VICDAN 29 EKIM2 pdf

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VICDAN 29 EKIM2 pdf

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q dG q gGC
BG o dG
dCJ
j hQg
LJ

LGe
dG e

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dD G M
J fCG CG H ,1956 Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh
QGUEH CGH fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh FGHG
e ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh SdG c
.IeG jedG LdjjEG
sd Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j
dG G JQ ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh dG HQM jnsdG
dG NBG g dG BGdG CG EG dG G j .G Gg dG g j
Vh dGh BGdG AV h .dG N g Sh Y dG U kG f CGh ,jhdG
Y J dG YGG c HEGh cdGh jOEG SCG f ag JdG
H c H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G c d d ,jd jOG cG
.g aGgCG Y YEG
dH EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ
.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH dGh
EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J
fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG
.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh dJdGh
dG SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d
Y G e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG Gh
H dh .jOG dG GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g CGj Qb CG
e dG J J dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG AGd j MCG
hQg c EG Oj dGh dG MoO b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG L EG .SSCG
.j
dG g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T
Y IhY ,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN g
.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj fCG
Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh
.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG gTJh
Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e
fCG VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG
dG edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d J
dG jJh dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh ,dEG j
.ffEG

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f EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H

EG e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y OHG
d d dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG J Y dGh
FGOCG e H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG dG dM EG dHh .kGQSO
.SG bdG f b ...EGh
g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df
BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG dG
.dG
Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J
G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG ,dG
S ,3-2-1 YVG ,BGdG nb ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM AGQh ,SdG
hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG ,2-1 FM fehdG :dG
dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY QdG jf QfG ,dCG
dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c dG ,GdCG dG RYEG ,gdG
,gJ ,dG N , ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG Y dG e FGQ Ph dG H ,dG
G Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie ,G IG ,IQdG Ie ,QdG Mh OG
G UCG ,dG IG ,dG f IG ,VdG IG ,dG IG ,JdG
IG ,FdG cdG AGG IG ,dG oj dH ,GG e S ,G QdG ,Id
. DNA QGSCG ,JhdG
FbUCG Y ,GhdG Y ,GG Y ,!jhQGO c WCG jCG :WCd JdG ch
.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG ,dG ,QdG
n pdG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh
dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG g ,3-2-1 Ed jS a ,BGdG bNCG
J ,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y ,BGdG fMhdG
hY ,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG ,BGdG dOGh dSdG
j ,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG jO ,KdG ,dG :oG fEG
Qe ,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG T ,G BGdG MCG ,kGHCG J ,dG
,dG N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG M ,BGdG e eY
,Sj SQe ,3-2-1 dG dL e Y ,BGdG IG G ,mBG Y dG ,dG SHc
dG j c ,f J GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y SEG d VJ dG GAGaG
.BGdG EG j jdG dhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c j dG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG

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QdG GE
jdG g CG g jhQGdG jdG Qf UN a J AGQh dG
M jhQGdG fCG CG a .jG SdG c Y j dG IYdG J
OLH dG Gbh hCG fjOCG Y hdG J ,dG OLh M dHh ,G
Y j kLGh jdG g MO j dd .INCG S HQCGh G N dG
e c e cCG GC j CG Qd UdG J b .e c Y dhDe Jh ,jdG
.VG Gg a f ka f CG jCJQG dd ,c
jBG AV Y dG g c dhJ dG fEG YVG L T
dG YVG c MT .fe e dGh dG c EG SdG YJ gh fBGdG
N e QdG gP DhdG hCG d kfe J jH fBGdG jBH J
dG L AGq d c JdG YG dG dGh dG SCG
dG FGhdG SCG Gg .Jh e J CG dG jGh YLG
QeCG aj jdG dhCG M ,IMGh L dG IAGb e QdG q
ANEG e Gj h dG g JMG dG FH GhKCJ ,H hj h fMhdG
.H YbG
e dhj hCG Oe H dDG c e Zh dG Gg GC j CG Qd
bG ha e IOSG Zj jdG dhCG eCG .YL be N
EG HQ Y dGh JYfH AOEG e S fEG PEG kGL Ie
.jNBG
eN j dG Ld c dG dG g VYh IAGb gG CG EG aVEG
hjj jd f dd ,bEG jZ SCH dG g FG VY . jd
.kGc kfY d J dG g EG :jNBG EG jdG f
id ,dG jf IOLG dG g e P Y j CG Qd G e
.IGh G jdG OGH dG QOG g VJ dG dG
hCG Jd T f Lh ,dG e Z c dG Gg d
hCG Ve YVe VY eZ SCG hCG ,dG c Y J J
.dG GfG EG ODJh dG J Fj VhY

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jG
eG -

fEG d Lh Y dG g dG -

10

Lh Y dG OLh Y dO dG -

12

BGdGh dG -

22

IG e G dG EG fEG dO dGh BGdG -

25

HqdG dG EG GOSG INBH EH GeCj BGdGh q dG -

28

BGdG G EG j QGSH q dG d fG -

36

Lh Y dH fEG U dG j c -

47

dGh dG:dG Lh J dG dG idG -

53

N g e EG J fCG e Zq dH gFV EG Sq dG Oj GP -

61

INBGh fdG G dG UCG fe -

81

gFV Gj jdG dhCG fe -

85

eGfGh dG OLh Y fBGb eCG -

89

jQdG GNO FV H SfCG -

98

N - 111
Qq ``dG jN :`G - 114

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eG
... dGdG a j dG dG Gg Y dG Gg S
.dU g e ch UNEG ... eSG ... VGdG ... NCG Qe
.H Qm GO Z fCGh c jCG eRj dG dG Gg
?dG Gg j e EG ... FS CS Qh
.V U fEG ... NGO jh j U g
G ge CG qEG ,SG Ich FT dG
q ch
GPh ,FdG UC dG dG j ch jdG gCGh
.ahe Z FM c ,Y H gZ Y hj
e t n oj :G S a ,G Y QJ Oh dG
q a
eC jh ,LG Y H jh ,QGdG edG eQ Y
.dG M
q kT ,ddG fGG
Gg dGh .dP e TCGh OCG d G G qCG Z
J jW EG IQTEGh ,dG BGdG N e dG jJ g dG
IG dG gCG ch ,jDhH jdGh ,G dG UCG
.jhNCG
8

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j hQg

EG qdG e d ee e ej e dG Gg S
Sh .NGdG GAjEGh GUCG e Z e h V U
ch ,H dGh a dG Y V j dG QeCG H f
.dG AdG
q e dM EG j CG V JG GPEG fEd
dG GSG g ag qGE H ,QNEG O d FdG agh
,V Y kah JM e J e j CG Y fEG f
.dP j GPEG a iOj CG dG dG
q d dh

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fGE d Lh Y dG g dG
,Jh fEG bGe dG MhdG
q IdG J g dG qEG
e qdj fEd Lh Y dG e gh ,GdG
q e CG a
j e Ggh .Lh Y dG IVeh MUh N a e Y dN
CG dG a ,JU gCG MCG g dG edG U dG
:J db dP h ,QYG H hdG NCG e NB T e j

n rNn r bn hn @ gn cs Rn r en n nar GCn r bn @ gn Gn n r nJhn gn Qn o ao n n n rdCn an @ gn G s n S en hn m r nfhn }

.10 - 7 :dG |gn sS On rne

:QdG)h ,gQa dG dCG fCG J dG fj HdG jBG

idG HJh ,(dG jdG Y aGfG e ch Gh dG g
a Y jh dG Y j a ,fEG b gdG QJ dG
AdG aCG fEG j dG H dG g idG Cch .G
Z e GdG f j dG g da ,PEG .G jW Y djh
e j CG EG fEG Y a ,H fj M hCG dP Y MCG gj CG
.gLh jdG
q SSCG g dG qGE :f CG f dd ,V Y
10

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j hQg

V U j M fCG fM j CG fEG Yh
Y j CG jh ,GdG
q e C G a dG dG e dPh
GPEa ,L daCG Y Cj Sh kSh khDe j fEa ,QeCG
eCG .G G IM Y jS Lh
q Y dG Ea d aGe fc
PdGh Gk HCG a Gk dN G GY a ,dNh V U g GPEG
.dH

11

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Lh Y dG OLh Y dO dG
hjh Cj CG g V j dG dG H j e hCG qEG
ij CG dH j fEa IdG af c GPEGh ,dM Qhj e cG
hdGh d eCJ GPEGh .ee c H ,Y j fCG
e GC dh .QeCG FbH Oheh eh Se Y fCG ,a f dG
IH ... QGSH j b ... ge f kM qfGE ,f fEG L
J JhdG e jeh dG j c ... AGdG J FQ .. OJ
CG hO JM fEG jh .IG QGSG d fK c jG
.KhM jH M h L NGO J dG ddG BH j
je cc Y Gk H dG j dG AdG h
J dG aGh ,Lf dG bdGh IQGGh AdG
q d qeDd ;eCG
.ba jb h VQCG a IH a ,kGL bO Y
fCG a ,dLh YhQ Y dG Zh AdG
q EG ff GPEGh
dG (SJGdG) FGdG dG J ,G dG Y
h ,LQG QNCG e G FdG Lh fEGh VQCG
.G dG Gg OLh d VQCG S Y j CG MGh M Fd
:kLBG CG kLY CS QeCG g jh eCj dG fEG EG
12

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j hQg

dGDd qGC j S edG Hh ...?GLj CG dG Gdh d eCG c

:HLEG
Fc e a e ch eh cGH dG Gg EG :j ...hCG
dG FdG GQdG CG Yjh ,aOG h f AJ e Lh b M
SdGh jG fa aOH dG b ,IOG IMh UCG g
IjT fCGh cGJ e j e ch dGh JdGh fGGh
.dG
Lh b dG Gg j CG G e fEG :j ... dGh
HCG dG g AT c Y Gk QObh kM kY kdN g EGh ,aOG
.Lh Y dG g dG dP ,dG Gg Sh Nh
g :dCd fV EG IOdG Y jdG MCG QNh
a dP eCG GPEGh ,bdGh dG dH kef LJ CG aOd
IOdH Qj CG j T CG EG ?JGh fG GH J
kdO j dM e a ,IQdG Y kM kdN AT d CG V EG
bGh dG Gg JGh ZdG ... Lh Y dG OLh Y
VGh dO fEG .edG QH fEG cQj CG j dO cCG
GHEG g G Gg CG qoj CG EG d h ,d Hb Zh H
.g EG dEG dG dG
j CG V U EG j kT CG b dh
q
13

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BGodG q dG qgCG

MhQ Ib N e FG Qj CG H a kYGh c d fC YdG GH

fEG j be c C ;G gh CG V j M qGE
EG IQTEG e H gh .M jJ Yj V M Y AH
a AcdG Y G J dG G e dG a G jJ
qfC G EG j dh aGh AcdG e c Qb Y fEG j
. dM QhJ dG FG Qjh a V EG j
JCJ dG Gh AcdG H QdG VH j ke S
:dG Y c
G EG j gh G Y e H S j dG da
dh ,d kbe c dh M kICG k ae EG EG j d ,dGh
.U SG EG dN e j c db AGLCG g Vh
n j
RYEG MGf GQOEG a ,dGh G eG GPEG dh
q
U EG .He M dN OLH j gYh ,d SGQO edGh
dG IdG GP g dG GH G N dG IdG CH S V
.AT c N
Y HQ Lh b ` dG Y ` gGHEG fS CG dG BGdG h
r uHQn Gr n gn nrbn kncn r cn riGnC Qn orsdG prnYn snL rs nan } :V d FUEG jW
n rbn n an GnC rs nan r Hu Qn Gr n gn n rbn knZRp rHn n n n rdG i
r GnC Qn rs nan @ n r p panC G
t Mp GoC n rbn n an GnC rs nan
n rbn k nZRp rHn n r s dG i
r GCn Qn rs nan @ n r ud s dG p r n rdG n pe s nfco Cn r Hu Qn
r pjn r nd r p nd
14

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j hQg

o Ls hn ufGE p @ nr co p roJ rs Al p Hn r ufGE p p r bn rjn n rbn

r nan GnC rs nan o n cr GnC Gr n gn r Hu Qn Gr n gn
76 :fCG |
n pcp oG n pe nfGCn en hn k pMn n VQCn Ghn pGhn n s dG n n an p pd p L hn
.79 -

EG Uh ` dG Y ` gGHEG fS CG c jBG g if
CGh b g EG dM e c CG ,V EG IOdH ,QOCGh HQ ae
.kY kdN bG d
,FGgCGh JZd j CG hOh V Y OYH j e EGh
dG OLh Qa H j e K j d M VH Gg ij CG
.Jh fS
e ZdG Y dG OLh QfEG Y fVM e e :jQdG
q
G H dG GYG
,gOLh gh Y dG jh G FG g jDhQ aQ qEG
.FcP e ZdG Y fEG Qb e qj
g ,V Y dG G aj fEG j dG dG EG
Lh Y dG OLH fEG J qC dG e e dP VQJ
CGh ,H d kVN fEG j CG j ,Y dEG OLH QGbEG j
.daCG Y eeCG khDe j
EG Oj dP Ea V U Y fGPBG fEG j eY
: dG g Y kahe ke OQSh .aeh FcP e ZdG Y dG
15

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BGodG q dG qgCG

cG jdG dG MCG g (jc fGa) Francis Crick :

e Gk MGh Gg acG c bh .G hdG eG cJ
e kFg kch kHhDhO kY bG dG dG jQJ acG gCG
bh .Hf IFL f a c dd Gk jJh ,kGjT AcP
k dP ah ,aG
Yh bdG Jh G cH SGQO N jc fGa gP
:Hc b a d eh AdG g eDe fCG e ZdG
EG d BG IaG aG EG Gk OSGh OU T Cq G EG''
e H dG hdG g Ia .Ie EG d IG UCG CG s jo CG
,jc fGa ,Wh gDe :IG ) .''I`G `g QG`S gaJ
. (1981 :Qjf
Y JCG dG SCG J c G UJ jc iCGQ eY
g EGh ,aOe f J CG G CH a bCG dGh gcP
UCG EG .aOH Lh b IG CH keDe fc e ZdG Y ,Ie
CG S dP C ;aOG Z J CH eDj AdG ge
N bOh c e BGQ qKC J dG jc .Lh Y dG OLH Ghj
JG p , jd J e ZdG Y dgH YG M ,G
HdG Gg qGE :dG EG OYh ,Lh Y dG OLH dG aQh ,V
b aOH Lh b j CG TCG e H dG eG
,hCG hdG eG Y
q L dG gh ,NBG Y e Fc JLhCG
16

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j hQg

.IG CGH dG GHh

U fEG gj eY j CG Y M e Gg
Gc ,aeh FcP ie Y dG H IMGh da ,jh V
bj CG e j LQd Y dCG M Hf IFL Y FG dG
f gh J CG eYG FdG d c :f Cjh d
? b
Michael H e jeCG jG AdG Y T bh

j CG hO gV U gj jdG AdG ADg dM J.Behe

:b M dG c
jG jG AdG c VG HQCG OdG OGeG Y''
Sj CG bG a ,dG eCH j dG Ggh .G QGSCG
.''G OG dH gY MGe aCG SdG e BG GY
iG Y IG SGQOh G SGQO OG g cGJ fh
!''G dH '' J IOMh jhe U X jG
YCG e IMGh fCG Y J CG H h egh VGh f fEG
BG CG VhG e c Y f fEG H ,dG jQJ GREG
fEG M cCG BG d Jh ,JLh JLh ... J LG
.dG cG Gg H MGdG e kej J
e kHh ,SG d MCG j a j dP e kT dh
17

