MUC IZELER ZINCIRI ARAP2 pdf

17/11/02

14:12

Page 1

MUC IZELER ZINCIRI ARAP2 pdf

17/11/02

14:12

Page 3

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ARATIRMA
YAYINCILIK
Merkez Mahallesi, Cumhuriyet Caddesi,
Alimanolu Merkezi, No: 40 Zemin Kat
Gneli / stanbul - Turkey
Tel: (+90 212) 511 72 30

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KELEBEK MATBAACILIK
stanbul / Turkey
Tel: +90 212 6124835

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Y J dG g dG E a WC G H j dG e IU LLR Ic H UGC cc GC Va d
. c dGC 78 H Y QSdG G dG j FY ,Ge 280 ae

aG g J dch ,VQCG cc Y Id jQhV eY J dHh IKDG

UCG aG g fc dh ,GTe GKCJ caCGh cGdG bH Y GKDe eY UdG
GMEG EG dP iOCG dHh G dG c H IOLG FdG G ib KC b
dh ,IQGG c hJ EG M ODS fc G gh ,cGdG aCG N
cGc Cf h bdG dG e G OG d b cCG aG g fc
f dc T Y Ad Feh de dG fdG aG Jh .VQCG e
. dEG
Hc jG AdG FNCG Michael Denton jO je QahdG jh
Nature's Destiny: dG e''

23

25

GC H b dG jh q dG GLC G qGE
.aGh OHC G aGC g H IOLG OHG
aG e ff hGC IOjR J GC h
GE M OD j J jhdG GLE G H UdG
. Y IG Ad Fe cc QX dSG

J dG ac H bdG dG H UdG aG EG
e 30 `H d Sc QJ aG a ,GL SM b
b bCG J CH aG g J dh ,J H e
b cCG fc dh ,Ie Z cGdG GQGe UC
e (af HS ) IG dG b e G IOG fd
e T Y J e j LQd jd Gc J
e d Id Feh U fc jf c Ea .dEG f dG
Prof. Michael Denton
.e IJh YQfG IG dG QGSG QhdG
g EGh ,dG H UdG G ad IO J GQfG g qGC Y
.(12) TG gKCJ SQh a IOLe IOGh IdG aG
24

T dG AdG VQC G J dG G qGE

da ,eQ MS eQ IQP J dG H
. gQj GC dG d LQO GE ST

aG g Y a prof. George Greenstein jfc QL QahdG eCG

:Fb ''The Symbiotic Universe adG dG'' Hc SdG
FjdG gG W a EG j a BG Y g bCG dG UCG GPEG
jhdG GLCG h dG jQG FjdG dG J CG j a ,dG
dG OY CG GY a J CG a Y IH f e J EG of dh ,iNCG
NBG ba g CG VCG CG OhCG GY .cCG j YCG Y e fh gGf dG
SdG aG a dG g Y If j}e{ fEG OLh dSG gh j
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J AdG IOLG dG aGh ZGdG CH Gg S jjc Vjh
25

G```G ```S

g Ea iNCG Mf eh .fEG I Fe H FjdG GG eCJ FQ eY

.AdG HdG bdG jhdG GLCH VQCG JQG hO SGdG dG ZGdG
VGeh gOHCG AJ dG jhdG GLCG jRJh QfG jW CG dG eh
f J H FGY IQH hCG WYG CJ ZGdG g CGh QGSG h fEG IM e
N VQCGh GhdG CH IjY jBG Lh Y dG jh ,e jZ LCG e N d
:e M LCG e
| n p n rdG n r s dG r n r U an l n pJB nd n Yn s dG sGE p hn u n rd pH sGE p n o n r Hn en hn n VQr nC G hn pGhn n s dG n r nNn en hn }
(85/G)
| no nr jn nd r go n ncr GnC s p ndhn u n rdpH sdGE p n go n r nNn en
n pYp nd n o n r Hn en hn n VQr nC rdG hn pGhn n s dG n r nNn en hn }
(39 -38/ NdG)

26

HdG d G dG
e S H dG H cGe dG dG Gg jh ,IG SSCG HdG j
YdG g dh ,JGP q M Ie KhM j dGh UG FdG YdG
fCH YdG g Y fh ,UCG IG Lh h Hc SG Y Lh jRYEG
QNh dCG QNh jOYG Zh UN hXh hT EG fC jRYEG
G Gg f fYOh .MGh BG h e hdG J c aJ jh ,MG
.QG
hCG Ma ,G YdG e Me Y dG if HdG Y j
fJhH 4 JQP IGf fG Y OG Gg e d g JQP OG J
j jdG IQH dK g IQP J eYh .''jH''`H dG Gg Yjh fhQJf4h
MG e dG jdGh .fhJf6h fJhH6 JQP IGf dG HdG Y
jdG UGN a a ,cc Fc c OLG jdG Y j hCG
jdG eCG ,GFGR fhJf JQP CG fLd Qhq dG hG VQCG Y OLG
G M Yjh ,VQCG e Y a bdG AGG dG NGO G
QGSG Y a GW Gd AjdG AY M dG G dG eCG ,''q dG''`H FdG
j fCG LQd c Gg QGSG Yh ,bdG AGG dG NGO G dG Gg
!( fJ H a fK 0^000000000000001 H CG )fdG e15- Ib10 * 1 N
edG qEG ? HdG Y EG GL dG dG Gg e j c dh
IQdG g hb CG gh ,dG IQP g HdG EG dG Gg jd FdG
M GUG e aOe IY CG G e gh ,G e dH ?aOe
dK M JCj fK15- Ib10 * 1 QJ Ib IH dfG bh dG H AH
H Vjh ,dG Gg e dSG cCG eCG EG H ?jL AH j h dEG d
:JCj c G eCG Gg jO
Ic H Lj cc Y Id SSCG G j dG HdG Y EG
bdG dG cGe HdG jh .X aOe j Gg OLh EGh dG

27

G```G ```S

dh .GL SMh Ib Ia dG e GQP d e OG f

e GP YdG j CG LCh jd GQOf GeCG KG GQdG g if GUG
iH J bd e j EG j dG h SG dG aJ j ah
UGN H J YdG j iG Gg Yh Resonance. fdG
fdG iG GH J dG IQP c J IdG aOGh .(@ ) efGdG
Gd e Fe dG IQd bdG ie qGE K YdG Gd FGh bdG e G
.(14) VdG Gd N Cc YdG
H e Y e L GHG aOH gJ dG gG FG g qEG
hCG G G e J GSH gH j YCG fEG jOH eDj dGh jO
RJh .GMCG e M CH aOe J CG FG g CG Y XG aOG
dG
q jCGH dh d MTh Y CH gBGQh dG Gg eCG gOHCG aH IG
.G QfEG LCG e aOG hCG G e e HH gjEG Ge
YJh dH Ie gh ''G ddG '' IG dG IgX a
fQ d fQ GSH dG JQP OG Jh ,''hOG fdG'' :`H Fc
j NBG fQ d dG e dK IQP fK 15- Ib 10*1 N dEG jh hOe
QL d jh .jOdG hdG JH CG IgdG gh ,HdG Y
:Fb hOG fdG dG IQdG Fa dG jjc
fQh (HdG ,jdG ,dG) OGe K e dG g
g if Y JG c a HdG eh ,Gc aNG dG H Y
H dG ddG H iNCG jhdG YdG EGh... G GQdG
d h... IQOdG G aOG e dG
q Hh HS gfcP dG YdG
IQdGh LGQdG e c H G fdG e GfCG IY cH c dG J
Gg c dG H Y G LCG g H ZJ CG OLh a.MdGh
OLh Y e dG IG GfCG e f c OLhh fOLhh JM EG ?NEG
.(15) gGh QG HdG P dG ZdGh fGh dG Gg
''IQY J dGh jjc e Oq e Y bS dG dG Ea j e h

28

HdG IQP J dG jhdG YdG GC

bdG dG b

1
dG dG e JQP J HdG IQP J LCG e -1
HQCG GP jdG IQP J M fJQH e c
.fJhH
J d dG e iNCG IQP e jdG IQP J K -2
.fJhH dG GP Hc IQP

2
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.fdG e

cc f IQH Lj dG HdG qGE

Y G g a hGC SGC T Yh
g QfG Yh bdG dG b j
dG ALQGC ac ghD GLGC J dG
a IG cGdGh dG d dG
MGh VQC G cch AGLC G g e f
. e

j c g g IG dh
H J dG jdG IQd
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dG e iNCG IQP e J CG
?bdG Gg e bCG bh
KOG g CG AdG jh-3
.GL bQN KOM

G FdG LGC J dG jdG OGG ja ,G FdG L cJ SSC G dG HdG j

dM eLGC IOLG HdG GQP GC gGh .HdG IQd ce GE g e GQgHdGh gdGh Jhdc
g QfG f dG fGh bdG dG b C f dG HdG GQd jH GE g e QdG d JAGb AKGC
.dG GQe b dG

