HUCREDEKI BILINC ARAPCA

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HUCREDEKI BILINC ARAPCA

pyq

18/11/02

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YGdG qdG
G id

j hQg

QdG GE
SdG c Y j dG IYdG J jdG g CG g jhQGdG jdG Qf UN a J AGQh dG
dG Gbh hCG fjOCG Y hdG J ,dG OLh M dHh ,G M jhQGdG fCG CG a .jG
c Y dhDe Jh ,jdG Y j kLGh jdG g MO j dd .INCG S HQCGh G N dG OLH
.VG Gg a f ka f CG jCJQG dd ,c e c e cCG GC j CG Qd UdG J b .e
dG c EG SdG YJ gh fBGdG jBG AV Y dG g c dhJ dG fEG YVG L T
e QdG gP DhdG hCG d kfe J jH fBGdG jBH J dG YVG c MT .fe e dGh
CG dG jGh YLG dG L AGq d c JdG YG dG dGh dG SCG N
aj jdG dhCG M ,IMGh L dG IAGb e QdG q dG FGhdG SCG Gg .Jh e J
.H YbG ANEG e Gj h dG g JMG dG FH GhKCJ ,H hj h fMhdG QeCG
jdG dhCG eCG .YL be N e dhj hCG Oe H dDG c e Zh dG Gg GC j CG Qd
EG HQ Y dGh JYfH AOEG e S fEG PEG kGL Ie bG ha e IOSG Zj
.jNBG
dG g FG VY . jd eN j dG Ld c dG dG g VYh IAGb gG CG EG aVEG
.kGc kfY d J dG g EG :jNBG EG jdG f hjj jd f dd ,bEG jZ SCH
dG QOG g VJ dG dG id ,dG jf IOLG dG g e P Y j CG Qd G e
.IGh G jdG OGH
SCG hCG ,dG c Y J J hCG Jd T f Lh ,dG e Z c dG Gg d
.dG GfG EG ODJh dG J Fj VhY hCG Ve YVe VY eZ

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ARATIRMA YAYINCILIK
Merkez Mahallesi, Cumhuriyet Caddesi, Alimanolu Merkezi,
No: 40 Zemin Kat Gneli / stanbul - Turkey Tel: (+90 212) 511 72 30

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SEL OFSET
stanbul / Turkey Tel: (+90 212) 6290615

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jGa - fSG

dD G M
J fCG CG H ,1956 Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh
QGUEH GC H fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh FGHG
ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh SdG c
.IeG jedG LdjjEG e
HQM jnsdG s d Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j
Gg dG g j dG G JQ ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh dG
Sh Y dG U kG f CGh ,jhdG dG NBG g dG BGdG CG EG dG G j .G
c HEGh cdGh jOEG SCG f ag JdG Vh dGh BGdG AV h .dG N g
H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G c d d ,jd jOG cG Y J dG YGG
.g aGgCG Y YEG H c
EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ
.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH dGh dH
EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J
fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG
.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh dJdGh
SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d
e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG Gh dG
GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g GC j Qb CG Y G
dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG AGd j MCG H dh .jOG dG
dG MoO b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG L EG .SSCG e dG J J
.j hQg c EG Oj dGh
g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T
,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN g dG
.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj fCG Y IhY
Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh
.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG gTJh
Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e
VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG
edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d J fCG
dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh ,dEG j dG
.ffEG dG jJh

EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H

e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y OHG f
dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG J Y dGh EG
H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG dG dM EG dHh .kGQSO d d
.SG bdG f b ...EGh FGOCG e
g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df
BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG dG
.dG
Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J
G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG ,dG
S ,3-2-1 YVG ,BGdG n b ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM AGQh ,SdG
hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG ,2-1 FM fehdG :dG
dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY QdG jf QfG ,dCG
dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c dG ,GdCG dG RYEG ,gdG
,dG N , ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG Y dG e FGQ Ph dG H ,dG
Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie ,G IG ,IQdG Ie ,QdG Mh OG ,gJ
UCG ,dG IG ,dG f IG ,VdG IG ,dG IG ,JdG G
cdG AGG IG ,dG oj dH ,GG e S ,G QdG ,Id G
. DNA QGSCG ,JhdG IG ,FdG
FbUCG Y ,GhdG Y ,GG Y ,!jhQGO c WCG jCG :WCd JdG ch
.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG ,dG ,QdG
npdG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh
dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG g ,3-2-1 Ed jS a ,BGdG bNCG
,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y ,BGdG fMhdG
,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG ,BGdG dOGh dSdG J
,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG jO ,KdG ,dG :oG fEG hY
,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG T ,G BGdG MCG ,kGHCG J ,dG j
N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG M ,BGdG e eY Qe
SQe ,3-2-1 dG dL e Y ,BGdG IG G ,mGB Y dG ,dG SHc ,dG
c ,f J GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y SEG d VJ dG GAGaG ,Sj
jdG dhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c j dG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG dG j
.BGdG EG j

j`````G
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10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gh dG Y H fGhQGdH EG
14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? bO jY N eH e U e f feEH GRL eLCG CG aJ g
16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qq dG qjf qj(DNA) GHEG EG
17 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Qq dG jq f H Y dG ddG g jd dG dG
18 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?dG H Y jG J c
20 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . qLh qY dG OLh Y dOCG KEH jOEG dG QKBG e dG PfEG
22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eLCG dG e
24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jG IG bW (ATP) H ,J ,CG jL
26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?G QhG cM j dG e
27 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? Y c j dG CG J g
28 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QV CH G J c J dG jG
30 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IQdG jdG Y Ad dG IOLG ILCG
jN K C dG Y bG d LM
32 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e H G H dG Xh
34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . H dG f f YCH dG J dG jG
35. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ! YCd jG H J dG YGdG dH J JM EG
36 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?dG OLh J jG NGO J dG dG CG dH N g
eLCG Y e OLh dG dhJ Y MJ g
38 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?dG dG f d
jOdGh JhdGh RcG H dG dG
40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG OLh Y VGh dO g
42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? dG V VfG EG eLCG VJ eY j GPe aJ g
44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G QhdG RG Yh
46 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jGdG J dG IG jG
48 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .jhQGdG qjdG Y d j MGh e
50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jQhV FXhh IOG Y J eLCG JhH c
52 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ANCd G fCG
8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G Y c OhT jhQGdG jdH EG

55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WCG WSCH EG e eh
56 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . IQGh YdGh dG dG fCG
58 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG j fEG J gGe
60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jhQGdG qj bG dG SdG
62 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG chCG OU HLdG
63 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C N hO dG dG G J Y IQG dG GdG
64 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eLCG j cP JCS e CG J fCGh G Gg GhDhbG
66 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fEG L J dG hRhj fCG
68 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?dG d dG IG a g
70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .jG H JG T
72 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CG dh IOdG BG Qe g G G edG
74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?kGHCG dH J d GP e
76 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . G dG jG :fedG
jd YGdG cG dG d dG ed g
78 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?H Yh jd j CG
80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !aq dH hCG f AJ e J CG dOe
81 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? q W ee d j CG G e g
82 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . jhQGdG qJ dG fedG
84 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ? jq dG NdG h ad dBG FdG CG J g
85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Y dCG HQCG q q dG Gd JAGb S fCG d
eRdG WMG NCJ dG G GOG
86 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . b e gJ dG KGG V
88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eH e IcGH b adG jN
90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . a GhJ h fhJe d M qN Geh Y LJ
92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . QdG jf HE J IU fc e jL jCG FN EG
94 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ?dG H Je JM qCG J g
95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . eOCG T g dG T YCG
96 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dG N jCG e jCG g J e c qEG
98 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Qq qdG jN :`G

`e`G
dG fc bh EG Y j Y 19 dG SGhCG QdG jf MW
H ee KHCG hjo dG dP AY c a .e ie Y LddGh
bO Y CG cDG eh , jdG dN e Ghj CG Ad e Gk L FGH ILCHh
h SdG QdG Z fgPCG SJ dG WdG GOYG H N ILCG
.BG M aK IKDe GJ
:J dG IdG GOYG g RHCG e
dG fdG dG EG dUCG LJ dG IdG gh SSCG H W Id EG
:b dG SQCG
L eRe OGG g Jh ,a IM dG OGG H OLh O aU GC J IG qEG )
.( IG GC J g eh WQ e H L EG
:CG gh IdG g Y jf AH jhQGO YCG dch
.(SSCG H W d IG )
ch ,G Gg Y gQaCG GHh ghUfh jhQGO Ia AMCG Y AY YG dh
iJ dG G G CG j c dG jg fQCG dG fCG jhQGO Ue gCG e
:gQJ c Y bh H jdG H SSCG g eZ c GM G
.( eg FH IA H fdH EG g e G EG )
e HUCG C N EG iOCG h , dG g e Y Ie jhQGO jf U Ggh
kjJ Id CG GhYG M (Huxley) gh (Darwin) jhQGOh (Heackel) jg
.dG adH N ,kH
jf Vh j e bY GN dG fh b N LddGh dG N dh
(Heackel)jg Y dG G M BG AdG cG dh , Gg ej EG jhQGO
d G M CG jFM GhgTh eg FH IA H fdH Y IQY G CG gh
8

