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dG dG 22 ............................................................. dG Vj e bGC AHG

ddG dG 48 ................................................................ gdG IG

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f ''jgX'' aNG g aNG g L CG EG .G
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8

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r en hn Qn n Hr nC rdG hn n r s dG
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n renC rdG o uHn oj rnehn u nrdG rpe nun rdG op r ojhn pun rdG rpe s n rdG op r oj
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9

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n r n rdG pr jn nd o sdG hn n s n Ln Qp nf pa ppH Qn n rfan Qm gn mo Lo n n T n Yn
.(109 HdG) | p pd s dG
EG EG hj jdG ADg IM Ea ,HdG jBG fJ ch
g LCG e j dG hCG dG E .''Qg L T'' Y Fb
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e AT CH d he ADgh,fj dG fdG IG AGQh
,jfdG SG g c CG EG .dG CGdG jCJ Y G LCG
jMh jh ,ShDhQ a GdG j M hJ CG J d
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,OM O fhj dG ,G CG hj iNCG L e ,QdG
10

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aOG jW Y Cf b IG CG hj c ke ,JM jf g
CG g -MCG QfEG hCG aGe J dG- Gh ..FJ Hh
dG ,G eCG .gNCj dG gh ,de g ,dG N e IG
fGdG OM a ,GMCG e M CH aOe j CG
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.Gh
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EG AdG QGO e fEG a j Me g H ,jdG g d G
T'' Y JM j CG j ,G g cGQOEH fEG .AdG QGO
.gAGQh eh Gh IG deh dN dG Y j H ,''Qg L
dG Gg G G hCG YLEG dGh IhdG CG Qj fEG
d a FSh fEG ;dG Se d HCa N dG
.GhdG jS FSh dh ,Lh Y dG Vh dG SCG
j dG C dP ,dG GVQ g dG N dG dG e EG
:JVe hj jdG
pn ot dG r pe r o Lo p r jo hn p ns dG n o o S o nfGn rV Qp n n sJG r en o sdG ppH pr jn }
.(16 IFG) | p nroe mGn p U ndGE p rp j pr njhn ppfPr E p H Qp tdG ndGE p
dG cCG g gh ,dG GVQ j eY ke G j
jOY d Sh jdG j gh ,FG e Z Y dG
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. aGh G G H dG Cj GdH dG g eh
11

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Y Gh jOdG EG AGgEd c SEG j a
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SdG Y KCdG S aG j ,dG S de G j a
.FKh je ch
o p jo p sd cn iPn nC rdGhn u n rd pH r opJbn n n U G op r oJ nd G o en GB n j p sdG n jt GnC jn }
pr nYn mG n r n U p nn cn o onn an p Np B rdG p r n rdGhn psd pH o peDr jo ndhn p S s dG An Fn Qp o nd en
osdG hn Goncn s pe Am r n T nYn nhQo pr nj nd Gk rn U ocn n nan lpHG hn onHnUnC an lG n oJ
.(264 IdG) |''n j p pa nrdG n r n rdG pr jn nd

dG GVQ S OG
jfdG G Y d IG g fEG gj
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kK'' dG BGdG j dG jfdG IOdGh gadG Y d
CG j ,JbW c a j dG ,dG Gg . (9/HdG)''kb
AGG Y G S ga G eCG .jj H e j
jBG g bQG g Y dG fjh .fGVQh dG L gh ahCG
:dG
n s n Ln o nd n rn Ln s oK o j p of r n pd Ao nnf en n pa o nd n rs Yn n nLp n rdG o j p jo n cn r en }
lperD oe n go hn n nr n S n nd n nShn nIn Np B rdG On GQn GnC rnehn GQk oMr ne ke oer ne gn nrnj
12

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.(19-18 AGSEG) |GQk orne ro or n S n cn np ndhr oC an
RdGh dG IVe Y G S ''OG M'' G gj
dG eDG U g g ,d deh f ''j'' fEG .INBG QGdH
:dG BGdG d gcj
n opJn oj n snrdG ro nd snC pH ro ndGn reGnC hn ro no fGnC npperD o rdG rpe i n nr TG nsdG sGE p }
p p E p rdG hn pIG Qn r s dG pa v Mn pr nYn G k Yr hn n on r jo hn n oo r n an p sdGp p n S pa
ppH r o r jn Hn p sdG r op r n pH Gho pr n r San psdG r pe ppr n pH an hr GnC r en hn pGB r o rdG hn
.(111 HdG) |o p n rdG Ro r n rdG n go
n pdPn hn
Lj h ,dG S OL LGj dG Hd HCj Gh
g dG IVa ,d deh f H a dG IVe QN AT CG EG
j G dG g d fCG j fCh .a dEG j dG
G dG g dG CGh,f a fdG g e H
idG d j h d gjh j a deh Mhd
.dGh
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b RdG S a ,aG eCG .OL Y kT j CG G
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a ,ke WH Y j dh eDG YCG e j
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o s t dG r p r nYn
r n o Hn r p ndhn n o n sJ nd G k p U bn Gk n nShn k j p bn kV n Yn n cn r nd}
onr nj osdG hn ro n o fGnC nop r oj ron ne nrLn n nd nr n nr SG r nd psd pH n o p rnnS hn
13

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(42 HdG)| ''n oHPp nnd ro sfGE p
dG dG g ,EG M d MdG QG Ea dd
OG Gg j J CG J Y GdG Yh dG S OG
.(46 U) |QGdG icP dH gNGC fGE }
.dG GVQ Y J jOe e CG Y d eDG j
:Lh dG MQ j jdG fEG

n p ndhr oC an l peDr eo n go hn nfGoC hr GnC m cn Pn r pe pn pds dG r pe r n r jn r en hn }

.(124 AdG) |Gk p nf n o nr jo ndhn n s n rdG n oNo r jn
G .eDG Y VGh IQU j dG BGdG Ea ,jCGQ ch
dG S '' hgj jdGh NBG dGh dH ''bG'' AGL g
Y dG j'' e AGL HG J dG d jh .''OL M
:J dG IVe He jfdG dG jh ,''M
rGE p hn ppH snC n Wr G l rNn onHnUGnC rE p an mr nM nYn nsdG o or nj rne p S sdG rpehn }
oG n r o rdG n go
n pdPn nIn Np B rdGhn n rft dG n pNn pp Lr hn nYn
n nn fG l n r pa o r Hn nUGnC
.(11 G) |
o po rdG
IZQ IdN IH eDG dG Yh d .NBG dH eDj eDG
e H j Gg CG EG .kjCG fdG g IS IMh , INBG
dG da .IG g Yeh Ye Gbj d fCG GMCG
.dG f e jJ feG g d Vj
e fCG EG ,bTh U ggX eDG LGj dG YG hJ
e Lh Y dG jj M dEG d Gh dH Hj EG
14

j hQg
b hM eY ,G S Y .Y fjh YG g c
HGL c ,dG JYh dH fEG H QdG AdEG ()gGHEG
EG .QdG j CG ah e Y j CG aQ d ;kGe
CG j CG dG G GdG b g QdG AdEG
dG e eG Gg LGh dG ,()gGHEG CG EG .dG fEG
H QdG g e ,fHdG d Gh dG e dH
.fPEH AT FS e h ,dG
r ond
x GoC r co t o jn ndhn k r n T r oo n jn nd en psdG ph Oo r pe nho o r n an GnC n bn }
rGE p ronn pdGB Gho o fG hn obo u nM God bn n op r nJ nan GnC psdG ph Oo rpe nho or nJ n pdhn
Gk r cn ppH Gh Oo G Qn GnC hn n pgGn Hr GE p nYn ek nnShn GOk r Hn pf co Qo nf jn n rbo
n p Yp an r o co
.(70-66 AfCG) |n j p n Nr nC rdG r go n rn n an
d iPCG CG ,dG BGdG jBG N e Lh Y dG fjh
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jBG fJ .OGh MhdG AGG e dH hRS fCGh ,dG
CG Th Y ,kLM VhCG cCG gh eDG M Y ddG
:cG Ghj
rgo On G n an rgo r n Nr an rond G o n nL r bn n S sdG sGE p o S sdG ro nd nbn nj p sdG}
r nd m ran hn psdG r pe mn r ppH Go nn rf an o pcn rdG n r pfhn o sdG n o r Mn G od bn hn kf n GE p
r opdPn n sfGE p m p Yn m ran hPo o sdGhn psdG nGn rV Qp G o n sJGhn Al o S r o r nr jn
ndhn
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o u n jo o n r s dG
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15

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hPo osdG hn psdG nG n rVQp Go nsJGhn lAo S ro rnr nj rnd m ran hn psdG rpe mn r ppH
pf ao Nn hn r go ao n nJ nan o An n pdhr GnC
o u n jo o n r s dG r opdPn n sfGE p p Yn m ran
Gh t o jn r nd r o sfGE p p r ordG pa nYo Qp njo n j p sdG
n rfo r jn ndhn
n ppeDr eo r o r co rGE p
sGE p l p Yn
l G n Yn r o ndhn pIn Np B rdG pa v Mn r o nd n n r jn sdGnC o sdG o j p jo k r n T n sdG
|l pdGnC lG n Yn ro ndhn k rn T nsdG Gh t onj rnd p nE p rd pH n r ordG Ghr n nr TG nj p sdG
.(177-173 GY BG)
Y jh eGhCG jh dG IVe j dG eDG Ea ,Ggh
i N e Gg jh .Uh h f j gGf
YNh JKh eDG U dN e Lh Y dG dG GMCG
J eY fCG EG ,ggX eh U GMCG g hJ b d
dG Ea dP eh .dG MH OdG J fEa , dGh dG e
:Lh Y j .j e j OH hDhQ
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nYn o n rn Mn n cn G k rUGE p n r nYn r p r nJ ndhn n Hs Qn nfrC n Nr GnC hr GnC n pnf rGE p nfr Np GDn oJ
n nd r p rZG hn s Yn
o Yr G hn ppH n nd n bn Wn nd en n ru n oJ ndhn n Hs Qn n p r bn r pe n j p sdG
.(286 IdG) | n j p pa nrdGp r n rdG nYn nfr o f an nf ndr en
n rfGnC n r Mn Qr Ghn
hCG fdG AGS ,UNEH j eDe bj Lh Y dG EG
AGG d Njh fdG JOY Y jj fEG dG Y H .INBG
:INBG ahCG
pp gn pa G o n Mr GnC n j p spd G k r Nn God bn r oHt Qn n n rfGnC GPn en Gr n sJG n j p spd n pbhn }
n nf oNo r nj mr Yn o snL np so rdG Qo GOn nr pndhn l rNn pIn Np B rdG Qo Gn ndhn l nnnM nrft dG
16

j hQg
osdG p rnj npdn cn nh oA nnj ne n pa ro nd Qo n rfnC rdG n pr nJ rpe p r nJ
.(31-30 dG) | p s o rdG
QH hj h d jOH hj jdG Lh Y dG Qjh
e AH JZQh FGgC j EGh ,JV dG Y jh
Gg CG Qj ,AdG GfCH eDG j eY .YGh GdG
e j CG Y kSQOh dG e Gk QGfEG QYH dG e MQ eG
G e Gk HCG j a adG eCG .Je e jh HfP Y a
.INBG QGdG j dG Gd ke j , d Vj dG