Evrenin Yaratlndaki Mucize rnekleri

31

G```G ```S

j eeCG gOHCG aH Ie q e ZdH ,''jOdG Zh XG aOG e S

j bdG dG NGO HdG J CG a ,U jCH dG dG EG GJ
hCG FJ dM Ea MdGh IQdGh LGQq dG H GL eh Y e fQ OLh
j L OG dH eGdG dh ,jd e eCG jjc QJ ah aOe
.''G Ie'' J SG
eCG OLh f cCG e UdG bH J cG MdG GdG h
Hc gcPh G g cG dG g jg ja dGh ,IOd bQG fdG g
MG GfG GqcDe ''Galaxies,Nuclei and Quasars GQGRGdGh jdGh GG''
ee dG Oe fc e ZdHh ,Fa jYh bH fd dG g aOG
jH Y g cG dG '' hOG fdG '' CG Y jdG YPCG fCG qGE a
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:d NBG e cjh
a dG UG hdG efG SGH cCG hCG Hc fEG OQCG d
IOLG f jGh jG g Y LGdG jGh ,LfEG N hCG je J
.dG dM
AjdG e e bQN Y Ib dg CG EG Uf Y FG g Hh
,dG j e d bY Z ib Y jd e h AMCG Yh AdGh
ge FM e EG OCG SdGh HCG f dEG UdG dG bQCG CGh
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IG H jNBG AdG bEG Y j L Xe GKCJ IG H Hg KCJ
: Fb
NCG d :ddG dG Y j CG d dG gGdG g j Y q GC qEG
jhdG AjdG fGb qC H dG EG a QYG H dG cGe UG FdG
.(18) e g EG eJ g h Oe H Vh

32

VQC G HPL Id SG SG
IdG ''h ''HPG Ib '' gh Id
q ge HQCG EG dG AjdG fGb J
''dG IdG '' hCG ''idG jhdG IdG '' h ''dG jq hdG IdG
q '' h '' WehdG
OLhh G dG T Oq M dG g HQCG idG g H OLG fGh SqdGh
Ib g GTe GKCJ dG Y IKDG idG g gCGh .a IG OLd eAe ieh

GE dG QK SH a J HPG Ib GC j Jf ch .dG IKD G idG gGC e HPG J

.caGC cGdG dG edG IdG g H SC G
33

g fc dh. AdG HS fGh d dG L e VQC G f Y g bGC HPG Ib fc d

. dG b e VQC G H Y g cGC IdG

qEG H a WS AKCG gQTCG dG QK Y qKD J IdG g CG Jf KCGh ,HPG

Y a jjEG eq GC ,Y e GQGe cGdG cM S g IdG
q g
G h .AGOS K EG dh bdG dG QfG c he YCG IH IdG g
,dG O cM Y J dG g h ,dG IKDG FdG idG e IdG g J
.a f dG dG d Se HK b IdG dh
UCh bCG Ia N dG dG d BG Y cCG IdG g fc dh

34

j hQg

Z LQO EG e dG g Jh ,T e Ie (1^4 (`H cCG fc UCG

IGh ,d HdG cGdG Y IG ICd SG hdG aJ dSG EG jODe Ie
.dG T H OLH qEG CJ
dG IOLG bdG dG dd BG g cCG HPG Ib fc d dc
L q GC CG LQO EG Ic IdG cGd HPG UCh V AGOS K EG
.dH eb Y bdG j IG e cCG
dG dG UC BG Y g bCG IdG g fc d iNCG Mf eh
S c eh ,dG T M e(0^8)gcCG M Rhj G IU
eRqdGh dG OG qCG qGE d HdG cGdG Y IG ICd ac dG g TEGh
EG J jG eh dG OG g C ,dG AdG d J Id
jdG Y U a J dG g bdG dG gh .bdG dG cGe
cGdG d jQhV UdG gh .AdG ALQCG gJh iNCG dG UdGh
.a IG AfEGh Jh
IG Y S KDJ HPG Id HdG dG W c dh J q GC qCG J q jh
fc dh ,dG SG AT g c Gc dG Gg c dh, JCf hO dHh
IdG g b dh SdH GC j CG b f Y dG f IdG g IOjR CG g
.I CG hCG CG dG J c H
,G MG g e CG Y j Ga H cc Y f fh eCG
c Y QOdGh VQCGh GhdG Wa da ,HK bO Ge ah N dG AT a
,fRGGh JG GG e S e dCG IQdG H dG N dG g AT
r pe i n nJ r gn n nn rdG r Lp Qr an mho n nJ r pe pn Mr s dGp rNn pa i n nJ en bk n Wp mGhn n n S n r n S n nNn p sdG}
|l p Mn n go hn k p S Nn o n n rdG
n r ndGE p
r p n jn p r nJs cn n nn rdG r Lp Qr G s oK Qm o ao
(4-2/G )

35

G fdG idG H G RGdG

Y IKDG idG Y J dGh HPG Ib H iNCG idG dhJ Y
EGh Gq L bO jOY b e c h H a bO fRGJ g qGC fdG fGdG
. OhG HCG
WehdG G Ib
YJ d e CG FH OGe e dCj M Z hCG q M AT q c qEa f c
M QhJ fhdEG eh fhJfh fJhH Y jhM IGf e qdC Jh ,''GQdG''`H
a ,IQdG f dG g IGdG IOLG fJhdG OYh ,e GQGe V IGdG
jhe c dh LhQdH YJ IQdG g Ea 1 `d jhe JhdG OY c d G S
j AdG fh ,jH YJ IQdG Ea 26`d jhe c dh dH IQdG Ya 2`d

fhdE Gh fJhdG JJ
G IH IQdG
. WehdG

36

j hQg

SG GC H e J GC GQdG YSG Y g cGC hGC bGC WehdG G Ib fc d

. Id jQhV jL OLh

eq GC dG Le j IQdG IGf OLG JhdGh .FdG UdG bdEG dH

FHdG dG OdG Gg e C jh ,dS a IGdG M HdG fhdEG
dG PdG Ibh ,e QGe IGdG M hdEG GQhO EG ODj G H P
G IH YJ hdEH UG dG Y JhdH UG dG NG e C J
dG UGhCG Yf O dG g fhdEG a QhJ dG GQGGh ,WehdG
J dG IdG g fc a .Y J dG qFdG jG Yfh gAfEG dG j
fhdEG e b OY g UC Y g bCG dG IKDe ib HQCG iMEG
IGf YSG Y g cCG fc d qeGC ,e GQGe IGdG M GQhdG j
dG c h .dM IOLG GQGG GQqdG e gZ GTEG hCG UGhCG J IQdG
.IG ICd jq QhdGh eRqdG jG OLh dSG j Gg qEa

37

G```G ```S

. jhdG idG KC J ed e aGC LhQdG hGC jhdG dG J

dG jhdG IdG
fcP ch ,IQdG IGf fhJdGh JhdG dG IdG Y IQY gh
Ea FHdG G fGb Mh ,Le T GP JhdG qEa HdG QdG
q
,NBG gMCG j hdEGh JhdG qGC CG ,aJ HGh PJ G dG
if eh ,NBG hdEG e aj hdEGh ,NBG JhH e aa JhdG eCG
g aJ CG dGh ,dG H e IjY fJhH OLH J UdG GQP
q dh ,IdG adG Ib KCHh IH a H Y J CGh H e fJhdG

38

j hQg

qC Ie IQHh IGdG H e IOLe fJhdG g Ea e dP Z UG

IQhe fJhdG c eEG Jh H WehdG adG Ib e cCG Ib g
IKDG HQCG idG H e YCG J IdG gh, dG jhdG IdH YJh H e
dG bd GQe Jh ,LhQdGh jQdG HdG QfG Y Jge h , dG
ah eOb S GQe 5 EG bdG g dJ dGReh S Qe 4^5 e dG dJ
G jOdG dG iMEG J dG IdG d jOdG dGh ,jLCG dG HG
Y C f jOdG dG g W c eh ff hCG IOjR J CG M dh ,dG
ac J FY Se J M dh ,IG ICd SSCG IOG j dG HdG SG
dG GVGh Va Y j q dG RGdG NG jh FjdG fGdG
.G dG
Ggh WehdG G Ibh dG jhdG IdG H GL SM SJ g
UCG jhdG IdG fc dh ,Ieh Se IQdG IGf j dG g SG SdG
dG H Y Ie adh IGdG QhJ CG JhdG YSG Y g b
JhH e cCG IQP J Sh ,WehdG fGdG M IH a
. d dG FdG dG g LhQdG j FY ,JGf

IKD e Ib cGC jhdG IdG J

HJ dG gh dG
e fhJdGh fJhdG
.IQdG IGf

39

G```G ```S

J S FHdG G Id dH Y g b cCG jhdG IdG fc dh

g fJhdG C dG LhQdG J j CG GMGh fJhH IQP
J j CG jhdG G Ib d GQdG if dG H e QhdG Y dG
J d VhCG Hh .dG LhQdG J j CG .MGh JhH GP GQP
bdG dGh dG fJ dH dG jOdG b dG IKDG idG
.(19) UCG IG Lh h GQdGh cGdGh

idG jhdG IdG

b d IQdG L dG dG IdG qGE

gQhO d dG H Nh Fa SM GP
. dG Af

dG IKDG idG e IdG g J

IdG gh ,GL bOh HK jOY b h
dG Jh IQdG L H IOLe
Y e f CG d h IOd YTEG
OLG hJdG H YTEG dG Gg
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. Oe
hJdG CG G Gg N e d jh
f QP L EG g e IQdG IGf OLG
,Oe hJfh hdEG h JhH OG e
EG ODJ dG IdG g idG jhdG IdGh
dG KdG G EG hJdG fG
T Y IOLe IdG g q dh ,e J
Gg fRGJ g CG LQd hReh SM
IdG g b fc d h .YTEG q dG
fhJdG qd Y g b cCG
dG UC CG ,a gOLh Qfh dG