 c dG G NGO ee ec f EG GUJh H , VG AY X c H
.jhQGO Y J
d ke jG AMCG Y AY TCG MCG gh ( fGO e ) QcdG PSCG Vh
:b M G ge
,''jG AMCG Y d fCG dG M EG Uf d Ie e G J e H''
d hCG Qjf je e Ic je AGLCG J bY Aa ce fCG Y G d T dh
gGMEG e NO d dG IdG GHCG je a b Y G g f eYh ,
Michael Denton).e ee fh IOd bQN LdJ M ICLG
(Evolution: A Theory in Crisis: London, Burnett Book, 1985, p.242

ee f Y j Gk L Gk U Gk KCG J dG G G Ie Y j dG Gg
Z jQTdG cG YCG f dG Gg Sh ,bdG AdG ce e cCG Ie
.G NGO e JhHh fCGh jL e G j dG OGG L bG
Vjh , kjJ N H Fe gOY j dGh fEG L IOLG jG ge Th
VSh IdG IQG dGh dG GQJ d VJ dGh N H G PdG kjCG
.AdG adG f dh J dG jBG e jBG EG g e G G e c CG Gk NCG
h T c IOLe Jb Uh Yh bQG Jb QKBGh dG N dOCG Ea G h
. dG dG N IQb a j fEG Y Y J e a , eRh e c
AdEG g UN H jG Ve hj dG Gg Jc L dG G dG EG
adG
q f EG g e IG CG Yj e Y GOQ Y SCH FG Y IMGh Ie AdG
adH gOLh ch FL G Id CG jh ,cP L dG OLh j `eh
dG Q J g dG Gg dCd FdG dG CG Z , IQbh Y Y b g EGh
. dL L N dG IQH GYGh

Gh dG Y H fGhQGdH E G
Lj dG (DNA ) hdG eG f e Hh fH KJ fL N c EG
j a Qb bO f ah J g fG Yh ,fG Y G IGf NGO
J M GQe KK Y j kfhM kS J (DNA ) ja , QfG dH fEG
fG Y jGH Y fG be EG (Rg ) ddG fCG JCjh ,ed Gce
Y jdG fG jh hOG ddG M H jT EG (DNA ) hG dG a
j jdG h jdG LhOG YGdG H IOLG LhQdG HGhdG H H
.dG H NO dG ''g'' H dG H Y (DNA ) Lh
C N fOCG hOh gEG hCG PJ Hh NCJ hOh SG bdG XH (DNA ) j
DNA- ) fCG Y QhdG AL a BG eCG , H dh QV CH (DNA) j c cj
NBG jH jT EG fG jdG (DNA ) `dG Lh J Xa RGdH ( Polymerase
.ee IMh
eG j EG j Yhh Yh Y d j CG bj dG GQP e G fCG
jh dG dG d dG bGe qUh G ceCG e H JCJ dG eRdG
ge bHh dG N C N OCG Lj M bdG c `bO dG g N (DNA )
H NBG RGdH fCG j dG f h NBG AGQh MGdG M GQe KK j Gk L
e (DNA ) HdG fCG Gg c j H (DNA ) NCG dG d dG
. (DNA ) jT e jAL H NG j d aGWCG
SG Y N Gk L QU Y J N e j fCG c Ea if c
.bdG dG H d dGh dG EG j dG (DNA )
dBG jW Y M GQe KK Y j c H GeJ CG GhQJ CG d g
CG H T ha ... e Gg kW ?hG e M CN j CG Z e JdG
.H dh dG C N j
fCG H J dG dG CG Yj jhQGdG jdG QfCG Ea dP ZQh
j a N dG FdG dGh SG N DNA ) ) IOLG eG GQeh
M Y bj dG dG g jdG QfCG OYG EG , FGdG adG
GG H fC MdG dG CG fh . IOd QN fCG H gd e V
. eh dG OLH GYG Y gOh OEH g gfh AdG WG

10

(DNA ) jL - 11

a G IGf LJ
.d eG H
G fG a
KJ Y j gKd
.jd dG (DNA )

dG fC G e c
M Y fGC
IOLG eG
WH J (DNA )
JdG LQO YC H
.dGh

IG fC G JC J
(helikaz) Rg
SG b DNA
H J M DNA
(DNA) hM T
SdG L J c
dH dG TC a
dG dG J JdG
.fC G Gg H j

jJh a Y
Y (DNA) jT
J j dG H
da .g fGC
IQdG NC G
.iNGC Ie LefG

RGdH fGC dP Hh
Y GC J M (DNA)
SG eG aVE H
jdG e qc eGC
jT jJ GC j dHh
GP TC a (DNA)
fGC UC G dG
gh (DNA) RGdH
SG H J dG
.

(DNA) SG j

f dG hGC C G e
IOL YGh Y YGC
YC G g J jh
Z FdG g Y
.YGdG

e f feE H GRL eLGC GC aJ g

? bO jY N eH e U
SG hCG fG Y jh fH KJ jG Ea dEG dH he g ch
e M Y f SG Gg Nh IjL N jd (DNA) hdG eG OLh
. dGh dG j fd
L Y j dGh dG eG H g dG (DNA) hdG eG EG
KK Y gS hMh N EG eG g j fOQCG d G FdG ee
YS fG GG e Y Y IQY gh U e Y j M GQe
ed SG Y CG f g eh .q 1000 e j e gOY j bY
.YS dCG hCG U e f Y RGJ (DNA ) hdG
. kjJ bO 80 EG 20 H e J fEG ? g dG Y J c aJ g
80 EG 20 H e hGJ Ie U e f j fCG j Gg ,QdG jY fG
e f CG Lj VG bh a ,dGh C G e f CG g j CG hO bO
dG IG ,Ib Ie N c H J CG J dG IQG LddG GfCG
dG H j dG CH Mh f hCG C N hO b e cP
.IOG dH jDhQ jN H LdJ ILCG d(DNA)
IQhV Qb dG eh G dGh dGh dG e f CG Y j BGh
?Fa YHh CN H dG H b eh jG c fGh (DNA) hdG eG f
dG eG G QG dG Gg CG b a .dG g e Y c jH bh
GPEGh , ke Gh dG QWEG Y QN dG Gg Ea .adG g Qb CG a Lj
dH (DNA) SG f jJ e eRdG hdG ahh dG GQP L dhM
. GHCG dP SG e dG FGdG
G dG Gg dN CG a jQ h VGdG e CG gh YVe U EG Lf gh
Q fCT L dG g ,IQdG h dG MU g dG GQe e N Gk e GRe dG
.dG

kp et Am r nT u opH o dG ncn hn p VQr nC G pa en hn pGhn n sdG pa en p pdhn

126 jBG AdG IQS
14

80-20

bO
M GQe3

U e 1

GC KGQh ee SG j
. 1000 e J YSe OJ E N

QdG jf q jo

(DNA )

GHGE GE

L (DNA) NGO IMGh jL fCG f

GP ee Y YSe U e fEG
Y hG je YRh d kb eCJ BGh ,dH gCG
e e e Y K FGY jH e QT
Gg CG QJ CG a , hG g e edG FGG
QfCG Y FL fCG EG , dH , AdG adG dG
. jhQGdG jdG
eJh dG T H J jhQGdG LdjCG EG
jY dEG IQc jf adG VJh WCc e
. VQCG Lh Y dG Y L J Ie
dG adH IG IdG jdG CG hj jdG g QfCa
QdG Y e dGh kL SdG Y J Y Y
gZ h gZh IcG ITh IcGdG Ibh dG eh gPCG
. jGh jOG GG BG e
YCG d fCG hj gh a dG bd EG j Gg c
N Y IQOb J a SG IOGh dG edG adG EG
aGQdGh Gh dG) e G FdGh dG GfCG L
edGh Gh JdGh jdGh dGh TGdGh ShhdGh
JdG e BG dch OQdGh RGh WdGh dGh dGh
c CG a T h ,gMh gcP f dG fGGh
. T c dN dGh WHh HPc gdG FdG g

l j p Yn
w p n nd ndG sGE p pQp r bn sM ndG GhQo n bn ne
74 jBG :G IQS

16

jd dG dG
QdG jf H Y dG ddG g
g RHCGh gCG eh ,TCG kjJ jG e f Fe GM fEG L Lj
g c Ea ,dG dG jNh dG jNh YCG jN H LJ dG g aNG
Lh cCG Y FXH J j QdG J CG EG SSCG J fCG e ZdG Y jG
.Y be lc dY IAHh
YCG ja ,dG jNh YCG jN gh dG j LP eeCG a
G e GQGfEGh eGhCG J dHh ,dG Y Jh dG OdG e GC Jh kjJ G EG dW
.kGL Fa YH CG bh bCG e MGh N Y jH IQe HG bGe EG
. YCG jN T Y c e Y Y ehe 7 EG dW a dG jN eCG
n Lr hn UCG M jedG GdG N e dH j dG gG G Gg Ea
NGdG e SGh Me GP G j NGdG e a kGL IU fGSG g Y jG
dh kGL dY IQH (CO2) HdG cCG K OWh (CO2) chCG SG H d j
a J dG MG M cQJ j a dG e e e c jG je OLh J
.chCG NCG Y
Lj dG ( koklea ) cdG dTCG M Y J fGPBGh YCG IOLG jG Ea dch
KCH GdG g HJ kGL IU GT e J jN Y IQY g NGdG PCG
,Y QGfEG EG PCG Lj dG FdG EG LG V jH Jh JdG LG
GP dG ja , IQU MCH Xh ODd b dG T IOLG jGh
dc h , dG JG d ZCG e jdG Y WhG dG
dG N j cdG Gg EG .AdG SM IjY U Y
Y ie jG e N c j dG Ggh .AdG dY SM
. kGL SM J d IAdG
Y g U adG AeCG NGO jZCd Ue jN jCG gh
dG N
.XdG H d Se d Xh M
.ahH IG jG GdG e AZ N c a La
YCG N
AGZ e dEG e NCJ dG GdG g Y iJ dG bdG jGh
.AGdG g QGWCG e g QW j dHh LM Y FdG OJh
jW Y fJ fEG L jG L CG f CG jh
.IMGdG G NGO KdGh fG
XdG jOCd SG TCG QNG dG g jG CG jCG Gdh
. G AH Y IAH HG
TCG N dG g Jh fS Mh dG CG d cDj c Ga
. dY IAH Xh ODd SGh eRdG dG T qN