dG ae
BGdG H fj gCG e c fL Y iNCG ee g
,''ffEG ''dG'' j a dG
.''fEG T'' hCG ,GdG J gh ,BGdG ej c
dG fG :d bG fG dG BGdG j
fEd Mj dG MdG fGh ,dG aCH Mj dGh
Lh Y dG j .IjdG GAjEG e Qjh IG aCH
:dG IQS dG
r bn hn gn cs Rn r en n nar GnC r bn gn Gn r nJhn gn Qn o ao n n n rdnC an gn Gs n S en hn m r nfhn }
.(10-7 dG) |gn sS On r en
n Nn
OLe dG fG CG HdG jBG N e f CG
;IdH RS jh MhQ j e CG EG ,ffEG dG
17

d S a IdG
jGH WH Gg j fEG ,d fCG j eDa
:dG Y Sj fS j c ,dEG MdG e
Ql o nZ Hu Qn sGE p Hu Qn n Mp Qn en sdGE p Ap t dpH lIQn es nC nd n r s dG sGE p pr nf
o u Hn GoC en hn }
.(53 Sj) |Mp Qn
.eDG Y dG dG SC Vj EG Ggh
j CG eDG a ''dG dG EG eCG'' dG CG Mh
OG CG Sh Y dG U SdG fj a . kFGO kj
kT J h fEG J C J dG EG .dG OL g cCG
CG EG .jG FGdG d VJ Gg FGZEG gh ,dG IVe e
FGdG jdG GH j ,Lh Y dG e N Hh ,eDG
e GdGh dG EG j kFGO fEG .f Y VJ dG
jj gh .dG IOGQEG e aGj a JM d Gk Te e d dG
U SdG Uh e gh MCG hCG ,adG be e bdG be
:Sh Y dG U fS j .''LdG'' `H Sh Y dG
f n n JnCG e LdGh ,G H Yh f GO e u dG''
.dG eG - edG GhQ ''.dG Y s h gGg

dG Y OHG
iNCG GOL hCG b GTEG g dG ,jT QNH
fCG jdG LMEG JJ jdG Gg eh .dG e IOdG
S Ojh .cGTEG J G CG e ZdH ''kT dH cj''
18

j hQg
dG d hjh .eh dG M j bNEG EG Gg LMEG
aj dP eh dH cj jdG dG e jdG M Lh Y
IQS d VJ e G g iMEGh ,Gg cH GYG
:fCG
nj p sdG rco hoD cn n o T nrjGnC Gco n rTGnC nj p spd o o nf soK k p nL rgo o ornf nr njhn }
| pcp r eo s co en n Hu Qn psdG hn God bn rGnC sdGE p r o o n r pa r onJ r nd s oK n o Yo r nJ r o co
.(23-22 fCG)
dG Yj CG Y H ,ke dG Y H fCG MCG Yj CG j
Lh Y dG SQ d b dh ,Y fP da .Y j CH kFGO
fj dG BGdG h . ''dH J CG'' fdG YCG Y S eY
:dH dG EG kL fdG j Lh Y dG CG Lh Y dG
r p r jo r en hn Ao n jn r n pd
n pdPn nhOo en o p rjn hn ppH n n rjo rGnC o p rjn nd n sdG sGE p }
(48 AdG) |k p Yn k rKGE p i n nar G r n an psd pH
g ,''dG fdGh KEG'' ,dG e GC j dG hCG dG EG
CG U .Jb e Z EG H hCG Lh Y dG U f
EG ,gZh AcdG , IdG ,G e H J VQCG bG
EG ,de ,dG e e g EGh , dEG OJ dG g CG
fc g eh .d gh dG G Gg GhH hS gh ,N
.kdEG PJGh d Gk f L J VQCG G EG dG g f
:MCG MGh ,JH Oe Lh Y dG EG
Gk o co ond ronj rndhn r ndoj rndhn r p nj rnd n s dG osdG l nMGnC o sdG n go r bo }
19

d S a IdG
(4-1 UNEG) .|''l nMGnC
AdG Lj fEG ch ,fEG d G g Lh Y da
UTCG H GC j eYh ,G g gMCG j eY .IG g
hO JOGQEH f LJ CG bG H g CH dH
fEG j ,dG g eh .dG Y dG j ,dG e fe
IdG C J gh ,Mh dG X g EG ,dG Gg c CG
ODj dHh ,dEG G Y e b OLh M WG
dG dCa dBc gPJG EG fEH c b OLH AYOEG
.fGd jh eMCG a AdH d jjh
,NBG kdEG dG e Yj dG eDG fEG Ea ,HG h
c Y G AT c cG g fCG j fC Z MC j
:QTh j eDa .AT
(4 :dG) |p j u dGp r nj ppd ne}
e H cj EG ,NBG kdEG dG e hj jdG cG EG
e ,dBc fhj dG bG g C dP ,kf h Gk V d
:Lh Y dH dP Y dG fj ,V OY EG g
ndhn Gk rnf ro nd n o p nrnj ndhn n o nr oj rgo hn k rn T oor nj nd ne n co p r ojGnC }
r or nYn Al G n n S r co o ps jn nd i n o rdG ndGE p r go Yo r nJ rGE p hn nh o o jn r o no fGnC
Ol nYp psdG ph Oo rpe nYo r nJ nj p sdG sGE p no pen U ro rfGnC rGnC r go o oJr Yn On GnC
GYCG) |
n pbOp n U r o co rGE p r ond G o p n rn ran r go Yo Or an r o od ner GnC
20

j hQg
.(194 -191
jZ kbeh Ic YNh ,KBG YCG e dG j ddh
e hj jdG dhC dG gdG Y Lh Y dG fj .G
:d Lh Y dG HV ZdG jZ e N e NBG kdEG dG
rnd psdG ph Oo rpe nYo r nJ nj p sdG sGE p ond G o p nr San lnne np o V o S sdG n tjGnC nj}
o r pe o h o p n r jn nd k r n T
o Hn t dG r o r orjn rGE p hn o nd G o n n Lr G r ndhn Hk Hn Po Go or jn
|j p Yn w p n nd nsdG sGE p pQp r bn snM nsdG Gh Qo n bn ne o or n rdGhn opds dG no nV
.(74-73 G)
e iNCG dBG fEG j ea .IjY TCG dH dh
Y eMCG jh ,eBG Y jh ,JVe EG j ,dG
dB Gk Y fEG j Ggh .CG j dG GdG
CG hj gh ,UGh MGdG jd j CG eCj fEG .dN
,RCe kFGO f j dH G .gCG fbj e kN Gfj
:edG j Xh X da ,kGL Ic JQNh
lro nd nr u dG sGE p psd pH rp roJ nd s noHnj oo p nj n go hn pprH pd o n r od nbn Pr GE p hn }
.(13 d) | l p Yn
:khCG d X Gh
fj) | o p r nj ro no rfGnC n S sdG sp ndhn k rn T n S sdG op r nj nd nsdG sGE p }
.(44

21

dG dG

dG Vj e aGC AHG

L eh dG e f f dG fEG dP g eDG EG
dHh ,JVe AHGh dN dBG Y eBG J e G GfCG
Mh JVe jh Mh d jOdH jj fEG .d jOdG QXEG
.''OG M dP S gj'' fCG CG d jT
.Lh Y dG Vj e aCG AHG g ''OG M OG'' SSCG EG
CG j ,Y YT J dGh ,IaG GQG SCGQ Yh
.Lh Y dG Vj e aCG eDG Qj
:dc dP f CG
g e d Vj dG BGdGh .''G'' Y JM eDG .M YCG c gGY eh ,gOY b ATCG gh ,GG
Lh Y dG Vj e aCG Y EG eDG j dP EG aVEG Mh JH dP Oj ,YCG e
cCG G Gg S ,G S Y ,dG S fEG
j fEG .Lh Y d'' eh f'' H b fEG g eDa .kMVh
22

j hQg
IY EG fEG Vj Gg h ,dG Vj e S e c
e Gk L e jd j eY ,G S Y fEG a .GQN
M Y JGP M Ggh ,Kh L IH H J CG G
Y dG Vj eCG M QdG CG a T a ,heh
a G e G Gg fEG iNCG Lh LJ fCG EG ;Lh
G S Y fEG EG G Gg AYEa .cCG dG VJh
MEG j CG fEG Y j fCG g .cCG dG Vj
,a g dG VdG hCG dG N e j CG dG dG
.V Y c jdhCG Qj K eh
eDG :Vjh G Gg Y cCG Ak V j CG NBG e
Y dGh hH eCG hCG '' ,GG h G MEG Y hDe
.VQCG ZGW V dG OG Gh dG jO Jh ''G
dN e j dG dG iMEG g dhDG g c EG
d dG LGdG H g CG j Jh ,Lh Y dG IVe eDG
g N e JG LGdG e dG Lj fCG h .jdhCG
EGh ,YCG e gd jdhCG g AYEG C G a ,edG dhDG
jYQ Y hDe fEG ,G S Y .Yheh kM fc
OGaC dG IG Sh eCG aJ Y hDG a ,JSCGh f
eCG'' dhDe Y dG QdG j Gg CG EG ,ISCG g
e d Ga ,FY Y G H ''G Y dGh hH
.eDG cS
23

d S a IdG
dG Y kFGO IOLe ''dG'' CG CG , dG e Hh
QeCG J EG .dG IV dG Qe b bCG QeCH
IVe eDG a j dG YCG dG GP QeCG Y dG
Lj e EG ...QNG dG GTEG Y TDe g EG Lh Y dG
,QGdG PJG dG NJ j QNG Gg d fEG
dG IV Rd dG EG .dG Ld kdN S j CG EGh
e e Z eCG g d H MGh J e H Jh J H
dG f .J d kjT dG L j WH Gg C ,J dG
j .de Z h dYCG L b ,H MGh ,g dG
:Lh Y dH NBG kdEG dG e hj jdG dhCG M J dG d
r p p Yr n pH pspd G n gn G od n an k pnfp n rfnC rdGhn pr n rdG r pe GnC Qn Pn s pe pspd G on Ln hn }
n o an pspd n cn en hn psdG ndGE p o p jn nan r p pFcn n opd n cn n an n pF cn n o pd Gn gn hn
| n o ornj ne nA n S rp pFcn n o T ndGE p opnj
.(136 fCG)
VJ M FY jM S H fEG Wj eY
CG Y dh dG S OG GfCG e NBG f g ,X O
.Xh OVG e d Vj eh jdG fGNEG j
f j dG eDG M dG BGdG d cj iNCG L eh
:dG Q d IG g de ch
fCG) |
n p nd n rdG
u Qn pspd pJn en hn n r en hn p oofhn pJnn U sGE p r bo }
.(162
24