40

j hQg

dG h ,JQP IGf fhJf j dG Gg C dG QfG e dG GQOf

H OLdG UdG NCG fCG dG Y hGh .IH OLh S c fCG
AKCG dG L dG UdG J j dG dG fG GPEGh ,LhQdG
,dG GQP if Y GC J dG jhdG YdG f dG cGe NGO YdG
EG ODj dG GfG CG CG iNCG UdG fE N IOe j dG CG j Ggh
.jQGSG h IG ICd eRqdG UdG GfG
dd
q Y g b UCG idG jhdG IdG b fc d iNCG Mf eh
dG UdG c OGdh dG GQP EG dG Qfd MG LhQdG GQq P
.IG Af dSG EG M ODJ IOjdG gh ,qjOY Z IOjR dG cGe
g KCJ j edG Ggh IdG g b SM ie Y KDj NBG eY gh
Gc GQhO J dG G g GjJda ,''jJdG''`H Yj Qq P Lo Y IdG
.dG AdG EG bdG dG cGe fG h Id eRqdG h dG UdG aO
.dG jJdG L Y KDJ dG IMdG IdG g idG jhdG IdG Jh
jM cCG GjJdG L UC Y g b UCG IdG g fc d jCGh
e J CG J G g CG j Ggh ,AT CG L IH KCJ CG hO cG
aO S dHh dG d LQG dH KCJ CG hO bdG q dG L Ib
dG cGe d Y g cCG IdG g fc dh .e AdG EG dG UdG
.AdG EG fG dG UdG WEG HU EG ODj Ggh GM hO a Hb
IOh e b dG IKDGh SSCG AjdG fGb CG jO H Vjh
G dG Lh j dG g W J CG M GPEG h ,fEG IM FJh Sd
:Fb UGj h ,Xe GJ
FdG KHCG fEG SG qch ... dG Gg gd c f fLh h
CH fEG dEG UJ e NBGh ,fEG dH jJ Ie Gk QeCG cG
Id Ie LQd hReh bO H Oj dG CG j dG QfG
.(20) YEGh

41

G```G ```S

g cG e hCq Gh ,dG Q`fG M Y qjb dO fdG TCG Jh

fQBG jh 1965 S Hf IFL Y UG SjHfQBGh jh HhQ g TCG
:d bQG dGh dG Gg Ve
q SjH
Y j dG dG ,dG e N c EG ,jOY Z QeCG EG fOj dG Y qEG
g d dG H Lh dG qGC CG ,IG ICd S J jd bO jRGe
.(21) jdG
dG qGE '' edc eL jdG AjdG PSCG hSL HhQ QahdG jh
dG e Y OGh fEG d SG G g dGh FjdG EG dH
jCGH dG g Jh }fEG CGG {''`H Yj jdG Ggh ,jd V Gj Vjq dG
.(22) '' VZ jG dG dEG UJ dG FdG cCG e
b K Mf e IKDG fdG idG CH HdG QdG
q VhCG e ch
G d J fCG d j gG bq dG H dG H e fRGJh SJh
fc e f CG fh. ''IG'' g d MdG dG EGh aOG c GSH
EG 2 hCG 100 EG 1 H M J h FGO HK Ff EG ODJ dG SdG AGLEH Ie
OLh hCG fEG OLh b M J f g bdG jRGG g CG EG aVEG ,100
Ggh ,fJ IG e eS e j Ggh b hCG J CG J h IG
H h jd bO jRGe EG eh C e HdG
q AdG VhCG c dG CG j
j Gh RGG dG Gg LhCG dG g aOG qCH AYOq Gh .jd eh e
e d H Gh hRGh RGG dG Gg qCG Gh .M Gh dG YGd ae
. dG Gd QGh WdGh dG g Jh fS dGh ,ge IQb P dN

42

JhdGh hdE G H G fG
FHdG dG H fG
cCG c Jhda ,Gh dG Mf e hdEG e cCG JhdG qEG
H fQc j eCG Ea H jOe fQe jLCG d h ,hdEG c e Ie1836`H
. JhdGh hdEG H HJ CG dg d fCG dG h ,dG Mh fEG
e dG f fCG qGE HJ Y e Zq dH G jg CG jdGh
fCH dG J dch ,djNCGh Le dG iMEG dh FHdG dG
bG CG g jdGh ,dG dOe IQdG J dG
q Gdh ,IdG
q Mf e jhe
j CG bG H jhe j KDe CG Lj h ae Z dG J CG
c GPe iJ j :Cj FS
q Qh ,c e UCG fd JhdG e T VCG hdEG
? JhdG e FHc ae Z hdEG c d S

fhdE Gh fJhdG GE
c GP IQdG J dG
No fGC qGE Ic IQH
IQHh dG e dG H
GL e HdG Ggh jRYGE
. dG RGdG Y G

43

G```G ```S

JhdG OLh f dG Le dG GQdG L J CG G GG

eCG Gg c dh .H e Iae GQdG L J CG EG ODj Ggh ,dG LG
H e GQdG aJ d iJ j S c GPe ? dG T j GPe UM
? dG
,eLCG S dG GdG e GC dh ,dP e gOCG H OY Z g e j
dG GH dG jjCG g dG H e GQqdG aJ j J hCa
dGh SCGdG h dGh
q Gh QPCG H a jCG dh ,HQEG HQEG Fa b
dG adG Mh ,IMGh ATCGh AGLCG EG S G qEa RjEHh ,SCGh
IOLG cGdG dc h QH h L e ,IadG e gf dG dG H a
gH h ,IMGh TJ dG jhdG
q GLCG L h dG YG
e q Y IQY jdG dG jh ,IOG dH jDhQ Oe L CG j CG
.dG ALQCG ac Va hCG FGY e dG H e IaG GQdG
c JhdGh hdEG T dG f g e :f j dG NBG GDdGh
KQdG g h S j100 EG1 H q dG qEG g ? edG VdG g e
dG '' Hc jjc QL QahdG jh?1000 EG1 g eRdG dG CG ?
:OdG Gg '' adG
d ac d AL H100 e AL H FHc T H hJ M d
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q fJhdG g e J eh fJhdG e OdG f OLh AfEH IOG fJhdG

44

j hQg

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dG HG G H aJ M EG ODJ fJhdG hCG fhdEG OY
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45

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46

j hQg

.(24) Gc AGQh H H QUCG e OdG Gg EG UdG dG

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. U dGC eeGC h MGh bdG ha

47

LhQ jdG QahdG b

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52

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53

G```G ```S

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.IG g QGSGh

54

dG Yd bq dG jRGG
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55

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56

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57

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62

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63

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64

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65

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66

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q Y VQCG H e eGa PEG
e IQH KDJ qc VQCG S J dG jQJ OLhh e LQH QG
.fEG I FGh IQGd G OhG K Yh VQCd QGG RGdG Y
bH h e dG Y VQCG H CG H GYG jj e H g
g CG G eh .dG e UCG hCG cCG dG LJ '':da Ic
cdG Ea dG e cCG dG g fc Ea .H UG dG JY dG
Y VQCG ae e cCG a ( T Y CG )dG dP Y J CG j Id FG
Gg L EaMBG Y M Qhj JH H cc g c EG a .dG
''e cc e Id Feh aGO j cdG
SdG M fC :gh e Mf e U Z HdG dG Lh qEG
QhO j FQh GKDe eY g C .e IQOdG TEG Yf Hh c H OLG
IQGM LQO EG aVEG G dG c g edG Ggh CG e IQOdG TEG Le
Fe GAVh dG a YTEG J a ,c e jOW SJ dG S
c fc a jJ je LQO 6000 S IQGM LQO c f AGG TCGh
.YCG S IQGM LQO fd Y g cCG dG
Y OGOJh S e IQOdG YTEd bdG je JJ dG g h
qC H SG EG fOj dG Ggh .G KCH j dGh dG a Ad TEG
IG ICdh .T d HQe c d j CG j Y IG ICd FG q dG
Y VQCG H QH T Y H GP j CG j dG Gd HdG cGdG MCG
j CG hCG QRCG hCG Y MCG EG HJ cc q GC Ea NBG Hh ,dG
dG MdG da ,Id We j CG d dG M e T Y GgX aNG
HJ cc CG Y IG ICd G dGh ,H dG
q g IG Ad We QYG