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BGodG q dG qgCG

.d jdG dG Gg cG ah U MCG dP
SfCG bJh J LQCG CGH dG VG W eYh
ShDhQ g iS kT Gj dh ,VGh H G hdG bCGh
Gg dG G j
s GPa .CGH c eCG eh ,VQCG jdGh
HdG Gg M e edG q GPh ?JOc H gG cG
?Gh IG NJ Y Gk H U Y H
e g ,QH HJ fCG Y J e CG J c G
,OSCG jhQGO hU) ,dG dG OLh Y WS gH iNCG Mf
. (233 ` 232U 1996 IG G ,Qjf
HCG e CG Qj e d VGhh L Lh Y dG OLh dOCG EG
j Lh Y dG OLH GYG j jdGh ,dG g dG
,bNCG Gk Ob Y Vj EG Gg C EGh ;fEG Y H dP
,AT c Y JQbh Lh Y dG OLH kV jh EG MCG e a
YWE JM Sjh dG eCG khDe j CG Y JJ aG g dh
j EG FG d cGQOEG ZQ QfEG Y j dG Ggh .eGhCG
NGdG QT e h dG e e aGj H J C dP
: dG IQS BGdG ADg J dG Uh bh .dH
o n pbY n cn
n r cn r o rf an Gv oYo h kn rXo r o o o rfGCn r n n r n r SGh H Ghn Ln hn }
. 14 :dG |
n jr ppr oG
18

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j hQg

CG dG BGdG cP c eb e gGHEG fS b qEG

,KhCG hj gGHEG fS Y SdG c a ,kGL ke J
ADg d KhCG OYh .J dG hO e Y e c :KhCH g fh
CH eDj jdG AdG ge UCa ...a UCG hj jdG
g dDj IG LhCG dG eGdG g aOGh edGh
q GQdG
CG TCG e H aOG h edG
q a j eh .eGdG
.IQdG J d Lh Y dG Mh ...IG N Y IQOb J
Y nfGnC h s go n n an r sdGp VQr Cn G hn pGn s dG
t Q Ht Q r Hn n bn } :Ofh
ro nn nan @ nrjp pHr oe Gr tdn oJ rGnC n r nH oneUGC sn cnC pdJhn @ nrjppg s dG e ropdPn
n p nd sfGE n pdB H Gr n gn n n an r en Gr od bn @ nr o Lp jn pdGE p r o sn nd r o nd Gk r pcn sGE Gk P Gr n Lo
p Yr GCn r nYn ppH G oJCr an G r odrbn @ o r pgGr n Hr GE p o nd o rn jo go co j k an n r p n S Gr odbn @ n r p s dG
nn an r Hn n rbn @ o r pgGHr GE p rjn rn pdB H Gr n gn
n rn an
n rfGnC GnC Gr odrbn @ nhr o n r jn r o sn ndp Ss dG
n rGE p rgo r odnC Sran Gn gn rgo o rcn
.63 - 56 :AfCG |n o p rnj G r of c
Y CG fhj dG UCG CG hadG Lhh
Y adG Y M ILY K EG d g dBG CGh JDhJ
r nYn Gop of K

.gFV EG GhOY gYh !!?H a ,f

nr p s dG oofGC osfGE p Gr odn an rp po fGnC r ndGE Gr o nLa}
.65 ` 64 :AfCG |n o p jn Ap rD gn en
n r p Yn r n d r pShhDo Qo

gJ eh Y Gfc e EG GhJQG M jW eR h
19

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BGodG q dG qgCG

:gGHEG fS d a ,gFV Y eCG QGbEG Y SZh

r ond
x GCo @ r co t o jn hn kT r oo n r jn e pdG phOo r pe nhr o o aGnC n b}
.67 ` 66 :AfCG |nr op nJ ran GnC pdG phr Oo
r pe nhr o o r nJ rp h
Gdh ,gFV bh c e IH Geha dG jadG UCG
fCH GhWNh G d Gc jdG ADg jT H GhT
:Gda WdG JGe jM LCG e SdG
q b GdhM M
. 68 :AfCG |
n r p Yp an r o r co rGE r on pdGB Ghr o o fGh o r bo u Mn Gr odrbn }
Y J EGh G e e jT IQ d dG g EG
hCG acG e dG d Gk e kY j CG d .jdG
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GB dGh dG
Y
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j hQg

jh ?OLh e dG g a ,ILh Ia N eCSh ,dGh

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Y j g ?S dG a .e bh N a e jh dSdG
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BGodG q dG qgCG

,f kegG j CG hO gDhj hCG QhQG j ...gDhj h FG

!?f kJ jh dUh M gDhS fCG CG
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.30

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EG MCG e a .Lh Y dG c j dh ,a Y e ke j
dh ,Jh dG BGdG Lh Y dG dJ IAGb Y CG kV jh
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24

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dO dGh GB dG
dG GE fE G
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CGh Hq V U kge OLh j dG fEG qEG

Y H MQ N JH Sh ,OLh e dG Y Aj
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.2 :G |Qo o nrdG
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BGodG q dG qgCG

nC G nYn ne nrn nL sfGE p }

7 :dG |kn Yn on rMGnC ro tjGnC rgo n ornpd n d k nj Rp p V Qr
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n es GE h Gk pcn T es GE p n ps dG o jr n gn
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dG a ,dG Gd kah j eY
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j hQg

a ,j ke Gfj CG SdG ADg CG Qjh ,gEG e N

hO S dP C (dP j c) :dH f j CG
.Lh Y dG c d YJG

27

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E H GeC j GB dGh dG
HdG dG GE GOSG INB H
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g G j CG fCG c ,fdG dG g J dh ,f
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CG H a IG g LCG fEG c pj fCG h ,c f
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gV d m g hO gOLh hj jdG SdG qEG
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j hQg

nsLCG fEG Lh Y dG j M dG BGdG Gg Y HLEG hj

:Y Qb Y fEG c aS M G H e EG G
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cQj eMCG BGdG EGh gFV EG Lj jdG ADg qEG

kjCG jo CG h ,Sh M H jSh H Y Lh Y dG CG
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L GYh G e jhD Q Y j dG g G dG
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29

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BGodG q dG qgCG

d M gjh dGh dG JM j kffEG qEa dHh

J e GgCG AGQh j fEG c
q .V U EG dH j
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q
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SdG Ea ,G Ve
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j hQg

j dP CG g INBGh G cP j SdG j e qEG

H daCG Y Sjh dCS Lh Y dG CH gcjh gFV
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31

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BGodG q dG qgCG

fCH e jh ,H J MhQ Ea keDe fEG c GPEa

NGO MGH j H ,G h G j dG Gk dN S
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.gQU HCH G jDhd j INBGh G
GS G e CG c :dG BGdG Lh Y dG fjh
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32

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j hQg

j e TCc G e hdG hN jh .HOh Lh Y fHjh

.j e fEG Qj gYh ,CG e
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faS G C ;kGjT G KCJ j AKCG g
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33

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BGodG q dG qgCG

a a M hCG a e c C ;Uj H FY fEG S

CG MC h Mh J fCG X dG QaCG ...Y VS JM
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n n rpe r n r jn en hn @ o n jn
:JM jT VJ fCGh BG e f CJh J CG
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: dH e FW dG dG Gg Y dG BGdG J
kj p bn kHG n Yn r co nfQr n rfGCn sfGE @ kHCn en pHu Qn ndGE n n sJG An T n an t n rdG o n rdG
n pdPn }
.40 - 39 :CdG |kHG n oJ
o r co r pn r nd j o pa nrdG o o jn hn o Gn jn
r en s bn en Ao r n rdG o o jn n r jn
fC jT hjh S SdG Ea dP Y IhY
dG H Qj CG Zh e dh .fdG JM abG
:Y Lh Y
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34

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j hQg

.HCG EG NGO Y S G GHCG C ;e e

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o u n jo m p en an @ pJn n pd
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Y e c VH Qj CG kV c e fEG c YSH
d Oj CG Y j S gYh .Gh G V
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.46 - 45 :U | Qp G s dG i n c

35

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dG d fG
GB dG G GE j QGSH
j ,NBG dGh Lh Y dG OLH dG EG fEG j eY
CG G Z a ,Gh VQ daCG c dG Cj CG g MhCG ag
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o
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j hQg

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eCG e Gk e dH Gk jT kegG jh H j CG G dG
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:b QdH H j e Lh Y
o nden sGnC
o nr jn @ o On s Yn hn k en n n Ln p sdG @ Im n n od mIn n go u od l jr hn }
@ oIn bn oG pdG Qo nf @ o n n o rdG e n GQOr GnC en hn @ n n oG pa sn n o nd sc @ o n nNr GCn
- 1 :IdG | mIOs n eo mn Yn pa @ lIn nUDr e p r nYn n sfGE p @ pIn p ar nC G nYn o p s nJ dG
.9

jh Z j fEG dG g Gh Gh IdG EG
fCG c .dG BGdG dd ke d Ggh ,kGQhR jh QGSCG Y
e N Ea ddh ;IH G e Z fCG e dG e Tj
.a Y Z jh aCG g Y ke j CG g fEG j
Fb J QaCGh BGdG gL QOCG dG fEG aJ
q qEG
jh V Y j fEa :NBG Hh .IG SEG dJ Y
39

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BGodG q dG qgCG

fEG fCh ;dYCG c INBG QGdG La Y f INBGh G

Ohd L c Ljh kjCG Z j fEa
S a ,QeCG HCH j a M fM a JNB
j kjCG S jdG Gg CG j fEa K jU d c GPEG :G
J e jJ jOMCG e VG a ,d jh jCG e
JOSh N LCG e jh ,kGQf hCG L g CH kehO cjh ,fdH
Y j CG hjh .G e j CG J dG Yjh ,INBGh fdG
bh .d Y j dHh ,JNB a G jW Y djh UG
e hCG gd Lh Y dG IVe Ljh V j dG fEG hj
fCG qEG ,f h
q j ...SQG EGh ...dG EG gj ...Z
ah ,j e c Lh Y dG IVe EG j c dP EG aVEH
:Lh Y j
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C Gh
. 37 :QdG | Qo Hr
o oo dG p ap
o sn n nJ ker jn nao n jn
VQ d j CG fEd c :SdG H Aj CG h
J CG j :khCG ? c dG cjh daCG c Lh Y dG
dG fEdh ,gGS e c e gCG Lh Y dG eGhCG YWh GOdG
a a JQ J a ,d Lh Y dG bGe j CG Y V j
aj fEa NO dP KCG d M ,keCG j H INBG N jh fdG
40

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j hQg

. JQGh dG EG
j CG j .INBG j kS a jJ j e
Z hX YGj CG Y kFGO c GPEGh ,jO j kje c GPEa ,K
:Lh Y dG j ;IY GP c GPEG a
ro co GE p rond l rNn Gr bo s n nJ rGnC hn mIn nrne GE p lIn p nan mIn r Yo hPo ncn rGE p hn }
. 280 :IdG | n o nr nJ

H ,dG J a ,Lh Y dG H c G CG j eDG

.Y J dG j
jh ,edG JM fEH dG GMCG e dG g
BGdG EG LdH dPh ,VQ jh Lh Y dG cj CG dN e
.dGh
ke dG BGdG GC j CG jdG dH dG jj e c Yh
.V Y OYH kjCG CGb e jh V
: J dG Vj dG dG Y j dG
h ,dG AVQEG Y dG IjT e j fEG V qEG
.Mh dG EG j H dEG JGH hCG SdG AVQEH Gk HCG j
jJ jH H V Y OYG hO SEG j H
. Y gf dG IOdG SW GhODj CG jh ,aSCc ke jOYG
dP dGh ,HH gGaCH JOY J CG GhQNG ADg
41

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BGodG q dG qgCG

Y GhDf fC WH hCG dM e e LGG GhOGQCG fCG eEG

.dP
a e bCG Y j fEa J dG Vj Y Gj CG Hh
.AJCG fCH hNBG d
oj CG hO H ke AG j CG j GMCG L h
.V
Y dG j CG cj V Y e j dG fEa
bh j j CG e c d gjh ,Lh cCG Y Lh
e c M S dG Gg fCG j fC ;G j He dAe
:J j dP h ,a
o h o p nJ m r Nn pe opo rfnC Gr eo q n oJ en hn nIcn s dG Gr oJGB hn nIns dG Go bGCn hn }
. 110 :IdG |
l pHn non r nJ n pH n dG sGE pdG n Yp
j e aCG d fEG S Y dG BGdG e g
:a dG MCG Gdj CG OY J dG eCj M jW LCHh
s GE r o n r Hn o jn nn r s dG sGE o nMr GC n pg pdG God o jn Op pd r bo hn }
E p pd nc nn r s dG
. 53 :AGSEG | k peo Gk hs o Yn pf
,dG e G EG j Lh Y dG eGhCG j dG fEa
S dP e dG Y H ,dH Y j b e H a Gg j h
,kGKCJ MCGh dG LCG
42

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j hQg

e jG e QSh ,Wj e PDj hCG j CG g jh

.H bdG f ke ,Lh Y dG Vj
M e bCG KK EG dG Lh Y dG j iNCG jBG h
:SEH WJQG
o rpehn pp r npd lpd Xn ro rp an nfOp nYp re nrn n r UG njdG nrnp dG nrKQn hr GnC soK }
. 32 :Wa |
o pnrdG o rn rdG n go
n pdPn pdG pPr E p H pG r nH l pHnS r o r ep h l p n r e
:dG jBG J c
j e SdG eh , SEG dd kah ke j e SdG e
eY dPh ,SEd Lh bh e kT jh ,kFL V
dJh SEG d M H j fCG c ,e e VQj
e CH ur eh
o ,e g eh g e Y b fCG Gk e , SdG H IG
.jdG a kbNCG GOY e H j
e g fEG Qj CG g dG e Tj e EG :G h
n jr sdG } : J dG j ADg h ,ebCGh jG MCG Jh ,eh
Gr odhr GoC r go
n p ndhr GoC h o dG o go Gr n gn n jr p sdG
n p ndhGoC o n nMr GnC nr o ps n an n r n rdG n o p n r jn
Cn G
. 18 :edG | p n rd
kah aj a GG EG Hj jdG CG :ddG dG eCG
YGW aj ;idG IFG Ghd Ha gV Y
CG Vj h ,dEG j CG MC j h SEG j Y C
43

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BGodG q dG qgCG

.MCG g e OLh M g e Gj
,d gCG g e feCH f CH J dG feCj AdG IQS h)
j Gg h H Vd gDJ dG hdG a aJ e EG J CG
:J
CG SdG H M GPEGh gCG EG feCG GhODJ CG ceCj dG qEG)
.58:AdG { ( GH S c dG qGE H j f dG EG dH G

dhDe J CG eEG feCGh ,Ic Xhh IN e feCG EG

GPEG feCG CG Y cDJ jBG gh .K AT Y G hCG AG j
bNCG aCGh eSG SdG cCG EG gDhYEG Lj qfEa jOe
q T fc
gOSEG dc LGda dhDe feCG g fc GPEG eCG ,Y LQCGh
.H ShCGh Y SdG cCG EG
.dhDG H Vd SG dG QNG j CG j QNHh
Gg Ve NJ b idG CG j IAch Y bCG g e Jh
j e hCG jeO HGb d J e QNG UN H jh ,QNG
Gg Ea Y Hh .G e MCH hCG dG Gg Hj b fCG
ddG g G QjEG CG ,G ShCG YT cCG g dG
h feCG cCG QNG CG ij dG BGdG Ea Gdh .SdG Sf Y
.QhV eCG bNCG aCG
ae dG ae Y a j dG Ve qEa Mj eh
44

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j hQg

JG LGdH dG N e FVQEGh YW EG dP ij H ,M
dG OLh GQOEG CG hj SdG ZCGh .IQU aCGh Lh MCG Y
:dH dG g J dG Wj fBGdG jBG H h ,c
r en hn Qn Hr nC Gh n r s dG
o p r jn es GCn p VQCn Ghn Ap n s dG n pe r obo Ro r jn r en r bo }
odG nodr o nnan n enC G o uHoj rnehn u G npe nuG op ojh puG npe s nG or oj
sfnC an o s dG GE u G n r Hn GP n an t nG o oHt Qn o dG o opdn an @ no nJ ran GnC r o an
. 32 - 31 :fj | n ao n r oJ

:jBG g if c
dN fCHh ,bRGQ fCHh Lh Y dG OLH eDj SdG ADg EG
EG Ud gV j dh ,AT c deh ,IGh G
.fE mc Gg CG hj fC ;Gg e YCG
;Lh Y dG e gQ j kM V jo dG fEG d
.Y dG VQ j CG j gQ ...Yh L ee Qj fC
j h J dG AVQEG kUGe kS c JM J ddh
Y ke ` dG Y ` gGHEG fS BGdG cjh ,ke Gk M HH d
:dP
n pgG rHGE p n spe nnsJGh lp roe n go h pd on rLhn nnrSGnC rs pe kjOp onrMGnC rnehn }
. 125 :AdG | k p N
n n pgG n Hr GE o dG n n sJGh k pMn