j hQg
M eDG be cf ,Lh Y dG IV eDG AHG OHh
.dG BGdG jhj c Sh Y dG U SdG eR dG
jdG GhQNG ,dG jdG MCG LGe eDG Y c eY
j .ibCG jdG GJj CG geCG Lh Y dG CG EG ;VCG
:J
pG Pn n r nZ sGnC nh Ot n nJhn r ond n sfGnC p r n n pF s dG i n Mr GE p o sdG r co o p jn Pr GE p hn }
n pHG On n n r jn hn ppJn p npH s n rdG s p jo rGnC o sdG o j p jo hn r ond o o nJ p cn r s dG
-7 fCG) | eo p
r o rdG n p cn r ndhn n Wp n rdG n p r jo hn s n rdG s p o pd n j p pa nrdG
.(8
eC Hh ,ibCG jdG GJj CG d Lh Y dG OGQCG d
.M dG c dG
edG M e a M dG hdG UN d G Gg
eG kFGO j QdG e Yh kFGO G CG EG .VdGh
Y ,dG a .H h dG OGG N e e
jdG dhCG e jdG ce Gj CG j ,G S
OdG QhH d j jdGh ,G FMh BGdG hj
dG aCG Gj CG G Y Lj g eh .VQCG
Gk QOb fEG c GPEG fCG EG .ghJh VN GhQb dG ce
fL Y d VG ke c GPEGh , dhDG g J Y
j kY S Ga ,gMCG ZQ TE a gCG e c
.dG
25

d S a IdG
fEG fEG .G G cS e aGJ ,dH ,dG gh
dG bG Y hDe fEG ,EH Y s eh Lh Y dG QNG
c a j CG dG Gh eCG MEGh ,G e KEGh
Y hDe fEG .OdG e G dP dG jO X fEG
:J j ,G WCGh AdGh LdG If
Ap nu dG hn p Ln u dG r pe
n p n rn ro rdGhn psdG p pn S pa n opJn oJ nd r ond en hn }
n Lr Ghn n ogr GnC p pds dG pjn r n rdG pp gn r pe n Lr p Nr GnC n Hs Qn n od o jn n j p sdG pG n rdp rdG hn
.(75 AdG) |Gk p nf
n rfo nd r pe n nd n Lr Ghn v pdhn
n rfo nd r pe n nd
CG Y G EG H ,jdG cG Y j G Gg CG EG
d Vj OM c YhedG JM Y ajh bG Gg j
.jfdG MQ
j ''dG Vj e aCG'' J CG f CG Y gh
QeCG gEGh IdG QeCH TEG EG .kMVh cCG G
,g Lh Y dG Vj e aCG Ea Gk PEG .J dG Vj dG
jH Lj , NBG H .dG IOGQEG e aGj e g ,c X CG
.J dG Vj e aC
EG J dG Vj e aCG ASG Y dGh ,dH bG EG
OYG Y Hf QdG Ggh ,INBG QGdG IUb If Y j
g e IcCe fdG g MCG fCG EG .G j fCH fEG
Y dG U SdG M ,Lh Y dG VN Gh ,IFG
:Sh
26

j hQg
or njhn nprbn nYn rpr nj osdG rC nnj rE p an kHp cn psdG nYn i n nar G n od o nj rGnC }
iQdG) |Qp h o t dG pGn pH l p Yn o sfGE p ppJn p npH s n rdG t p jo hn n Wp n rdG o sdG
.(24
H JM j EGh ,d eV fCH Qd j G eDG
ALdGh G
n n Mr Qn sGE p k n Wn hn ak r Nn o Yo Or Ghn n Mp nrUGE p n r Hn p VQr nC rdG pa Gh o pr oJ ndhn }
.(56 GYCG) |
n ppr o rdG r pe
l j p bn psdG
j fC ,G j fCG eDj jdG j dc
hCj fEG .kU j fCG jh ,N M Lh Y dG
dG j.''GMCG L d o S'' :dG gQb H dj
ADg Y Lh Y
nfOr nC rdG Gn gn n Vn Yn nho No rC jn
n n p rdG G oKQp hn
l rNn r pgpr Hn r pe
n nn an }
o n pe rp rnYn r Nn rD oj rndGnC oh o No rC nj oorpe l V n Yn rp pJrC nj rGE p hn nnd o n ron S n od o njhn
l r Nn oIn Np B rdG Qo G s dG hn ppa en GoSQn On hn s n rdG sdGE p psdG nYn G od o jn nd rGnC p n p rdG
.(169 GYCG) | op r nJ nan GnC n o s jn n j p spd
hjh , fdG IG g jOG IhdH hj e kjCG g
hj a dd ,d Lh Y dG Y TDe g EG a g e CG
Y dG fj .gOLH j fCG dh ,G H MS fCG
:dG IQS ADg eCG Y Lh
n go n r n Mn hn mn Yr GnC r pep r n s Ln n pgpMn nC pd n rn Ln p r nLo Qn knen r o nd
r p r VG hn }
k rn T orpe rp r nJ rndhn n nco GoC rnJGB p rnsnrdG nrpc Yk Qr Rn n o nrnH nrn nLhn m r npH
27

d S a IdG
o ncr GnC nfGnC oQo phnoj n go hn ppMp n pd n n an l n nK ond n cn hn Gk n nf n o nd nNp nfr san hn
n pnJ rGnC t Xo GnC en n bn ppr n pd l pd Xn n go hn o n s Ln n Nn On hn Gk n nf t Yn GnC hn kd en
n r pe
n r pe G k r Nn sn Lp nC nd Hu Qn ndGE p
o Or Op Qo r p ndhn k n pF bn n Yn s dG t Xo GnC en hn G k Hn GnC pp gn
.(36-32 dG) |k nn eo
, jGdG H dG j ,dP e dG Y a G eCG
:dG BGdG AL c FYOh

n rfGnC
n sfGE p k n Mr Qn
n rfo nd r pe n nd
r gn hn n n jr n gn Pr GE p n r Hn n Hn obo rp oJ nd n Hs Qn }
.(8 GY BG) |gs n rdG
jh eDG e j dG G J d G g CG EG
dG Y Jh q dG G fEG .dG Y H ,b e
,G ke Gk Y e jh Lh Y dG e Hj dG ddG
.dEG UdG S JM c a
,fdG IG g Lh Y dG Vj e EG fEG j
gh MGh Q M QhJ c QaCa .fdGh IdG IG g
fEG .G :fdG IG g jf LGS dG cCG G
fCGh jCG e j G FdG Gg LGj CGh H fCG j
e fCGh H .IdN SJ hCG IdN IOS eEa ,HQ eCG HM S
Hj H kaZ j CG hCG NBG kjW G Gg j CG AdG
.G :G dP H
j dP bNEGh . ''dG Vj e c Y'' Y hDe eDG
LGS dG dG eCa .j dG G LGe Y QOb Z fCG
28

j hQg
.''dG Vj e aCG'' kFGO j CG Y ,Lh Y dG eCGh L
LGe fEG d Vj bG VJ dG eCG H EG
AKCG H j dG hGh ,fdG IG g LGj b dG G
e aCG fEG a j dG d YCG a EG ODS e eJ
:dG Vj
YH Jj AG ie CGh ,keQY kfaW LGJ fCG Vd AH e TdG HdG EG OdG S g ?S GPe ,Ic
JQG Gg'' Jh eG HdG EG OdH S fCG CG ,gT
.?''PfE c
dh ,NCG HdG EG H Jj CG e Lj fCG Vd dG G fCG .IMGh I jh , kf d G Gg
S jd e c S a ,NCG HdG EG G SE
CG dG iG S fCG CG NCG HdG EG UdG
?dN e adG j
dG SOdG HdG ee M g CG Vd ,iNCG Ie gS fCG CG ,G d NS a .dEG C S fCG Vj
?HdG HdG EG Ud
EG VJ b Gk L HG FbUCG MCG CG Vf YO .NBG e .IcG jdG aZ EG QdG f j fCGh ,IjT b eRCG
S fCG CG , YS bCH JQS OS g dG g
?f CG EG j CG Y fCG , Jh VGe YH
29

d S a IdG
jh G dM jh j fEG CG ,HdG eCG e
aCGh ,L g fEG LGj N YCG EG .d SH e c
.J dG Vj e aCG AHG g G Gg d gPJG Sh
dM e SdGh L aM Y bGh fCG ,d dh ,ke Qd
a ,QdG jCGQ d .dGgCG EG J fCGh G j e
GVQ c S L iQb S fCGh H ?S
fG b QNG bh j L EG fEG Sj eY .dG
g a YCGh ,YCG M eR ,a G bh Mh
eDG h .Gg AV Y j CG Gg Gh eDG Y ,kGPEG .cG
fCch QdG EG j kFGO a .ka G g AV j G
.bh CG INBG EG gj CG fCG j fC ,e b Y
j j dG CG EG VGG e dG ff BGdG jh
:ddG jBG OJ ,ke Wa IQS a ,G
o n r nf s co p sdG n r nZ k pd n U r n r nf n Lr p Nr GnC n Hs Qn n pa n No p n rjn r go hn }
n an Gbo h o an o j p s dG r co An Ln hn n cs n nJ r en ppa o cs n n jn en r co r u n of r ndhn GnC
(37 Wa) |m pnf r pe
n p pd s pd
dP d a g dG bdG f hf ,iNCG L e
G e .JcHh dG MH Rd He h H ,G
a ,gdH e IjL IQOe jJ c d .G e dH J CG
eY ? gdG Gg e e bCG NCJ CG hO gQOS c
dG jj CG G Y ,fdG g IQOe , IQOG eR j
30

j hQg
dh.''ddG dG GH RaCG dj'' hCG ''Gg a dj'' a
.J dG Vj CG e cCG RE j CG G Y , VdG Gg
e dG fdG IG g S SH e c hadG j M h
,KBG dG Gg Y kjJ Ije jf jh ''b e'' EG g
.fGVQh MH Rd dG S JM eDG Sj

dG GVH RdG e dG
jdhCG j Y eDG j dG SSCG QG g dG
Y dG U SdG fj .Lh Y dG VJ dG YCd QNEG
:G MC JQh N e dG gCG Y Sh
a , KEGh dG Y dG CS kLQ CG S H SGdG Y''
M e KEGh ,G M dG'' :Sh Y dG U dG SQ
-edG- .''SdG Y j CG gch f
V j eDG CG g ,adG Y eDG dG hdG cCG EG
G CG j WH Ggh .f EG a adG eCG ,dYCG
.V EG j eY W VhCG cC Vj
bdG Y H dh dG AGZEG Y d eDG CG EG
''AdH IQeC dG GE '' :dG Y Sj fS b c ,JR
.Lh Y dG IOGQEG dJ dG ATCH eCJ dH gh ,(53 Sj)
eCG j ea .V IY YGNh dG M eDG LGj
.dG QG j e kdZ gh d j e hCG Qj GQN eDG
31

d S a IdG
g .M fCG Y d jJh jG FGdG VH dG GC J gh
.f d jJ e c ajh hCG QGH j CG eDG Y dG

