c :SG ,eS jG dGh dG dG ,BGdG QhL ,S EG Se -3
29-25 dG ,1964 ,hQe jh :Qjf ,dG c KEG ,jQc EG ,c fa -4
.70 U ,1964 , 4xxvi- -4 GdG ,()f aW IjL If ,Gde ce -5
32-23 dG ,1964 ,hQe jh :Qjf ,dG c KEG ,jQc EG ,c fa -6
.893 dG 6 IdG fjdG QG IFGO ''c'' -7
.772 dG 10 IdG fjdG QG IFGO ''HQT'' -8
.238 U 1971 :jec ,2-1 dG jQdG ,jaGdG OGh IG cG ddG Ia'' Gde ce -9
.129 U bdG WSCG Y ,ec jRL -10
.19 U ,176^1996 R ,Bilim ve utopya -11
.dGh Yd MCG QGO :SG ,cJ EG bGG ,RfeOEG fBG ,H jEG -12
.76-57 dG ,1964 ,hQe jh :Qjf ,dG c KEG ,jQc EG ,c fa -13
.1993 BG -R jQdGh QKBG Y ''EG Y'' -14
.76 U ,1964 ,hQe jh :Qjf ,dG c KEG ,jQc EG ,c fa -15
.74-73 dG HdG LG -16
.76-75 dG HdG LG -17
.833 U 1957 hCG fc 112 WdG aGG G ,''dG dG AMEGGE '' jGQ fjEG -18
.1992 T 5 ,J CG Sd '' IOG jQSEG jG ,QHhCG'' II he SeJ -19
.1980 aGQc c ,HdG IjG jQJ ,U c -20
.161 U ,1932 jT AHCG :Qjf ,HdG IjG ''G HdG'' Y :Arabia felix SeJ GJH -21
.1993 dG fc ,cG ,''QdG'' Gc dQf -22
.81 U 1981 ,fd ''Gh QdG'' ,hZ f -23
.72 U ,HdG LG -24
.1992 ,A4 He ,dG ,GRT TL -25
.HdG LG -26
.21 U ,1971 Sgh J ,HdG IjG L ,hO jH -27
.1993 dG fc ,Ca M' Interesse -28
.475 U ,5/1G ,aGZH Sebh ,aGZfEG ,aGL ,jQJ ,eSEG dG :eSEG YSG ''g'' -29
.37 U 1979 ,ce :d ,dG jQJ ,g a -30
.IdG fjdG QG IFGO ''OK'' -31
.22-21 dG ,1971 Sgh J ,HdG IjG L ,hO jH -32
.25 U -1997 ''ad dG WSCG'' CG UCG Y ,jeZ fjEG -33
.42 U ,hja He ,MCML d ,OCG b ,jeZ fjEG -34
EG Y ,575 U ,8 G ,''AS dGh hG'' h 481 U ,6 G ,jGOL YSe ,''e'' 4 U ,1992 Jg :d ,Od jQdG WCG ,fH jEG -35

159

IFdG CG
H aGO 68 dG ,1989 ,dhdG HG ,SA ,fd jQJ :jQH ,dG jQJ ,fGd L ;1995 AT ,144 bQ QNCd bdG G ,50 U 1983 BG -R 83 bQ
.32 U ,1974 Qjf ,Od jQdG WCG ,jQZ
www.plaguescape.com/a/plaguescape/2 -36

.15-14 dG ,14 G jOL YSe ''MCG dG'' 37

.33-32 dG ,1974 Qjf ,gOH OdG ,''jQZ H aGO'' -38
.268 U ,10 G ,aGZH Sebh ,aGZfEG ,aGL ,jQJ ,eSEG dG :eSEG YSG ,''CS'' -39
.739 U ,1903 dOa ,EG VQCG G ,eg -40
.339-323 dG ,7 G ,aGZH Sebh ,aGZfEG ,aGL ,jQJ ,eSEG dG :''eSEG YSG ,''QCe'' -41
.517 U ,Qjj fEG :SG ,4 S ,BGdG J ,OhOG -42
.207 U ,1964 ,hQe jh :Qjf ,dG c KEG ,jQc EG ,c fa -43
.43 U ,dG EG jad jG ddG -44
24-23 dG jEG ,GQH Se -45
.108-104 dG ,ddG G ,GQe GHhCG ,Se -46
.CG jQJ ,dG -47
.eCG -48
.RGdG jdG a -49
.dGh dG ,dG ,hdG VdG J e -50
.dG UCGh jQdGh SSW ,RhfcCG MCG -51
. 2 U1977

Marcel Dekker :Qjf ,IG UCGh jG QdG the Origin of life Molecular Evolution and RGO Sc Klaus Dose

. 196U IQe W1953 ahO Ye ,Qjf1936,IG UCG

,ca S Sidney Fox-52

Origin of life ,jQHhG.CG. QdG Alexander I.Oparin-53

G ,jeCG jG AGfCG L Y IQOU ILe If ,IGh dG G dG QJ Y jL dO New Evidence on evolution of early atmosphere and life-54
. 1220-1328 U 1982 af 63
. 40U1998

Moleculer Evolution of life :Current status of the prebiotic sythesis of small Molecules,e fS Stanley miller-55

. 40U 1998 jGa

Earth VQCG , GOH L Jeffrey Bada-56

. 189 U1964 OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ-57

.184 U1964 OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ-58
. 1988 bKG G fe: fH ? UCG Origins .KffGQ.L.H B.G.Ranganathan -59
. 179 U1964 OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ -60
. 133 U1976 87 G fjdG LdG G V jG S c The Nature of the fossil record ,LBG.CG.jjO
. 197U 1982 fH Ye :Qjf,JEG b dG ,Ja.L.SZhO

Derek A.Ager -61

Douglas J.Futuyma -62

,Charles E.Oxnard ,94-75U1970 HJ GQe Qjf ,LdG dG N e Beyond the Ivory tower eNGR dS Solly Zuckerman -63

258 '' d Fe VQCG: fEd QdG dG H dGShCG be ''

. 289 U
. 1992 jO jeCG dG G, IG jhQGO S: je fQCG Darwin's Current bulldog: Ernest Mayr ,jQ L J.Rennie -64
D.Leakey.,221U1970 J.B.Lipincott cT :Qjf hCG dG , FjdG LHdfCG , A.J.kelso ,1103U 1980 207 OdG dG , Alan Walker

-65

. 272 U 1971 jc eL He : jc 3 OdG cQc GjdhCG

. 1996 af -66
. 20U 1976 85 OdG dG jQdG
. 19U1970 HJ GQe :Qjf ,LdG dG N e

Natural History :dc..S S.J.Gould -67

Beyond The Ivory Tower , Solly Zuckerman -68

. 28 U1997 jj9 d Qjf dO '' IjdG HG dG The demon-haunted world '' , jd OQjQ

160

Richard Lewontin -69