?dG H Y jG J c
g Y Gk AHh ,fEG L H UG eG H Y SQGG L aJ d
,jd J jG a ,bdG Qh ke kT J MdG LJ dG G Ea eG
Y jG g J G g REh .d j NBG dGh ,NGdG AYCd dGh
Y Y bJ eh KJ e jCG Jh dH fe J N c e dG H
. G J Y JM J iNCG ATCG JCJ S dh ,KdG
ddG f H dPh dG Y H d G AYCG Y jG YRh a
c CG GNCG a dG H GeGh Nd Se H jG g H bh
MCG QcdG PSCG ) .dG H a e Y Sh MGdG dG jN
.U ,ITdG dG ,1988 IfCG ,e jf,Yasamda ve Hekimlikte Fizyoloji ,jf
.(40

jG CG a iNCG Ie gL K dG H Y jG ba d fCG j Ggh

J c PEG . e VGZCG e e Y Jh QJ dG f J dG
bH Y JGf ch ? Y hCG Y GRL hCG Y a ?H Y H jG
h ,jL jJ CG ZQ G jG Y YdG NG ch ,iNCG jG
Gg Qe e ,ec Y jd a dG G Y q dj dG a ,YdG h dG
e dG N dG dG Q dG g YdG Gg Qe CG cDG e ?jd dG YdG
.Y

n q n ppj q Mn p p o fGnC pahn pan B G pa n pJjn GB p jo nS

p n T Am n T u co nYn o qfGnC
n Hq n pH p jn nd hn GnC q nG o sfGC o nd
53 jBG-Wa

18

jeO N

dW N
ahZ N

Y N

Y N

HGQ d H N
gO N

GE OJ dG jG GE
L AYGC
H e N d G
Fe Sh dG
GE jW Ld
H a d de
jG dG
(fC G) G
dG SSC G f Y
FYGC Y fc
.(G L ) UG

KE H jOE G dG QKGB e dG PfGE

Lh Y dG OLh Y dOC G
qdh ,jhQGdG jdG QfCG YR M Y FGdG adG f fJ G G EG
J dOCG BG V e dO gh HdG adG g qJ G dG e BG
jG H gh ,G j IMdG Xh J .GdG NGO IOLG UdG
e dG RG HdG jG CG .dP Y eh TedG J GT jW Y J
eCG EG J G j QdG jOc J GdG g ,IT FG Y j
T Y J U b J e J fCG if a e Id kdW ke fNCG GPEGh
bQ N Y KK e J G Jg iMEGh ,dG H NGe M
j JhH e J IdG dG gh ,a bQ N IY e J iNCGh
. dHJ
gGMEG q dW BGL dh DYNEIN ) ) jGO SG JhH e J IdG dG g EG
fCG jGO G Jhd SSCG XdGh ,LQG dSG NBGh NGdG dSG Yj
UUe dHJ G JhdG J
q dG jGh ,fe IH jG H c j
cCG J fCG EG ,fGSCG T jdG NCJh Je UQ UUG AdG M TCG g Y
J IdG dG g e KG Lj h ,G AdG QMCH fQe jdG Mf e GJ
c Gk OLe GRe eG dG dP Ea Gg Yh ,IY dG GdG Sh e
. M fEG c Y dG RG jN e N
. dG gdH J IOG dH iJ AGLCG e G G dG Gg EG
Se a jL IY eh IRQH jL IY ba e j dHJ JhH ch
dG Gg J C N fOCG CG H Gk L jb H Y J dHh ke dG H e
.d SSCG dH j jd
Xh J a IMGh IT J ILe H d Mf CG dhM dG AGLCG gh
. cL jG jH V e IMGh N j IMdG
V G G LJ dG IdG NGO LJ L AGLCG g CG S UGh
: dG G eCf CG j MG dG gdG ie Gk L f dh .GdG BG
a UdG g HU ie dG QOCG fEG T NGO UdG g Vh fQJ d
. fEG d SdH Gk L U Y K e
Y f M Gk L IU Me ee ef Vh b Jh fS dG CG UGh
G dG Gd fGh IHG g adG CG QJ
q j fCG cDG a IOq G dH jDhQ
Jh fS dG IQH J g EGh a IMGh N jd c IU Me Vhh
. ( j e fEG Y ) fS d jf h d e dG Hh
20

GdG

GdG jDhQ
b Y

dG TedG J dG GdG
IOLG jG H jH J
jZ jJ jd J
HfC G iJ :fG .dG
h N c q J dG jG
G q J if SGC
dG H e NGG
.Gd PNC G G

jjO j

jG HfCG
.Gd OdG G

21

eLGC dG e
d eRdG bdG e d f e c CG dP UNh fh YCG fh fh fh
N eh fjN (Mitochondria) jQfce J bdG dd J IG b Y
EG .jQfcG Y bdG dJ J WCG M de d fCG d j S SGQO
bdG fEG fGYj GYe dh G bdG fE FQ Gk QhO j (O2) chCG
MCG Xh OCG dG fCa bdG fEG QGWCG e QW c Y gQGhOCG G fCG NCJh
fhG bdG J dch Yh ec gh iNCG fCd fe J bdG fEG QGWCG
eh SdG dG GYh FdG YdG e jW Y G J OGe EG jZCG
hCG fCG J hCG N hO c dP jh dG g QGWCG L cTG dG fCG
. jG jZ Y j FGQ YL Y ja fh JH H j la ,QGhOCG JJ C N
bd c J e FG MGh e cCG M j dG jG CG dG K eh
. FHdG dG hCG dG e e J YCGh
ajh ,a J AV dYCH ej e Se jCG Y J dG ee EG
MG hdG G dG Gg Y IQb jdh Y hj S dG GGh dG
Z SfCG jCG Y dG ee J Qf CG j fCG cdH jG eh ,ee d
. dG c e Y Ia fOCG jd dh e
Gk J cCG ea ,G G bdG fE edG aGh jGQdG J dG Gg Y Ak Hh
J c PEG .dG feEG d CG dG G e fCG Th , dG ee dG e
?dG fEG Gg e REG EG gMh G
dG Ua N CG id Lj G h
j GPEa LdH jM Y a Gd dG
JCf AH e dG g RE feEG jCG d
C IQG d Ud UdG d J a
fEG kFQ Gk QhO j dG (O2) chCG
j a g eh ,G Y S KCJ d bdG
cCG Ggh d eRdG GG H Ye J CG
ebh jJh jG OjEG feEG Y Y dO
dG U e L H AdG dH FXH
.Y L
JhH e j dG QfcG
U d jf dG IQdG J dG j a
jh AHd dc j G NGO
.d eRdG bdG
.e e FG MGh Me jdG
22

 eLGC jN Lj dG bdG ce
(%1) FG MGh e cGC Y M jj
Y FHc S e YGC g e e
dH J dG bda .c e hGC
dGh SG e B G H G
LdJ YGC GSH jQGh dGh
bO GQP e J jN g dG
e fE H J d Y hGC Yh h ,IOhh
dh .kGc IQe Hh bdG g
IOYE bd OTQGE e UdG c J
LJ dG bdG ce G OGG
.Qb hGC f hO N Gg ch jG

23

jG IG bW :

(ATP)

H ,J ,GC jL

IQGG
AdG

a j dG VGG
h SjOC G Sa KK
j dG bdG TGC
.dGE

AHdG

FjdG ddG
G NGO
ATP

RGaEG
cG
FdG ddG

SjOCG Sa KK J UN jL J khCG bdG EG

.dGh fEG Y L J kfKh PHATE )
(45) HQCGh N EG j `ec j N `MGd ANSG dM `fEG EG
. (ATP) jL e eGc
(ADENOZIN-TRIPHOS-

h (ATP) e kjJ GL 1 e cCG fEG L Lj fCG dGh cdH jGh

j fCG LQd (ATP) fEG Fa YH j dd bdG g Y J G IG CG f
.bJ hO jJ N H Fe (ATP) jL je IY c
? FdG YdG H dG fEG Gg j c
jL K e MGh (ATP) NDjh bdG Y H j bdG EG G eY
NGO dG J j iNCG Sa jL H IM bdG Jh (INCG ) Sa
jG CG Th ,bj FY Hh I YH c J dG a ,dH G
, d SG fEH dGh d eRdG bdG c Qj CG GQP e j dG
.jdG fEG Gg d SG dG f OLh adG j CG jh
Fd Sh (ATP) AL Nh LfEGh a AL c cMh G N dG a
. j Y fS T c dN Lh Y dG g d hCG Lh cCH G