dG G
nd rbo p npd s dG Gop Yn hn GoneGB nj p sdG oOn nYp osdG o unoj p sdG npdPn }
n pa o nd Or p nf k n nMn
r p n r jn r en hn Hn r o rdG pa nIOs n n rdG sdGE p Gk Lr GnC pr nYn r oodnC rSGnC
.(23 iQdG) |Ql on T Ql o nZ n sdG sGE p k r Mo
j ,dG S h ,d j fEG .J d Se c eDG IM
dG jh dG
jdG dhC dH kVGh ''dG G'' e j b
dG Y Gk H JM j dG fEa .SEG M j
.kUCG j c j ,j c aj dHh
j AT c CG Qjh MQ jh dG j dG eDG eCG
jh dG j ,Md JMh OLH jj fCGh ,e MQ g EG
:OdG GH jNBGh eDG H dG Y dG BGdG fj .a
psdG
u o cn r o nf t p jo G Ok Gn fGnC psdG ph Oo r pe o p s jn r en p S s dG r pehn }
sGnC nG n n rdG nhr n nj Pr GE p Go nXn nj p sdG in nj r ndhn pspd voM t nTGnC G oneGB nj p sdGhn
.(165 IdG) |pGn n rdG o j pn T n sdG sGnC hn k p Ln pspd nIs o rdG
EG dG U jh NBG kdEG dG e hj jdG cG
c bG g j ,jhdG hCG ,VQCG bG e Z
jBG fJ c cG Y j dG G g Ggh .dG j
32

j hQg
.dG
c dN fCGh , J dG EG Oj AT c CG cGQOEH eDG EG
fEG a dG dG g .AT CG e cCG dG j ,AT
SdG fj .jNBG Y Gk eh Gk Oe ,dG MGdG dH
jdG jG EG IhM j dG eDG Y (U)dG
:dG
:a Sh Y dG U dG CG Y dG VQ de H fCG Y
MCG dSQh dG j CG :EG IhM Lh a c e K''
dG Oj CG j CGh ,d EG j AG j CGh ,gGS dEG
''QdG j CG j c e dG fCG PEG H
QHh e -U
S Gj CG ,NBG kdEG dG e Yj jdG dhCG EG
:dG cP

n r cn Pn G Pn GE p hn G k br hn r p pfGPn GB pahn o o n r jn rGnC k s pcGnC r p pHobo nYn n rn Ln hn }

.(46 AGSEG) |GQk o of r pgQp Hn Or GnC nYn Gr sdhn o n Mr hn pGB r o rdG pa
n Hs Qn
fL EG dG cP Yj cG ADg CG cdH jG e
ejCH f CG dh e f'' :j eh ,dBG
.''d j c
c g S dGh ,ddG G Qj iNCG L e eDG
deh AT c dN g Lh Y dG CH J dG idG G Y
:AT c
33

d S a IdG
.(kKOM hCG Gk OL hCG kb c AGS) H G AT fEa ;AT d G gh dG gh ,AT c dN g dG
g d dHh jH qj h Lh j fCG CG ,H f j
.G de - dN Vh H ,Y G e Vh e
Id G - kT j h N dG - G gh Lh Y dG Hj dG ,G N IOYEG Y QOdG g Mh dG .a IO
.NBG dG ,fdG
e H gMh FdG L dG N ,fEG M g ch Qb fCGh dG g d G dG CG kFGO cf CG Y .G
NBG dG .dG j EG FfGh G e GhdG G Gg Y
.jL e FG L J
U e fC IG g j e c eDG j G Gg eh
QGdG fdG aOje d G LdG HS fCG j gh dG
j e c d ah dG d c eDG J Ggh ,INBG
.G GfCG d G dG fEG .dG Gg
dG dG SSCG Y j Fd G M HG h
.Fd eDG M Y j dG SSCG Y gh ,JY j
G Gg eh cG M Y j dG GC G Uh AL bh
:dG IQS dG Y gGHEG fS d Y
s oK n rft dG pIn n rdG pa r opr Hn nIOs n en kf nKhr GnC psdG ph Oo r pe r oJr n sJG n sfGE p n bn hn }
Qo s dG r co G hn rC en hn kr Hn r oo r Hn o n rjn hn m r n pH r oor Hn o o rjn pen n p rdG n r jn
.(25 dG) | n j p p U nf r pe r ond en hn
34

j hQg
G e dG Gg SQdG S dG eSEG MdG jh
IBGe Y SfEG N e dG Qf ij dG fEG dH
fEG Gg j KJh IBGG g J eYh ,j j
J CG g dGh .QdG Qe a b fCH OY jT MEH
g d IBGG Y Gj c dG AdG hCG QdG CG cG EG H j
.AdG dd G QG Y SfEG g EGh G G
fC FG j gh ,Hd M Y j Gk NCGh khCG eDG M
c de dG e g g H Jh J dG JUh dG U e
.dG J
j fC dG eDG JNEG eDG j G Gg eh
geCGh d gOGQCG dG dG jh VQCG Yh Y dG U
EGh ,dG INCG hCG G hCG GYCG Y J H ba ,H
dG dG G d Lh Y dG j .dG Gh IdG INCG Y
(U)SdG Y Sh Y dG U fS HU j c
:G IQS
ndhn r p r ndGE p n Ln gn r en nt p jo r p p r bn r pe n n E p rdGhn Qn Gs dG Gh Ao s n nJ n j p sdG hn }
n cn r ndhn rp p o rfGnC nYn nho pKrD ojhn G oJhGoC s pe k nLnM rpgQp h o o U pa nh o p nj
.(9 G) | o p r o rdG r go
n p ndhr oC an ppr nf s o T
n jo r en hn l n U nNn r p pH
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|G Ov ho o n Mr s dG r o nd o n r n n S p n pds dG Gop Yn hn Go en GB n j p sdG sGE p }
.(96 e)
35

d S a IdG
kIcn Rn hn sfo nd rpe kf nnMhn vpn U nrordG o nrnJGB hn mIs o pH n np rdG r No nrnjnj}
.(13-12 e) | v p nJ n cn hn
C G Ye Y J ,dh dG eDG j eYh
g Lh Y dG d cDjh ,H j hCG H j hCG dG OLh j NBG
:ddG jCG G
r p r ndGE p n o roJ An n pdhr GnC r co hs o Yn hn hu o Yn Gh o p s nJ nd G o en GB n j p sdG n jt GnC jn }
rGnC r co js GE p hn n oS s dG n Lo p r jo u n rdG r pe r co An Ln n pH Gh o n cn r bn hn pIOs n n rd pH
pJnV r en An npHr G hn p pn S pa GOk n Lp r o Lr n Nn r o co rGE p r oHu Qn psd pH G o peDr oJ
rorpe orn r nj rnehn ronYr GnC nehn rorn Nr GnC n pH onYr GnC nfGnC hn pIOs n n rdpH rp rndGE p nht poJ
.(1G) |p ps dG An Gn n S s n V r n an
r p per n pd G odbn Pr GE p o n en n j p sdGhn n pgGn Hr GE p pa l n nMn lIn rSGoC r ond
r nf cn r bn }
r on r Hn hn n n r Hn G n Hn hn r opH nfr n cn psdG ph Oo r pe nh o o r nJ s pehn r or pe Ao GB n Ho sfGE p
ppHnC pd n pgG n rHGE p nr bn sdGE p on rMhn psd pH G operD oJ snM G k nHGnC oA nrnrdG hn oIhn G n n rdG

n r ndGE p hn n rcs n nJ
n r nYn n Hs Qn Am r n T r pe psdG r pe
n nd
o p er GnC en hn
n nd sn p rn rSnC nd
.(4 G) |pn rdG
n r ndGE p hn n r nfGnC
G t n n r SG rGE p An n pdhr GnC r onfGn Nr GE p hn r co An Hn GB Gho p s nJ nd G o en GB n j p sdG n jt GnC jn }
| n o pd s dG rgo np ndhr oC an rorpe ro sdn nnj rnehn p nE p rdG nYn n r ordG
.(23 HdG)
r ndhn o nd oSQn hn n sdG Os Mn r en nhOt G n jo p Np B rdGp r n rdGhn psd pH n o peDr jo ek r bn o p nJ nd}
pa
n n cn
n p ndhr GoC r o nJn pYn hr GnC r o nfGn Nr GE p hr GnC r go An n Hr GnC hr GnC r go An Hn GB G of cn
n prnJ rpe p rnJ m snL ro oNp r ojhn orpe m ho pH rgo n sjGnC hn n nE p rdG rp pHobo
36

j hQg
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n r Mp
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:GMCG IQS
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n ppeDr o rd pH ndhr GnC t ps dG}
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c j dG jQdG dH TCG jdG g Jh ,WY hCG e
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37

d S a IdG
.G jdH b dG dG
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jW ,ke e fEG jh OM :bO dCe fEG .Y Z
Gg Yh .a FbO e H gj c dG e j hCG TGdG
?jdG e dG Gg e j GPe
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jRh gh ie S fCGh H ?Y EG LhJe
j JGP AdGh) .G QGdG Gd gQNG JG dG SG
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kFGO jh ,J dG G L EG kFGO j dG eDG eCG
.d dc jR Sj ,Lh Y dG IV Rd
a ,QdGh cG Y Y ke j eDG Y GhdG Se
SG g idGh EG H ,FdG SG g G h G
ke Gfj d FcT hQj eDGh eDa .NCGh hCG
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38

j hQg
Y dG U SdGh .dG dG e J CG Y jT
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n r nd n n an n n n j Rp hn n rft dG nIn n rdG nOr p oJ s o r co rGE p
n Lp Ghn Rr nC pd r bo t ps dG n jt GnC jn
Qn G s dG hn o ndoS Qn hn n sdG nOr p oJ s o r co rGE p hn kp Ln Mk Gn n S s oMr u nSGoC hn s or u en GoC
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eD G U
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hj h dG gJ a .d dGh G FGO
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39

d S a IdG
dG GU Y dG Ia O dH J a .SGQ JY
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L gGjh j dG CG aj a ,kFGO dG hcj
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j gh IOY hO kbh j .hj b fEG
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40

j hQg
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41

d S a IdG
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.(38 AGdG) .hQhj
dG) .kjW kbh d j h QdG ge gJ
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42

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.(28 f

43

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QdG OVG
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.fhjh eDG hadG j Cc ,''dG J
UNEG ie J Ic gCG dG g J Ggh
NCG j , CG keDe k c GPEG a e ge dh .eDG
Lh Y dG dfCG dG HdG dEG fGdG:QYG H BGdG QG
.dG BGdG Y
H ,G d Vj dG dG OVGh dG f eY
OdG GHh . VG G LGh dG OGG cf CGh
:Ve dG jBG JCJ
rop rbn rpe G r nNn nj p sdG onne ropJrC nj s ndhn n snrdG G oNo r nJ rGnC rorp nM rGnC }
o n en G o en GB n j p sdG hn o oSs dG n o jn s Mn G odp rdRo hn Ao Gs s dGhn Ao nSrC n rdG r o r s en
.(214 IdG) |j p bn psdG n rnf sGE p ndGnC psdG o rnf n en
44

j hQg
eDG ej QdG c c hJ dG jBG d VJ
SfCG'' fCG Y dj eDGh SdG AGYCa ,eg f VG
gh ,e jSa kSfCG Gd fCG'' hCG ''fhjh dH eDj
S Ggj CG dhj g ,dG Y .''dY keh kb
.WdG eJH fdjh
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.HdG eDG V ke e jdG g
b -SdG e Z CT fCT -,G S Y ,()f fS
Mh dG IOY Y j dG dGh .Mh dG IOd eb IYH
dG jdG G G IOb d j ,jT hO
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o o r nZ mndGE p r pe r ond en n sdG Gh o o Yr Gp r bn jn n n an pper bn ndGE p Mk of n rnS Qr GnC r n ndhn }
o j p jo r oorpe l n Hn sdGE p G n gn en pper bn r pe Gh o n cn n j p sdG oC nn rdG n n an n o s nJ nan GnC
n pFHn GB pa G n n pH n r p n S en k npF nen n n fnC nd o sdG An n T r ndhn r or nYn n sn n jn rGnC
.(24-23 eDG) | npdhs nC rdG
45