45

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BGodG q dG qgCG

gj ,d kah fhDT L j dG fEG qEG

d Sa ,dG d G GQOEG e ie YCG EG Ud
.e jh Yh dN IQb Qd Qfh
GG ?HQ e kjb j CG fEd c :fMCG Aj b
.eOdG dG dP Sh .dG g :iNCG Ie

46

VICDAN 29 EKIM2 pdf

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U dG j c
Lh Y dH fE G
GPa JM LCG e j dG GgCG Y fEG CS GPEG
eh .AiOG H Q hCG ...dG ...FdG ...dG ?OQ S
Y d ae g AG IM e gCG EG .gCG f b fCGh H a OdG
q j
e dG ddG dh ,e dG S Gk g AT c a ,Lh
.G g ge JM J jdG
,HJ e c Y MWG hCG HJ T hCG Y GDdG WG
jo dG fEG dh .fdG IH Je L HLCG CG S
FSdGh Lh Y dG e HJ g JM e gCG CG ITe QS V
:BGdG Lh Y dG feCj ch .dP YJ CG dG
pp n S Gh o pg Ln hn n n pS n dG pr ndGE p Gon Hr Gh n dG Go sJG G o en GB n jp sdG jt GnC jn }
. 35 :IFG | n
o p r oJ r osn nd
dG e Hb IQhV dG Qj c
hO M eJ bH j L ...e n u Sh
o n p No dM e c
47

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BGodG q dG qgCG

J HYCGh ,G Y bj b ,dH dH f J CG
DhH j dG dG TCG c .edG EG jQhdG FSdG QGSH
c Y j AGdG ;dG W H IOLe jJh
dG cdH Ohe L ;LMG SJ dG chCG
dG feEH .dH dH J CG hO cM j dG dGh
EG aVEH Gg ,jW a cdG Mh dGh jJ e Mh AJ e
dh SGM Lh Y dG eh .Ad L dG FXdG OCG
hCG ATCG d h .G dG GfCH PJ fCa ; QT
l e
.J CG jU e ec hCG dM e dG L Ige
Sh dP c N dG dG dG g Lh Y dG EG
.c J dG e dh ,dG e a J CG d AT .e
j e dG cP iS g j h h J Y dG f EG
:Lh Y dG
. 18 :dG |
l p MQn Ql o nnd n dG sGE p gn o r oJ pdG n n r pf Ght o nJ GE p hn }
eGhCG j jdG ADg Lh Y dG Yh dG g c ah
. e c dh G jdN Gfj CG ,FGQ ICa fdG IG
J CG g a Y e hCG Ea Y H dG fCG e c He h
:Lh Y dG j c Gk QT Gk Y
n r s dG o ond n n Ln hn kr nT no nr nJ n r opJn es GCo po Ho pe oLn n Nr GnC o dGh}
48

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j hQg

nC Gh Qn n rHnC Gh
. 78 :dG | n h o or nJ rosn nd nIn p ar
:Lh Y dG Y e g a j dG dG c
o nd n pSr eo nan
r pr jo en hn n nd
n pr eo nan mn Mr Qn pep Ss d o dG p n r jn e}
r pe r gn r or nYn pdG n n r pf Gr h o co Pr G o S s dG jt GCn j @ o p n rdG o jp n rdG n go hn ppr Hn pe
:Wa | noan rD oJ sfnC an n go sGE p nndGE p rp VQr nC Gh Ap s dG npe obo Ro r nj pdG o rnZm pdNn
3-2

a ddh .Lh Y dG IOGQEG hO dG dG AH jh

.fEG IM e gCG g dG e dG j CG jdG
e Gk QOfh ,edG JH j SdG CG fEa dP eh
dH gCG j fEG H .dP d IMGh bO bh e j
cCG ...eGMGh HYEG c jgL dhjh ,a SdG CGd
CG a T h .M EG UdGh Lh Y dG AVQE gCG e j
.OG e Gg
g EGh ,a kLGh d Lh Y dG VQ f CG fEG dh
.MGdGh IOdH j d G jdG
hCG SdG AVQEG EG jh ,Lh Y dG Sj jdG ADg eCG
.IOdGh VdG EG Gk HCG Gj a ,aJ QeCG j
Hc Lh Y dG j c dG IhM Lh Y dG Vd Ea
:dG cH EG j CG fEG b CG kVe jdG
49

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BGodG q dG qgCG

| ooo dG tp n r nJ pdG p cr p pH GnC pdG p cr p pH o oHobo tp n r nJh GoneGB njp sdG}

.28 :YdG

h ,NBG dG Yh Lh Y dG Y Z IOY SdG jh

.dG EG VJ Y EG G H aj
dG Y j fEG dG g dG Ic Ea GMCG c h
...J
.eCdGh cdH dPh GhdG Y f un cn jo CG Y Ea ddh
GY jh dGMCG c Lh Y dG cj dG fEG eCG
T Y edG j j CG MC g .j h Sj fEa G
m
CG bG Gg d g ?J dG Z AT j K L e L
gCG jCG jb hCG jU d S g ?J dG Z MCG AVQEH j
?IFa hCG
.G Qf jDhQ Y gCG CG d h d h d j a
:ddG jBG e Ggh
pGn Yn r pe pn r jn d o p G Ot n jn r o nfho sn jo @ kr p Mn l Mn o Cn jn hn }
s oK kLn p VQr nC G r en h @ pjhDr oJ dG p r pahn @ pr Np GnC h pn Mp nUh @ pr pn H m p pejn
n @ prp roj
. 15 - 10 :QG |n nd sfGE c
IM Ea ,fV EG IOdG e Qf ch ,BGdG j ch
IVe JM j CG fEG OGQCG GPEGh .J d J CG j fEG
50

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j hQg

fS e j CGh ,dG BGdG dJ j CG EG Y a Lh Y dG

e c V M EG Oj CGh ,d Ihb Sh Y dG U
q
.LGj
YJG j Ich IU c V d fEG Ja
.J dG Vj
gj dG fEG qGE :gCG jZ dCe g LJ qfGC Z
kWh ke j bh ,kGL j e H j Q Lh Y dG AVQE f
ij d fEa Lh Y dG VQ g daCG e jdG J GPEG dh .IdH
LCG e H j EGh ,V d kYJG G H j fC ;Y
.WY T fC hCG IdG AGQh dGh QT e T de
GPEGh ,f dG e gCG V JG fEG f EG :NBG Hh
EG :G S Y .dG j CG a J d cCH JM J CG OGQCG
SdG VQ W Hj J d dN J CG j N Y CG dG
J dG cP Y hGd YS Gg .f Y fEG VQ M hCG
nYn r prUG} :a ADg Y J dG jh .Lj e c dEG AdGh
. 17 :U |
l Ghs GCn o sfGE p pjr Cn G GPn On hGOn nfn r Yn r co Pr Gh n odo jn en

@ no pHsdG no pHsdGhn } :a e Hj CG J dG fjh

. 11 - 10 :bGdG | n Ho s n o rdG
n p ndhr GoC

n Yp mrHn o bo o p jo en o p s jn hn p Np B Gp r n dG hn pdpH o peDr jo en pG n Yr nC G n pehn }

51

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BGodG q dG qgCG

Ql o nZ ndG sGE p ppn rMQn odG oo oNp r onS rd l nHr bo n sfGE p rGnC p oS s dG pG nnUhn pdG
. 99 :HdG |
l Mp Q
Y dG AVQEh V Y c fEG H j Y c EG
:dH d GHJ jdG ADg dG jh .HQ e HJ Sh g Lh
ncn rGE p seGnC hn @ m p nf o snLh lnrjQn hn lhr n an @ nrHs n oG npe ncn rGE p senC a}
p n rUGnC r ep
p n rUGnC r ep
. 91 - 88 :bGdG |p p n rdG
n d l n an @ p r p n rdG

52

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J dG dG idG
q dGh q dG :dG Lh
:qdG -1
:J j c fEd Lh Y dG e g dG EG
@ gn cs Rn r en n nar GCn r bn @ gn Gn nJhn gn Qn o a n n n dnC an @ gn Gs nS en hn m nfhn }
. 10 - 7 :dG | g sS On
r en
n Nn r bn hn

d VhCGh ,idGh QdG dCGh hdG N fEG J j gh

j CG ...UG JQG J :Qa ch .dG SGH G jW
CGh ,GdG Y j CG ,Oj CG ,j CG :j Gk La fEG
Qda .idG Y Y bNCG Ge fjh cG j
.jdG dG f c j
.T c UCG gh :QdG - :jdG d fL g
.dG e fEG j dG gh :dG dG He d dh dG BGdG Qj HY e :dGh
dG BGdG gcj c dG (Self). `H LJ CG dh .jfEG
dGh ZdG C e fEG ,IdG ,dG ,hdG ,GdG ,gG :J
53

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BGodG q dG qgCG

.fEG Y IG IdG fEG ,dGh

IdG g dG EG ,fEG Y IG Jb Y qcS gh
e Ggh .e QGb PJG hCG e H d fEG aJ dG MhdG
fCG Y dG EG Qj M jBG e dG dG BGdG cj
` dG Y ` j fS b bh .fEG dGh dG Qe
JZ H ` dG Y ` Sj NCG e dG GhOGQCG jdG FHCG
:e
Gk er GnC ooo rfGnC r ond
r nds n S r Hn n bn mp cn m n pH ppr p bn Yn Gr hhDo Ln hn }
. 18 :Sj | nr o p nJ rne nYn o n nr oG odGh lrp nL l rn an
fCG Y dG d Qa so oJ CG AdH IQeCG fEG f EG
.N
gh edG b a ,dG KCJ Y W IQS NBG e gh
e Y T Y H ` dG Y ` Se fS b e MGh
Y ` Se fS Z c dG H VCa ,SdG e L gP
:b dP Y M Y dCSh Se fS OY eYh ` dG
oJr n n an p oS s dG p nKGCn pe k n r bn
o rn n an ppH Gr ho ojn nd
o r oHn n bn }
. 96 :W |
r p r nf r pd rnds nS ndn cn h
H M e gh ,dG BGdG Lh Y dG H fj NBG e
H NBG gMCG b M ` dG Y ` OBG fS HG Hgh Hb
54

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j hQg

:dG HUCG K IdG

. 30 :IFG |
n jr p pS nG n pe n n rUnC an o nn n a pr Np GnC n r bn o or nf o nd
r Yn s n an }

IQeCG dG dh ,jdG dG e aGj CG dG EG

e dP Z Y j f eCGh .fEd dP J CG AdH
.QhdGh IdGh dGh dGh bdc aCG
INEGh Ha ,dG ShSh CGJ c d VJ HdG jBG EG
g a G edG dh , FGL GJQG edGh Sj fS
.N a CG d QUh ,a Y e MGh c VM dG dG
.KBG JQG EG aOh VCG b fCG Gh
M dG IQS VGh HLEG EG ?dG Ib Qe g e
dG c GPEG :Cf CG d j gh (... gn Qn o ao n n n rdCn an ) :Lh Y dG j
OdG f CG ke j aCG ,QdG a Lh dG N b J
dG iNCG IdG f CG Y d ?G e bNCGqdG dGh
:jBG IAGb f M g dG
@ gn rcs Rn r en n nar GnC r bn @ gn Gn r nJhn gn Qn r o ao n n n rdCn an @ gn Gs nS en hn m r nfhn }
Ib dG CG d Vj M , 10 - 7 :dG | gn sSOn r en
n rNn r bn hn
.KBG JQG e fEG dG g ce
dG dG :JdG c jdG dG Vh J dG CG j Gg
aJh dG e dG HjEGh ,N fCG Y d QJh dG EG aJ
55

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BGodG q dG qgCG

. J EG hCG g EG j CG eEG a , N g e EG
:dG - 2
Y jQOb Z gh ,kaGN kee EG d dG CG dG j
.JM j dG QhdGh SdG Y KCJ GQOEG
U H Y QhG e cC dG Gg bdG d j h
CG Qd j Gg Ea dP eh .dG Y dG KCJh dG
YjEG hh bH fEG bGJ S Ib EGh ,kdN kFc d dG
.G
Y ` OBG fd OdG aQ M Lh Y dG dG Y
dG e ,Lh Y dG Y dG j CG Qbh ,ch JZ H ` dG
dG CG dG BGdG Lh Y dG cP bh .de e fOCG gj fCG
dG h Lh Y dG OLh j jh ,FGR eBH SdG j
.fdG IH j jh NBG
Hh .jdG dG dG idG c dG G
.dG EG LH dG j G EG fEG LH dG j
j H ,Y H fEd SSj dG Ea j eh
:e d SSj CG :G S a ,Ye H hCG Gk S dP
e ''gCG e fCG H a IOLe G fc GPEGh ,eh L fEG fCG''
56

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j hQg

.Lh Y dG eGhCG e gZh Id kcQJ j b fEG Gg CG

j H e g e c qCHh WH J g dG ShShh
dh ,MGU NBG dH j j SSdG Hh .''e `fCG'' :db
CG g VG e NCG qGE h .SEG SG dG Qj e EG Oj
d eCG M fCG Qj h ,QaCG fCG ShSdG H j fEG
.G EG H d dG j ShQe N EG
,H SEG f CG Y kFGO j Gk V g CG f CG j
g C ;gFV e kH dG ShSh j SdG e dh
.jfdG aGgCG SJ ShSdG
eCG c .e eG g dG JM dG gCG RJ gh
dG dG a j dG) dGh dG eeCG j LGf
fEG aj CG hj c
w ,ce jH (QhdGh WGdGh
Uh dG ShSh H j e EG Lh Y dG VQ j h .jW
.V a dG
d dG CG gh ,cGQOEG Y j iNCG e f g
Rj dch .QdG j CG EG e jh , CG EG fEG Qj
Njh QdG e j dG EG fEG aj fCG EG fEG dG
OdG V gjh f d jJ e JG Qj dG Ggh .G
a jh ,Lh Y dG jW Y jW a fC ;d kjU jh
57

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BGodG q dG qgCG

:Lh Y dG
36 :NdG |
l jp bn o nd n o an kfn r nT o nd r u n ofp n Mr s dG p cr Pp r Yn o r jn r en hn }
.

ch YJCG dG ej c dG BGdG Lh Y
q dG fjh
: YJCG jfh jf J
p H r pe o s JB s oK @ n r p n r G
n Wn G pU r o nd qn o br nC n jr n rZGCn n pan n bn }
n rbn @ n jr p pc n T go n cGnC o p nJ rhn p pF n nT r Yn h r p pfjr GnC Yn hn r p p Nn r peh jjr GnC
| n r p n Lr GnC r or pe n s n Ln snC er nC o r pe
n n pnJ r n sd Gk Qn Mo r en kehAr en r pe
r o NG
.18 - 16 :GYCG

G dG UCG Y d S
j IQG IjT Ib dG CG :kYfG jd j CG S
.
Y dG j dP h ,kGL V dG Ib CG Vf CG j gh
p r pn S ap noJp n jo Gh o n cn n jp dGh p dGp pn S ap noJp n jo Go eGB n jp sdG} :Lh
n p n s dG n r cn sGE p pn r s dG An n pdhr GnC G opJn an poZs dG
. 76 :AdG | k p n V n c
dGh .Lh Y dG IOGQEG Lh J CG dG Ib EG
dG Lh Y dG N a .fEG H Lh Y dG S Ib EG d
LYh V fCG dG M f dG jh ,Z e eDG d ,dGh
Y dG cj e Ggh ,Y Id HJ jh ,G OdG eCG
58

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j hQg

:dG BGdG Lh
o ofn ro S n sfGE p @ nocs n n jn r p Hu Qn nYn hn Go en GB n jr dG nYn ln roS o nd n r nd o sfGE p }
o p r eo ppH go n jp sdGh o nfr sdn n jn n jp sdG nYn
. 100 - 99 :dG | n c