24

NGO J dG bdG jd (ATP) GE

Qe gh (ATP) jJ fG ij ,G
K jJ jh ,dH OHGC KK e
.SdG e jL

. (ATP) de bdG dY SdG jL H HGhQ g

(ATP) IGC Y J dG bdG

,Sa Y K (ATP) j - 1
J (ATP) SdG Y J ch
.bdG

Ae
bW

(ATP) e MGh Sa AL fG GPGE - 2

Ae

SdG jL fG GPGE h (ADP ) j

( AMP )j

bW
(ATP) SdG jL HQ j eY - 3
GE (ATP) bdG c J ddh
.G dG

Ae

bW
jRjOG
25

?G QhG cM j dG e
G JhdG keg Gk QhO Jh jG L (golgi) L L J e LJ
J G ceCG LJ dG G JhdG e Gk c Ea jJh YGfCG Y Jh
J Jhda G NBG e Lj dG : Endoplasmic Reticulum) SHhfG T
. FbH H L L EG SHhfEG dG e
Gd VJ JhdG CG ,GdG g V e dG g e fE eg GJ g
dEG j hCG jc jCG dEG j NBGh GQgHc aVEH j dG Ggh L L
L a ,dEG S dG bGGh JhdG Yf M J GdG g ,gO VMCG
L CG fcPh ,a LGS dG SG G bGG Y jRJh JhdG J H J
IQH j dG g REG CG cDG a G Yf M H G ZCG fEH J L
dG JhdG B J dG jdG FdG YdG NG CG bh hO Gk L bO
Gh dhDG g L L CG j dP Y .HG bGG EG LJh (ER) LfEG
IQbh J YH G dG H j dG gG G Gg CG CG ,G NGO QhG d
LfEGh JLMG ah dG H Y jH jh dEG JCJ dG JhdG H j a ,Fa
?d dG H dGh FXh jh OGe e JhdG MG M Y qc
fS dG CG a T h .dG J N CG j fEa QhG MORG Gg ZQ
H G EG dGh QGdG PJG G ch dG j dG g Jh
fEa Jh fS Yh dG IQb e hj e ZQh .FGLCG
dG GG g eCG je j
jdG QfCG Yj jh G NGO
.adG J dG g CGe jhQGdG

dG J e GC h YGC G NGO dG GE
dG MGG f j G fGC dG JhdG GE ( dG JM )
.G GE G e LhN e OY e C

? Y c j dG GC J g
f EG g e iG dY LdJ P ec e OLh CG Yj CG MCG j
NGO Lj dG eG G CH Yjq jhQGdG QfCG CG jd G dh ,a Y
j e Sh WH jO jhQGdG CG PEG dO H AGdG dP Y aGjh f e N dG
. dG Y
e BG EGh , hc YJ FN e j e IMGdG jdG G o
.fdG e dCG e MGh N iG aQ SCH J dG dG g e c J dG
,bdG EG jG MG M RcL EG dhf dG AGdG c dG NGO jG
eY S EG JhdGh gdG a G gO IQU j dG dG Jh
.dG f EG G Vj
jh fL LMG M OGe EG H dhf dG AGdG j dG CG UG
e ANCG bdG hO dGh YdG H J dG IOLG jG jH a Gd .bdG
. Gg ej EG G jGH

,dG EG JCa AeCG RcG

e G bCGh
, LcL EG J

RcdG S
.LcL
EG LcG j
.dEG LG Y RcL

RcG j LcL Y
gO eMh jL EG

gO eM

QV C H G J c J dG jG
jG a ,He hCG je J hCG dEG LG fG fEG L jG H g
JhdG g dh ,d adG JhdG dH J jG eh .H f J
g CG EG .HjEG H Xh SQh d Ie G fc W IKDe J
G J eY a dG GC J G NGO G dBG iNCG IQH hCG JdG JhdG
EG G FdG L Vj G OLh c M hCG jZ cS FGHEG dM hCG je
.cCG N
JhdG AH Ea EGh ,e SG bdG QfG G QJ CG gCG e h
dG jG e QGSG j Ggh ,M dG G e S KdG JdG
.G FdG g dH h G
OJh QGSH J QGVCG EG ODj IG jG h HG jG QGSG dc h
fEa dG JdG JJhd Jh QfG QJ dG G EG dHh .G EG jdG
S Y Ya J K eh ,a IOLG SdG Y f J c TfG hCG GC J
.IOe AGLCG EG fG G AGLCG FS K IGdG GC J gH h .J fCch hJ M G
IOLG h iNCG dG jG SGH G QfG Y dG dG Jh
H Y AHEG j H c J Gh IG jG CG g jdGh ,IG G e
a ,aXCGh Gh dG SY G S Yh .G FdG IFa dP C
h .aJEG j dd G FdG e gOLh d h e fCG e dCJ cGdG
LGdG G jG Mf e jd e GQGd dG jG PJG c g g G
. IFa GP GJ dG G jG e aJEG
d MhCG dG e ?dG dG GH CG J dG G L dG e
VY e J e N eh ?G Y GN J UCGh J b N K CH dG
QGSH j e g h IQU MCG Y JG FXh AGOCG Y e G jG CG d j
?QG efdG Gg MU e d h . G FdG IM
adG CH cCdG Y Gj fC eG dG HUCG CGh H QdG jf IYO EG
J dG CG a T dG dh .jG QG efdG Gg YOhCG dG g AdG
.Jb dG Y Vh H qj d M dG H h d e dG JQH

28

e dGE JC J dG QGfE G IQTE H G QfG GC j -1

d O IQTE G a LQN e hGC G NGO
.G Ye

g dGE J dG eGC -2
Y hD G JhdG g IQTE G
.G e

e Yj
JdG JhdG
Uh dG
IQTE G
J dG JhdG g - 3
G H J dG dG GE
.G dH a IG

J G Le JhdG GE H O - 4
f Y AdG GE IQdG h jG jG
. G eS Y a dH h ,H

29

IQdG jdG Y Ad dG IOLG ILC G

dG AGdG hCG dhf dG jZCG jW Y eEG eLCG NJ dG FG Z jdG e Ic GfCG g
J M a QdG KCdG GfG j dG IQdG jdG H kjCG gh ,Ic ATCG jW Y hCG f
jG g ,jb IcGH YO dG eLCG jG e Yf dG N a Gd G NGOdG f JEH
J dGh dG LJ dG YadG jG g V eh G Y adG g IMdG Xh
Jh QdG KCdG J (KUPPFER ) c jN J dG jG g jedG IQhdG f JGSG
IQdG jdG H jJ ch c ,fK 0^10 e bG N dG jW Y dG EG JCJ dG jdG
.G jdG QJ CG Z e d IQdG jdG H jJ ch adG e d
. dG GG ae hCG G FXd ShQO J CG hO Gg H J jG EG
CG Z e dG (KUPPFER ) Hc jN a LJ dG G gh CG gY f CG j f g
bO fCT L G dG dOCG MCG iNCG Ie d j kWh ,d Vh T CG Nj hCG NBG fe J
e dG d dG KCdG f d c dG e kH G NBG Y jG g fc a ,eLCG N
J hCG J dG jdG OY Ea Gd . dG J H G d jedG IQhdG Y d IQdG jdG
.FG MGh %1 iJ edG jedG IQhdG NGO UdG
.G iNCG AYCG OLh ZQ dG Hc jN J CG J dG AdG adG g g a
d j CG G Z a ,d Ge gJh d SG ceCG QJ dG g jG g d fCG G
.e L NGO d kGe Jh d kGe fe QJ j kYh
e Y e d H G dG Ggh ,kjJ N H Fe ij fEG L NGO jG OY EG
. a Qb Yh
fS da ,e H Y e N dG ,AT H dG dG MU g Jh fS dG CG T h
Ad G JhH EG IQTEG AYEH GC J QfG QJ dG G EG .Lh cCG Y eLCG FbO c j Jh
IGdG GC J jdG h ,j cH fCc JQU Jh ,dM f Oh ,khCG bdG GC Jh ,dG Ya
.,GQa d IQhG jG Y J G G jdGh JGH e bCG EG Jh G J K
J Xh C GY J jG H g .iNCG jN W e J G jG c d fCG jdGh
Lj e jN e J (aXCG - G - dG SY) dP Y Gh Lj G Gj e CG ,H
.G
GYH UG GQGdG NCJ jG CG g QYG gNCG hCG a dG j dG G YVa
. J ZJh H eGhCG d jG c fGh NBG dG Y AHEGh jG
J GMCG e M fCG Qb eh U eh G NGO QGdG Jh PJG IjZ j dG e iJ
.QdG Gg IQdG dG gG FdG Gg YCG dG G IdG g eh ,NGO g dG G FdG
. ieh IAc YCG Y G FdG IM QGS e jG L a fcP a
?bdG efdG Gg e e ?iG aQ dG gh IQdG g MU e PEG
.AdG adG g QG efdG Gg MU CG KEG dhj jhQGdG jdG QfCGh UCG EG
dG bj JM UJ L Gj N jHh gedG Y Ea AT c Y dG S
. dGh
30