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EG dG Y hQg NCGh dG Y Se fS VJ d
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p VQr nC rdG pa Ao jn p r p rdG n ond n onJhn nfAn Hn GB pr nYn nfr Ln hn s Yn n n p rn pd n n r Lp GnC }
.(78 fj) |
n ppeDr o pH n ond o r nf en hn
a .Y Qj M EG eDG J dG eJG J bh
dhh dH SdG JG EG IadG GbCH QeCG Uh jQdG
.jNBG Y S
n pgp r p pH r opV Qr GnC r pe r co Ln p r jo rGnC pGn j p jo pGn Mp nnd pGn gn rGE p G od bn }
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|
l G s cn l Mp n S G n gn nh o pa nrdG n bn hn r o r pe Ql p r eo r go An Ln rGnC G o p Yn hn }
.(4 U)
dEG g eDd eJG j jdG dhCG j e bCG EG
EG eCG H Uh d .eDH fCG g H j dG dG
Gc'' :()dU fS Y Gda fCG SdH dG g dEG
.(25 dG) ''TGC
J g QdG e eDG d Vj dG iNCG eJG e
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46

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: hO dG g eSG jQdG Yh .G e f fCG
jBG h .(27 AGdG) |l o r n nd r or ndGE p n pSQr GoC p sdG r ond oS Qn sGE p n bn }
G odbn hn nfn r Yn G Ho s nan m of o r bn r o nr bn
r Hn s cn } f fS hJ iNCG
.(9 dG) |n Lp Oo Rr Ghn l o r en
Mh AJCG eDG e M IN d c iNCG Mf e
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JG Y IhY Gg .dG d VJ Gg eh ,VQCG Afh LQ
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Y J Y GMCG g CH OYG kU d fCG EG
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.c eJ Ve , jOCd jGh jSdG
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:eMCG f CG b j e c f h
mnd n n pH ek r bn G o p oJ rGnC G o s n n an E m n n pH l p San r co An Ln rGE p G o en GB n j p sdG n jt GnC jn }
.(6 GG) | npeOp nf rorn an ne nYn G oproan

47

ddG dG

gG IG

GQOEG g eDGh QdG H dG CG HdG WG fcP

dH eDG CG c kjCG Kh ,gedG Lh Y dG d eDG
.fGVH RdGh dG IOd c JM Sj
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c e Q g gCG ,JcHh dG MH Rd JM Sjh dN
EG Jf J d jOY j ea .Lh Y dG iS Oe
eDG GQOCGh .N dG g dG CG j fC dM e dG
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.d
Y gGHEG fS b N e dG g dG BGdG d j
dG
ppHnC pd n bn Pr GE p (41) v pnf k ju p U ncn o sfGE p n pgGn Hr GE p pn p rdG pa r co Pr Ghn }
| k r n T
n r Yn prjo ndhn o pr jo ndhn o n rjn nd en o o r nJ n pd pHn GnC jn
.(42-41 e)
48

j hQg
,JVe j ,MCG MGdG dG S JM eDG j eYh
g .a d Y fEG ,bG c e QH j dEG jh Yj
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j G jH QdGh .dG N e OdG Y deBG Jh
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h j Od OY fCG eDG IM Y QdG IM J
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e AV ''kGOY'' EG Gd QdG dDj jdG bG ADg CG
Y IhY JZQ Y hLY g H ,jQOb Z gh ,ke
J Y ADg Y Y dO cCG g G .d eG J
M VJ ,G j eY ,a b j bdG CG EG ,IYG
.FGdG dBG ADg
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r go n r nf n o p n r jn nd(74)nh o n jo r o sn nd k n pdGB psdG phOo r pe Gho n sJGhn }
.(75-74 j) |h o nr eo l Lo r o nd r go hn
C j g eh ,G dG G Gg Y jadG IM J
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dBG j dG jG a dG Y Z j jdG eCG
49

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dG jO jOh ,G dEG jd db e cCG FGdG
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.LC j
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d j e e .IG YLEG fG LCG e hNBGh
g .''IS FY IM'' LCG e j e eh ''IL LhR'' Y
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.OhM aeh dG OLh ah GQOEG Y ADg IQb Y c Gg
a . Lh Y d jOY EG ,JH ,fEG CG EG
dG EG j ,W eCG Ggh ,J dG JLM Y H
:Mh dG akFGO aJ fEG Ia EG .Mh dN
n j pr nJ nd n r nYn n S s dG n n an psdG psdG nIn r pa k pMn p j u pd
n n Lr hn r pbnC an }
.(30 hdG) |n o nr jn ndp S s dG n ncr GnC s p ndhn o u n rdG o j u dG
n pdPn psdGp rn pd
,MhQ H KCJ h fdG ZdG NCJ dG G eDG EG
Y AH JMh f ej c j ,dH EG cj EGh
Y dG PdG g SdG jh dG c d Vh dG jdG
eDa , adG IM Y J H eDG IM Jh .H AGMG
S a .acG ad FM dGh BGdG e j
e S dG dG CG Hh eDG Lh Y dG NCG d ,G
50

j hQg
:gGf Y jh dG eGhCH j e c
mh o r n pH s go bo Qp an hr GnC mho r n pH s go op er nC an s o nLn GnC n r n Hn GPn E p an }
hr GnC mh o r n pH s go oper nC an s o nLn GnC n rnHn GPn E p an m r Yn i hn Pn Gh o p rTGnC hn
pspd nIOn n s dG Go pbGnC hn r or pe m r Yn i hn Pn Gh o p rTGnC hn mh o r n pH s go bo Qp an
ond rn rnj nsdGp snj rnehn p Np B rdGp r nrdGhn psd pH operD oj n cn rne ppH oYn oj ropdPn
sGE p o o r Mn n o an psdG nYn r cs n n jn r en hn
o pn r jn nd or Mn r pe o br Ro r jn hn Lk n r en
.(3-2 dG) |GQk r bn Am r n T u opd o sdG n n Ln r bn pp er GnC o pd Hn n sdG
fCG j fC ,d JM Sj Yh dG Ib Qj dG eDGh
fS b cdG b hQCG eh ,Mh Y cdG h ac
:dG Y j
en hn mbn u n n eo mG n Hr GnC r pe G oNo Or G hn mMp Ghn m Hn r pe G oNo r nJ nd s pHn jn n bn hn }
pr nYn hn
o rcs n nJ pr nYn pspd sdGE p o ro rdG rGE p Am r n T r pe psdG r pe r o Yn prZGoC
.(67 Sj) | ocu n no rdG rcs n nnran
IG g LGh CG j G g Qj dG eDa
fEG .fdG IG g ''e''h LGh fEG .J d UNEG j
dG C ,AT c dG Cj fEG .dG S OG dhDe j
N e dG dG BGdG d Vj .AT c d j dG g
:FG
en hn mRr Qp r pe r o r pe o j Qp GoC en (56)pfho o r n pd sdGE p n fE p rdG hn s p rdG
o r nNn en hn }
jQGdG) | pn rdG pIs o rdG hPo
o G Rs s dG n go n sdG sGE p (57)pf o p r jo rGnC o j Qp GoC
.(58-56
51

d S a IdG
,''G'' e G eDG '' j'' CG G Gg eh
H GU fCG Y IG hj jdG dhCG H j G Ga
GMCG L CG Y j ea .ZGdGh dBG e G
e Gd Lj fCG hj ,a eh dG IQH gG NCJ
X'' CGh ''jNBG Y ShdH '' gQfG hj fEG .AdG LCG
.e h ,aGgCG REG e S dG g ''gOVGh
G LGh J fEG j c SQdG S j
:jh d jOY
dG dG g..''..GU QGO IG CG AH hj fEG..''
IYdG J ,fBGdG G Y hj jdG dhCG H Qj
f ITh Ife ADg j dG g Hh .Jfjd dG
:FGO
e dGh ,ffCH j ,eDG e H ,ADg da .a dG G LCG
,QjEGh dG Qe J dG bdG dG hj fEG LCG e d NBG j ,G LCG e H a j eYh
.H j fC H ,bh bNCG
bdG J Ggh ,CGG f Y G NBG Gg dOjh fCG j fC ,jH c K Jh ,dG OJ SSCG Y Fb
... ibCGh ZCG g e j CG CG
H SG Y ,IdGh G j 52

j hQg
gZ Y ADg gGj b dG dH SG e ka .IOdGh
j GP'' :j ,''Y dG SCG dG G Gd j'' j Cc
''?dH
f e a g VGQ Z gh ,d Gh dH hj j Ggh ,jG Wh dH QdG jd dj e Ggh ,eh
.FGO b j
fCG j fEG .dG e j h dG eCG H hj .fYh Jb Y jh dG Y hj eY V e j
j kjCG dG g a ,V e j Gg CG EG
.deCG OY g H AH Y j jdG ,jNBG Y deBG
h ,SCGh MEH QdG FGO ,dGh MdG Y hH fEG
.e AGQh e d
H YGdG J dG Gdh .edGh dG Y hH e ADg e kjCG QhdGh .AGQBG a bJ b be O e
.H GYG
dG jYQ IG g j fCH GYG aj fEG ''Gej'' CG Y Mh HZ j fCG j H ,M h
H hj g G Gg eh .g Ghd jNBG
,''AdG LCG e GdG'' : HdG QT gJ FGYh ffCG
Ic kcSCG Gd hS hCG ,IU SCc S eEG a
.IdG SCG cCJ
53

d S a IdG
,G jdG SdG a SQ dG G J dG g
`H G g dG BGdG j .e dV SCG Y ajh
d j .NBG dH h dH ke aj fC ''gG''
:ddG gGYO FGSEG H e ()Se fS M dG BGdG
ro ndm nrUGnC nYn n o or njm r bn nYn Gr nJnC an n rnrdG npFGn rSGE p pnpH nfRr hn nLhn }
Ap ndDo gn sGE p n on r nJ l r bn r osfGE p n bn l n pdGB r o nd n cn k ndGE p n nd n Lr G n S eo jn G od bn
n go hn k ndGE p r o p Hr GnC psdG n r nZGnC n bn non r jn G of cn en l Wp Hn hn p pa r go en l s n eo
.(140-138 GYCG) |
n p nd n rdG nYn r onsan
.T kIMGh d ''gG '' Ea ,kHS b ch
dG e AT Y Fb fCG EG ,gL Y fCG e ZdHh
jG IT M G g Jh .Ije FN VJh
.Vh a gG