@ Gk Qao r en Ak Gn Ln r co hDo Gn Ln n s n Ln sE p an r o r pe n n pnJ n an r gn Pr G n bn }

ro cr Qp nThn np Lp Qn hn np rn pH p rnYn rp rLGnC hn npJr npH ro rpe nr n r SGp ne Rr p r nr SGh
n r nd Op n Yp sGE p @ Gk Qho oZ sGE p on r s dG o go o p jn en hn r go r Yp hn Op hr nC Ghp Ger nC G pa
. 65 - 63 :AGSEG | k pchn
n Hu n pH n cn hn ln roS r p r nYn
n nd
dG J dG SGC
Y dG C ;dG eCH d f hCG d fEG QNG EG
U j M IOdH QdG EG ke fEG f L b Lh
g dGh SEG eGhCH fEG J qEa dG Gdh .V
.jdG dG e aGj
:Lh Y dG j ddG jBG h
n j nJ n n r nYn n S s dG n n an psdG pdG nIn r pa k pMn p ju pd
n n Lr hn r pbnC an }
r GCn s p ndhn o u n rdG o ju dG
. 30 :hdG | n o nr jn np S s dG n nc
n pdPn pdGp rn pd
a ,f dG e QaCH L dG FV Lh Y dG Ohj
q
M f d fEG EGh ,Lh Y dG AVQE jh EG V e
.b kaN J dG g C ;V dj j
59

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BGodG q dG qgCG

Lh Y dG cH EG fCdH j CG fEG d a
.FVQE dGh
fCG cj c ,jBG e c fCdG g dG BGdG cj
: JVe hjj jd jdG j
. 185 :IdG | n r o rdG oopH o j p oj hn n r ordG oopH odG o j p oj}
. 4 :dG | Gk r jo pp er GnC
r pe o d n r jn n dGp s jn en hn }

nf`er GnC r pe o nd o o n nShn n ro rdG Ak G n Ln o nan kn pd nU n `p Yn hn n en GB r `n e es GC h}

.8 :dG | Gk r jo
.8 : YCG | in r orpd no u nofhn }

:dG EG dG H e fEG G Od Lh Y dG j
o dG o rnJGB s pe r p r o ran o bo Rr Qp pYn Qn pbo r en hn ppn nS r pe mn n S hPo r p r o pd }
. 7:dG | Gk r jo m r Yo n r Hn o dG
o n r n n S gn JGB en GE kf o dG
o unjo
. 6-5 :dG | Gk r oj p r o rdG nne sGE p

60

@ Gk roj p ro rdG nne sE p an }

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gFV GE SdG Oj GP
N g e GE J qfGC e ZdH
d EG fEG aj dG g NBG dGh dH EG V EG
e j dG Gg C ;bNCGdG aCG JQG EG Ojh V
GdG kjCG j EG ehj jdGh .dG J dG Yf
Y GdG j SC dh ,Lh Y dG OLh cQjh
.d ae e ZdG
bjh FG cQj SfCG Y J dG Kj dG BGdG h
.Y hOj dP e ZdG Y dh ,gV
:IGQdG GaM
q jdG OdG Y Lh Y j G S Y
o on Yn ne pr nH rpe onfau noj soK pdG nncn no n r nj ro rpe ljp an ncn r bn hn }
. 75 :IdG | n o nr jn
r go hn

r pe Gk nMn Gk Q s co r opf n GE p pr Hn r pe onfhOt o jn r nd pn p dGp gr GnC pe l cn Os hn }

. 109:IdG |
t nG o o nd n s n nJ en pr Hn r pe po rfGnC pYp
ro rpe kn rjp an sGE p hn rgo nAnrHGnC nr ao p r nj n cn onfr ao p r nj nn rdG ogo nrnJGnB njsdG
. 146 :IdG | n o nr jn
r go hn s n rdG no o rn nd
61

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BGodG q dG qgCG

GJ q dG U qj jdG
AdG Y '' Lh Y dG OLh Y dO dG '' a K
e ZdG Y dG OLh hj jdG Y eCc AdG ge UCG
.YCG CH WdG dd jDhQ
jf QfCG e kjCG gh ,WGh jdG GG Y jh
:a AdG Ia j AeRh L dG dG Gk e ,AdG
gh ,f QdG jf RGj e jo fEa ,dc eCG c GPEG''
jdG C H ,G FdH gH fC d kY de jf
124 dG 1929 WGh) ''e eC
l G ` G G gh ` Y MdG

.(234 ` 231 dG
aj e gh ` Lh Y ` dG N G H Watson jh
.jJ AdG
j dG MdG dGh .G M j dG Ea dP eh
.e f c
s dG dG jW g j Gk eCG j Watson
.AdG ge QfCG e Z Y j

Watson Y df eh

:jdG Hc Lh Y dG j ADg eCG Yh

n` cn nrcn r `o f ran Gk q oYo hn kn `rXo ro oo fGnC n rnn rnrSGhn n pH Gr ho nnLhn }
. 14 :dG |
n jp `p r o rdG o n pbYn
gh ,dGh
QhdG ,G j fEG dG SCG H e
q
62

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j hQg

.(fCG) c e e ffCG e GfCG

Y dG Y ke dM e ch f fEG j CG :ffCG Jh
.Y a d d fCG S Ggh .g f LH daCG Jh Lh
gOj J dG Y g EG fEG e c Ea j eh
:f EG AT c f Yj dG fEG Y OQ jBG g h .AT e
ep p p bn pe
n ngr GnC r bn n dG sGnC r nr jn r ndhn GnC r Yp m rYp Y o o JhGoC sfGE p n bn }
| neo oG o p pHofPo Yn o nC jo h kr Ln o cGC h kIs bo r pe t nTGnC go r en pho dG
. 78 :dG
c j fCG a ,VH QeCd fEG jDhQ hO ffCG
eCG dhD j a ,Lh Y d LMh Y jh ,UG JQH AT
.f c jj J dG
db C ;V Y J hO j fEG J qEG
LY fCGh JH jh ,d Gk Y j CG j Lh Y dG OLH
.J dG EG LM kFGO fCGh ,JQb eCG Vh
fEGh ,fEG f LJ CG dG QNCG Y BG EG K
Yh .NBG kT J fCch HdG eCG EG fMCG j CG L C
dG FG hj jdG gMh AdG ge QfCG d :G S
eCG e dG j g EGh ,gFV gJ
q
dG eGhCG j hNBG gh .dG GfCG e kYf EG d ,G
63

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BGodG q dG qgCG

eMCGh gQaCG CG je ,OLH J e ZdG Y Lh Y

c Sd Sd dG H dG dG e cCG UG ahX SJ
H Y Gk gX j b dGh ffCG TCG e dG Ggh .bhCG
.NBG H Y kNh SdG
IQb a Y dG gh MGh S EG a M j eh
.dEG LMh Yh Lh Y dG

JOGQGE d gFV j jdG

h hj gh .G Gk L Je IOGQEG V f EG
J a IG MdG ag eCG ,HGU EG IOdG EG LH hj
dG Y JQb J b bh .fBG JZQ TEGh JLM
.T jd dG
e j Lh Y dG Vj dGh IG jdG dJ J EG
c :QGSH f Cj CG fEG a .G Hh IOGQEG fEG
cCG ...?kGU cCG ...?kaGJ cCG cCG CG c ...?aCG cCG CG
aCG jRCG CG GPe ?eDG JNEG e ...kbT ...kegG ...?kM
c ?UNEGh dGh dG dG EG gYOCGh ,Sd jdG XC
JCG CG c ?GGh YCG e j e j LCG CG
G H e H H j Mh dG Ea dHh ?Lh Y dG e
64

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j hQg

.QGSH dP d
j h dG j h ,a MGH j dG dG EG
eCG .V Y e d G H j d ,dM e SdH
L EG j kU Gk eCG SEG geCG c dG ha IOGQEG V
.e Z LCG EG fLDj hCG eCG ga ,M
: G G Y Lh Y dG jh
r o o r nS n cn
n p ndhC an l peDr eo n go hn n n r n S n nd n nShn nIn Np B G On G Qn GCn r en hn }
. 19 :AGSEG | Gk Q or en

GOOJ gFV q j jdG

dG JG EG PEG ,gFV j jdG Lj e g dG EG
.kGjT kJK j
,hdG fc e V j CG Y dG j dG da
eb e H KCJ b e CG Sh ,h IY H Y S
fCG Xh g dG FdG EG UdG j d fCGh ,J e
.jh V JG Y j Ggh .S
M :G S a ,dG H j CG H dG JGh
CG d j d V Ea ,dG EG IjT LM h kFL fEG c d
cCG dP GH d M JLM d dG jdG EG C j CG H ,j
65

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BGodG q dG qgCG

.e
H dh ,Lh Y dG ej dG fEG OOj b
JNBG j e h ,Lh Y dG AVQEG j G dG hP dG
j eY J d dG fEG j CG QhdG e.jfdG e Y
.V Y e
e dP AGL j CG eCG Y V Y fEG b GPEGh
Ea ,dG Y LCG
dH b GPEG eCG .eCG H j CG H a SdG
l
.LCG aS kM dG
n o p r ojhn } :a eDG Gg e jdG Hc Lh Y dG j
r or ep o jp of n p dG p Lr n dp r oo p r of n sfGE p @ Gk pSGCn hn kp jn hn kp rep p u Mo nYn n n s dG
.10-8 :fEG | Gk j p n r bn kS o Yn ken r jn n Hu Qn pe
o n nf sfGE p

@ Gk QooT nhn Ak Gn Ln

g e CG h ,dG S kM SEG dG EG
AdG j CG H a ,Lh Y dG j Ie Z dG
dJ J Y ejh gFV j jdG ADg eCG .a dGh
.dGh eCG De S fEa ,Lh Y dG jh SEG
GcJ fC ;H hjo fdG LCG Gg EG aVEHh
kIn rnf rgo s ndhn p r nrdG nd Pn s nT odG ogo bn n an } : Lh Y dG Lh AHG gAGgCG
p Fp G Qn C G nYn n ap
nhr n jn
n p p s eo @ Gk j Mn hn k s Ln Gho n n U n pH go Gn Ln hn @ Gk Qho oShn

o n jo hn @ k pdr nJ n ao o bo
r nudPo hn n od Xp r p r nYn k n pfGOn hn @ Gk jp n er Rn nhn k r n T n a
66

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j hQg

Gk j pnJ ghQo s b ms pa r pe Gr n jQp Gn bn @ Gr n jQp G n bn

r nfcn mGn cr GnC hn ms a r pe mn pfB pH p r nYn

o o jn hn @ k pnrn S s noJ n pa kr Yn @ kpr Rn n Lo Gn e ncn knSrC cn n p a nr n rjo hn @

n jr GnC Qn s nK
n jr GnC Qn GPn GE p hn @ Gk Qor e Gk D odDr od r o n r pMn r o n jr GnC Q GPn GE p ho sn eo lG n rdph r p r nYn
mspa pe Qn ph nSGnC GtoMhn ln rnrSGE p hn l rNo m So oS onpK ro npdrYn @ Gk cn k roehn kp nf
| kGQor e oo r nS ncn hn Ak G n Ln r ond ncn G n gn sGE p @ Gk Qo Wn kHG n n T o Ht Qn r go n nShn
. 22 -11 :fEG

jdG dG Od kfY j CG Yh J dG CG f CG jh
.S d j CGh YW Y GK
| in ro rpd o o un o nan @ n ro rd pH
n s nUhn @ n sJG hn n Yr GCn r en es Cn an }
. 7 -5 :dG

,OY M U g dG EG jdG Hc Lh Y dG jh
| pr pHobo nYn n rHn Qn hn ) :a dG gCG Lh Y dG H Uh bh
. 14 :dG

fCG GedCG eDe SQ fEG :Lh Y dG j iNBG jBG h

.idH
tQn } :a dH Lh Y dG feCj jBG e gZ h
:e |kq p nS o d o nr nJ r gn ppJOn n p pd r pn rUG hn o r o Yr an n o n r Hn en hn p V Qr nC G hn pGn n s dG
. 65

67

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BGodG q dG qgCG

fGC WG d gFV j jdG

MCG EG .V j CG e kH dG JG SdG H j
m e fCH QT g V ONE fEG dEG C j dG edG G
j'' :dj ?e fCGh J GPe dCS GPEa .AT c Y H
C ;dH fCG Yj a .''W kUTCG fh ,kGMCG PDf fCG
Y dP GY e ch .Lh Y d jOY g fEG IM e gCG
:ihG
en pr jn hn Ao njn en t p jo n dG sE p an kn n M o GB n an pp n Yn Ao oS o nd n ju Ro r n an GnC }
. 8 :Wa | n o nr nj n pH l p Yn ndG sGE p mG n n nM rp rnYn no r nf rgn r nJ nan oA n nj
c U eMCG CG j fC dPh dYCG d jJ fEG f EG
.dG
SfCG dG Y fEa Wh Aec fCG hj jdG ADgh
.jOY
EG Lh Y dG j M .hj Y ke a G eCG
:dG jdG Y j dG SCG gCG dN Y AG ASG
E p G sGE p sc}
. 7 - 6 :dG | n rn r SG o GB Qn GCn @ nr n nd n n rf
H Z EG fEG j CG g :(e) d dG G EG
.H j
fCH f IQGb j fCG qGE ASH fEG QT e ZdG Yh
68

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j hQg

ddh ,Lh Y dG GVQ Y H fCGh dG Y dG c H

.INBGh edG jh G jOMCG j
d J fC ;FfEG EG Qj YVG g e J eYh
.e Jh V fCh cG
dG Yh ,ASH j CG a G dG MU eCG
.G H kehO cj V C aCG EG kehO j a dP e
Lh Y dG j H S fCG fM j dG fEa
Y dG eGhCH Gk jT kegG jh H ASH Gk HCG j d Sjh
.Lh
n nLp dG o jp jo ncn en } :a ADg EG BGdG Lh Y dG jh
r en hn @ Gk QMo r en keeo r en gn r jn n s n Ln o nd n rn Ln s oK o jp f Ao n f e n pa o nd n rs Yn
| Gk Qoren o o r n S n cn
n p dhC an l peDr eo n go hn n n r n S n nd n nShn nIn Np B G On GQn GnC
. 19 - 18 :AGSEG

fEG JH EG J J dG AVQE dG Ig CG T e e
QdG e Tj CGh ,kSe j CG j fCG gG jh ,d
dc L GJj M AJCG fCG SdG e dG j c .FdG
hCG fLDa GOdG e e g CG jh ,bdG hCG ZG hCG
eH Y e G GdG Y aj h Hj ,ke fgj
Y Lh Y dG hj h ,G NCH j fCG c ,dP
69

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BGodG q dG qgCG

e fCG Gd Hjh ,JjZ LCG e dG eCG jh ,f

Y dO g H KGcG Yh ASH gQT EG .FNCG
.JH bh L
Y Y eCG g dG BGdG gcP jdG eDGh AfCG EG
.G dG UCG
Lh Y dG YO ` dG Y ` Sj fS :G S Y
:a JU
.101 :Sj |
n s dH r p rdGnC hn kp eo r pas n nJ}
G e QH INBG EG QTCG fCG EG QG dG f c fCG e
.eCGh
,G fS fCG e K Y gh j fEa G eCG
n o nJ rGnC } : INBG kS Gk e LGS fEa dP GhSG GPEGh
hr GnC @ njp Np s dG np nd o co GE p hn pdG pnL pa oWs an ne nYn nJn r nM nj l r nf
pd sGnC r nd
n Gn dG in nJ n p M n o nJ hr GnC @
n p s oG n pe
o ond Ggn n dG sGnC r nd n o nJ
nr nrnrSG hn n pH nrHs nan pJnjGB nrJnA nL r bn nnH @ nppro rdG npe nco nC an kIs cn
o go Lo ho pdG nYn GHo n cn n j p sdG in nJ pen p dG n r jn hn @ n jp padG n pe
n co h
. 60 - 56 :edG | nj unno pd ki rne nsn nL pa n rndGnC lIOs n r oe
V U e j M fE G j dG QGYC G
E p Gp Hn }
.15 - 14 :edG | o j Pp n en n rdGCn r d hn @ lI p Hn pp r nf nYn o n f
70