dG jQdG
dG
fCG L

dG jdG

Hc N
jSJdG jN
Vh dG Hc jN GE
Y d dG kN
AeC G e J dG jdG
.Fa YH

dG jdG

dG jQdG

Hc N

31

Xh jN K qC dG Y bG d LM
Y H dG H dG
dG EG VJ AKCc ,dH CG G e d Me J dG Y fc d
. NBG T CG hCG dG LefG hCG dG dG fQHEG hCG
dG cG e qJ IG b Y FdG AHEG hCG dG d j dG dG Y EG
K e a dG jG Jh eq dG e e Lj h SdG M M gdG
: Y
dG AGdG J Y J dHh NGO EG AGdG SH eCJ dG jG g : hC G YG
. Lf
fdG YG jN GC J eYh ,Jeh dG YS J dG jG g : fdG YG
AGdG J Y HbdG H dG j dHh hCG YG jN dG bd GQTEG SJ dG
. dG Y YS e jj FdG
d jOdG dG Y AKCG AdG H f Zh eN jN gh : ddG YG jN eCG
dG Y EG GQTEG SJh G NGO AGdG e dY f EG f eY dG NJ
.dG Y J d
? IG b Y f c j Gg g d
Kh (O2) cCG j CG g dG Y e dG CG c Fc obn Gn oJ dG Y EG
Y HG dG g dG GdG EG .dG e H (CO2) HdG cCG
Gk L bO jh G iG EG HG Z dG g H J d dG ce jG e
.
EG J c d Te KCJ dG ce Y dG NGdG (O2) chCG d g d
iNCG Y g CG CG ,dG EG J dG IG (O2) chCG c Y ee dG ce
LJ Gk L SM SG ILCG Y IQY jG gh ,QG YdG QXE dG NJ jG e
.eq dG QN jQdG e IdG jedG YhCG H
Y J j dHh e H dG chCG NO Y dG cG EG GQTEG SJ
. eRdG GdH dG h SG
?IG b Y Ad L dG chCG c jQTdG jG e Y J c
Y kM j S fEG NBG M G jGH e G BG dG GH jG g J ch
?VQCG Lh
. a keY jY e EG dG j dG G dG Gg
32

 ,jH f fCG dG e IG MQ GW Gk HCG C j fCG LQd Gk L SM dG Gg EG

H Fe Y gOY jj dG jG L dG RdG chCG H Jh fh h
jCGh HdG cCG K (CO2) e IQdG jdG OH dG jh , c jJ eLCG
. dG (H2) LhQdG
G dG Gg CG gh Oe dG YCG OYG Y hq j jhQGdG jdG QfCG EG
Gg dN dG S ,jOH e fCG EG FG H ae ZQ ,AdG dG f Lh
.d jf dG dG MU gh QdG dG

dG

adG
jG e hCG YG
dG jEG H J dG

jG e fdG YG
Y YS H J dG
.UGJh dG

e dqdG YG
qNJ dG jG
.QGdG M

33

! H dG f f YC H J GC J jG
OGG g GfCG j e Wh YCG eCG J OG QZ e YGfCG g CG fQJ d
? OGG g feEH kM g Jh
hCG OGG g Gk HCG GJ a G Gg MdGh SQGdG e GfJ GPEG
H fCG M dG GH j CG j QG YGdG fEG CG j a ,J
dG GH kjJ H Fe G gOY j dG jG e N c J jh dS
a fCG cjNh eLCG IOLe d IAdG a ,PJ hCG J hCG HU hO
,VQCG Lh Y kdM jh GTY jdG dG GQe OLCG jN IOLe g EGh
.ddG IAdG g gjN dG ADg L
dH dEG Njh G Lj dG jG Y IQdG jd G N CG
g G J gZ iNCG OGeh ddGh SJdGh jOdGh QdG dch
bdG G LM Y jj e Jh e G Lj e NCJ c H Jh bh c
. G QN Lj dG IOjdG OJh SG
Y M jj gh IGdGh fJhdGh fhdG e J G EG .kb g f
AY IQd N a ,jCG YdG h hCG jCG hCG fGPCG hCG YCG gh e 0^001
g dG S .dG e ge Me Gk L IG YCG g jJ dP e d Yh
.j Y fS d jf dG dGh IQdG MU

ddG h dG jG
.FZ Y G NGO

G i

NdG Y J dG JhdG
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34

YGdG dH J JM GE
! YC d jG H J dG
NJ dG J e SSCG Y a IG QGS GL G edG e 12 ea EG
j edG Gg dh fEd cDG G EG Gg ODj b jdG f Yh ,dG fEGh jJ
g UeG Y YJ UN IOe RGaEH Id NGdG WG AdG j Gd , G O a
(12) G G edG hCG IOG
,FGdG OGG
. dG fE j dG
ea Ue I jN g
AeCG NGO UN b LJ 12
. eCG Hfh d bf gh bdG
dG dG f j dG EG
.IG dG e dG H IG Y
f Lj dG ed a
jN gRJ IOe Y j CG dG
dG Gg j ch .? IG
IG fH h dG f H gG
,fdG jN
12B QhO J Y IYG IOG fG
CGh edG aH IOhe J d
J dG UdH ec jGQO Y J
jCGh Y IH ceCG dG fE
,IG
ie a jGQO Y J CG j
,bdG AeCG
.d fEG Gg gCG
G NGO fCG g : UG
HGdG JhdG
M eh b ceCG FXH J
.12 ed
Gg dh ,gOh Y OGOj af
bdG AeCG N
H J iNCG Y g H a
. bdGh YdG jZ jG
IOd QG YdG Gg CG T h
jG IOGQE gG YdGh
. gMh
h jG Nh () ea N dG qEG

q Q dG g aGh dG dCG
.VQCGh GhdG
q
AeC Gh IG UeH J dP ZQh dG f j 12 ea GE
.dG OLG dG GE UJh adG

NGO J dG dG GC dH N g
? dG OLh J jG
J VMCG g ,jb VMCG AeCG EG IG e j dG G AGdG Lj
c . IG e RY AH IOhe Z fC dPh Y KEG UNh AeCG Y kL Gk N
. eLCG NGO J dG IG GMCG JCJ g ?VMCG g e AeCG iPCJ
VMCG CG fLa dG AKCG J dG dG Y dH b GDdG Gg Y HLEd
Gk N j e EG c J eY (Y KEG e ) AeCG EG Jh IG e JCJ dG
QGL Lj edG Ggh ,(JS) J feg G Y KEG RJ AeCG Y
EG j dG JShH (Prosecretin) j UN eg g Y (Y KEG) AeCG
. G AGdG VM Y KCdH J Fc IOe gh (JS) IG IOG g
fCG RGaEG Y SjdG jh dG jW Y SjdG EG j jdG eg EG
Sj jdG eg N eh AYCG bHh Y KEG d VJ dG IQG LGd
dHh QdG eG KCJ H J jG gh OG bG EG fHdG jL
. AeCGh Y KEG
G G ifh fHdG RGaE dEG LG dSdG j SjdG CG Gf eh
. IG dG g c if c SjdG H J dG
d geSG dG (j - j) e aCG H SG CG cdH jL g h
QGhOCG g H J dG HjEGh YdG H O c EG jG H J dG QGhOCG Y
. G
jGQdGh aGh GQGdG PJGh G dG IOGQEG CG Y P c j ch
dG g jG CG b eEG Y dG e ,fEG eh iNCG AYCG j
g T c Y QOdG a FfdG dG MU g JG jG dN EG ,dG g d
. fCT L fS eLCG FG g c j dG

36

FGdG OGG

IG

bGdG UG dG
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jShdG eg

JdG eg
SjdG j dG
jedG IQhdG Y

SjdG

jN OLG
bdG AeCG

bdG AeC G

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IG eM jH J SjdG

IjdG SGG Y J bdG AeC G GE

IG e JC j dG eG IQN e j
.jG H Jd e cQ

 Y e OLh dG dhJ Y MJ g
?dG dG f d eLGC
IOjR dG Nj G f a S e eLCG L cCG jS OGe Y j AGZ cCG GPEG
. dG dG
dP Hh ,jG BG V e gh edG FdG dG jL SjdG jN J ,jGdG -1
.IMGh IMGh jG g jG Cc , bf CG IFGR dG jL fc GPEG Qj
dG e M j dGh jCG h Y h d YCG dG jG g Ve d kb f gh
.FdG IOG NGO dG jL OYh Vh J CG jG d c ,IOG dH gGf CG f h
jN H J ,jJ j dG Gg CG Qbh dG IFGR dG c CG SjdG jN KCG GPEG -2
.Y kVY G g R Y IH iNCG
dEG SJ SjdG jN dh JOGQCG dG FGdG dG jH J IdG jG g EG -3
jN gh (DNA) IOLe JT dfCG G eda .dG jJ Ad NCG AdG J dG IQTEG
. jJ hCG SjdG
j dfCG fGh ,IdG g H J gh SjdG jN (edG JhdG) UN fCG LJ -4
. e Xh e MGh d J
q dG fCG e N e
. jdG dG T dG g Jh dG jW Y aG jG EG G dfCG feg f j -5
dG jH J J c gh ,dfCG eg HG eGhCG j e iNCG jG GC J eY -6
.a dG jL Nd jd GHCG J h T hCG b H eCG Gd FW gh
e a dG jL H J jdH UG ja kFGY a j jd GHCG g EG dH -7
.NGO fJh H h G jG e H
J h iNCG OGH eEG J fCG c CN cQJ hCG dEG LG eGhCG J jG EG -8
. jT UMh eJ jH J gh RdG e cCG dG jL jH
FGdG dG jh ITe Nj bdG dG Ga IFGR a dG f J dG e kfa HJ eY
HH j e EG fEG VJ b LQH G dG OGOj a IjT bH dG Gg j GPEG .G
.G EG Ic kfMCG iODJ dG dG
bCG dG dG f f EG G Vj eY Y jH dG Y JQe J dG Gg Ia
) (ccc) SG NBG eg fEH jh dG d Se jH SjdG jN J gh ,dG de e
YHh dG jd G dG Gg J CG geCJh dG J dG jG EG dSQ j edG Gg Glucagon )
CG fEG j YCG REH J dG jGh jQTdG jd dG YdG Gg Qe a ,eCG J IjT
?IG EG IQdG e dG j QOb qN Q OLh Y Gg j aCG ?H j
f M hCG Y hCG GPCG hCG YCG d j CG Z e dG GH IdG HGh YCG H jG J c
?Y