67

G```G ```S

.dG Y VQCG H g dG Gg
JQGeh H dG Mf e H j eh dGh VQCG CG f J e H
hdG C J c dEG jdH H j AT ch AdGh QOdG TEGh eh
h iNCG UJ gh .Ie H UdG aG QYG h ,fEG I FG
eRdGh WG jG Y h IOLe ch dGh VQCG H bd BH
.dH fEG dG Yj CG GG e Y J gh fEG I
dG
q g aOG CG IH dG a ,aOe C j CG d dG Gg e ATh
dG SG bGe NCdh jhdG GLCG d bdG Z GQdG J c
Wb dO EG d fdG FG gh .IG ICd SG hdG aCG Y dh
Yj e G cdG jBG h .a c Ad j a G Y Lh Y dG IQb Y
CG EG Yj e h GhdGh VQCG IOLG dG jBG HdGh dG EG fEG
:J b. dG g Y jh j
n r sdG p rjo p T r n rdG nYn i n n r SG s oKm js GnC ps p S pa n VQr nC rdG hn pGhn n s dG n nNn p sdG o sdG r oHs Qn sGE p }

t Qn o sdG n Qn n nJ o er nC rdG hn o rn rdG o nd ndGnC pp er nC pH mGn s n eo n o t dG hn n n n rdGhn n r s dGhn kpMn o o or jn Qn n s dG

(54/ GYCG ) |p ndn rdG
rGE p hn o o o rdnC n S en u co r pe r co nJGB hn Qn n s dG hn n r sdG r ond n s nS hn p r n pFGOn n n n rdG hn n r s dG r ond n s nS hn }
(34-33/gGHEG ) |Q s cn l on nd n n fE p rdG sGE p gn or oJ nd psdG n n r pf Gh t o nJ

68

G d dG dG
e j G Ga .Id Fe de N fH j VQCd G dG EG
HdG chCG K e bdG GRdG e %1h chCG %21h Lhf % 77
Ga ,dH chCG gh GRdG g gG H GC dh .iNCG GRZh cQCGh
AGLEG fEG SCGQ Yh G FdG LCG b e j fC GL q e RdG
Y fh chCd FGO LM f dG Gdh ,bdG fE FdG YdG
Y j f dG chCG f RGJ OLh g g gGh .dG jW Y
Michael Denton: jO je j OdG Gg h ,GL SM SCG
Fe j CGh chCG e YCG f Y G aZ j CG G e g
dG dG fh ,GL a Y chCG qC , dH ? fEG d
g OGR a ,gRh dGh fEG I dG dG g %21`dG CG G
.(34) %70 H YGdH HdG TG MG OGd FH GMGh dG
a jG AdG FNGh
jdG James Lovelock a L eCG
q
: Fb SG RGdG Gg UH
FGSG HdG ac FGG T %25 Y chCG f OGR d
eCG ... fEd AGdG T FdG G J dG JdG ac H dG dGh
.(35) IFdG Hh G M H bO RGJ SGH X a chCd dG dG
J fGa ,dG JQhO SGH j chCd bdG RGdG Gg qEG
fC ce cS a JdG eCG ,adG AKCG HdG chCG K Jh FGO IQH
g Jh ,AGdG Id QhdG chCG Jh HdG chCG K J
. AGdG EG ej chCG e WCG GQe WEH JdG
Y cc VQCG UC jG ddG f JdGh fGG fc d
GP G dG UC chCG J G FdG g fc d NBG h ,IG
EG cc j jdG h ,Ic FGM T IQGT Jh TG Y Fa UN

69

j hQg

K e RdG Gg J G FdG g fc d NBG fL eh ,GdG e b

SQ e ZdH AMCd fN Ib gH H G dG UC HdG chCG
C j dP c CG EG .AMCd YG G j jdG h jG dG Xd
dG HdG f Y chCG aj ddh G AT c N jdG dG dG
EG '' : b J Mh cdG Gg Y IG QGS dG dG J dGh G
.'' IQG Hh IFdG H Ua GM dG g
jd SM
q fRGJ fRGe H IOLG GRdG e N fCH G dG j
fEH QdGh HdG chCG K f M ,FG dGh dH Lj RZ a
S e G dG YTEG LQ e Gc GQhO j RdG Ga ,GL e
HK J G dG fe qEG .VQCd QGG RGdG LQG AdG EG VQCG
L VQCG dGh jQdG KOG GdG Wh jG WdG f
hdG aj QGSG Ggh dG BG e Ge GRe RGdG Gg qEG .VQCG AfCG
fS dG b e Lh fCG Y dO J dG gGdG g EGh ,AMCd FG
. Jh
HdG IQGM LQO j dG g G dG HdG chCG K OLh qEG
e L EG ODj G RdG Gg f VfG CG j Ggh ,je LQO 35 OhM
G CG CG .je LQO(21- ) H je LQO( 14) d VQCG cd IQGG LQO
. VQCG Lh Y e IG Jh S QdGh

Y g H cGC G dG chC G RZ f fc d
IU IQGT C .Y dG h j Y GE cc d
. QdG e T GE cc GL V FGM TE J

71

S IQGM Y aG Y dP e d Y g bGC G dG HdG chGC K RZ f fc d

. Id Fe Z cc j dHh Ie e GE a T Gh QdG ddh VQC G
72

AG`dG a`c
G adH dG Gg c gh G dG OLG RGd iNCG Ie g
ach }dG S i{ FR e760 Oj G dG CG ha .d FG
50 Oa dG i AGdG HfG eCG ,dG GMGh eGZ OJ iG f AGdG
I jQhVh W FM H bQCG O d IOQGdG dG g qGE .AG HfG V
dM IOLG IG FG H j CG j AMCG J dG AGdG C fEG
.(36) dG ... G dGh HfGh adG QGe e
J AGdG eheh ,dG AKCG '' AGdG ehe '' Y d e bW J FdG EG
ehG g CG qGE ,cG dM e j CG hj KDe CG V AGdG jj dG fG
CG FdG J dG Gdh ,G d IGh iNCG FG f jd IU
Y HU OGOR b ehG g OGR dh ,LQN Jh NGdG EG AGdG J
dH AG S SGH f W H FdG Y VJ h ,dG AKCG FdG
PEG . e HfG bCGh AG e ac cCG da ,NGO EG dG S dG e dh
dG Y e j HfGh dGh adc G dG FN J q CG Ea
Sf CG f g :Cj FS
q Qh .W M NGO dG S UG Hdc
Z DhdG Gg qGE ? Fd dG GdG SJ CG iNCG IQHh dG G b e
Ic Me J dGh jdG dG GdG Y j SdG Gg e C e
CG CG ,d chCG e eRdG dG Y G FdG Jh ,FdG
EGh , e OhM b CG j dGh HfGh adc AGd IG FG
. IOGh G dG GP FG g j f dG AGdG
: OdG Gg jO je QahdG jh
dG HU e OGRh AGdG ehe OGd Y g cCG AGdG ac fc d
dM JOLG FdG SGH Id cCG e jQhdG dG Y Gh
MG H fQe jLCG dh... d RL J Sh G FdG LCG
73

G```G ```S

H cGC G dG HfGh ac fc d
h ,jd U dG Y UC Y g
SGH dG e c S HH FY J
. W M

b Y MH a chCG d G MGh G dG d G
Jh ,OGYCG N Y jd V h GM fLd fEG I Se e jOY
G dG cG eh dG OhG g V FG JG hdG L
.(37) jd ge GeCG j Ggh OhG g V IG F
ac S J H a AMCG d Fe d G d SG jG g EG
G dG fG dh ,(AG e Ic f Y jhM G ) bQRCG cc cc Ad
VQCG AS S FGdG QdG Gg EGh ,IdG FG G e dG OGd Je
G dG OGR d eCG ,VQCG IQGM LQO aQ EG ODS CG LLdG dG Y jh

74

j hQg

e dh G QdG f dH bh dG Y d dG Je V QG
MG g c CG qGE .Mb QU EG HdG
VQCG N JQb L dG C GHCG
cCGh IQU HCH dGh dGh
bO jRGe VQCG Lh ,Ge
fH dG H e J
d FG SdG
fS dG Yjh ,fEG
EG fEG G Hc Jh
VQCG IOLG JjBG dG
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dG dG g Y Th
:J b.
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w co n n n rdGhn n r s dG n s nS hn p T r n rdG nYn i n n r SG s oK
n V Qr nC rdG s en p sdG n go hn n o pboJ r oHu Qn Ap n p pH r osn nd p jn B G o un jo n er nC rdG o Hu n jo v n eo m Ln nC pd p r jn
pa sGE p Qn n s dG n r sdG p rjo p r n rKGp r Ln hr Rn n pa n n Ln pG n n sdG u co r pehn G Qk n rfGnC hn n p SGhn Qn n pa n n Ln hn
l p nfhn l Qr Rn hn m n Yr GnC r pe
l s Ln hn
l G Qn ph n n eo l n pbp V Qr nC rdG pahn nh o sn n jn m r n pd m jn B nd
n pdPn
mjn B nd
n pdPn pa sGE p p co oC rdG pam r Hn nYn n nr Hn o un ofhn mMp G hn Am n pH n r jo mG n r p U o r nZhn lG n r pU
(4-2/YdG ) | n op r jn m r n pd