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j hQg

j dh T H f IQGb GdG
q j fEG c qEG
,dG e dM j dG Gdh .H dG e d QGSH QGYCG
dG d .dG Y kK kY j dG g KEd HJQG C
e NGO G d AUEG Y j H dYCG fEd jj
dG d .kMhQh kY MGdH S fEa JGh d UCG M fCG dG
fCG Yj gh dG GN JGh V a dG jdG QNG
g eh .SEG dd d Qd G QGYCG jh ,GU Y
:QGYCG
''T e JC j dh ,gW b qGE '' e
dGB SdG e jdG Qq W d
EG H OJ fCG dh GdG ga ;IjL YaO
e f J
o AS Y Y GbEG fEG OOj ea .CG
EG LH d fCH Jh JQH J dG QGYCG NH GdG
m
h U
a ,AH j dh Gk L aJ j a .G HG g
N AH j d fCG W kW kffEG S H dG Gg KCj CG
.bdG hCG dc
dGh dG Fj SdG j dG dG g Ggh
.jNBH AGSGh
dG Gg j SdG d ,dG e kb VQj dG EG
71

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BGodG q dG qgCG

jH Hc fEG :dH gV jh GdH gcj dG NGdG

.QV CG EG ODJ d
dJ j h VhG GOdG hODj fc e ZdG Yh
.WH X gh Uh dG W fCG j fCG EG ,SEG
j e INBG GdG j CG fEG Y j
a (dG U fEG fCG) :FdG CGG Y fEG TY GPEa .V
h .INBG be Z Gk e Hjh fdG IG W LQ fCG j
dG g EG H a dEG ... bdG hCG dG Jf CH SEG j
dG dG YCG e jdGh H dG j dG dG YCG e
.Y eG j
dG u jh
o .J d Gk OY f CG feCj fCG g SEG e gCG eCG
:a dG OY dG BGdG J
nneGB rne s prdG sp ndhn pp rn rdGh pp rn rdG nnpb rogn oLho Gtdn oJ GnC s pdG n rd }
p n p rdGh p nFp rGh p Np B Gp r n rdGh p dpH
Hn r o dG phPn pu Mo nYn n nG nJGB hn
n u ps dGh
nJGB h nIs dG n bn GCn h pbu dG pahn
n p Fs dGh p ps dG n Hr Gh
n pcnn rdGh en n n rdGh
Mp hn Ap G s s dGh Ap nSrC n dG pa n j pH s dGh Gho gn Yn GPn GE p r pgpr n pH nao Gh nIcs dG
. 177 :IdG | n o soG ogo np ndhGoC hn G r bo n n U nj p sdG np ndhGC p SrC ndG

Y dG Vh jdG dG AfCH fCG SdG Qj CG Hh

fQj jdG Ea ,e Gfd jgL jh ,jBG g Lh
72

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j hQg

SCG h e kT d fCG :djh jQdG eCG CGSCH fCG

.f HdG
Lh Y dG H ae bh L a :dP dG eCG
fEG c Ea ddh ,LQO QdG Lh Y dG L a .NBG dGh
e a L LQO fOCG EG G h .dYCG e aGj iS
.j e HCG GdG
Ye e b MCG e EG) (AH j d aCG e) :dj jdGh
Ghj CG HGYh L Y S e aj CG (aCG e dh G g
?gV EG GLj CGh fCG GQGb iNCG Ie
:BGdG Qce Z Gg
dG j GPEG fCH j SdG H FS Nh WN e g
a e eCG gEG CG EG .cJ hCG a jG fEa ,BGdG Gk Qce
.kbf EG d L Y fCH dG Y e BGdG Qce Z fC
,Lh Y dG VQ ch jO Y aG e fOhj BGda
e Ggh ,d Ihb Sh Y dG Gk fS f CG feCj fCG EG aVEG
:G S a .dG M M T c dEG j
:a af Z QeCG bh Gj CG eDG Lh Y dG eCj
l rnS r ood n Yr GCn r ondhn n od n Yr GCn n nd God bn hn o r Yn G oVn Yr GCn n rsdG Go p n S GPn GE p hn }
. 55 :dG |
n p pgrnG p n r nf r or nYn
73

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BGodG q dG qgCG
. 3 :eDG | n oV p r oe p rsdGp Yn rgo nj sdGh}

e dG Ea ,aJ J dG QeCG bdG Lh Y Oj BGdG CG e

a ,jh QeCG e adG Ghd dGh G G OY
Y dG aj SfCG U j eY khDe dH fEG
Lh Lh Y dG Y cP kge jfO IQh GC j d a ,jO
jh j KOj CG EG kM aS V EG H ,SEG jO
Y G IAGc JNBG H Y Oj j Gh .INBG
jfdG jOMCH fG hCG ,aOdG Z eGdG Igeh ...ihG
.Lh Y dG cP Y
dG g FGH IY eeCG J hH kej fEG CG
dG G Y AH
k Qj CG H ,Qj a V j CG Y
. ''BGdG ej Gg'' :j
JGh ,Lh Y dG AVQEG ag j GPEG Gj CG ADg Yh
fCG dP e gCGh ,Nh bY a Sh Y dG U f S
.dG BGdG Qce g c ,G Y QGYCG NG Y hS
. 14 :AGSEG | k p M
n
n r nYn n r n rdG
n p r n pH n cn
n Hn rn pc GCr n br G}
pem h o No ndGE p rn an npHofo pH ar n Yr an p rnnrKG nnrnrMGnC hn p rnnrKG nsneGnC nsHQn G odbn }
pd o ro rda Go peDr oJ ppH r n rjo GE p hn r oJr n cn o n Mr hn o dG n Yp Oo GPn GE p o sfnC pH opdP @ m nS
p pndG u n dG
. 12 - 11 :aZ |
74

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j hQg

l j p nf r opJrC j r ndGnC n o nfn Nn r o ndnC nS

l r an n pa n p rdGoC n sco pr ndG n pe o s n nJ Oo nnJ}
m rn V sGE o rfGnC rGE p Am n T pe o dG n s nf en n rbhn n Hr s nan l jr p f nfAn Ln r bn nHn Godbn @
p prfn pH Gao n n Yr an @ p p s dG p n rUGCn s c ren o p r nf hr GCn o n rnf s co r d G odbn hn @ m pcn
nC kn roan
. 11 - 8 :G | p p s dG p nrU
''Gg j G ''e
.L C N g SdG e dG ddG J fEG eG qEG
.kFU j CGh H G j e CG kjQT SdG e c j
.SEd WNh e a Y G j CG j Q dh
p ej fCG Yj
dj d NBG dGh dH eDjh jdG r n dG
q
.daCG bJ e dCH
SJ dh VG jCG SJ SEG dJ CG hjh
kffEG j M dG U j CG e MGdG j dd ,G fY
.dG j M LDJ CG fe a GOdG eCG .kjO
q
dd ,SEG Y e e dM e jd j CG
j dO g a ,V Y e JGh f GN Y bJ
: dG j BGdG EG H ,G CGQ GU
GE p no ps jn GE p pdG p pn S Yn n tp jo p VQr Cn G pa en n cr GCn r p oJ rGE p hn }
. 116 :fCG |n oU o
r jn GE p r go rGE p h s s dG
75

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BGodG q dG qgCG

dHh ,BGd a V j CG fEG Y j dd

.O dP CG VG d M kfRh a hCG jcCG CGd j
Qb e dh ,G Y KDj CG N OYG :(j tc)
hCG a KDJ d dM e AGQBGh bGG c Ea V AGf j CG fEG
d SdG bCG j Y jW dG L QNG O J H ,jW Y a
: UCG dhCG Y fEG S G Yh ,Y U id
pfAn Ln Pr GE p n r Hn p cr u dG p Yn psnVGCn r n nd @ kp Nn kf ao r p sJGCn r nd pn r nd n njr hn jn }
. 29 - 28 :bdG |kh o N
n pnrfE p pd or s dG ncn hn
''G dH bGC S'' e
j CG EG G GdGh c GOY SdG H LDj
eS SEG dH J sCG kjQT hCG kjQT j fC dPh ,dG
eDG RS fEG BGdG j Lh Y dG CG e .fdG Ge e
:INBGh fdG Gh dG
Gk cr Pp s nTGnC hr GnC r co An Hn GB r co p cr p cn n dG Gho co Pr an r onpSrn en o r nbn G Pn E p an }
r en r o r pehn @ m Nn r pe pINp B G pa o nd en hn rft dG n pJGB n Hs Qn o o jn en p Ss dG n p an
p B G pah k nnnM nrft dG pa npJGB nsHQn oo nj
200 :IdG | Qp sdG nG n Yn npbhn k nn nM pIn N
. 201 -

eDd S b dG L CG J dG j iNC
n G jBn G hn
76

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j hQg

:OY e G
n pg bo pRq dG n pe p n q q dGhn pOp n p pd
n n NGnC pdG dG n n jR n q Mn en b}
m n pd p jn B G o qn of
n pdn cn pen n p dG n jn n pdNn n ft dG pIn nG pa Gen GB q jp qd
32 :GYCG | o n jn

Qj M e hCG b Z e b
l fEd j CG jh
... h J dG dG f
da ;dG jd ae e kehO jh
u LDj dG fEG eCG
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U S dP Ea ,G GdH f dCG GPEG :ka
Gg h .dG ASCG GPEG f e Sh ,kGKCJ cCGh ibCG V
p n p rdG n ep
nIs dG sGE p nIs dGp bp GCn hn
n r dGE p n Mp hGC en o rJG} :Lh Y dG j
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. 45 :dG
e j CG hj fEa ,dG M dP j fEG Ch
eY'' :j Cc QGYCG NH V Y kY J dG dhDG
S dh .dEG ... ''WCG j eY'' ... ''G LCG eY'' ...''hJCG
:INBG dP M
:edG | n Ns GnC hn n s bn n pH m p en r jn o nrfE p G oC s n jo @ t n n r o rdG m p en r jn
n Hu Qn ndGE p }
. 13 - 12
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BGodG q dG qgCG

g ch G hj jdG ADd I U ''jdG'' EG

a ?S c hCG ...jCG hCG ... e j CG MC a .e jb
Q dG dH kJe j h ...IY SC dG H G c
eCH Jh kHc dJ fCGh Lj Q .be Z hCG kLe kJe j
b S hCG ...OM H c Q ...dG e S Q ...WGh
. CG J b
?V H eCj e LDj CG fEd c dP AV h
G jDhQ Y fEG Y j e TCG EG Lh Y dG j
dh .GG a EG QS fCG d jh ...fdG IG jJ g
.dG j dG J
@ kpnSp oSs dG nne or n sJG pnrnd nj oo nj prjn nj nYn opds dG t n nj nr njhn }
ncn hn pfAn Ln Pr GE p n r Hn p cr u dGp Yn psnVGnC r n nd @ kp Nn kf nao r p sJGnC r nd pn r nd n njhn jn
. 29 - 27 :bdG | kh o N
n p rfE p pd on r s dG
dH Yj gh ,ITe H dG j Lh Y dG EG
Y GSJ hCG Ga Y
s Ghud bdG e e eeCG GR fCG jh
.a
S Y c Y JGP dG fEG bY Lh Y dG CG dh
G LCq G Lh Y dG dh , C G JQG Y MCG GC j a ,Jj
78

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j hQg

S dG eh ,e S dG e ,d Gk QNG d ,INBG EG
.Lh Y dG MQ Y dd dP EGh ?G Y
p ndhn mHs GOn pe gn p r Xn nYn n n nJ en G o ncn n pH n Ss dG o dG o Np GDn jo r ndhn }
:Wa | Gk pHn pOp n p pH n cn n dG sE p an r o oLn GnC An Ln GPn E p an v n eo m Ln GnC ndGE p r go o Nu Dn jo
.45

HM S fCG fM jh dH fEG j CG jh
.Ich IU c Y INBG
nr Ln n n jn hn o r Yn Go of n pd nhOo o jn s oK i r s dGp Yn Go of n jsdG ndGE p n nJ r ndGnC }
o dG ppH
n u n jo r nd n pH r s Mn n hhD Ln GPn GE p h p oSs dG pn p r en h pGhr o rdGh p rKE p pH
n r pan n nfr nr jn o s n Ln r o o rMn o o nf n pH o dG n Ho u n jo r nd r po fGnC pa nodo jh
. 8 :dOG |
o p nG

QGYGC MGC e J d G j
j e J a V jd fEG j dG QGYCG qEG
je fCH bGdG e gh f H a IG f Q .edG
:J db fh
pr ndGp r nj ndGE p pdG p npc pa rornd r n nd nE p G hn nrp rdG GoJhGoC njp sdG nbn hn }
Go nXn n jsdG o n jn m p en r n an @ no nr nJ o r co r os p ndhn pr n rdG o r jn G n n an
79

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BGodG q dG qgCG
. 57 - 56 :hdG | n nr nr oj rgo nhn o oJQn p r ne

:J db c Gk jT kHY Sh
52 :aZ | Qp G s dG oA o S o ndhn o nr sdG oo ndhn o oJQn p r ne np pd s dG on nj n nr nj}

80

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G dG UGC fe
INB Gh fdG
dG Jh ... jdG dJ J CG SdG e j
CN Ggh .fdG ae hj S gV JG UNEGh
gh G G IHh fdG W IH gYh Lh Y dG C L
.a eh fdG e N
d dhn k n u Wn kIn Mn o s n p r o nan l peDr eo n go hn nfGoC hr GnC m cn Pn r pe knU n p Yn r en }
n en p n Mr Cn pH go n Lr GCn r o s jn p r n n
. 97 :dG | n on r jn G of c
pp gn pa Go n Mr GnC n jp spd Gk r Nn God bn r oHt Qn n n fGnC GPn en Gr n sJG n jsd n pbhn }
. 30 :dG |
n G Qo G On n r pndhn l r Nn pIn Np B G Qo G ndhn l n nMn n rft dG
Y dG C ;WN OYG gh dG j eDG CG dG j
Y Ic eCG gh .jGh jOG MGdH dG OY Y j Lh
Ph Sjh OhGOh S fd G dG YCG a ,BGdG dP
.dG Y gGHEGh fdG
: AfCG N fd Lh Y dG bh
. 8 :dG | n rZCn an kpFrYn
n n Ln hn hn }
81

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BGodG q dG qgCG

Y dG U dG SQ j a ,a OG dG d dGh
Gk Y ch hdG Z c dh ,MHh ANQ ` jdG N gh ` S
a ,a fdG Y dP ZCG bh ,GdG jh G Lj Gk QT
.jfdG aG EG j
fdG IG H dG L bh ,G j EG ANdGh dG EG
.kfeGh AHG
k fdG f e H M c ,dEG kbT SdG OGOj M
;Aj e Y RdG Qjh Aj e Rj Lh Y dG CG bj G eDa
,INBG H Qj CG fdG N CG j fC kVGQ j ddh
:Lh Y dG j .INBG EG kbT dP jjh M c Y dG a
oIn n rdG en hn n rft dG pIn n rdpH G Mo p an hn Qo pr jn hn Ao njn
n Rr u dG oor jn o dG}
. 26 :YdG |
l n en sGE p pIn Np B G pa n rft dG
fCdH gQT g dG OY Y Lh Y dG f YCG qEG
YJG He Gh dG J dG j M ,dG MGdGh
.FVQE Jgh gd
.eCGh fCdH Gk QT fEG UNEGh dG CG c
e c Y j dH gCG hP Gk MGh kT JM CG j eDa
G hCG dG hCG dH SMEG bQDj dd ;J dG VQ gh CG GS
.MGdGh IOdG ea ,ffCG hCG IdG hCG
. 15 - 14 :YCG | sn an pHu Qn
n r SG n cn Pn hn @ cs n nJ en n nar GnC r bn }
82

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j hQg

Gh o co Pr Gh pdGp r an pe GonrHGhp V Qr nC G pa Gho pnfan oIs dG pnpbo GPn E p an }

. 10 :G | n
o p r oJ r osn nd Gk p cn n dG
.deCG H EG MGdH dG UCG j
QJ H j CG j U d fEG j d
.NCGh dG
JGQGb C ;Lh Y dG Y hH kb g gAGgCG j jda
dd ,JGTh dG ShSh gQe j jOMCG Mh bNCGh
:Y J dG Vj U Y jh ,Lh Y dG IV j e j
o r nJ hn o n Lr hn nho jr p jo u pn dGh Ip Gn ndrpH r o Hs Qn nYo r jn n jp sdG n en
n nr nf r prUG hn }
o G n gn n n sJGh nfp cr Pp Yn o n rbn n rn rZGnC r en r p oJ nhn n rft dG pIn nG n n jr Rp o jp oJ r o r Yn n n r Yn
n hn
. 28 :dG |kW o ao o o er GCn n c
j CG hj fEa ,G EG kFGO GJ G dG MU CG h
,G e dOS c eDG fGNEG e jOMCG Oa ,fdG L
h .G H j EG j fEG ,G gGj fCch dEG jh
IQdH kY j CG eEG Qb hj a kjeh kjOe Ie G CG
G d f j dH gh ,QdH bY d e c jh f
: ka f J M Hjh
. 44 :hdG |nh o n r jn
r p po fnC an kn pdrnU n p Yn r en hn o o r co pr nn an n n cn r en }