dN e UTC G J j dG jG
''gG'' G
Y khf ,eDG G OGaCG H j dG SG g ''idG''
k e HbCGh EG MCG e EG'' :Sh Y dG U SdG b
-edG - ''...bNCG SMCG edG j
Y c OGaCG H j dG SG g a gG G eCG
:G J ja aGfEG J dG Gdh .NBG
.Z fC ,kGSa c e ,dG LdG oj 54

j hQg
. fEG fCG dG SdG dP j dd f dG Y dG j ,d UN b G AYEG H fCG ke j dG CG e ZdHh .AZCG H j eY dH
EG ,NCG e Y a QGH j dG dG Gg Y e
dG Y Gk LY NCG Gg j d Jh hCd G If CG
.dH QdG Y
OdG Oj ,Y c G j M ,gG ,dG GSEG IASEGh jG OdG Gg TCG eh ,bNCG
a ,hCG dG g G CG h ,edG IG QeCG M Nj dG
H ,Yhe c J H , LCG e J dG FSdG J
.gOah X ie Y dG
:gG G G b Y J HCG dG BGdG hQb b
sGE p ne Rp oordG rpe o nrnJGB hn rp rnYn nnan n S oe p r bn rpe n cn nhQo bn sGE p }

t p jo nd n sdG sGE p
r n r nJ nd o eo r bn o nd n bn Pr GE p pIs o rdG pdhGoC pn ro rd pH Ao o n nd o n pJn en
n rft dG r pe
n n p nf n nJ ndhn nIn Np B rdG Qn Gs dG o sdG n nJGB n pa p n Hr G hn Mp p n rdG

t p jo nd n sdG sGE p p VQr nC rdG pa On nn rdGp r nJ ndhn

n r ndGE p o sdG n nMr GnC n cn r pMr GnC hn
Qn G s dG osdG nnJGB n pa p nrHGhn p Yp m rYp nYn oopJhGoC n sfGE p nbn nj ppr o rdG
p r nJ ndhn
n r ndGE p o sdG n nMr GnC n cn r pMr GnC hn n rft dG r pe
n n pnf n nJ ndhn nIn Np B rdG
m rYp nYn o o pJhGoC n sfGE p n bn n j pp r o rdG
t p jo nd n sdG sGE p p VQr nC rdG pa On n n rdG
o r pe t nTGnC n go r en pho o dG r pe pp r bn r pe
n ngr GnC r bn n sdG sGnC r nr jn r ndhn GnC p Yp
pa pper bn nYn nn n an noep ro rdG rp pH ofPo rYn onC roj ndhn k r nL o ncr GnC hn kIs bo
55

d S a IdG
nbn ppnj Rp pa pper bn nYn nn n an nft dG nInnrdG nh o j p oj nj p sdG nbn ppnj Rp
xMn h o nd o sfGE p oh Qo bn n pJhGoC en n rpe n nd
n r nd jn n f t dG nIn n rdG nh o j p jo n j p sdG
n p Yn hn n en GB r n pd l r Nn psdG
o Gn nK r onjr hn n rp rdG G oJhGoC n j p sdG n bn hn m p Yn
r pe o nd n cn n an n V Qr nC rdG pQp Gn pHhn ppH n r nn an nh o pH s dG sdGE p gn s njo ndhn k pd nU
Gr sn nJ njp sdG nnrUGnC hn nj p pnroG rpe n cn nehn psdG ph Oo rpe onfh o o nj mn pa
pOp n Yp r pe Ao n jn r n pd
n Rr u dG oor jn n sdG snC njr hn n od o jn p er nC rd pH o nf nen

n rpJ ho pa nrdG o p r jo nd o sfnC njr hn n pH

n nn nd n r nYn o sdG s en rGnC ndr nd Qo pr jn hn
o n pb n rdG hn G Ok n an ndhn p VQr nC rdG pa Gv oYo nh o j p jo nd n j p spd n on r nf oIn Np B rdG Qo G s dG
.(83-76 dG) |np so rpd
dG dG Y hM jdG dGh hQb HdG jBG d SJ
f e fj fEG .gG G Y Pc H aj c
H fCG d e g EG f e EG , eh fCG M GQOEG
EG dG IhdG CG hQb X d .Aj e Rj dGh ,Y
dP Z G CG EG !Y H SG
Ggh ,AT d dG a , AT c dN g Lh Y dG C G g Y Uh e cCG j AT CG e CG j
.MGdG dG EG bGdG OJ dG
Y j fEG Y Lh Y dG j dG dG EG hCG kfeEG eEG Y j H ,keg kT fC hCG ,Y H
.dG Y dG dh eGh dG g HG e oj e ,AY
M fEG j ,dG gdG Y G g J eYh
.INBG GGh dG EG j h fdG IhdG H SG
56

j hQg
Lh Y dG ,H fEG j d h d d IhdG e bY Y dG BGdG fj .S d fEd IhdG
:J dH dG eCG c de j
n go r Hn r o nd G k r Nn n go pp r an r pe o sdG r go nJGB n pH n on r jn n j p sdG s n nr jn ndhn }
pG hn n s dG oGn pe pspdhn pen n p rdG n r jn ppH Gop Hn en nbo s n o n S r o nd w nT
.(180 GY BG) |pNn n on r nJ n pH o sdGhn p VQr nC rdG hn
d Y H dG fCG bfEG kM j CG fEG Y
dG BGdGh .j hCG de j CG e G hO ,dG GVQ
IdG) ''dG'' fj dG CG d jh dG d gfG j
Y j Lh Y dG CG kjCG fj dh (268
r pe r o r n fGnC en hn o nd Qo pr jn hn pOp n Yp r pe Ao njn r n pd
n Rr u dG oo r jn Hu Qn sGE p r bo }
.(39 C S) |
n pbRp Gs dG o r Nn n go hn o o p r jo n o an Am r nT
If N eh .gG d edG dG hQb b J
e LP T EG hQb CG dG g EG Ma
.G GPh jdG gG G T
GhM jdG dhCG Y fGL MCG dG d J dc
dG e fj fEG ,H aj c dG Gh G Y hQb
AT d G AT d dG g dG CG gJ dG f gG
.AT d fGh
gG g Y hj jdG dhCG g G eDG
.gG
57

d S a IdG
G C T EGh M d hQb CG eDG Qj .iNCG L e fG G g dG CGh ,L e Gk Qe d d dH
,H a gG hQb b cG e jGdG e aj fEG RdG j dG Cjh'' Gdd VQCG H dG j M Ghj a
.''Qjh OY e Aj
.G MU b N e kHe ke dG IQS d Jh
j dG eDG Hh ,Gh G MU H dG d J dG g
:JOY M dG
n go nr n nMhn mnYr GnC rpep rnsnL n pgpnMnC pd nrn nLp rnoLQn knne ro nd rp r VGhn }
k r n T o r pe r p r nJ r ndhn n nco GoC
r nJGB p r n s n rdG n rpc Yk Qr Rn n o n r Hn n rn Ln hn m r n pH
o ncr GnC nfGnC o Qo phn jo n go hn ppMp n pd n n an l n nK o nd n cn hn Gk n nf n o nd nNp nfr s an hn
n pnJ rGnC t Xo GnC en n bn ppr n pd l pd Xn n go hn o n s Ln n Nn On hn Gk n nf t Yn GnC hn kd en
n r pe
n rpe G k rNn sn Lp nC nd uHQn ndGE p oOr Op Qo rp ndhn k n pF bn n Yn s dG tXo GnC nehn Gk nHGnC pp gn
n r pe G k r Nn sn Lp nC nd Hu Qn ndGE p
o Or Op Qo r p ndhn k n pF bn n Yn s dG t Xo GnC en hn k nn eo
s oK mGn oJ r pe
n n nNn p sd pH
n r n cn GnC o Qo ph n jo n go hn o o Mp n U o nd n bn k nn eo
Pr GE p ndr ndhn G k Mn GnC Hu n pH o p rTGoC ndhn Hu Qn o sdG n go s p nd kLo Qn n Gs n S s oK mn r of r pe
kd ne nrpe sbn GnC nfGnC pfn oJ rGE p psd pH sdGE p nIs bo nd osdG nA n T ne nrbo nnsnL nrNn On
r pe kf n rMo n r nYn n pSr jo hn
n ps Ln r pe Gk r Nn pn pJDr jo rGnC Hu Qn nn an G k ndhn hn
n pS r jo hn
n ps Ln r pe G k r Nn pn pJDr jo rGnC Hu Qn nn an k ndRn Gk p n U n pro an Ap n s dG
r nan G Qk r nZ gn hDo en n prjo hr GnC k ndRn Gk p n U n pro an Ap n s dG r pe kf n rMo n r nYn
n pghn n pa nn fGnC ne nYn prs cn oun oj nnrUnC an pp n npH nMp GoC hn knWn ond n p nrnJ
58

j hQg
l n pa ond ronJ rndhn G k nMGnC uHn pH rp rTGoC rnd pnrnd nj o o njhn n p Th o Yo nYn l njph Nn
l r Nn n go u n rdG pspd o jn ndn rdG
n pd n go Gk pn eo n cn en hn psdG ph Oo r pe o nfho o jn
.(44-32 dG) | k r Yo l r Nn hn Hk Gn nK