75

FG AdG Ie
EGh ,H Y H GAV J fCH dG G FdG QOGh dG J
.Qe e G Ad LG dG UG NG e Hf NG Gg
Le W H da ,H a Gc aNG J FdG YTEd LG GWCGh
GL c jOGdG TEG Le Wh ( LG Ib YTEG e g dGh ) eZ TCG
e c g MT OH f dG IGh ,Ie Qe Qe Qe hCG 25 Ib10`H Qj
LG d SdG dG Gg V GL b AL GQ dG e G TCG
.dG AG Gg V LJ fEG I FG YTEG hCG AdG C , 25 Ib10{
,G LG GWCG H SdG dG g QYG H gNCG LGdG G dGh
25Ib10 bdGh ,Le W WCG e Ie 25Ib10 QG UCG j Le W bCa
Gg Y j bdG Gg ge a LCh ,GU hYh N fHh GMGh hj
ie a fQG H AGLEG j 10000000000000000000000000 dG
q
a.S Qe 4 hj VQCG Y CH dG G S Y .OdG Gg eVh g
M dG fCGH dh .fK 17 Ib10 hj fCG f GdG H jG dG Gg fcP
fCG VGaG Y VQCG Y V e100 Qb bh e S 25 Ib10 bQ EG dG
QdG d GQhCG e bQh 25Ib10 Vh dh ,bJ hHh GQfh d dG he
a }fdG QO{ J QN GQhCG g e YG g W e dG H a
.(38) VQCG e jDhQ dG dG f M H GL Ic
dG e GL jdG jdG Gg e Y YRe dG G LG GWCa
GL V f J dG e dEG eOdG YTEG CG g jdGh ,FdG jOdG
dW j dG e eOdG YTEG e FH S qGE h ,jOdG dG g V
h FG AdG :bCG KK EG YTEG g Jh ,hje 1^50-0^2 H LG
e Yf OdG Ic bCG g H Qh .dG a TCG h AGG TCG
iNCG IQHh ,dG GL IjdG LG GWCG V V GM j Y dh

76

j hQg

gfOQhCG dG 25 Ib10`dG GQhCG V IMGh bQh j dG e OdG AdG qEa

.HdG G
? jd dG G Gg V dG TCG M GP dh

dG G Gg V IQ TCG c S EG: gCG jZ GGh

FjdG hjh .cdG Gg Y Id FG IMdG TCG fc e Hf
`dGh b`dG '' Hc OdG Gg Ian Campbell e`c jEG jdG
LQO G GL gG e EG Fb Energy and The Atmosphere ''`G
GL dG dG V IQh IOLe dG SJ dG TCG J CG jJ
(39).IG eGOE QhdGh

1025=
10.000.000.000.000.000.000.000.000

dG G

AGG G

FG AdG
LG g OY Qjh dG ALQGC IG FdG LG iMGC j dG J dG AdG qGE
Gg Y IG FJ dG g Le 25 Ib10 e a IMGh Le GC jdGh , dG Le 25 Ib 10 `H
Q d dG J dG AdG qE ,GHGC ''aOG'' H J h Geh bQN J J cdG
. dG IOLG YTG e fjdG fjdG H e cdG Gg Y Fd Fa jH

77

Hh dG AV H G fG
FdG cdG Y
ILCG aCH IG GG bQCG AGG c Y j GeCG J CG JdG J
AdG
q GSH J a .dG je e FGdG dG GH JdG Jh .G
H qGE J dG g dh ,AGdG fE FdG cq dG Y AKCG dG
.jhdG dG g AGLE Fe dG e OdG AdG c
jL OLh g FdG cq dG Y AGLEG Ie JdG j dG AdGh
ahQdG dh.AdG SM fH J jG gh gjN ahQdG
gQhH dGh dG G LG GWCG GP FdG TCG SG iS J
GWCG g OLh j VG G fGh .LG GWCG g gAV V qJ
.dG 25 Ib 10 gOY j OdG Fg Le GWCG V e a MGh AL LG
cdG qY GME RqdG AdG d e Fe dG e G AdG c qEG
George jjc QL ceCG dG jh .jd G GeCG j FdG
: Fb '' adG dG'' Hc eCG Gg YGreenstein
Gg GNh...ahQdG jL g FdG cdG H J dG jG qEG
Gg hM LCh ,dG Ad ahQdG UeG H GC J FdG cdG
W e Z SG Z dGh ,SG qdH AdG Gg j CG j UeG
Y GQOb j CG j jdG :JBG G OQf eCG dh .dG g AGLEG
Hb fZ dh ,TdG Y e Ib IQdG J c e OOH dG SG
Y j AdG fh ,TdG e IQdG N NBG OOJ Y SG
j ahQdGh jdG SQEG J da ,FdG cdG
H J dGh ahQdG j a ,SQEG Gd G jdG H
dG e eOdG FdG TCG EG ff a ,FdG cdG Y KM OOdG
.(40) dG g GME jQhV J dG GdCG f g fGdCG CG cQOC
78

G FdG Lh .FdG cdG Y AGLGE jW Yh bGQhGC SGH d RdG AGdG H JdG J

j h ,ITe Z hGC ITe IQH JdG J dG AGdG Y dG jW Y bdG Y H J
V J dG f g OhG gh LG d e OhM OLH GE FdG cdG Y j GC dG
. dG e QOdG AdG

JdG EG'' JdGh FdG cdG d dG cGQOEG f Fb b Qh

,IH Z Gg dh'' dEG OdG dG AV NG C Fe q J S fc
:Fb QdG jf IYO MCG fc e ZdH f jjc QL cDj dG Ggh
j dG CG Vj hCG ,eCG Gg j DhdG e Yf g qCG fEG j Q
dG IQGM fc d CG,dG e OdG AdG FN e eDhJ J hCG GJ
ahQdG e H iNCG jL QJ CG G ( YTG J fc d G )
?IjG TCG g e IOSG J H
79

j AdG j NGB eGC g

J AdG e G GdC G GC
Y ,AG e YGC GNG
MC G AdG j G S
K Ge 18 OhH GE AG j GC
UC G AdG eGC .KC J j
e 100 a GNG a
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fdG jg YOe UG gh
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gOLH GE FdG cdG Y
IOLe JdG IG E a dd hGC
.Ge 240 Y M AG

UeH VhdG MCG J G jG L C ...'''' :g VGdG GG

e AdG UeG Y qEGh ,GL dG FdG dG V e a AdG GdCG H
jCG fNCG dh ,dG bdG je fhdEG SM Y bJ jG b
e dCj Ada ,bdG e iG f J UeG Y CG fLd fc jL
iG Y bW ie Y Lh GPEG GHCG UeG j JdGh fJdG
dG FG Hh d dG FG H DhJ g RjEHh...... VhG
.(41) e IG UC GOLe dG DhdG Gg j dh ,jd
FdG cq dG Y AGLEG Y f q GC IQb qGE :j db jjc jh
e dEG OdG Ad LG GWCG g LG GWCG gh .a e Le GWCG V
FG Hh d dG FG'' H jjc Y j dG DhdGh .dG
fC GHCG SSCG Gg Y J h GHCG aOG jW Y Cj '' jd dG

80

AV
dG

jOcBjK
A dH JG YdG

A dH JG Z YdG

dc IQGhO

JdG GQhC G dG AV j
dHh ,NGdG dG GE Gaf
OLG ahQdG j
GQhC d AGG GSdG
bW GE FdG bdG jH
GSH JdG Jh .Fc
qGE .FGZ fGE GQa bdG g
GQdG g IOLG eG
AdG e bSG HdG dG
e hC G dG GW Ic KHGC
g Hc qGE h , jdG dG
Ic U C dH dG
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fGL gh ,UG FdG
cdG Y H J
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fe C N qGC hOh q dG je
. AGdGh chC G dh d
g h FG TC G GE
V e IMGh TGC g dG
10 gOY j TC G e OY
gh .dG TGC 25 Ib
J dG TC G g FG TC G
.g dG

, Le W 25Ib10 H e d Fe Ad
q dG
q TEa ,eh QN DhJ
Y AGLEG eGSGh AdG Gg S VQCG Y cdG Ie jL OLhh
.Jh fS dG eCH GOLe DhdG Gg c Y Wb dO g FdG cdG

81

dG AV Hh dG H G fG
IY e dCjh ''FG AdG''`H
Yj dG SM
q
q GSH jDhQ G AdG
q qEG
bO dh .LG GWCG g V j dG
q dG e c ALh ,e Le GWCG
gh .fJdG Y qdG
q jN IQb g jDhdG hM SSCG qCG fLd eCG Gg
Gg j a qGE h ,HS IQcG LG GWCG V j CG JdG Y j
jN Y e KCJ GMEG j dG c h Gq L GjT hCG GL V eq EG JdG
W eAe ie g q G h ,G Gg T j a U hCG dG M c eq GC ,q dG
.G JdG Le
jG Jh ,jdG jG g G jd SSCG AdG OGe qCG G e h
SG jGh cG gh ,Jeh Hd jhdG cG e jdG
GWCG Y Le GWCG q CG jdG jG g e dCJ dGh Ad
hdG ah IAH J dG Y LJ CG RjEHh .FG Ad LG
.GHCG FG Z AdG J CG d h cc Y IOLG
Jh LG GWCG e e GOhM hCG iJ CG dG J dd fh
dG e e AV QhU ) edG jg OLh J OGjEG h .d FG AdG
q
.Lh Y dG IQH G H J H aOG H ( d Fe Y OLhh
Nature dG e'' Hc dH VG Gg jO je QahdG hjh
,FG AdG
q iS q CG J jdG jG e fG dG CG GqcDe ''Destiny
jh GHCG FG Z AdG CG L Vhe iNCG FN d d jf h
: OdG Gg
Fg bW YTEG qGE d ec TCGh dG TCGh dG a TCG EG
QV a jhG Le bHh AGG TCG qeGC ,Ie jeJ IQb GPh
V bW a jjOGdG LGh AGG e jdG TCG qeCG h ,IG Y dH
g WehdG dG e FG AG CG J jh... g h GL
82