G b eRcdG S UeG
dG JhdG
G AZ

dfCG eg jL

dG
LQG
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IdG

dG
NGdG
RcdG S jL

J G QGL bdG GE (1) dfGC j eY

bd GQGfGE j Gg .G NGO (2) UG JhdG
H (3) RcL ScGC Lj G NGO kjGC h ,RcG
hRhfCG
G QGL f J ScC G g (4) IG QGL e jb J
Y AKGC RcG bf a (5) H a ITe QGfE G H
J G NGO GE RcG J dG JhdG OY OGR c (6) dG
NGdG GE G QGL e AL j b Hh .HdG e bGC dfC G fGE jh RcG f
(9) hRhfC G jh d NGO We GE Jh (8) ScC G J (7) JhdG bf eh G
. kFGO dG GH dG g Jh (10) NB G QGfE G J iNC G ScC G g J eYh

G jG J
S gZ h dc
, bd Qc RcdG
IFGdG dG h

eg
dfG

Gg e
j dG
T Y jJ
h fh CG Ljc

H J SjdG IOLG H jN
,dG EG dfCG eg

AGdG hJ H
j ITe
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IGdG

dG e Ic
R c
c SSeg
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jH dG j
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h Ljc
JhH h gO

(qe100/e90) dG RcdG S e jOY c

qS
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R qc
c
dG

RcdG S jH dG j
hCG gO hCG Ljc EG
,JhH

jG J
S SH
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,dG EG LcdG eg SjdG IOLG dCG jN RJ

39

,LcdG eg

g jOdGh JhdGh RcG H dG dG

dG OLh Y VGh dO
NGO G OGa .dG Me GW eLCG j dG d dG H dG J
g . dG jW Y iNCG Ie dEG Oj M G QN H Oj J H G
?RcGh jOdGh dGh JhdG OGG H dG c aJ
G hCG (heL) j dG G g dG dG NGO OGG j dG G EG
iNCG jedG YhCG Y YhCG g J .dG jhc jeO YhCG e J jedG
dG EG LJ dG OGG W QJ dG g dG g .W H W fc G
CG J G W CG gh Gk L e f g Mfh ,G QN OJ dG OGG Wh
,OGG g dEG gJ dG ceCG QJ K dEG JCj dG edG FdG NGO OGG J
hQdG jCG h jOdG fHH h RcG ) e dG jW Y dG EG JCJ dG OGa
EG Lj NBG dGh G QN EG OGG g H dG OJ h ( JjdG h jQdG
H OW j dEG NJ dG OGG g CG QJ c g e IU W kY .G
?G EG Lj NBG dGh G QN
. a Qb H N bdG dG g dN CG g SCG g Y HLEGh
M M Yh FdG jd FHdG bCG Y j heG EG
j fCG ZQ IQGh IAdG e dG iG Gg EG heG Uh c,jG
?AMCG hCG AdGhCG AjdG Y kShQO
.Qb hO FXH jh IQdG g fEG
OGG H fCG dG j dG jQTdG AGLCa ,HQ dEH IQdG g eG d
Gg CG EG ,Yh FGH q jo c q J e Z FGY H UJ H J dG
q U Y aj CG d eCG kFGY eCG c a .G Y dG c H QdG
.eSh
.ia Nh ,ia Qq b Y qe OLh Vj e Gg

40

dG

AGdG dG
eH

J dG ,(jdG jG ) GedG
eH NGO

jG J dG jedG IdG
YhCG e dCJ dG h jdG
jdG

41

GE eLGC VJ eY j GPe aJ g
? dG V VfG
(Je d q dG V hCG e d q dG V) dj jdG dG H fMCG OJ
.dG N
.dG FXh e Xh Vh dG V CG aJ Q
. IciNCG FXh d c G dG V V SSCG dG FXh e
LJ dG FdG IOG c g dG V V Y YJ dG eGdG gCG eh
dG V JQG EG fEG VJ jGdG IH LJ IOG g fc GPEG .jGdG
.G AGLCG L j JQG Ggh
IOLG dSEG ILCG N J jGdG IFGdG FdG IOG EG G J EG
dSEG ILCG SJ FGdG dG NH j d dG j ea dG GM
d fH dG EG G jGdG EG eCG dG j K VdG d G EG IQTEG
FdG IOG IOjR J dG dG V JQG EG .dG J IOjR EG dP ODj
NDJ EG G EG ODj MCG e fCG M fEG Y kdH Gk N j jGdG
.QdG Y eRdG HGdG
dCG a EG iODj GfG Gg ,dG GfG EG ODj dG V JQG EG
dCG NGO SG FSdG dG jG OJ dHh dG IOLG dG
IOG OW c ja dG jW Y dG EG FSdG g J dP Hh dH J K
fG dG bO Jh dG iG EG dG V d G e FdG
j M j H dG V V dG J dG dG QhdG j h .W H
''fQ'' G IOG e RJ (ACE) J dG UN N LJ dG g a ,dG
IH iNCG IOe EG J IOG a dG V JQ Te KCJ d d IOG g dh
dG fQ e jG g Jh dG RJ dG JCG jL a fEG e Y
KCJ d d jCG fedG g dh 1-JCG J IjL jL EG dP H j
NBG de EG dG gh NBG Y j jCG dP H edG Gg C H j
A g IMdG Xh J dG (ACE) G fCG jW Y 1-JCG G
dG V f d jGdG Y KCjh ,NCG G gh edG Ga 1-JCG jL
Y NBG e eg CG KCd ihL a INCG jG g J Ea ,dG Ge EG
S Y LJ dG dSG ILCG e J 2-JCG ja .dG V f

42

jGdG d 2-JCG jL e OG g IMdG Xh ILCG g jGdG

.dG V c Jh
gOLH Je OGG g KCJ CG g H NCG Y jh VG Gg fcP e gCG e
j Gd iNCG IOG OLh Y j OGG g OLh Y Ea Yh ,dG H e
GN iMEG jJ j fCG c FGdG adH MGh BG MGh L Gg OLh
PJGh dG e dG e feEG Y GL h ,FGdG adH dG Gg
BG h MGh L h bdG f UdG g c OLh EG .hdG Y G GQGdG
.Jh fS dG U e gjG JGdG g c CG d Vj MGh

dG

RGqdG f qGE
eq dG q dG
q gC G jZ g
G GE dH

LJCG eg

dG
1JCG eg

2JCG eg

fdG

FdG
ACE

dG
edG AYdG

43

G QhdG RG Yh
UJ Lh dd G fCG jd eRdG OGG gCG e (O2) chCG j
gh XdG H j da ,Ieh e jHh fCG EG c QG chCG
cQCG e j dG d QhdG RG g Qb H fCGh jG EG chCG f
ITe Mj fCG EG eRdG chCG c hf a .G eG dG
. kdBG fCG dG dS f JQG
hCG Y h Yh dG JhdGh jGdGh jGh fCG g dG Gg AGLCG EG
dG QGdG PJG Y IQdGh dGh dG dG e PEG .GQGdG PJG Y d IQb
d eCG jh fCG f b NGdG chCG f CH dG jS f C j
EG dG S Lj dP Hh IQG Me G j GHh ,dG ddG f JQH
.dG dM
K jG EG ee H dSdG Uh jh N EG N CG UJ j dG e K
d j CG h .j c j e Jh J CG dSdG dEG J dG jd c
dG dh Y dG UdG e c g G h .dGh IAGdG IQb
c V h dG H dG e jG q Qd hCG Yd OLh dG gh .J
g e OLh Mj CG hO JM W j fEG M .dG (O2) chCG
.L fCG
CG c fCT L dG eCH j eLCG e c CG gOe dG dG EG f g eh
.dG dG dG eCH j OLh M Fc e dG e c
JjL EG JJhH eh gjN EG FYCG e G LCG id OLG YdG EG
. J dG N QKBG e KCG JGQP L dch

en o nd o u njo n r oG Ao B n rSnC G o nd Qo u n oG
o Qp n dG o pdnG o dG n gn
op nG o jp n dG n go hn p V Qr nC G hq pGh n s dG pa
24 jBG :G IQS