Sc G a j dG G IOb
GbCG d Lh Y dG cj jJ BGdG b e b c
j dG CG EG .d gd dSdH d G Jj jdG
dG BGdGh .eDd kXh Gk Yh Gk J gOGR H ,kS gj h
.SdG d VY Y ADd Uh kFGO j
`H G e AG Gg dG BGdG j MCG e h
EG .kGOa VQCG j'' ,''H V '' h ''ae''
OaEGh dG HQ Gh Id XJ g H a cGdG
:IOdG ADg dG BGdG d j ,VQCG
ppH r o rpSQr GoC n pH sfGE p gn ao n r eo n bn sdGE p m jp nf r pe m jn r bn pa n r nS Qr GnC en hn }
.(35-34 CS) |ho pacn
:kGQSGh Gk OY JOGR dG OhCG IH hNj fEG
rndhn GnC kIs bo spe t nTGnC rne God bn hn unrdG p rnpHp V Qr nC rdG pa Gh o nrnr S an Ol Yn senC an }
|h o n r jn n pJjn B pH Gof cn hn kIs bo r o r pe t nTGnC n go r o n nNn p sdG n sdG sGnC G hr n jn
.(15 a)
AGdG Gg e eDG j ,AGdG eDG ADg Uj Hh
,S dGeCG hj h d jOdH jj fEG .IdG
59

d S a IdG
H j fCG M ,eDd AdGh gGdG Ye jh
:''LGNEG'' `H d MCG
G o en GB n j p sdG hn
o r n o T jn
n s Ln p r o nd pper bn r pe Gho n rn r SG n j p sdG oC nn rdG n bn }
|
n pgQp cn s co r ndhn GnC n bn n pspe pa sOo o n nd hr GnC n pjn r bn r pe
n n en
.(88 GYCG)
fMCG j eY .dG Gg IOLe ADg Ph
BGdG d j c ''fdG Id cj jd'' FdG FH
U e HJ e ADg U ,kMVh cCG VG hj
Gg Y jh .jeh gG G QaCG j jdG dhCG
dG e e c OLe gh ''G G'' d G e AG
.kjJ
e i j jdG G e AG Gg OGaCG jh
Lj dH ) .OdG be IM OdG iG e H YCG
UTCG Lj c ke YLEG dG g hL UTCG
fJj dG LG G G g ge eh .(S
JeO jdG dGh ,ISdG VhdGh ,RG hCG fG
SdG j dG bNCG fEGh ,dG e gh GQG
dGh ,G GdGh ,dGh feCG Yh bNCG GdG Y
AGLCG g X h .''W'' fCch hJ gG g c , dGh
IdG Y aGfG Va j jdGh dG YT J dG
.dG Y bNCG OdGh
60

j hQg
BGdG d VY dG dG j G g OGaCG H EG
eh ,d b CT ,GdG SQ e a ,deC Uh dG
jh eDH j e eh ,je b CT ,GG j e
.FGSEG H CT ,HdH ej e dGh ,f b CT ,e
iS IG dG U CG gQYH , ADg EG
J H ,OdG gDe IM j ,fj dG dG IM
kdZh YhG dGh FSdH bRQ Y SGh IdG dG
JH AjKCG dhCG EG .Gh G e dG Gg j e
e MGh Oa JGQ j e IMGdG dG a j dG NdG
.G Gk c kje Gk QV j ,MOdG dG J
GhOjh dG EG GHj GPEG aG dhCG J dG jdG f h
.GdG IOL EG
nr nrdG Gh Qo nC rnJ nd nhQo nC rnj rgo GPn GE p pGn n rd pH rp pan roe nfr Nn GnC G Pn GE p snM}
.(65-64 eDG) | nh o n oJ nd s pe r osfGE p

gG dG
AHGh dG N Y eDG H j dG fEG NCG J
fEa , idG g e aj gG G OGaCG CG h ,fGVQ
..geh ae NCH j
dG C ,FGdG HbQh G dG IQb Qj ''gG'' a
Y SdG j GPe '' Y J Y j dG NCGh
61

d S a IdG
G Z bNCG OdG SQ d j G Gg ''?Gg
jH SQG g Y YdG j Ggh .jdG e L
.IjL
GdG ''gG'' G Gg OGaCG e jdG SQ ,G S Y
hDhj fSQ jdG ADg CG EG .bNCG Z kY j dG
CG jT Y bj dP eh ,g SQ GYG Y
.MCG gGj hCG H j
aG JG cdG e TCG Ige G e
.gG G

dG dG ZdG
p pdYn ndGE p nh Ot n oJ s oK r o pb neo o sfE p an o r pe nh t p nJ p sdG
n r n rdG sGE p r bo }
.(8 G) |on r nJ ro co n pH roo unoan pIOn n s dG hn prnrdG
QGdGh dEG OLdG j jdG ,gG G OGaCG j
e ''G'' c J G g h .kGHCG j fCch ,INBG
IdG GgCG VJ eYh .H j CG j dG dG
g Cch GhdG Sj fEG ,Seb e G OLh j
e c Y ec H J ADg IM CG h .jf hO Fb IG
.''d e'' j G cj e c Ea ,Oe g
h .gG dhCG IM Y J dG jdG gdG MCG g
Y J dG IG Ea ,(185 :GY BG) ''G FGP f c'' CG
62

j hQg
CGh H gh ,g e SCG CGh H d gG G
:Y fEG j
-60 Y JM J GPa ,fdG g S fEG c GPEG ?S 70
ODj H dG CH gG dG M CG GQOEG Y .GdG SCGQ J dG edH TCG d ,OHEG EG
,N IOYEG Y QOb f e N dG dG CH j CG Y .jL e a hdG fh
e jdG f Y b dG dG Yh CG ke j CG Y .S fCGh H G H H fBGdG jBG
e kYf d fCG G M J EG H ODS S e c .INBG QGdG EG dfEG Me EGh ,dG
,e ihL eCG G e G CG kjCG QS ,dG g S fEG c . Qb a ,j h j G e a
:G j jdG dhCG BGdG Qj ,d Qb b j
p er nC rdG r pe n nd ncn r nd n odo jn
n nd nh o r jo nd en r p po rfGnC pa n o r jo ...}
orn rdG rp rnYn npco nj p sdG Rn n nnd ropJooH pa rorco r nd rbo ngo gn nrpbo ne lAr nT
r opHobo pa en n u n o pdhn r co Qp ho o U pa en o sdG n p n r n pdhn r p p Lp nen ndGE p
.(154 GY BG) | Qp ho t dG pGn pH l p Yn o sdG hn
EG d dG S h d JM GTY jdG eDd dH G
jh dG hj jdG dhC dH eCG ,dN d IdG HGH
63

d S a IdG
fCG dG BGdG fj .dN Gd jGH fC KQc a ,Y dG
:dG j M dG adG j M G j EG e

o r n rdG r go n Mn GnC n nMn GPn GE p s Mn p n u s dG n on r jn n j p spd o Hn r s dG

r nr ndhn }
Hk G n Yn r o nd nfr n Yr GnC
n p ndhr GoC Ql s co r go hn n oJo jn n j p sdG ndhn nB rdG
o r oJ ufGE p n bn
.(18 AdG) | k pdGnC
o n Yr GnC un nd(99) pf o Lp Qr G
u Qn n bn
o r n rdG r go n Mn GnC An Ln G Pn GE p s Mn }
p r jn ndGE p
l Rn r Hn r p pFG Qn hn r pehn n opF bn n go l n p cn n sfGE p scn
o cr n nJ n pa k pd nU
.(100-99 eDG) | n on r jo
EG g dG dM e S dG S JM j fEG c EG
.dG Aj CG
IG g H M IM g CGh ,kGL Ib IG CG eCJ
jfdG JM Y fCG W f g G IM S fCGh
:d
egG e cCG dEG G S dG INBG IH f CG Y eDG Y J dG b Gg LCG e .f dG fdG IG H
|Qp G s dG i n cr Pp mn pd n pH r go n r nNr GnC sfGE p } :G g cQj jdG
.(46 U)
jH QGZGh fdG IG g GSG G Z e CG h dG h IdG h OhCG h GeCG a .H SfGh
e b S fEG .dG EG fEG S fdG fdG g e AT
QOZ dG G dP j CG j e K ,dG ,a Tb b
.hdG
64

j hQg
,JGOYh ddG Y g INBG QGdG EG fEG j e EG e aCH jfdG dG ch deh dL Y fEG VS gh
.FGO ON
Y fCGh d jh G g GQOEG j jdG :INBG QGdG dG fCG Y j EG dG
r en hn o n r jn r en r or p an psdG p pn S pa Go p o pd nr Yn r oJ Ap ndDo gn r o rfGnC gn }
Gr sdn n nJ rGE p hn Ao G n n o rdG r o rfGnC hn t pnrdG o sdGhn ppr nf r Yn o n r jn n sfE p an r n r jn
.(38 ) |r ond ner GnC G of ojn nd s oK r co n r nZ ek r bn r pr n r jn
IG H e j G H aj jdG dhCG EG
e dGh ,fhQj dG ''IdG IG'' d dG TCG fdG
SdG j H fdG IG g SCG j e d'' j LCG
:TCG IH J ZdG gh''fhcj
''kG SG'' j '' fGY hCG a kYCG'' AGQh j dG dG BGdG d Gg Y,
|h o or nJ r osn nd n pf nen nh o p s nJhn n on r nJ k jn GB m j Qp u o pH n o r nJGnC }
.(129-128 AGdG)
hCG ''jQdG'' ZdG g IdG g J ge cCG eh Gcj CG Zj INBG QGdG Y keCG j jda .''OhCG''
CG FdG e J ddh ,gASCG j Gk OhCG gAGQh
Gg Y Gk L IG dG BGdG jBG e .QcdG e jQP J
:J db VG
65

d S a IdG
pa l oKnnJhn ronrnH l No n nJhn l nj Rp hn l r ndhn lp nd nrft dG oInnrdG n sfGnC Go nYr G}
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n n Yr GnC mr nZp nn cn Op ndhr nC rdG hn p Gn er nC rdG
en hn lG n rVQp hn psdG r pe lIn p ren hn l j pn T
l Gn Yn pIn Np B rdG pahn ek n Mo o ojn s oK
.(20 jG) |Qp ho ordG o n en sdGE p n rft dG oIn n rdG
dG IOY Y Hfh jQP f CG OG e fCG cDG e
Hj h hKj gG G OGaCG CG EG ,IG NCGh
e c SG jJ H EGh ,dG Gg S gOhCG
.VQCG QSG
a OhCG dG dCj eDG CG ,dG BGdG EG fY e GPEG
hO JM Gb SdG e CG c ;dG S J LCG e
V S h c eY OhCG Lh Y dG CS Hh ,OhCG
.J dhDe GM dG dSdG jQGSG
, VQCG aG S e ''OhCG'' j Gg LCG e
e EG OBG HG Y j'' dG SdG b j CG eDG Yh
OhCG EG j CG L C fEG .''d Yj dU dhh...K
.VQCG Lh Y SEG M S

gG jdG a
M dG hQj jdGh ,Uh Y JCG jdG OGaCG ADg EG
JGe Y AHh ,gG e N e jdG Gha b ,Qb
H AL dG jdG Y eh e a g dGh.gG
66

j hQg
U dSQ H AL dG jdG d j BGda .BGdGh SEG
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r nf cn psdG n nrZnC rdGhn r go n rUGE p r o r Yn o njn hn ...} :fCH Sh Y dG
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p j u dG pa r or nYn n n Ln en hn r co n n Lr G n go pOp n Lp s Mn psdG pa Gh o pg Ln hn }
G) |... orbn rpe n p ro rdG rco s n S n go npgGn rHGE p ropHGnC n spem n nM rpe
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IV dG Y dhDe J ,OdG IV dGh VQCG jOY
h G Gg j gG G OGaCG CG EG .OdG Q
Mh d jOdH jj H G Gg e jdG j
dd'' jOdH Gg dj H ,GS e jOY e hQjh
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.G jdG Y j e HCG
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Jh ,jdG e G GOdGh adG eGdG NGJ g
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fj jdG eGbCG e cQe Vj SdG c jQdG
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.(170 IdG) |nho n r jn ndhn k r n T n op r jn nd r go hDo Hn GB n cn
28 GYCG ,91 fCG ,104 IFG IQS kjCG IdG g h
.kjCG jBG e jdG h
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jBG Ghd eCdGh dH kFGO de eDa .kfY ,kM
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CG hj gG CG EG .EG f e J Gh ,Gh
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GQOEG EG OJ dG g G CG M ,EG g ddGh GOdH
.kV gG G EG j dd .JUh dEG OLdG
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.''EH j jdG VGG GSG'' :e jH j
d jdG Y IjL ge NOEG G e dG g .kM GG
68