J dG LG GWC G g G FdG id dG S Fe LG GWC G cGC

. dG dG V

dGh jdG AMCG Y e JTh fEG d UNh dG S e FG

dG d Se NBG Le W CG Lj h ,SG dY Gec e fY J
(42) GHCG
eJ jH b dG
q qGC gh : ddG dG EG Ud QeCG g eCJ dh
e AL 25 Ib10 e GMGh AL J dG LG GWCG Hh AdG
q Gg q J c
jh ,VQCG cd QGG RGd AG Gg jh dG IOLG LG GWCG
cdG Y JdG AGOC jCG jh jG Jda cdG IG AMCG AGOC jCG
dP q c j CG QhdG eh ,AMCG id dG SM jd jCG jh FdG
Wa J dG IQH G g H ,Gh dG Y dG c dG dG dP ,aOe C f
dEG GG S M j AT c EGh ,H eh VQCGh GhdG
. d q M dG dG IQH fjEG Ice c eeCG RJ dGh

83

G d gG FfG UG
e FN dG e eOdG YTEG qEa HdG
q QdG
q fcP c
gRhJ e YH VQCG EG dUh j dh VQCG Lh Y IG YJ
VQCG H LQG AdG e eOdG YTEa .G dG g qdH d HdGh
g fc FfG jPf GP G dG j dh ,hCG G dG e CG j
Tc j e UH j G dGh .GHCG IFa GP YTEG
. VQCG f dN e gPf b YTEd
e YTE EG j G dG qGC J eCG jRYEG IgdGh
a IQdGh fdG YTEG bH eCG .AGG e jdG TCGh FG Adc PdH
YTEG hCG Ad Te hCG e Y G dG jh .QhH GHCG d j
:j c eCG Gg jO QahdG jh .G FdG
AdG e eOdG YTEG ac UeH J G dG J dG GRdG EG
,GL dY IAH UeG Gg jh AGG e jdG TCGh FG AdG GY
e jdG TCGh FG Ad G dG S g fd G eCGh
.AdG QGZCG e JBG LG GWCG e FdG dG H e dN e PdH AGG
ddG GOOdG GP bdG YTEGh ec TCG h dG a TCG OJh
. (43) VQCG S EG J
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q ,eeCG OG QG G CG G eh
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q gh eCG GH U GP J q e iNCG f gh
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84

j hQg

.dH IQdG Ld j h dN e PdH AdG e d IG LG GWC d dH j G dG qGE

Y bO d f J UG g GE ,ge LQH'' FfG IQdG '' UN OLh J dG gh
. G G

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q qEa dd .a Ge d EG AG N J IQGd
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85

G```G ```S

T YCG G f q j IQGG gh .Z Ge IY Y EG KCJ j dG

aj Hq dG Ggh ,e M EG IQGG He Gh QdG L J e Y h .a
gc G
q dGh Aa .Gh QdG S LddG Id Fe Sh
GPh IdG dG e eOdG fdG YTEG qeGC .PdH d FG TCH j
.QG TG Gg Y QhH dG d j a Id QdG
q KCdG
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Af Y G OYG EG Yj dP e Hh ,Jh fS dG b e G G FdG
GdG hM f AMCG H NG X edG Qhh ,MGh L e G FdG ac
.dG

127

G```G ```S

qGE d ''e L'' fc Rhj h Y dO CG Y j jhQGdG AYOG Gg qEG

H Y iMG dG CG M T g aGYH
aGYG de IQH hJ '' jdG Ye'' SH
J dG SCG e jdG OLH f jhQGO
GK dH d SG OhOdG d CG jdG
.jdG H ja
SG OhOdG QH dG j CG j ch
Qh jd Ib e dG QdG d SCG d
dG dh ,Hc cP W dG Ggh .edG
H GMGh YGe ah jhQGO eCG N jG
. NBG
AfG EG OCG FQ eGY KK cP h
:gh Y jc jhQGdG
Charles Darwin
Y Y J OjEG e J jdG qEG (1
.Ie hC IG QX c
H d Sc '' Qd UN dBG'' OLh Ia Yj Y dO CG OLh Y (2
.AMCG
YJ e Y IMGh aO AMCG OLh d J GG j dG
q qEG (3
. QdG jf
.KdG eGdG g dH Sh

GHGC G Z FdG: IG UGC

.S Qe3^8 b IMh N e Cf cCH G FdGh IG qCG QqdG jf YqJ
M e G G FdG GfCG e jG EG J CG IMGh M c dh
.?dP J Ge jCG LJ GPa a M b dG Gg c GPEG h ?cdGh dG
AYOEG Y bdG j UdG g VG bh ,SCG g Y HLEG jdG J
G g CG jdG YJ ?OLdG EG X c iJ .''CG G'' J Gh hCG

128

j hQg

KCJ CG dg j CG hO dG hX X h gMh aOG f OLdG EG X

G g CG jdG YJ NBG ,Wb aQ G Ia aJ fCG CG W Z hCG LQN
.FGdG aOG jW Y H J hCG J CG OLh hO dG fGdG H X
e bj YdG Gg dh.aOG f M N fEH M Z OGe eb jdG g a
.IOLG LddG fGdG SCG

IG e a C J IG
gG W qj dGh ,QcG Hc IG UCG Y GHCG jhQGO dQJ j
ch .GL H OGe e AMCG J Va J fc dGh Y IFS fc dG dG
SdG hdG e JS VJ fc dG ''FdG ddG'' jf KCJ Gj e GfBG dG
h aOH b M Z GOGe qCG gOeh
edG G H gh .M GOGe fCG
e OYG Gg J EG dG J fc
GdG KJh qdG a GG KJ
GAYqOG g KEh .G eGU
Vh e QdG H fc jdG
Tb e Shh dH b Y G e M
QdG GdG CGS b QfG Yh
. IdG J SdG OYG M
OhdG KJ gh iNCG IgX g fch
jdG OYG Gg EG SqdG bS a dG
C H FdG jdG H KGE QSH jd
a NBG AT KEG dh d dO JGh
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jf FYO MGE f dH h Lf Q
jd dG Y j dGh Jbd eG
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Hc jhQGO dN dCG dG IdG h .Y
GQdG KCG dh ,M Z OGe e C J fCG jdG Y IFdG IdG fc ''GfCG UCG''
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129

G```G ```S

AYOEG UCG d'' :j c KHCG Ff SH jh ,SH jd fdG AMCG Y gGLCG

QdG jf Y aGG Xh .(68) ''jdG e IG J CG J G Z OGG CH FdG
KCG edG Y QH dG dh ,SH dEG UJ dG dG dOCG V jW I aj
. f AJ e G cdG Gg e QX dSG dHh ,G cJ H j dG dG

jdG dG ihL hO dhG OG

e hCGAlexander Oparin jQHhCG QdG AMCG Y ShdG FNC
q G c d
KE jdG dG KK IjY KHCG iLCGh ,jdG dG IG UCG Ve hJ
jQdG dH AH KHCG dh ,aOG jW Y M OGe OjEG J G Z OGG CG
h .(69) '' QdG jf e AGOS f j G UCG qEG'' : Fb IQG j CG VGh
S dG f jdG GhSGh QdG IYO e AdG bH SCj
LCG H TCGh .IG UCG EG Ud KHCG GhLCGh jQHhCG
OLh VaG M 1953 S e fS ceCG FdG b e
g Vhh dG VG G dG e GRZ GP OGe
Y j CG SGh ,bdH gLh MGh e GRdG
. JhdG cJ NJ dG eCG VMCG H
eCG EG e IN GdG
q J HdG g YGh
jQHhGC QdGC e d J dG eG OGG C a K e YS dh
HQ L jQdG dH K dG Ggh ,dG VG IOLe fc dG OGG M
J GE Ud gGLGC dG
.(70) MdG GdG cCdH
.IG UC QJ dG OGG CH j CG f e VG jW U Ia Hh
LJ fc dG OGG M J HdG AGLEG eSG
.(71)edG dS G dG
dG W jhQGdG gGLCG dG QdG L AHh
LdG AdG FNCG Jeffroy Bada GOH L dhJ G gh ,dH jdG
GP ''VQCG'' U Y 1998 S f e V HS jO S dG G