83

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BGodG q dG qgCG

G FdG UC G ihC G :G
jOGh MhdG IOdH G dG UCG Lh Y dG
,G H G ge g dG H gj dP Y IhYh ,fdG
d jM M hCG N CG Lj M Lh Y dG jh
eb dG d kAGL dGh IOdG De H S ...d
: fdG IG fC

n n rUGnC sGE p @ non r nJ r o co en sGE p nhr n r oJ hn knT l r nf o nr oJ n r n rdan }

n o p s eo ppFG Qn Cn G nYn m Xp pa r o Lo Gr hn Rr GCn h r go @ no pcan m oo T n r n rdG ps n rdG
p Qn xQn rpe kr bn l nS @ nYo s nj ne ro ndhn l n pcan npa ro nd @
.58 - 54 :j | m M

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gFV Gj jdG dhGC fe

AG JG EG :HUCG j G Gk FS kee g CG fcP
JZQ TE SG jdG CG jh ,e Y kS KDj d
.JNBGh gfO dH hj d ,dG U g g FGgCGh
Ca ,Lh Y dG H gh fEG IS Y ke QN eCG da
SG CG qEG ,dG NJ hO CG fEG j QGb
''dG Nh'' e dM EG H Oj d YJG Yh V d fEG
OH dG bj GY a ,NBG f GY Cc d dG Nhh
.H Geb c hCG GdG IOL EG IOdG Ua d
Gj fC ;GfY jdG KdG jdG Hc Lh Y dG cj
GhT dh ,hdG eDG M JG e e gV U EG
: dGh HdH dP H

r n Mo Qn n pH o VQr nC G o p r nYn
r bn n V GPGE s Mn Go uNo n jp dG pnKsdG nYn hn }
G Ho o n pd r p r nYn
n nJ s oK pr ndGE p sGE p pdG n pe nC n ren rGCn G t Xn hn r o o o rfGCn r p r nYn
r bn nV hn
p s dG oGs sdG n go ndG sGE p
. 118 :HdG |o M
fCJ Y ke ` dG Y ` fj fS b BGdG d V bh
:dG
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,Y Ma gGg e j CG H eb Y fj fS J a
EG Jh Y MQ JQG dG C H T IfG e ILh Ia Hh
s n an kpV neo
n gn Pn PGE p p t dG GPn hn } : jNBG b EG SQCGh HJ b dG HQ
n pe
o r co ufGE p
n nf n r oS
n rfGnC sGE p n ndGE p rGnC pot dG pa i
n On an pr nYn Qn pr sf sd GnC
87 :AfCG |
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n pdn cn hn u nrdG n pe o n r s nfhn o nd n r n n rSan @
n p pds dG
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l o ren n go hn iOn nf Pr GE p p o rdG pMp ncn ooJ hn

n Hu Qn p ro pd r prUan }
n Qn Gn nJ rGnC r nd @
. 49 - 48 :dG | l oer ne n go hn Ap G n n d pH n pond puHQn rpe l n r pf oc
gV fCJ H GHJ jdG eDG EG HdG G j
CG fEG CG :dG jg e fh .d Ie dP ch
bOU HH Lh Y dG EG YOh ,V M JG GPEG EG fCdH j
.dGh H e kIM j a dP Y j e eCG ,FNCG Y
gjh FNCG Y hj dG g dP e ZdG Yh
QGYCG NG hCG jdH JSEG dhj H ,dG fCH SMEG
.ZhGG hCG
c ,MhdG GdGh G Gg dG BGdG Lh Y dG j
: Hb J h hKCj jdG j
Ap n s dG n pe s Nn n sfC nan pd pH r p rjo r en hn p pH
n cp p r eo n r nZ p d An n n Mo }
p nS m nen pa o j u dG ppH p r nJ hGCn o r s dG o o n r n an
. 31 :G | m
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n Lr u dG o dG o n r jn
n pdn cn Ap n s dG pa o s s jn n sfnC cn kLn n Mn k u nV o Qn r nU r n r jn
. 125 :fCG | n o ep Dr jo n
n jp sdG nYn
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Sh V JG GPEG EG IOdH J CG fEG hQ C
t p n r nJh Go eGB n j sdG} : Lh Y dG j dP h .Lh Y dG AVQE
r p pH GnC pdG p cr p H o oHr obo
. 28 :YdG |o oo rdG tp n r nJ pdG p c
Uj ,dG U Y G dG UCG Uj ch
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gjh , cGQOEG e ZdG Y dG Y Y Yj
SQh hjh ,Fjh ,hjh ,jh ,dG J
.Y L e gDhGL a ,dG GOdG c
M bGU J a ,GVGh dG e kYf Gc S j
kfMCGh ...MhQh Oe L j Ggh ,QjEG h UNEG h
GVG e QT bQDj CG HY Jh .fM S M cQj
.dGh
dG HCG H Qj CG fj dG G Gg ch
.INBG fbS
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:QGTCG HY Y jdG Hc dG jh
26 - 25 :dG |l M
n GnC o bn nKhn o Kp r jo hn @ l Mn GCn o Hn Gn Yn
o u n jo m p en r n an }
.

Z QdG gY QGTCG j
q G gY dG j
q a
:dH jQGO
o s n pJrC n ndhn
o Gn n rdG o go An n nd v neo l Ln GnC r ndhn pGn n rdpH
n nfop r n r jn hn }
@ n jpandpH l n o nd n s n Ln sGE p hn pGr n n rdpH n nfr op r n rjn @ nho o rjn r go hn k n rHn
r o co en Gbo h Po o o jn hn r p p Lo Qr GnC pr nJ r pehn r p pbr an pe
o G n n rdG o go nrjn n r jn
. 55 - 53 :dG | n on r nJ

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eGfGh q dG OLh Y fGB b eGC

Gk Qe G h .M V UCG fCG SdG e j
GbCG Y eCG J dG d j M ,dG BGdG EG dd
dG U fS g fEG H j e N EGh ,fQd HdG
: Sh Y
n r n dGh n dG Lo r jn nc r n pd l n nMn lIn rSGoC pdG p oSQn pa r od ncn r n nd}
n n dG n cn Pn hn n Np B G
. 21 :GMCG | Gk pc
Y Y fSh gGHEG fS ke d Lh Y dG j c
: dG
. 59 :NdG |
n pFGn rSGE p pn pd knen n n rn Ln hn pr nYn n r n rfGnC l r Yn sGE p n go rGE p }

sfGE p r p per n pd Godbn Pr GE p o n en n j p sdGh n pgGHr GE pa l n nMn lIn rSGoC r ond

r nfcn r bn }
oIhn G n n rdG o on r Hn hn n n r Hn Gn Hn hn r opH nfr n cn pdG phOo pe nho o r nJ s pehn r or pe Ao GB n Ho
nehn nnd sn p rnrSnC pHnC pgGn rHGE p nr bn sGE p on rMhn pdpH GoperD oJ snM Gk nHGnC oAn rnrdGh
| o p n rdG
n r ndGE p hn n r nfGCn
n r ndGE p hn n rcs n nJ
n r nYn n Hs Qn Am n T ep p dG n ep
n nd
o p er GCn
. 4 :G
89

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BGodG q dG qgCG

p ndhn inr oj kj pnM n cn ne prdnC G pdhoC lI rYp rp pnbn pa ncn r n nd }

|no ep Dr jo m r n dp k Mr Qn hn i
k n go hn Am n T u co n pr nJhn p jr n jn n r Hn sdG n jp rnJ
. 111 :Sj

ADg eCH f Qj CG BGdG CGj e c Y j Gdh

.gJ Gk gL hjh dG
Lh Y dG e MH J daCGh AfCG GbCG c CG g Vfh
dEG MdG H HdG j CG fEd h .dG e MH dh
hCG fY Se dEG ga ,fCG dG Mhh AfCd
dj CG dG CG GQOEG e d H a GMCG Hh ,g
Idc :AfCG Z e dG Y eCG dG BGdG OQh bh .MdG
GJGh dN jdG JSh Ya ICGeGh ,Y fS CG AGQdG e
.Se fS

SE d f fS IYO
h GhUh GhHK .Sd G jdG j gh JM AfCG b
.a Gfc dG hdG HU Yp J
Gk Qfh kd J dG IOY EG eb ` dG Y ` f fS YO a
AGSG e e d ZdG Y LGj h ...dG Y e gQMh
: Xh
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j hQg

@ Gk QGn pa GE p FYn Oo r go Or p jn r nan @ Gk Qn nfhn kr nd per bn

o r Yn On ufGE p
u Qn n bn }
ro nHK G r n rnrSG hn rp pfGPn GB pa ro n pH nUGnC G on nL ro nd n p rnpd ro oJr Yn On n sco ufGE p hn
ro nd ornYr GnC ufGE p soK @ Gk Q n Lp ro oJr Yn On ufGE p soK @ Gk Qrpr SG Gh nrSGhn Ght nUGnC hn
n osfGE p rosHQn Gho p rnr SG oro an @ Gk QG n rSGE p ro nd oQr n rSGnC hn
.10 - 5 :f | Gk Q s nZ n c
cjh .V VQCGh Lh Y dG H eCG e H f fS b d
: eb OQ dG BGdG
|n Lp Oo Rr G hn lo r en God bn hn nfn r Yn G Ho s nan m of o r bn r o nr bn
r Hn s cn }
.9:dG

: dG Y f fS EG Lh Y dG MhCG e Y kHYh
n pH r p n r nJ an n en GB r bn en sGE p
n per bn pe n peDr jo nd o sfGnC m of ndGE p n Mp hGoC hn }
o sfGE p G o nXn n jp sdG pa pr Wp n oJ rhn n p Mr hn hn n po Yr nC pH
n ro dGp n rUG hn @ non r jn Gr ofcn
.37 - 36 :Og |n bo n reo

Uh M Uh eb EG dSdG ` dG Y ` f fS sHn d
.LGh dG HdG ZQ jdG H LGh Y j
s h .dEG dG
Hh f dH
q IYdG GhOCG dG BGdG gcP jdG AfCG ch
,aGh dG dGh G e Lh Y dG gJBG bh f dG
G X Hh ,V g e dN e ch Sd ig
Lh
k
: WdG gRh
91

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BGodG q dG qgCG

s pe orjn rdG oondh lpgGRn n go GPn E p an ooner nan p Wp nrdG nYn unrdpH op r nf rnH}
. 18 :AfCG |n o p nJ

''eGC c ` dG Y ` gGHGE qGE ''

j h ,IdG f ,kFW ,H ij kLP ` dG Y ` ch
jdG EG Ggh Lh Y dG UG bh ,kGQT Gk Y c H kKh
: G
Gk pc nT @ npcp ro rdG npe onj rndhn k pnM pd kpfbn k seGoC ncn npgGrHGE sGE p }
osfGE p h k nnnM rft dG pa o nrnJGB h @ m r oe mGn pU nGE p oGn gn hn onnrLG pp o rfnC
n pe n cn en hn kr pMn n r pgG Hr GE p n spe r psJG pGnC
n r ndGE p n r Mn hr GnC s oK @
n p pds dG n p nd pIn Np B G
.123 - 120 :dG |
n cp p ro rdG
,kje hCG kjOe Yj e ns K j
o h jadG Lh Gk Mh bh bh
,G d j CG LCG e QdG eQ Y QdG Y M K dh
: FGYCG e Mh dCG G g e dEG IQdG JfCG bh
r n ndhn @ On o npd Gk r oH GnC ro sHQ Gh o n cn Gr On o nK sGE GC n pa Gr nrnj rnd rnC cn }
m rp pH nA nL GnC npnd n an l nS n bn ke n S Godbn irordpH npgG n rHGE p nooSQn rnA nL
God bn k n Np r o r ep n Ln hGCn hn r go n p nf p r ndGE p o pnJ r o jn p jr GCn iGC Qn s an @ m p Mn
. 70 - 68 :Og |m odp r bn ndGE p n rpS Qr GoC sfGE p
r n nJ

Lh Y d jdG AfCG ke gGHEG fS c d

92

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j hQg

:dH Lh Y dG Uh bh .S JJh
o nd n s n nJ s nan o js GE p gn n Yn hn mIn Yp r en Yn GE p ppHnC n pgGn Hr GE p Qo n rpr SG ncn ren hn }
. 114 :HdG |
l r p Mn l G hs nC n pgGr n Hr GE p sGE p o r pe GnC s n nJ pd hw o Yn o sfGnC
Y dGh ...dG M ...jNBG YGdG fEd ke ch
g AfCG c bh .jH hj jdG OY j Lh
: dG Y j fS Y Lh Y dG jh .FGdGh edG dG
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. 14 - 13 :e |kqp Yn
.J dG j CG dG dG V Y J dG g

qdG Y e
fH M a .dG Af d ijo P a AGQdG e eCG
ICGeG gh ( ona o
r c ) :Lh Y dG eCH CG Z e ` dG Y ` Y
:M ICf Cf U l eDe
nNn On n sco sjp cn Rn n ns cn hn k n nM kJnnf n nnrfGnC hn m nnM m on pH n tHQn n nsn nan }
rpe n go rnd bn G n gn pnd sfGnC onjr ne nj nbn kbn Rr Qp gn n rYp n nLhn nGn rp rdG sjp cn Rn n rnYn
m nMp p r npH Ao n jn en
. 37 :GY BG |
o Ro r jn n dG sGE p p dG p r Yp
dG gUG bh ,ejCG e NCG S e eG bh
pn s Wn hn p n n r UG n dG sGE p o jn r en jn o nF rG pndbn Pr GE p hn } : dG Af Y J
93

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BGodG q dG qgCG

n en p cn Qr Gh o r SGh pHu n pd po br G o jn r en jn @
n p ndn rdG Ap n pf nYn pn n r UGh
. 43 - 42 :GY BG |
n p cp G s dG
e j dPh ,dG g AGQdG e e dG dG gCG EG
YQh H H , FdG dGh GOdG JGh dG e
.eGhCH eGdGh J d jdG Mh
fH M ch AGQdG e b Y dG BGdG fjh
:Vhh ` dG Y ` Y
19 ` e | q pcRn e noZ pnd
n gn nC Hq Qn o oSQn nfGCn n ufGE p n bn }
e a dG f b H gj ` dG Y ` jL fS gJCG
.kf H Y dG fCGh MhQ
EG Z H OY eYh a Y FY e AGQdG e fc
GdhMh H gJG H ,gbj h SdG Y fG H gCG
dG Y fc bh .Lh Y dG jYH M Vh d ,gAGjEG
.dG Ib H ij ke
AVQEG LJ J daCG c fC ;dG CGdH AGQdG e KCJ
.OdG Q AVQEG H OdG
Y LGj dG a ,G j
q dG G eCG
ca ,gLGj CG dG dG IOQ e kaN dPh ;gV Y
.Gh d kH jo h GOdG e gZh IdG
94

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j hQg

CG geCG eb eJG e AGQdG e Lh Y dG j dh

Ie Uh ,fEG e Gk MCG J a J d keU Qf fCG gJ
gh SdG j Y fS L CH S jJ hM e c d
:Y kaGe G
o r Yn ufGE p n bn @ ks nU pr n rdG n cn r en o unof
n r cn Godbn pr ndGE p
r Qn nTnC an }
pf nU hr GnC hn
o r co en n jr GnC kcQn n eo pn n Ln hn @ kq pnf pnn Ln hn
n n p dG n pfnJGC pdG
o s dGh @ kq p nT Gk Q s Ln prn r jn r ndhn pJn pdG n pH Gk q Hn hn @ ks Mn
o er Oo en pIcn s dGh pI s dH
. 33 - 29 :e | kqnM on rHGoC nr njhn o oeGnC nr njhn tr pdho nr nj
s nYn
.Y e I ` dG Y ` AGQdG e Lh Y dG sjnCG Ggh
JM Qj M fEG dG YdGh IdG Y e g bh
.J d OLhh