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keGM G e dG dG g Y dG BGdG fj
:Lh Y dH kM GGh
n pg r bo pRr u dG r pe p n u s dGhn pOp n p pd
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pjn B rdG o un of
n pdn cn pen n p rdG n r jn k npd Nn n rft dG pIn n rdG pa Go en GB n j p spd
nrKE p rdG hn nn nH nehn n rpe n n Xn ne n Mp Gn n rdG uHQn ns nM n sfGE p rbo n o nr nj m r n pd
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.(33-32 GYCG) | n o nr nJ nd en psdG nYn
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n Hs Qn
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.(87 IFG) |j pn r o rdG
t p jo nd
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69

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71

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73

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76

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OLH f jhQGO aGYG de IQH hJ '' jdG Ye'' SH
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77

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78

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79

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e GRZ GP OGe OLh VaG M 1953 S e fS ceCG
MGh e GRdG g Vhh dG VG G dG
NJ dG eCG VMCG H Y j CG SGh ,bdH gLh
80

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. JhdG cJ
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81

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q Gd .e
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82

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83

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84

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. AMCG YdG dG M Ia GW Sh M
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q GC Y QdG hO ehO LGh
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c Y J Ggh ,W jhQGO YOG e Y Ggh .dfG TCd
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e Qe AMCG Y b b G gh ,b j CG g e L d j
:j dG Douglas Futuyma Ja SZhO
87

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: gh
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88

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Charles Oxnard

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Solly Zuckerman

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b SjQCG eg e GfCG OLh g dP e gCGh .(14) edG IdG f
89

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jS eg e L EG L Lhh f jM Ga M TY
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:JCj e OQaQg
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GL j H e MCG fCG VGdG ? fEG UCG Id M GPe PEG
e UdG j dG H H fQe AGLEG Y dP e gOCG h ,NBd
.(16)'' H a jQJ bY jCG EG dN
Y cCdGh fEG QJ Y dN b NG CG IQdG jHh
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dS OQdG iLCG bh .Y dO CG EG j Y EG g e fEG
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OLh Y EG UJ bh GG Y FNCc dG ce d CG Y
H YGh fEG Hh OdH dG FdG H e S jCG
. dG jhQGO fc e ZdH dG
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90

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Y hG e AG Gg Vhh .dG f Y LQG aG ha JCJ
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:j c
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SGH fEG jQJ SG Mh H Y QSEG hCG FdG
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H b e YCG EG qGE d fEG Qd G dG qEG PEG

. G GG H UC G Z jhCdH SdG

PC Gh dG bGdG dG
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j AdG Ggh ,He IQH dG T Y j e L e G
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g J j YdG e S Hh ,G INDe OLG QHEG
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91

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j AG dh , X ceCG TCG e c Qh ,QHEG ce EG UdG
GOM QHEG Gg c EG aVEG ,dG jdG cG Gg SGH QHEG
CG jdGh OG dG G dG Y j ge LQO EG VGhh
g dM e GhfGh jjCG H dG dG EG GhfG a ,d e j
IQdG AdG Gg EG ?BG fhJ dc IQdG MVhh AU jCGQ
SG GReh .BG M U jJ MCG M ij CG
fhJ dc IQU AU Y d S100 e CGH j YQdG
dG EG iNCG IQJh jdG TT EG iNCG Ie GhfG h ,fH BG
IQdG AU Mf e JQdG H ST a g, jjCG H dG
dG IQdG qeCG OHCG FK fjdG IQdG c EG aVEG ,MVhh
.() OHCG Ka fH fhJ
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h ,fEG Y J dG IQdG gJh OHCG KK JQU
EG TT Y QdG
q Ige dh jdG Gg U fEG
,EG d U OHCG KK IQdG c EG aVEG ,UN IQf GSH
CG GHCG h ,Qh b fCc hJ LGdGh Te hJ IQdG a
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e GAL J hCG AdG H Te J CGh H jdG hCG GedG
92

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b e IQdG J IGh AdG Gg CG jhQGdG Yj g .FU
adG OLG jdG CH gMCG cNCG dh ,aOH cG b dG
RG Gg H a qdCGh H e GQdG LG CG aOe J b
AT Y GQdG J c ?G Gg hJ c , jdG YG
? dG e jG j
aOH dG e GJ bCG RL j CG G e qCG a PEG
Gg Gj CG G e fJ dG IQdGh f dG dc
SH J LQG PCa ,PCG EG dH AdG fh ,aOH
dGh SdG PCG EG Jh PCG GU SGH h JdG LG
jH J dGh NGdG PCG EG fh LG g jH gQhH J
e j gh ,G EG J FHc GQTEG EG JdG LG g
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. e U EG FHdG
g c dG eCG e qG CG CG gdG bG f AGLEG h
dY AVdG fc e dG Y j G NGO CG CG ,AdG eCG
h ,G SGH GUCG fCH SMEG j Gg e ,LQG G
S hCG ,fS J GcQhG S dG Y hG Gg
RL SGH G NGO dG ie Sb d dh QdG AVV
G dG CG cDG a NdG Sd SG Y e
. G NGO
93

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a VhCGh QdG OCG Y d LddG eSG eh
Y d dG GY e jQL ha d dH cj AdG
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d f iS d d SM fhdEG iNCG ILCGh SG
YQdG dGh SG ADg c OLh e ZdHh .jQG hG
PCd JdG AdG LQO EG BG M UdG j eG LddG gh
j CGh H cdG MCG b e YG dG ILCa .jdG
e e LQO Ga hCG jdG e Ad Ve QJ dG dG
,AdGh VdG jH a jdG PCG J dG dG eCG VdG
e AT g j Cc GHCG dG ILCG S J jdG PCa
Ggh ,J hO g c dG SG j PEG, YG jRCG hCG AVdG
U RL CG j h .BG Mh fEG N e ah OLe eCG
dh jdG PCGh dG bOh Vh LQH Fe CG c JU fEG
.VH f Y Jh dGh dG SM N J ic M g
:fCG Ca
?G dGh dH UG QdG Oj
hCG dM e GdCG gGdG dG Gg gjh G NGO Lj dG e
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? cdG
PCGh fCG IOLG G AYCG e eOdG FHdG GQTEa
94

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FHdG IQTEG c Y j CG Ad h G EG gJ dGh
hCG jG AjdG Y hCG AMCG Y c IAGb jW Y G IQU EG
CG gh CG eCG GH J M g dh ,jG AdG
f G Lj fC ? G NGO j hCG ij hCG j dG GP e ,Qe
,fCG hCG PCG hCG Y EG LG hO dGh dGh QHEG j UN
? G dG Gg Oj
hda ,G dG dG N dG hdG EG g e G dG Gg EG
G EG j h j c PCG EG j h j c dG EG j
G G EG Oj G dG Gg CG M.dP e HCG g a d
UCG CG j jdG jhQGdG j dd dG jG hCG YCG e
. SCG g Y HLEG Y IOG g AT c
GS Ia , dG G g eCG e j CG fEG a
gRCGh ,(OHCG KK ) H FdG QHEG J G e e
Y jh jh HQ j CG fEG a QdG jdG IQH GdCG
.dEG jh dG g

jOe IY
gGdGh dOCG e bJ ieh QdH UG jdG VSG d
VSGh ,dG YGdG e IG UCH G ga bJ ieh dG
jdG g dEG YJ dG QdG dBG ad QdG KCdG GfG c jCG
G hCG dfG TCG OLh J G QKBG jCG OLh GfGh
95

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dG Y dG IQhV EG Uf dG Gd ,jQdG Y Id SdG
fG c J CG Hh ,dGh dG YGb e be J dG jdH
dh .dG ce VQCG CG H YOG dGh jQdG Y iNCG jf
gh dG GMCG LGh jdG g AH Y Y QGUEG g
. AdGh dG Y g fCH jd f CG jh eJ iOj dG
eQU IY gQYGh jdG d G H J j dGh
H jOG SQG e Hf fCH gJ j G gh ,Y dG
MdG OG dG jhQGdG Jh YCG JG OG dH e
.d
fdO QjQ j c ,HdG H G g J fMCGh
eL j dGh G Y MdG TCG Richard

Lewontin

LQ K jOe f jh QdG jf Y SdG aGG e g h OQaQg

: Y
G EG Ggh S H e ATCH eDfh ,jOH eDf f''
geh jOe GJ f j dG g H WJQGh jOG dH
G fEGh .,DhOeh dG YGb dh .dG gdG jOe
GJ OjE jQG HCG d OhdG YO S g jOH
e U U jOG dh ,Y LJ dG gGdG ad jOe
LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f CG GHCG a
.(18)''GMCG
96

j hQg
RGO Sc Klaus Dose,ca S Sidney Fox(1
. 2 U1977 Marcel Dekker :Qjf ,IG UCGh jG QdG
,Qjf1936,IG UCG Original of life ,jQHhG.CG. QdG Alexander T.Oparin(2
. 196U IQe W1953 ahO Ye
dG QJ Y jL dO '' ''New Evidence on evolution of early atmosphere and life(3
af 63 G ,jeCG jG AGfCG L Y IQOU ILe If ,IGh dG G
. 1220-1328 U 1982
Moleculer Evolution of life :Current status of the prebiotic synthesis,e fS Stanley Miller(4
. 40U1998 of small Molecules
. 40U 1998 jGa Earth VQCG , GOH L Jeffrey Bada(5
OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ (6
. 189 U1964
OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ (7
.184 U1964
bKG G fe: fH ? UCG Origins .KffGQ.L.H B.G.Ranganathan (8
. 1988
OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ (9
. 179 U1964
V jG S c The Nature of the fossil record ,LBG.CG.jjO Derek A.Ager (10
. 133 U1976 87 G fjdG LdG G
fH Ye :Qjf,JEG b dG ,Ja.L.SZhO Douglas J.Futuyma (11
. 197U 1982
Qjf ,LdG dG N e Beyond the Ivory tower eNGR dS Solly Zuckerman (12
,Charles E.Oxnard ,94-75U1970 HJ GQe
258 '' d Fe VQCG: fEd QdG dG H dGShCG be ''
. 289 U
jhQGO S: je fQCG Darwin's Current bulldog: Ernest Mayr ,jQ L J.Rennie (13
. 1992 jO jeCG dG G, IG
dG , FjdG LHdfCG , A.J.kelso ,1103U 1980 207 OdG dG , Alan Walker (14
D.Leakey.,221U1970 J.B.Lipincott cT :Qjf hCG
. 272 U 1971 jc eL He : jc 3 OdG cQc GjdhCG
. 1996 af (15
. 20U 1976 85 OdG dG jQdG Natural History :dc..S S.J.Gould (16
GQe :Qjf ,LdG dG N e Beyond The Ivory Tower , Solly Zuckerman (17
. 19U1970 HJ
dO '' IjdG HG dG The demon-haunted world '' , jd OQjQ Richard Lewontin (18
. 28 U1997 jj9 d Qjf
Molecular Evolution and the Origin of Life

97