130

j hQg

:JCj e G AL h jhQGdG LdG

c gh HLEG d e LGf jGH c c dRe h jdG dG Of f ''
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QdG jd dG dB G
Ga '' QdG dBG '' M QhJ fc jhQGO jf f S fc dG fdG dG
.G jdG Hb Y FGMG dh Y U d dG fO e CG d j AYOEG
Gd FSG gCG YCGh ''dG fG'' f M QdG qE a jhQGO AYOG Mh
jW Y GfCG UCG'' SCG dG dG SG e j b e gG Gg qGC M AYOq E G
. '' dG fG
eAeh Ib J dG G FdG AH CGe EG j dG fG e qEG
SG fGG b e jEG e b Og d G S a ,VGfG Yh dG hdG
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.e N EG d Cc ,NBG EG T e jEG QJ CG J dBG g dh .hdG jS
dP j c f jhQGO M h ,Qd Sc ''dG fG'' J dG
q Gd
dG fG Ea HjEG GJ J W'' :j '' GfCG UCG '' Hc V H OaCGh
.(73)''G VdH j

Qe KC J
jhQGO LCGh ? HjEG GdG g S fc c :f j dG GDdGh
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EG KQJh jgX GJ J AMCG CG Yj c GH jhQGO b eh TY fa
Mh ,IjL GfCG QX EG qOGC L H L GdG g cGJ ch MqdG LCG
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131

G```G ```S

jf EG iOq GC jdG dG G Y Y GC W dG QdGh e cG dG KGQdG fGb

dBG ''dG fG dBG '' X Ggh ,NBG EG L e G dG fH FdG IQSCG
.jG dG f Lh e KCJ hCG IFa GP Z

KGQdG GdGh jG jhQGdG

KK UN gLGh dG jdG G eCG gOL H jhQGq dG b
jhQGdG''`H aY e hCG ''jG cdG jdG''`H gSCG IjL jf GbSh jdG dG
Ggh ,dG fG fL EG QJ KCJ d NBG eY g jdG g Mh ,'' jG
,HG HjEG GdG J h S J L hCG KGQh GW M j edG
. d KGQdG SG C N f hCG YTEd VdG H eq EG GdG gh
g YJh ,jG jhQGdG SG AMCG id QdG Y aGJ dGRe jdG gh
dc cdG IGh AMCG id IOLG G cGdGh AYCG CG dH jdG
GJ hM hCG KGQh GW hM KCH EG J hCG J dG... Gh dG hCG PCGh
Y J KGQdG GdG CG gh M Y q e LGj AYOEG Gg dh ,G cJ
jL qE a GL VGh dP Sh .jCG e j IFa GP J h AMCG Y QV eY GhdG
,S KCG d j CGh H W c e FGY jL J CGh jd cdG Ie DNA`dG
FNCG B.G.Ranganathan KffGQ.. jeCG dG Y j dG G gh
:j c G Y
KCJ P Z Jh GQOf EG h QdGh FGdGh dH J KGQdG GdG qEG''
GQhO J CG GdG qCG VJ dG edG FG g qEG .GMCG MCG
Z hCG GQV qeEG j CG d qH G G FGY J qGC qCG UN QdG GMEG
EG ODj CG cCG Ma ,gjJ EG ODj dG YS FGY J
q GC a ,KDe
.(75)'' IH qKDe Z j CG hCG H QdG EG
Fd G dG jEG qOD J KGQh IW OLh dG EG j qfC a M e Ggh
dG GdG g qGC j Ggh ,UG GdG L QV KCG dG gGdGh .G
M AMCG Y KCdG jJ Sh EG g e jG jhQGdG b e AMCG Qd S L
HUEG g fEG UG KGQdG Id e aCGh ) MCG ZCG be cJ

132

j hQg

QSG b

S
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a
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dG QdG g qGC Z ,GdG g FGa KE HqdG Y j
IQdGh .Ubh jeh q e HH iS C J dG Gd SG
GE IQdG eGC ,dG H cdG HHP SGC Q QdG GE YC G
.KGQdG GdG e QJ b h cdG HHP a dG

Ie dBG QdG KCdG GP KGQdG GdG J CG dc Gh h (WdG V

a gMd IKDe J CG gQhH a dG fG dBG qeCG .QqdG Y d Y
QdG Y qGC CG ,''QdG''`H Yj e Lj CG dHh ,f jhQGO aGYG M
.dG AMCG id

SdG G hGC dfG bd KGC : GG S

jf YqJ dG gjQdG e CG hM Y Y dO aCG GqG qS J
a ,NBG dG e H Cf GfCG e qG FdG qCG YqJ jdG a ,QdG
GfCG X SdG Hh edG Qh NBG f EG j CG G e G FdG e e
GOSGh .dG e jG e SG YdG dG Gg qE a jdG Mh ,AMCG e G
YdG dG M Ia GW Sh M hCG dfG GfCG OLh j AYOEG Gg Y
. AMCG
jGdG fC SCGh MGhdG e ce JU Fc OLh j G S Y

133

G```G ```S

U GP Fc OLh Vj hCG ,MGhR EG jQdH dh AG J Fe b fc

bG g dh ,QW EG d K MGhR fc jGdG fC MGhdGh QdG e ce
jh ,e J
q hCG bYEH He hCG N Qb GP J CG Ha Ia TY b VGaG
.''SdG G'' SG dfG FdG g Y QdG IYO
Lh fCG H a jQdG MCG a TY b ''SdG G'' g CG Va dh
GG V GKCG J CG H ch ,GQH H jH QJ Ic GfCHh Ic OGYCH
:Hc G g Y jhQGO jh ,G
S Y e Ia TY b dG G FdG g J CG H a jf U GPEG''
.(76) ''jG V Ge cG g gOLh Y dO MCGh ... VQCG

jhQGO eGB N
Y j dh BG Mh Y SdG dG e e GL Ic Jh jM jLCG
Y G dG GG KCG bh ,'' dfG TCG hCG SdG G '' d KCG CG
EG X b YGfCG AMCG L CG e jhQGdG bj c e Y jG f
. IQU cCG Yh ICa OLdG
FNCG W.Ager Derek jGh jjO gh qjhQGdG IZ MCG G H YG bh
:Fb GG Y jdG
UCG hCG GfCG ie Y AGS ec M Fc Y dM g G e qEG
d KCG qCG Y QdG hO ehO LGh dG gh ,G Gd J Y
.(77) jQJ IQG bG
Ggh .dfG TCd OLh CG hO ICa ac AMCG QX d J GG CG CG
Qd MdG dG C b G FdG g c Y J Ggh ,W jhQGO YOG e Y
Qe AMCG Y b b G gh ,b j CG g e L d j CG hO ICa M Fc
:j dG Douglas Futuyama Ja SZhO e
eq EG AMCa ,AMCG OLh d dG fO GFS GJ hCG ee QdGh G qEG
gQJ f X fCG CG ,dc J hCG IQU cCG Y dG Lh Y ICa Lh
dG ec IQHh ICa X b fc EGh ,OLdG S OGLCG hCG GfCG Y

134

j hQg

cGC GG S J
C QdG jf QfG eGC fe
FdG qGC J q dG g
Hh IC a X b G
qGC g j GC hO hG
h .jQJ H GfC OLh hGC
Y GcC J J G g qGE
G FdG GfGC L qGC
.b

.(78) G FdG g e OjEG dJ AT H Yh d M Ib e Ha jdGh

T MCG Yh VQCG Lh Y ICa X b G FdG CG J Ga
. jhQGO j c c QdG dh G g GfCG UCG CG CG ,jJh

fE G Qd G dG
Gg h ,fEG UCG TH g QdG jf V Td MhG VGG gCG e qEG
VG TY OdH T M Fc e GQe C f G fEG CH jhQGdG YJ OdG
N dG TCG H OLh jdG YJh S je 5-4 b CGH QdG Iah ,dG
: gh fEG QJ Y V FQ e HQCG g G AYOEG Gg Mh ,IQcG IdG
. SHdGShCG-1
. Hg eg-2
. SjQG eg-3

135

G```G ```S

YJ Ie jH jGC LJ
E a dHh ,fE G QJ qjf
M OL h J GG g
H Rh jJ hGC Ua
g e ZdHh OdG h fE G
GdGR e jhQGdG E a G
H SGH jH e
, q G PdGh dG SqdG
SdG g Y j gh
dG eGh qdG PdGh
QhJ dGh dG gAGQGB J
fE G H M Fc OLh M
.OdG h

. HS eg-4
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dG HCG KCG bh ,G OhdG GfCG e V`e f iS d bG g dh
dS OQdG jdGh Charles Oxnard OQchCG dQJ QahdG jeCG e qc gGLCG
G FdG Gg EG G Ob Y jdG AY TCG e gchSolly Zuckerman eNGR
.(79) fEH IH d bY h OhdG e Ve f EG ge
ac h ,fEG hCG ''eg'' SG jhQGdG b e Y j G Ob J dG MGh
VH jhQGdG jh ,G Ob e GQJ cCG G FdG UCG ''eg '' `dG MGe
Gg e OLh Y GcCJh jf U Y dc VG GfCG H UG GG
GfCG g H QJ HGQ CG OLh BG EG j fC N fh ,G QdG hG
je fQCG gh jdG dG QdG jf IYO MCG H YG dG dG g h .G
.(80)'' IOe H G e jS eg EG IG dG qEG'' :Fb Ernest Mayer