Ya IGC eG
e FGSEG H M dG) Ya ICGeG (Y dG VQ) SBG
kX SdG cCG e Gk MGh Ya j .dG Y Se fS eR
JCG H gcP qN CH Lh Y dG aT U ICGeG fc .(jQdG
G o eGB n jr sd knen o dG
n n nVhn } :dG Hc gca .jQdG G
pp n Yn hn nr Yn r ap r ep u hn p s nG kr Hn n n Yp dp p Hr G
u Q
r ndbn Pr GE p nr Yn r ap nIGCn er G
. 11 :dG |
n p pd s dGp r n dG n pe pu nfhn
95

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BGodG q dG qgCG

...ANdGh AGdG ...adG fH J j Ya ICGeG fc EG

Yh .G Q hCG HY e Gh OdG Y j d gDhGY H
Ya e Gh OdG h ,ANdGh dG IM a dP e ZdG
m r Nn nYn pper bn r pe l js Qu Po sGE p n S n en GB n an } : EG e e JhLh
r ep
|nap ro rdG np nd osfGE p h p V Qr C G pam rn nd nr Yn r pa sGE p hn ro npr nj rGnC p p nneh nr Yn r pa
. 83 :fj

eh ,G f TMh Ya ZdG e J SBG fc

Y Se fS IYH dG ICGG g eBG eDd jH ae
gCG j c e Hh ,Lh Y dG OLh gV d cCG bh .dG
j dP dh FW IhK fc fCG cdH jG eh .e
.EG hOh fhO
dG a QhdG j CG j JhK e kH Gk AL e EG
.kGOa VQCG jh Lh Y
,UNEG Y kdO Y dG VQ SBG AYO dG BGdG cP bh
o dG
n n nVhn } : ANdG e a fc e cJh G Lh Y dG dCS a
pe pu nfh ps nG k r Hn n n r Yp p Hr G
u Qn
r ndrbn Pr GE p nr Yn r pa nIGnC eG G o en GB n jsd knen
. 11 :dG |
n r p s dGp r n rdG n pe pu nfhn pp n Yn hn nr Yn r pa

AfCG c EG ,ICGG e LdG dG BGdG CG cP G e

96

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j hQg

dGh ...f GG GeG BGdG e e Gfc jdG IdGh

.Lh Y dG YH Hb J g H cG
fc RH dG IG dGh G NCG Ea :dHh
.d eCG

97

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jQ q dG GNO FV H SfGC
H Lh Y dG Y kY kee Gdf jdG SdG ADg EG aVEH
Y G eh ,gV Gj jdG Y dG BGdG fj ,UNEG
.HdG fc c ejCG VGh fCG f CG eCG d JAGb
:Ya
Gk c dEG Qjh ` dG Y ` Se fS eR Ya TY
JU C ;ke ef CG fNG bh ,kGc SdG TCc dG BGdG
.dG J Gk c Ie cSh bGeh
fCG JU EG f CG a ,dN e fCG f CG fOQCG GPEGh
hf CG g gCGh ...RdG Gf hCG Y f e c h dM eh
.dG dG g J jgL

Ya W
SQe a ,dG BGdG gcj dG JU gCG e IMGh gh
b EG eCG H Uhh (FGSEG H) e Y Y Gk jT Gk OVG
: dWCG
98

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j hQg

ro e k n pFWn op r nrnj kn np T n ngr GnC nn nLhn p VQr nC G Yn nr Yn r pa sEGp }

. 4 :dG |
n jr ppr oG n pe ncn sfGE p go An rnpf r p r n rjn hn go An Hr GnC o Hu n jo
VdG
q e QcdG b EG dP iJ H ,dG H Ya j
e V j CG e MEG e jh ,S Y aj M
.cM
e f Y kjQJ ke EG d MH Ya H dG dG EG
Y J dG dG Y kjZ a ,g ejCG fYG dG dG
Jh hd Jh ...WCGh AdG J CG dEG GdG QfEG
g MdG dG CG W ,S Y ad AjHCG BG Y HdG
.FdG Y dG H Sh CH Jbh e jM
a ,QYG H Lh Y dG eGhCG NCj CG hO fEG TY GPEG
GQGb PJGh ,SdG AGjEGh ,MdG OhM J e CG Ad
JM TCG Ya aJ MdG Jh .JM jdG J
.dSCG NG e JM jRGj e if dGh

Ya J
Y IhYh .H WMCG jdG Gh IdG H Gk J Ya OGORG
fY bh ...kdEG f YEG M EG Uh a Lh Y dG Oh J
dG MhCG Gg Yh e d Z SCa , keBG H eb
99

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BGodG q dG qgCG
. 24 :W | nWn osfGE p nr Yn r pa GE p rgn PG} : Se fd J

db dG Oh JGRhh Ya J Y dG BGdG fjh

:J

@ nr jn hr GnC o cs n n jn o sn nd ku nd kr bn o nd r o an @ r nWn o sfGE p nr Yn r pa GE n gn PG}

o n rSGnC n on en sfGE p an n nJ n bn @ nr jn rGnC hGC nYn no r jn rGnC
o rn nf sfGE p Hs Qn b
. 46 - 43 :W |iQn GnC hn

dh dG jdG EG Ya ` dG Y ` Se fS YO a
f c EG Oj dP dGh ;fWh Z OGR j CG H
j . f fGa dHh ,jdGh SdG Jb j CG N fC
:a Lh Y dG
Qo rfnC G p gn hn n rpe
o reo r n r ndGnC p r bn jn n bn pper bn or Yn r ap i On nfhn }
Oo njn hn l r en n go r sdG G n gn r pe l r Nn nfGnC r GnC @ nhr o pr oJ an GCn r pr nJ r pe r p r nJ
.52 - 51 :NdG |
o pjo

dG SCH GC a ,HN kf kJ j Ya CG ifh

:JH SdG cJ
| ? nhr o p roJ ran GnC prnJ rpe r p rnJ Qo nfC G pp gn h n rpe ooe n rndGnC }
d G Y ` Se fS EG j H ,J S g a :PEG
.fhdH jh (Gg) `H `
HQ dG Y a :dGh Ya H Qf CG g h
100

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j hQg

kfCT e YCG fCG ij fC ` dG Y ` OBG fd OdG aQ eY

ep o n r nNn hn Qm f ep p n r nNn o r eu l r Nn nfGCn n bn
n oJr en GCn Pr GE p n o r nJ GCn
n n n en e n bn } :
. 12 :GYCG | m Wp
dH U Y c da .dG j dG CG c d jh
eC fG aQ d ,jOH jh dG fGMH eDj gh ,Lh Y
.QhdG H
OhM Rhj L dG g Y dG fh Ya QhZ dch
Ya CS dP H .d Oj CG e aQCG ee CG jh ,Lh Y dG
: AfCd SdG c GDS ` dG Y ` Se fS
m gn Pn r ep lIQn p rSGCn p r nYn n p rdGCo r nan }
|n r f p n r eo o FG o n en An Ln hr GCn
. 53 :NdG

j CG Gj CG QdG j eg f GDdG Gg d j
Y ej fEa G g d gV CG h ,SdG eY e kLQ dG
.AfCG Lh Y d Gh VGdGh Gh UNEG jDhQ
dG g jOYG Z bQN Ib hCG IhK d CG QdG jh
. H eDj
gf c CG c ,hj fCG FdG SCG MCG g Gg
YJH e jM a ,dG d FUEG hO j
.gFV H FGgC
101

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BGodG q dG qgCG

QfE G jOh edG Ya SGC

Y ` hQg NCG e gP Se fS Y MdG hf H
C d YS Yh ,eCG c Lh Y dG dSQ fj Ya EG ` dG
fdG SCG H GC Hh ,IOY QdG dEG C j dG SCG EG Ya
b H ,j hCG j CG j dHh .HS fCH kfX edG
: dhCG ch ,SCG c HLCH kV kaQY c bh ,AGSGh OfG
. 49 :W

|? nSeo jn n oHt Qn r n an n bn }

: Mh WH ` dG Y ` Se fS HLCa
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n Am nT sco n Yr GnC p sdG tHQn nb}
: Ca bOdGh dG HLEG g CG bh
Co G p ho dG o H n an n bn }
. 51 :W |? hr
` Se fS jh Gh edG e j CG Ya hM
.ag Y ` dG Y
J d gh ,AdEG H SCG g e EG IOY QdG C j
JM ghQMh SdG d f a .G HCG dG GY e
,G de Lh Y dG H fC S Y GdCj CG Y dh fdG
g Se fS GL c dP Y AHh .G dG MUh
: VH G
. 52 :W | n r jn rhn Hu Qn
t p jn r m pc Hu Qn n r Yp n o rYp n bn }
102

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j hQg

fEG Y dG SCG Ya ` dG Y ` Se fS qn cP d
n
: J dG OLh Y kdO d bh f e
Ap n s dG n pe n n rfGnC hn ko o S n a r ond
n nnShn Gk n r en n VQr Cn G o ond n n Ln r p sdG }
.53 :W | s n T m n nf
r pe kLGhn Rr GCn ppH n Lr n Nr Cn an Ak en
Y ` Se fS LGh eY c jG i Z
q Ya CG qEG
fe j CG dP e IMdG jZ fch ,dG FG H ` dG
JUM eY NBG J EG Ya C .VQG LC a VQj CGh
Y dG Y SCG bhCa ` dG Y ` Se fS eb dG dG
CG fCG bG eYh .SS eJG Se fd Lj CGHh Lh
: dH JG Gh dG dH Y j
n pV Qr GnC r pe n Ln p r o pd n r Lp GnC n bn @ Hn GCn h
n s nan sco n Jp jGB o n jr Qn GCn r n ndhn }
. 57 - 56 :W |n S eo jn
n p r ppH
GQOEG gV EG Lj jdG ... g ejCG h
Hj M Gk QJjO hCG kcM IQhdH e MCG dh ,IdG dG IQb
. J Ya
fGMh QfEGh AGSG H Ya MW dG dG SCG eCG
.g ejCG HH f e Gk a Lh Y dG
dG Y J dG f dG IY Y c j :QNH
.GfGh
103

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BGodG q dG qgCG

,YG IY Ya jf L dG CG fgPCG Y j CG j
fCG fM Ya T H J jdG dh ,YJCGh g bZCa
.YH f c J dG Z H j j JCS

J dG Y g q G QaGC
,dG e H Gk e j Ya CG dG BGdG fj
dG VQCG MdG dG fc j eb Y dEG fCH DhYOGh
OLH Y iNCG IQH ...QdG e c e c .Gh YdG d
a ,jfdG fe JZh JQb M GQOEG a dh Lh Y dG
dEG j CG d a GdG j H VQCG j J dG CG
.e
J h ,NBG Y LJ dBG CG KdG fjdG e dG J
:Ya j OYG Gg e aGj h .VQCG Y j f
oe gn jn r r pbhr nC an r nZ mdGE p r pe r ond
o r p Yn en oC nG jt GnC jn or Yn r pa n bn hn }
nrpHPp dG npe otXo nC ufGE p h nS r oe pdGE p GE p op Ws GnC r un nd kMr nU r rn rLan p ru dG Y
.38 :dG |

jh .ejCG EG kFb Gj G Ya e CG if CG
. VQCG Y fh FY g EG Lh Y dG CG :hdG
SQ SdG IOY e c M dG QdG EG Lj OYG Ggh
104

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j hQg

N dG CG GhYG M hdG V bh ,AdGh dBG Md

QeCG Nj dG CG GhYGh ,fCd cJ K a IG Nh dG
dG Y fEG eG a MCG OYG Gg S eCG ,jfdG
J dG SCG dG dH GYG db Yh ,V d AUEGh
.H eh VQCGh GdG j
u dG AT c Y QOdG dG ,Y

jq W Nh Ya f
QGc e GdG GfCG Gfj CG ebh Ya Y oM
fS EG GhD dG Y GhY eYh .gc H dP VGeCGh
H d d J HU e ZdG Y ` dG Y ` Se
n bn hn s nan } : GdG Y aQ GPEG d GeDj CH Yhh .gQhZh Fjc
n L u dG s Yn
n ncn p nd n n Yp n p Yn n pH
n Hq Qn n nd o OG nSeo jn Godbn Ln u dG o p nYn
. 134 :GYCG | pFG n SGE p pnH nn ne snp S ond hn nnd snpeD ond

aQh ` dG Y ` Se fS AYd Lh Y dG SG bh
e gc fC dP Gj d .gYH GedG W GdG Y
df Gk NCGh .GdG Y dG aQ CG H gY HS EG GhOY SdG
ZdG Y dG Y gQGUEG H ;dG ADH Lh Y dG f
: Ed Ua e e eh H e d dG H
n r n n rf an @ noor jn r go GPn GE p o opd Hn r go m Ln GnC GE n Lr u dG o o r Yn n r ncn s nan }
105

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BGodG q dG qgCG

:GYCG | nrp pa nZ n rYn G ofrcn hn npJjB H GoHs cn ro sfnC pH undG rgo br n rZnC an o rpe
.136 - 135

GhD ddh ,Lh Y dG Ib bYCG YJCGh Ya QOCG bh

Se fS EG
j fC ; IdG J dG Y Gd ` dG Y `
.AT c Y QOdG dG EG j CG MCG e e fCG dG M
M GPEG EG AYdGh IdG EGh dG EG SdG C j jCG g h
H e GPEG eCG . (QYEG hCG IFW c) e d CG GXh AH H
J dG hj fEa eDG eCG .gY HS EG GhOY fGh G
.Gh IdG bhCG fhj c eCGh IOdG bhCG

JY Kh eD d Ya OVG
` dG Y ` Se fS Y d IY h Ya b d
Xh ,H j jdG IdG eCGh Se fS H LG YCG fCG gGMEG
.dOY He fCG kYe G YG H Se fS j CG feEH fCG
dCGh SdG LG M IdG Se fS Hb OG dG h
fS dCG gYh ,maCG fCG d a SdG GhSh ,Y IdG
.IdG Y HGh aCG EG d dG IQHh Y Se
c ` dG Y ` Se fS CG ITe GcQOCGh IdG gP
106

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j hQg

dEG dG dH EG Ib h M CG GhTh ,dG SQ fCH GeBGh ,kbOU

.g EG
h Gk jT kZ Z ,Y fG e CG Ya iCGQ eYh
fch ,GdH j c e Y fGh .eb e iBGe Y G H
K LQCGh jjCG J CG eBGh Y GeBG jdG IdG V a IOQ
: Gj
nS eo
u Qn @ n r p nd n dG
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. 124 - 120 :GYCG |
n r p n Lr GnC r os n unUoC

Gk V d mc e cCG S IdG jdG dG Gg EG

Y a gV JG Y IdG q p jo CG ge eC fEGh ,kV
U Y dO Gg cS EGh ,GdG Gg e ZdG Y fEG
: e d e gh ,JY
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. 72 :W | rft dG nIG pp gn
r pr nJ sfGE m Vrbn
dG deCG CG h .dG BG GMh YGdG TY
,dG JCG fCG a H G edG eCG .H h S
GJG jdG e fEG .V kHM GT H gV GdN bh ,QdG EG Yj
107

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BGodG q dG qgCG

.jfdG YWCG H dG eGhCG

c Ya fEG H ,keM IQhdH Gd Ya eCG dh
YGdG je H kaBG Sh .Lh Y dH EG aj jdG QdG
,IhdGh dG g g ch QfEG Y hj VQCG Lh Y
.HCG GdGh G M L ..f G EG S ch

jUh dG MU
:LQ b dG IQS dG BGdG d j
JaCG CG H Lh Y dG IQb SG Y Gk LY c :gMCG
.JNBG j h ,a TY dG ANdGh IZGdG IG
dP a ,Lh Y dG Ib QOCG k ke c a NBG eCq G
p n s Ln pgpMn Cn rn Ln p r nLo Qn knen r o nd
r p r VGh} : VGdGh H jM
r ndhn nco GoC
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n rpnJ rGnC tXo GnC ne n bn ppr npd lpdrXn n go hn nsnL nNn On h @ Gk n n nf t YGnC hn kne nrpe o ncr GnC fGnC
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. 36 - 32 :dG |