44

jedG IQhdG RL

jdG YhCG

eO AYh
j AYC G chC G f J eY
G V IOjH Y GRjGE jedG IQhdG RL
dG c OGOJ RjE G Gd fh ,d
dH h ,Ic H AYC G g fGC
.RdG chC G Y j

jG
jedG
eG
chCd

45

L f

jGdG J dG IG jG
IFG g Gdfh 1998 Y dGh LdjdG Hf IFL GTH Gdf AY KK g
QGL J Y j dG jdG chCG RGaEH j edG AYdG QGL CH GcG fC
QGL d SdG QhO j H Mh G H j jdG cCG CG EG ,edG AYdG
..jdG
,G dG g QdG Gk L GJ d dG EG dG GeCJ CG h
ILCH Jj dGh jGdG qd dG Lj dG QGfEd bdG fedG khCG NJ
QMCH dG g J h dG jGd AdG J dHh jdG GQL dSEG
hCG CG j ,G JdH NBG J Gk MGh jNBG j M hCG EG M ehdG
QGH dSEG ILCG JJ ea dG j dG QGfEd bdG edG g M
eM jL a jdG eM fEH dG Y Lj GL G QGL j jdG
Y e Y j e GL J fCc edG AYd AG dG jN NJ jdG
EG fG j M dG fdG MG e G dNO H GTP fCG EG a
SG NBG fCG fEG GC j (GTP) fCH jdG eM j M jdG qd ddG MG
gj dG GH dh ,HdG dG Xh IjG IOG d CG T h CGMP
.G edG g NCG Gg C dP d ca jRe
?jGh fedGh jG e d YGdG cG g J c
?QG YdG Gg MU g UdG g J CG g
eh J jG C j dG QdGh YdG AGQh N AT ,e LM g CG cDG e
g jJh a j CG j dG ceCG EG jGh fedG Lj dGh J
.jhdG
jG N dG gh FfdG YdG Gg MU g Jh fS dG EG ,UGh
.YGdG cG Y IQdG gYCGh jGh fedGh

46

LQG dG

dG jN
AG

fedG H
AYdG NGO cG
XH J,edG
j

jdG chCG jL LJ
AG dG jN f

AH W
We

H JJ
AYdG fH IOLG
,edG

eqdG AYdG AZ

e S GC J dHh
YdG

H ,J ,G fCG e J dEG J eYh

jG g IOLG

jRjG EG QhH fCG Gg Ljh

a j h

47

jdGcCG RGaEH GC J
fH jN ZCG b e
edG AYdG

dH dd a fCG jh
H ,CG ,LfCG

dG jG J dH h

jhQGdG jdG Y d j MGh e

dH dG je CG YJ dG G Z iYdG g QdG jf EG
H J dG fCG fJh M OGe EG G OGG dM adG dG gh ,FGdG
NBG bH jRe Hh dG jN J j dc ,JJh dG jc Qb
?BG Me NBG g a .dG M
J dG g jGh fedG Ea .fgPCG iNCG Ie MG g GhQJ
KDJh G QGL UG ceCG EG gJ QGfEd bdG feda edG YdH
QGfEG ch jCG ddG dG OLe YdG f CG g Ma ,jGd IQTEG a G
.dG EG j CG EG fEG L X NGO C N Z e G fe EG gj
jhQGdG jdG Y ie ae d j G Gg IAGa
gdG OGG dEG j dG ddG JhdG OGG MCG gh ALBUMIN ) ) edCG EG
jhOCG GfCG Hh jhGdG IQdG dG edG OGGh fedGh hddG e
HL dG edG IOG j M G NGO dG j K PENICILLIN ) ) dG e
IOe g dG jhGdG IQdG e QdG GfG gh H dG j d dG NGO dEG
g GMWGh BG GeCa SG fdEG lc La fedGh FGdG OGG eCG ,eS
.fCG Y SCG
e c H j CG d c ,GQP e jh d Y h Yh jG e edCG -1
?jhOCGh gdG OGGh edG OGGh FGdG OGG
j dG OGG Ujh IGh IdGh dG H jh j c dP e cCG -2
?Se Z QG cj hCG eCG Y j hCG C j CG hO Ie q c dG ceCG EG
SQGO Z c Ea G jhOCGh edG OGGh FGdG OGG EG f GPEG -3
EG UdG Y j IOe CG Gk HCG GaJ d Sh H GbJ CG J a d
?HG dG g eh SG dG
SGQdG e Qb Y Gj M dEG UdG SdG e d dG eG g
aGh IQG g c jd ,GQP e j dGh G U edCG dh ,G
ge GQP Y e YdG Gg CG a T h ,QdG e Y G XH jh
.FfdG IQdG MU dG Q fS dG dNh dG Y H j dG

48

,jedG YhCG

dG AGG JhdG
eRdG JhH g,
YhCG NGO IOLG
,jedG

,dG
IOLG ddG
,eRdG

ddG) edCG Xh
edG dG L g(
RLY dG EG fh
,jedG IQhdG

LJ dG OGG H dEG j edCG EG

Qb bO jH jRH jh ,dG
NBG dGh dG e q dG j a
.d LG SG ceCG

49

Y J eLGC JhH c
jQhV FXhh IOG
ATCG c d Sh aCG J dG OLh J dG dOCG Y AGVCG J EG
IQb Ghd eLCG e e if Sh -adG dh Lh Y dG IQH b
IY J cG g c dG aQ hCG SG hCG dG AKCG cf cM c EG ,dG
f dhDe j dGh dG jN chCG NO hd jdG a ,dG
j JhdG Ggh ,HLe J dG G IOLG JhdG MCG g chCG
dh dG chCG jL f Y jh HLdG G JhdG eY H
cCG AL e cCG j CG d J JAc CG M HLdG Y j HLG
EG dG EG j CG cCd J Ie g dh ,dG EG MGh ) 2O )
.e H
dG HLGh dG EG chCG j dG HLdG ceCG J fCG Va
j S dG g a ,NBG EG c FXdG J dM dG EG chCG j
S dG dLdG dch G Lj e EG dG e chCG f HLG
chCG Sj Gk L Ic IOjH dG EG chCG f Xh J
e AT j CG M G RGJ c j a dP Yh .ICa dG
dH f f dd dG ceCG FGO GOLe JhdG e YdG Ga ,Gg
BG V JhdG e KCG O g HLGh HLda Af c fh
HG ceCG Jh J iNCG Jhda ,fEG L IOLG JhdG
IOLG IdG PdG if a ,IQeh IQH Y AGOC eRdG GGh UGHh
Gg c j CG j g e , Qb IOG Y kJ fCG fEG L
.j Y fS dG Q dG g dG Gg MU Ga adG dh dG

nho cs n nJ nan GnC oor nj s rn cn oor nj rn an GnC

17 jBG :dG IQS

50

,chC G e a IMGh jL j GC j f g dG GE chC G f Xh dG HLdG

C dPh NGB HLg e cGC j GC j kjGC gh iNGC fGC GE chC G j NGB HLg a
.C G H dG dG jh O2 chC G e Lj dG SG dG Y c
Hje

HcdG

j dG HjG
jG EG chCG
a dG

j dG HcdG
jN EG chCG
jedG YhCG

Hje

O2

HcdG
51

O2

O2

ANC d G fC G
jW Y J ANCG a ,LQG eGdG H fMCG ANCG H b
DNA G fCG g g dG H FdGh DNA hCH khCG bGG S
. a eG M Y
GN IY dG Y J
Rcf j fCG jW Y DNA jT Y C G H Lj dG dG j -1
NUCLEAZ

S e GdG j dHh K dG C G b RcdG fCG GC jh 2

dG dG P e dG eG H j a RGdH SG NCG fCG g 3
.GdG eG g cjh
fG Ea jdG Y a KM dG bG Gg jdG j dh
) Rd DNA fCG jW Y fG Gg jh (Sa -S ) jT Y j
J Y J dG fCG g Ea H ej dG YCG e j c DNA-LIGAZ )
ceCG J CG Y a, bdG f Ic G jd j CG H DNA ANCG
( DNA) KM dG ZGdGAe ch dG eG EG UdG
JhdG g fCG gh (DNA) jJ Y HbdH J fCG g CG jdGh
f g (DNA) G eG M Yh (DNA)eGhCGh IS fCG b dG
dG jW Y iG Gg EG dG Gg j CG j H H NGe FGQ
ej (DNA) OLhh (DNA)OLh ej fCG OLh CG VGdG e C ,iNCG J INh
.FG Lh G OLh Y j jCG gOLhh fCG OLh
HqJ dG IG dG f GH QJ AMCG CH YJ dG QdG jf EG
Ga MGh BG fCGh (DNA) OLh j fC kb kjJ (DNA ) fCG jQZd
n
.Gh dN OLh Y d j
DNA

o pf bn o nd l co p V Qr nC Ghn pG hn n s dG pa en o ndhn
26 jBG - hq dG IQS

52

Rf fGC -1
bG j DNA
DNA`dG S
GC Y dH jh
.Y j E N

E N Y Y GPGE h-2
h dGRE H G a
.LGNGE

NGB fGC gh -3
RGdH SG

JC j (DNA)
GE q dG eH
.Z q dG G
53

RGddG fGC -4
eG cQ (DNA)
.GdG dG

G ddG fC G- 5
GE JC j (DNA) Rd
.N H Lj dG G

UE G H jh-6
GSH G G
.SG FSdG

G Y c OhT jhQGdG jdH E G

WC G WSC H E G e e h
jJ b g G ,FGY jH JJ dG SCG dG dG hG
L e jdG Ggh , dG chCG f Xh dG HLdG JhH
K V e hG g QJ HLdG fEG M Yh (DNA) CG G S
fCG LQd Gk L SG ''jdH '' fCG g QNG H j dGh (DNA) M GQe
bH hG GQe H e Ie c U GQNG gQNG hCG hG IAGb Gk HCG Cj
hG EG UdG H G fEG ce g dG hRjQ JCjh .Gh Hh ec
e e Ggh ,Qb H LfEH j K gGe jh ec bH hG g CGjh dG
K AcCG jQe Se N e bdGh dG dH GC j gDha ,dG Wf AH
.ShQG dG V Gj d G dG EG WG J
jDhQ f e J j dGh iG Y G CH Yq j jhQGdG d
J dG jG CG Yq jh ,FGdG dH j dG ge fC IOG dH
EG EG ,dG QXEH dG Gd Gh IG g d IM h Yh AY GQP e
dG aGG jGh WCG WSCG jJ e jdG jJh e Z jhQGdH
TT c YGNh SdG e c a Y IdG N e jhQGdG eb bh ,d
.dG Sd q G dG dSCG GSH gQaCG