136

j hQg

(SHdGShCG) G Ob e J U KEG jhGQdG hj S gh

acG dh ,j qd GL j ebCG CG CG HSeg ` SjQGeg ` Hgeg
Lh b SjQGeg h Hgeg h G Ob CG KCG GG AY gLh dG
b SjQCG eg e GfCG OLh g dP e gCGh .(81) edG IdG f h ceCG
h dJQff jS eg e L EG L Lhh f jM Ga M TY
. (82) (G fEG) jSeg
dG jdG G g eCG h ,NCd GL gMCG c U Y KCG acG gh
Stephen Jay Gould dc L S gh JYO MCG j QdG jhQGO jf LGh
:JCj e OQaQg eL GG Y FNCG
Id M GPe PEG ,edG G f TY b fEH T GfCG KK fc GPEG''
H fQe AGLEG Y dP e gOCG h ,NBd GL j H e MCG fCG VGdG ? fEG UCG
.(83)'' H a jQJ bY jCG EG dN e UdG j dG H
Jh eYEG Y cCdGh fEG QJ Y dN b NG CG IQdG jHh
CG EG j Y EG g e fEG NBG fh Ob f G FdG e Ve d jhdGh
15 I G Ob Ge Y KHCG jdG eNGR dS OQdG iLCG bh .Y dO
jCG OLh Y EG UJ bh GG Y FNCc dG ce d CG Y UGe S
fc e ZdH dG H YGh fEG Hh OdH dG FdG H e S
. dG jhQGO
dch , Y gj dG aG ha a QOCG ad UN hL dCH eNGR b
J dGh dG hdG J eNGR hL Mh .dG f QN gj dG aG ha
aM CG ,GNCGh YLG da AMCG Y jh .AjdGh AdG Y jOe dOCG EG
WGG OJ Y hG e AG Gg Vhh .dG f Y LQG aG ha JCJ hG
eNGR jh fEG QJ Y GNCGh (KdG )FdG dG hCG QdGh SOdG SGh
:j c hG INCG IOG g Y J
Y QSEG hCG FdG AMCG Y EG H dG hdG EG jOq G dG e dfG Y ''
Ad UN h FL AT c qGC GG SGH fEG jQJ SG Mh H
.(84) ''MGh BG HQG hCG IOG VdG j CG j fCG M QdG jH eDG

137

G```G ```S

Z jhCdH SdG H b e YCG EG qGE d fEG Qd G dG qEG PEG

. G GG H UC G

PC Gh dG bGdG dG
e bGdG iG Gg OLh c gh NBG eCG J Y dG J QqdG jf qEG
AGOCG c Y RjEH dh f fYO dG Ve T bh .PCG hCG dG AGS dG
AdG Ggh ,He IQH dG T Y j e L e G Ada ,QHEG Xd dG
OLG QHEG ce EG aJ FHc GQTEG EG dG IOLG jG jW Y j
e G dd IQU EG jh GQTpE G g J j YdG e S Hh ,G INDe
,AdG Y j G qEG :JCj ch b d LG VGSG Gg H h .QHEG ce b
EG UdG GHCG j iMCH hCG ,NGO ddG j AdGh ,e e NGO CG CG
cG Gg SGH QHEG j AG dh , X ceCG TCG e c Qh ,QHEG ce
G dG Y j ge LQO EG VGhh GOM QHEG Gg c EG aVEG ,dG jdG
e GhfGh jjCG H dG dG EG GhfG a ,d e j CG jdGh OG dG
CG IQdG AdG Gg EG ?BG fhJ dc IQdG MVhh AU jCGQ g dM
S100 e CGH j YQdG SG GReh .BG M U jJ MCG M ij
IQJh jdG TT EG iNCG Ie GhfG h ,fH BG fhJ dc IQU AU Y d
IQdG AU Mf e JQdG H ST a g, jjCG H dG dG EG iNCG
Ka fH fhJ dG IQdG qeCG OHCG FK fjdG IQdG c EG aVEG ,MVhh
.() OHCG
OHCG KK JQU jdG ILCG fE IjY GS e jQeh HCG gh
dh jdG Gg U fEG h ,fEG Y J dG IQdG gJh
d U OHCG KK IQdG c EG aVEG ,UN IQf GSH EG TT Y QdG
q Ige
IQU J CG GHCG h ,Qh b fCc hJ LGdGh Te hJ IQdG a ,EG
J CGh H jdG hCG GedG fJ dG IQda ,fEG Y fJ dG IQd ge
J IGh AdG Gg CG jhQGdG Yj g .FU e GAL J hCG AdG H Te

138

j hQg

b adG OLG jdG CH gMCG cNCG dh ,aOH cG b dG b e IQdG

c , jdG YG RG Gg H a qdCGh H e GQdG LG CG aOe J
? dG e jG j AT Y GQdG J c ?G Gg hJ
f dG dc aOH dG e GJ bCG RL j CG G e qCG a PEG
,PCG EG dH AdG fh ,aOH Gg Gj CG G e fJ dG IQdGh
PCG EG Jh PCG GU SGH h JdG LG SH J LQG PCa
g jH J dGh NGdG PCG EG fh LG g jH gQhH J dGh SdG
ca ,QHEG AKCG j e j gh ,G EG J FHc GQTEG EG JdG LG
. e U EG FHdG GQTEG g jhCH j G OLG dG
CG CG ,AdG eCG g c dG eCG e q G CG CG gdG bG f AGLEG h
SMEG j Gg e ,LQG G dY AVdG fc e dG Y j G NGO
J GcQhG S dG Y hG Gg h ,G SGH GUCG fCH
e RL SGH G NGO dG ie Sb d dh QdG AVV S hCG ,fS
. G NGO G dG CG cDG a NdG Sd SG Y
dH cj AdG a VhCGh QdG OCG Y d LddG eSG eh
ILCG EG.g`fCGh GUCG VhCG Y d dG GY e jQL ha d
d d SM fhdEG iNCG ILCGh SG G SG ILCGh dG J
gh YQdG dGh SG ADg c OLh e ZdHh .jQG hG d f iS
dG ILCa .jdG PCd JdG AdG LQO EG BG M UdG j eG LddG
jdG e Ad Ve QJ dG dG j CGh H cdG MCG b e YG
VdG jH a jdG PCG J dG dG eCG VdG e e LQO Ga hCG
hCG AVdG e AT g j Cc GHCG dG ILCG S J jdG PCa ,AdGh
fEG N e ah OLe eCG Ggh ,J hO g c dG SG j PEG, YG jRCG
PCGh dG bOh Vh LQH Fe CG c JU fEG U RL CG j h .BG Mh
.VH f Y Jh dGh dG SM N J ic M g dh jdG

139

G```G ```S

?G dGh dH UG QdG Oj
GUCG EG j hCG dM e GdCG gGdG dG Gg gjh G NGO Lj dG e
? cdG QgdG FGQ j hCG IKDG fdG SG hCG QdG
G EG gJ dGh PCGh fCG IOLG G AYCG e eOdG FHdG GQTEa
Y c IAGb jW Y G IQU EG FHdG IQTEG c Y j CG Ad h
CG eCG GH J M g dh ,jG AdG hCG jG AjdG Y hCG AMCG
UN f G Lj fC ? G NGO j hCG ij hCG j dG GP e ,Qe CG gh
? G dG Gg Oj ,fCG hCG PCG hCG Y EG LG hO dGh dGh QHEG j
dG EG j hda ,G dG dG N dG hdG EG g e G dG Gg EG
Gg CG M.dP e HCG g a d G EG j h j c PCG EG j h j c
jdG jhQGdG j dd dG jG hCG YCG e G G EG Oj G dG
. SCG g Y HLEG Y IOG g AT c UCG CG j
J G e e GS Ia , dG G g eCG e j CG fEG a
CG fEG a QdG jdG IQH GdCG gRCGh ,(OHCG KK ) H FdG QHEG
.dEG jh dG g Y jh jh HQ j

jOe IY
bJ ieh dG gGdGh dOCG e bJ ieh QdH UG jdG VSG d
ad QdG KCdG GfG c jCG VSGh ,dG YGdG e IG UCH G ga
TCG OLh J G QKBG jCG OLh GfGh jdG g dEG YJ dG QdG dBG
dG Y dG IQhV EG Uf dG Gd ,jQdG Y Id SdG G hCG dfG
Y iNCG jf fG c J CG Hh ,dGh dG YGb e be J dG jdH
jdG g AH Y Y QGUEG g dh .dG ce VQCG CG H YOG dGh jQdG
dG Y g fCH jd f CG jh eJ iOj dG gh dG GMCG LGh
. AdGh
,Y dG eQU IY gQYGh jdG d G H J j dGh
Jh YCG JG OG dH e H jOG SQG e Hf fCH gJ j G gh

140

j hQg

.d MdG OG dG jhQGdG
Richard Lewontin fdO QjQ j c ,HdG H G g J fMCGh
jf Y SdG aGG e g h OQaQg eL j dGh G Y MdG TCG
: Y LQ K jOe f jh QdG
H WJQGh jOG dH G EG Ggh S H e ATCH eDfh ,jOH eDf f''
dG YGb dh .dG gdG jOe geh jOe GJ f j dG g
GJ OjE jQG HCG d OhdG YO S g jOH G fEGh .,DhOeh
CG GHCG a e U U jOG dh ,Y LJ dG gGdG ad jOe
.(85)''GMCG LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f
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141

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