SdG e da ,G Gk FS Gk OYG hdG de c

. dhDe e EG Gg j e Gj CG j d (eDj)
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j hQg

dG H Gg j ) : dj Y dG fCG jdG H kfMCG fh

S) :dj KEG Y jG H f hCG .(Yh H EGh
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n rNn On Pr GE r ndh @ Gk Mn GnC r Hu H o p rTGoC rhn Hu Qn o dG n go rs p nd @ kLo Qn n G s nS s oK mn r of

n a @ Gk ndhn hn kne nrpe sbGnC fGnC pn nJ rGE p pdH sGE p nIs bo odG nAn T ne nrbo nnsnL
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. 41 - 37 :dG | k nWn o nd
n n rnJ r nan Gk Qr nZ ghDo en n prjo hGC

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BGodG q dG qgCG

CG j a hNCG e j c GPEG eCG ;G jdH

dG Y e Qjh dG d j H ,j e j BGQ GPEG j
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. 44 - 42 :dG

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`JN
.f bCG j CG h e CG Y Gk H d G EG
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M jGH N a ,V kge dG Gg CGb e eCG ,CGb e d
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BGodG q dG qgCG

Y e a .Ke c kHe kT S fCG Mh .jfdG

PGE p } : dG BGdG dj e gh ,JM GW H ce dTh fEG

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. 18 - 17 : | l pYn

.G j OY Ge G jg U VJ Sh
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. 65-64:AfCG | o p nj Ap noD gn ne n p Yn n nd p p ShhoD Qo
Y LQN Ib da ,G M bQj d dG Ea dhM eh
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j hQg

.GhCG Ga H dG IQGe bhS Y fGPBG Gj

q CG GhQNG jdG
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n an @ o r n dG fJGnC s M @ p j u dG p n pH
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Qq ``dG jN :`G
AMCG N Ia gd X jf g jhGQq dG hCG Qq dG jf qEG
fc EG aVEG U jCH dG EG S fc M RhJ dh
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G FdG OLG QG da ,NBG H MGdG gq J dG
IOLe a GQqdG dP Y eh .G Z FdG e GJ cCG
G HCG AGLEH jRGG g CG fh jd SM jRGe ah
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j hQg

jhGQdG eg dG YG
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BGodG q dG qgCG

'' Qd UN dBG'' OLh Ia Yj Y dO CG OLh Y (2

.AMCG H d Sc
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M N fEH M Z OGe eb jdG g a .FGdG aOG
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j hQg

IG e a C J IG
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BGodG q dG qgCG

KCG edG Y QH dG dh ,SH dEG UJ dG dG dOCG V

cdG Gg e QX dSG dHh ,G cJ H j dG dG
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q G c d

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e GRZ GP OGe OLh VaG M 1953 S e fS ceCG
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j hQg

dG LJ fc dG OGG M J HdG AGLEG eSG

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BGodG q dG qgCG

N EG d Cc ,NBG EG T e jEG QJ CG J dBG g dh

M h ,Qd Sc ''dG fG'' J dG
q Gd .e
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d Jh f dG e Cf aGQqdG qE a FYOG Mh ,IjL
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fc dG HdG e Ob UCG G CG YqOG a ''GfCG UCG'' Hc
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KCJ hCG IFa GP Z dBG ''dG fG dBG '' X Ggh ,NBG EG L
.jG dG f Lh e

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j hQg

KGQdG GdGh jG jhQGdG

gLGh dG jdG G eCG gOL H jhQGqdG b
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jdG g Mh ,'' jG jhQGdG''`H aY e hCG ''jG cdG
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J dG... Gh dG hCG PCGh dc cdG IGh AMCG id
cJ GJ hM hCG KGQh GW hM KCH EG J hCG
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BGodG q dG qgCG

qCG UN QdG GMEG GQhO J CG GdG qCG VJ

,KDe Z hCG GQV eq EG j CG d q H G G FGY J
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jEG qOD J KGQh IW OLh dG EG j qfC a M e Ggh
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b e AMCG Qd S L dG GdG g qGC j Ggh ,UG
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fEG UG KGQdG Id e aCGh ) MCG ZCG be
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GfCG X SdG Hh edG Qh NBG f EG j CG G e

e SG YdG dG Gg qEa jdG Mh ,AMCG e G
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jhQGO eGB N
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G FdG g e OjEG dJ AT H Yh d M Ib e
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e UdG j dG H H fQe AGLEG Y dP e gOCG h ,NBd
.(16)'' H a jQJ bY jCG EG dN
Y cCdGh fEG QJ Y dN b NG CG IQdG jHh
NBG fh Ob f G FdG e Ve d jhdGh Jh eYEG
dS OQdG iLCG bh .Y dO CG EG j Y EG g e fEG
UGe S 15 I G Ob Ge Y KHCG jdG eNGR
OLh Y EG UJ bh GG Y FNCc dG ce d CG Y
H YGh fEG Hh OdH dG FdG H e S jCG
. dG jhQGO fc e ZdH dG
gj dG aG ha a QOCG ad UN hL dCH eNGR b
hL Mh .dG f QN gj dG aG ha dch , Y
AdG Y jOe dOCG EG J dGh dG hdG J eNGR
hG aM CG ,GNCGh YLG da AMCG Y jh .AjdGh
Y hG e AG Gg Vhh .dG f Y LQG aG ha JCJ
GNCGh (KdG )FdG dG hCG QdGh SOdG SGh WGG OJ
127

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BGodG q dG qgCG

hG INCG IOG g Y J eNGR jh fEG QJ Y

:j c
AMCG Y EG H dG hdG EG jqOG dG e dfG Y ''
SGH fEG jQJ SG Mh H Y QSEG hCG FdG
QdG jH eDG Ad UN h FL AT c qGC GG
.(17) ''MGh BG HQG hCG IOG VdG j CG j fCG M

H b e YCG EG qGE d fEG Qd G dG qEG PEG

. G GG H UC G Z jhCdH SdG

PC Gh dG bGdG dG
Gg OLh c gh NBG eCG J Y dG J Qq dG jf qEG
Ve T bh .PCG hCG dG AGS dG e bGdG iG
Ada ,QHEG Xd dG AGOCG c Y RjEH dh f fYO dG
j AdG Ggh ,He IQH dG T Y j e L e G
ce EG aJ FHc GQTEG EG dG IOLG jG jW Y
g J j YdG e S Hh ,G INDe OLG QHEG
Gg H h .QHEG ce b e G dd IQU EG jh GQTpEG
CG CG ,AdG Y j G qEG :JCj ch b d LG VGSG
GHCG j iMCH hCG ,NGO ddG j AdGh ,e e NGO
j AG dh , X ceCG TCG e c Qh ,QHEG ce EG UdG
128

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j hQg

GOM QHEG Gg c EG aVEG ,dG jdG cG Gg SGH QHEG

CG jdGh OG dG G dG Y j ge LQO EG VGhh
g dM e GhfGh jjCG H dG dG EG GhfG a ,d e j
IQdG AdG Gg EG ?BG fhJ dc IQdG MVhh AU jCGQ
SG GReh .BG M U jJ MCG M ij CG
fhJ dc IQU AU Y d S100 e CGH j YQdG
dG EG iNCG IQJh jdG TT EG iNCG Ie GhfG h ,fH BG
IQdG AU Mf e JQdG H ST a g, jjCG H dG
dG IQdG qeCG OHCG FK fjdG IQdG c EG aVEG ,MVhh
.() OHCG Ka fH fhJ
jdG ILCG fE IjY GS e jQeh HCG gh
h ,fEG Y J dG IQdG gJh OHCG KK JQU
EG TT Y QdG
q Ige dh jdG Gg U fEG
,EG d U OHCG KK IQdG c EG aVEG ,UN IQf GSH
CG GHCG h ,Qh b fCc hJ LGdGh Te hJ IQdG a
fJ dG IQda ,fEG Y fJ dG IQd ge IQU J
e GAL J hCG AdG H Te J CGh H jdG hCG GedG
b e IQdG J IGh AdG Gg CG jhQGdG Yj g .FU
adG OLG jdG CH gMCG cNCG dh ,aOH cG b dG
RG Gg H a qdCGh H e GQdG LG CG aOe J b
129

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BGodG q dG qgCG

AT Y GQdG J c ?G Gg hJ c , jdG YG
? dG e jG j
aOH dG e GJ bCG RL j CG G e qCG a PEG
Gg Gj CG G e fJ dG IQdGh f dG dc
SH J LQG PCa ,PCG EG dH AdG fh ,aOH
dGh SdG PCG EG Jh PCG GU SGH h JdG LG
jH J dGh NGdG PCG EG fh LG g jH gQhH J
e j gh ,G EG J FHc GQTEG EG JdG LG g
GQTEG g jhCH j G OLG dG ca ,QHEG AKCG j
. e U EG FHdG
g c dG eCG e q G CG CG gdG bG f AGLEG h
dY AVdG fc e dG Y j G NGO CG CG ,AdG eCG
h ,G SGH GUCG fCH SMEG j Gg e ,LQG G
S hCG ,fS J GcQhG S dG Y hG Gg
RL SGH G NGO dG ie Sb d dh QdG AVV
G dG CG cDG a NdG Sd SG Y e
. G NGO
a VhCGh QdG OCG Y d LddG eSG eh
Y d dG GY e jQL ha d dH cj AdG
G SG ILCGh dG J ILCG EG.g`fCGh GUCG VhCG
130

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j hQg

d f iS d d SM fhdEG iNCG ILCGh SG

YQdG dGh SG ADg c OLh e ZdHh .jQG hG
PCd JdG AdG LQO EG BG M UdG j eG LddG gh
j CGh H cdG MCG b e YG dG ILCa .jdG
e e LQO Ga hCG jdG e Ad Ve QJ dG dG
,AdGh VdG jH a jdG PCG J dG dG eCG VdG
e AT g j Cc GHCG dG ILCG S J jdG PCa
Ggh ,J hO g c dG SG j PEG, YG jRCG hCG AVdG
U RL CG j h .BG Mh fEG N e ah OLe eCG
dh jdG PCGh dG bOh Vh LQH Fe CG c JU fEG
.VH f Y Jh dGh dG SM N J ic M g
:fCG Ca
?G dGh dH UG QdG Oj
hCG dM e GdCG gGdG dG Gg gjh G NGO Lj dG e
QgdG FGQ j hCG IKDG fdG SG hCG QdG GUCG EG j
? cdG
PCGh fCG IOLG G AYCG e eOdG FHdG GQTEa
FHdG IQTEG c Y j CG Ad h G EG gJ dGh
hCG jG AjdG Y hCG AMCG Y c IAGb jW Y G IQU EG
CG gh CG eCG GH J M g dh ,jG AdG
131

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BGodG q dG qgCG

f G Lj fC ? G NGO j hCG ij hCG j dG GP e ,Qe

,fCG hCG PCG hCG Y EG LG hO dGh dGh QHEG j UN
? G dG Gg Oj
hda ,G dG dG N dG hdG EG g e G dG Gg EG
G EG j h j c PCG EG j h j c dG EG j
G G EG Oj G dG Gg CG M.dP e HCG g a d
UCG CG j jdG jhQGdG j dd dG jG hCG YCG e
. SCG g Y HLEG Y IOG g AT c
GS Ia , dG G g eCG e j CG fEG a
gRCGh ,(OHCG KK ) H FdG QHEG J G e e
Y jh jh HQ j CG fEG a QdG jdG IQH GdCG
.dEG jh dG g

jOe IY
gGdGh dOCG e bJ ieh QdH UG jdG VSG d
VSGh ,dG YGdG e IG UCH G ga bJ ieh dG
jdG g dEG YJ dG QdG dBG ad QdG KCdG GfG c jCG
G hCG dfG TCG OLh J G QKBG jCG OLh GfGh
dG Y dG IQhV EG Uf dG Gd ,jQdG Y Id SdG
fG c J CG Hh ,dGh dG YGb e be J dG jdH
132

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j hQg

dh .dG ce VQCG CG H YOG dGh jQdG Y iNCG jf

gh dG GMCG LGh jdG g AH Y Y QGUEG g
. AdGh dG Y g fCH jd f CG jh eJ iOj dG
eQU IY gQYGh jdG d G H J j dGh
H jOG SQG e Hf fCH gJ j G gh ,Y dG
MdG OG dG jhQGdG Jh YCG JG OG dH e
.d
fdO QjQ j c ,HdG H G g J fMCGh
eL j dGh G Y MdG TCG Richard

Lewontin

LQ K jOe f jh QdG jf Y SdG aGG e g h OQaQg

: Y
G EG Ggh S H e ATCH eDfh ,jOH eDf f''
geh jOe GJ f j dG g H WJQGh jOG dH
G fEGh .,DhOeh dG YGb dh .dG gdG jOe
GJ OjE jQG HCG d OhdG YO S g jOH
e U U jOG dh ,Y LJ dG gGdG ad jOe
LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f CG GHCG a
.(18)''GMCG
dH YCG JQGh FZhdG ie J dG g EG
AT g Lj fCG jdG g UCG IZ jh , AdG ADd jOG
133

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BGodG q dG qgCG

,G OGG OLh S g G Z OGG CH eDj dG Gdh , IOG Z

QdGh aGQdGh ASCGh Qdc G GfCG e jG CG CG
d Lf EG d fEG Mh Gh QgdGh QTCGh GGh
YdGh G c W eGY H IOG Y CGW dG NGdG
CG EG , dGh dG YGb e e VQj OYG Gg CG bGdGh .YGdGh
CG GHCG '' aGgC eN FGQBG Y aGj GdGRe jhQGdG
.'' GMCG LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f
CG d H jOe Z f Lh e AMCG UCG b EG j fEG q c h
Ib KCH Lh b G FdG ac qGE ,dc WdG G ij
dG dG g dG Ggh ,d dN b e N CG d M Yh ge
.G. a c d bh dG e AT c N dG jdG

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BGodG q dG qgCG

RGO Sc Klausdoes,ca S Sidney Fox(1

. 2 U1977 Marcel Dekker :Qjf ,IG UCGh jG QdG
,Qjf1936,IG UCG Original of life ,jQHhG.CG. QdG Alexander T.Oparin(2
. 196U IQe W1953 ahO Ye
dG QJ Y jL dO '' ''New Evidence on evolution of early atmosphere and life(3
af 63 G ,jeCG jG AGfCG L Y IQOU ILe If ,IGh dG G
. 1220-1328 U 1982
Moleculer Evolution of life :Current status of the prebiotic sythesis of,e fS relliM yelnatS(4
. 40U1998 small Molecules
. 40U 1998 jGa Earth VQCG , GOH L Jeffrey Bada(5
OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ (6
. 189 U1964
OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ (7
.184 U1964
bKG G fe: fH ? UCG Origins .KffGQ.L.H B.G.Ranganathan (8
. 1988
OQaQg eL He hCG d UCG W f:GfCG UCG ,jhQGO dQJ (9
. 179 U1964
V jG S c The Nature of the fossil record ,LBG.CG.jjO Derek A.Ager (10
. 133 U1976 87 G fjdG LdG G
fH Ye :Qjf,JEG b dG ,Ja.L.SZhO Douglas J.Futuyma (11
. 197U 1982
Qjf ,LdG dG N e Beyond the Ivory tower eNGR dS Solly Zucher man (12
,Charles E.Oxnard ,94-75U1970 HJ GQe
258 '' d Fe VQCG: fEd QdG dG H dGShCG be ''
. 289 U
jhQGO S: je fQCG Darwin s Current bulldog: Ernest Mayr ,jQ L J.Rennie (13
. 1992 jO jeCG dG G, IG
dG , FjdG LHdfCG , A.J.kelso ,1103U 1980 207 OdG dG , Alan Walker (14
D.Leakey.,221U1970 J.B.Lipincott cT :Qjf hCG
. 272 U 1971 jc eL He : jc 3 OdG cQc GjdhCG
. 1996 af (15
. 20U 1976 85 OdG dG jQdG Natura ral History :dc..S S.J.Gould (16
GQe :Qjf ,LdG dG N e Beyord The Ivory Tower , Solly Zackerman (17
. 19U1970 HJ
dO '' IjdG HG dG The demon-hounted world '' , jd OQjQ Richard lewontin (18
. 28 U1997 jj9 d Qjf
Molecular Evolution and the Original of life

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