CCCTGTGGAGCCACACCCTAGGGTTGGCCAATCTACTCCCAGGAGCAGGGAGGGCAGGAG
CCAGGGCTGGGCATAAAAGTCAGGGCAGAGCCATCTATTGCTTACATTTGCTTCTGACAC
AACTGTGTTCACTAGCAACTCAAACAGACACCATGGTGCACCTGACTCCTGAGGAGAAGT
CTGCCGTTACTGCCCTGTGGGGCAAGGTGAACGTGGATGAAGTTGGTGGTGAGGCCCTGG
GCAGGTTGGTATCAAGGTTACAAGACAGGTTTAAGGAGACCAATAGAAACTGGGCATGTG
GAGACAGAGAAGACTCTTGGGTTTCTGATAGGCACTGACTCTCTCTGCCTATTGGTCTAT
TTTCCCACCCTTAGGCTGCTGGTGGTCTACCCTTGGACCCAGAGGTTCTTTGAGTCCTTT
GGGGATCTGTCCACTCCTGATGCTGTTATGGGCAACCCTAAGGTGAAGGCTCATGGCAAG
AAAGTGCTCGGTGCCTTTAGTGATGGCCTGGCTCACCTGGACAACCTCAAGGGCACCTTT
GCCACACTGAGTGAGCTGCACTGTGACAAGCTGCACGTGGATCCTGAGAACTTCAGGGTG
AGTCTATGGGACCCTTGATGTTTTCTTTCCCCTTCTTTTCTATGGTTAAGTTCATGTCAT
AGGAAGGGGAGAAGTAACAGGGTACAGTTTAGAATGGGAAACAGACGAATGATTGCATCA
GTGTGGAAGTCTCAGGATCGTTTTAGTTTCTTTTATTTGCTGTTCATAACAATTGTTTTC
TTTTGTTTAATTCTTGCTTTCTTTTTTTTTCTTCTCCGCAATTTTTACTATTATACTTAA
TGCCTTAACATTGTGTATAACAAAAGGAAATATCTCTGAGATACATTAAGTAACTTAAAA
AAAACTTTACACAGTCTGCCTAGTACATTACTATTTGGAATATATGTGTGCTTATTTGC
ATATTCATAATCTCCCTACTTTATTTTCTTTTATTTTTAATTGATACATAATCATTATAC
ATATTTATGGGTTAAAGTGTAATGTTTTAATATGTGTACACATATTGACCAAATCAGGGT
AATTTTGCATTTGTAATTTTAAAAAATGCTTTCTTCTTTTAATATACTTTTTTGTTTATC
TTATTTCTAATACTTTCCCTAATCTCTTTCTTTCAGGGCAATAATGATACAATGTATCAT
GCCTCTTTGCACCATTCTAAAGAATAACAGTGATAATTTCTGGGTTAAGGCAATAGCAAT
ATTTCTGCATATAAATATTTCTGCATATAAATTGTAACTGATGTAAGAGGTTTCATATTG
CTAATAGCAGCTACAATCCAGCTACCATTCTGCTTTTATTTTATGGTTGGGATAAGGCTG
GATTATTCTGAGTCCAAGCTAGGCCCTTTTGCTAATCATGTTCATACCTCTTATCTTCCT
CCCACAGCTCCTGGGCAACG...

fG QWE G LJ dG hG
HLdG Jhd jJ g
fGE M Yh (DNA)
e hG g QJ HLdG
M GQe K V
fGC QNG H jh (DNA)
hO bH H j '' RGdH ''
jdG Gg Sj dP Hh ,C N
H d G e GE G
.a fE G

IQGh YdGh dG dG fC G
eG H EG jdH (RNA) fCG JCj G JhdG MCG fE MG Y
dh LfEG OGj dG fCG Gg Y eG L H jh (DNA) H UG
fCG Ea ddh(DNA) ceCG J LfEGh f dG eG CG fMCG j
f b j jf EG jGH e eG j eY POLYMERAZE RGdH (RNA)
eG ODJ bh G JhdH bY d d dG eG H dG g N
IG fCG JCJ IG g Nh ,e Z AT fEG EG IFGdG
BG V e g H eG jJh IYd) (SPLICEOSOMEeSS
.H HJ dG H FGdG HJ K eG
J GQdG e b e J dG jG (RNA) jJ J dG dG gh
fEG jj(RNA) RGdH CG Gk L QJ GQdG gh .YdG e Ic LQO Y YC`H
BG OLh ZQ C N hO dG g Jh ,eRdG Zh eRdG eG q h JhH
.NCJhCG PJ hO dEG MG M q c Y GC Jh bGEG JCJ fCG Z ,eG
a ,G NGO IUh a IMGh Sh IN EG g e GN e kHS cP e c
YH cQH J CG j YCG gh ,d Yh GQP e YCG g J CG
. dhDH jT SMEGh dY IQeh Yh
a Qb dG dG Gg fc dG g dG CG Ys j QdG jf QfCG dh
.Gh dGh dG dH VQjh FGdG dH
h GG J dG CG Yjh ,H EG d j ATCH eDj a
. QdGh dH e g dG dH jQTdG GQdG
. ShQGh YGdG YCG g c j dG g Jh fS dG C dh

o p nG pr dGE p hn r co Qn n oU n nMr nC an r co Qn s nUhn u n pH n VQr nC Ghn pGhn n sdG n nNn

3 jBG :HdG IQS

56

 kfMCG dh (DNA) e JhdG GH UG eG L f j JhdG MCG fE MG Y

eG b g MCG dG Ea YCG Ve g ch dEG LM d dG eG H Y eG g
.dG JhdG fEG Y N MCG dG Gg j CG jh dG Y V f dG HG Z

(SPLICEOSOME) SS J dG fCG JCJ IdG g Nh

.NBG AG j M MdG e G Z dG H J M IYH J dG

EG JhdG jJ jh H EG HG eG V jh G Z AG a j dG g jf Yh
.fEG H d G e
57

dG j fE G J gGe
eY dPh fCG NGO Jh iJh jdG jGH d fCc J eY EG
(OSTEO- h ( (OSTEOBLAST J dG UG jG e jedG YhCH fCG g
j Ggh dG fCG GdG a OSTEOCLAST ScShCG Xh Ea CLAST )
jN H eb dG g dG Y CG M SGH IRG fCG jW Y
dG Y bJ (OSTEOBLAST) SHShCG jNh (OSTEOCLAST) ScShG
ja H G dG Gd dG dG Ea Gg Yh dG dG d H J H
. dG dG jJh dG g jG
C ddG Y VGhh Ic J (OSTEOBLAST) SHShCG jN YCG EG
CG EG dG e cCG jdG j CG H Gd ,kGL jS dG j dG e MG g
.GJG dM EG jdGh dG jN c J GP a e f EG dG dG j
, dG S C J c Gk L J ,XdG H J dG L Y dG jN EG
g eh ,Y J CG j dG TCGh Gh VG Y H dG kjCG Jh
dG Y J CG j eh ,jdG CG G Y a bJ CG j dG SG bdG
IdG d SG YCH ejh ke ddG Ia g IdG CG aj kjCGh ,cS e
.G
Jh SG bdG YJ jG ah dG g JJ N CG j
. G jdG Y Gk AH IAH dYCH dG H J dG iG EG dG L
?dGh fEG Y IQdG dG jN cG c PEG
CG jd dh QGdG PJGh dG Y IQdG d d GQP e J dG G EG
.LG Y eRdG HGdG NCGh G RGdG dM Y ee
e cCG J b H Qe Gh fEG e J fEG L dG jG jH EG
.bQN IQH LJ jG CG Y dO Ggh kcGQOEGh kYh
j e jG j dG a bQG IQdG g MU g Jh fS dG EG .dG g
. H J CG j eh J CG

58

,dG jG

hdG
EG dG cGe
,Y
,f hZ

Y EG d e
,jM
,dG dG
dG f J

J kGL IU jN e j fGC a g ,fhJ dG YC G SdG fE d dG dG

jdG JdG e kGL Fa bH fE d dG dG Jh jG g ?kGL H GH
c GG g L JG jG g j dG g Jh fS dG GE .FGdG KdG j
.FGLGC L HUh dTGC h dWh gRhHh JGAfE H UG L Jh J

59

jhQGdG j bG dG SdG
dG f j fdG AT c CG iJ jhQGdG jdG EG
RGdGh dG SdGh eG dG e Gf e dh FGdG
IQSCGh iYO j Gg c ,dG Y j dG bdG
j FG Z Ud dGh SdG EG ,jhQGdG adG
d MCG dG J dG g dG ja .G g cDjh
e Ic LQO Y J c Ie UGbCG e dG jch
.fEG I kGL e AGG dG jd IG g ,fdG
e c bd ddG fdG g AGG dG jc d
Gd ,J jdG a J dG jGdG b V AGG dG jc b C cM Z e eLCG ceCG
.dH jGdG NGO AGG jdG ca G g M
? ddG fdG H AGG dG jc J d GPe hG GDda
a kdZ fdG g J dG je Y AGG jdG C dG Ve Y J G g EG
.dG EG kfMCG OGfG Gg ODjh ,d SG fCG dG Z jedG jG
dN C d kGUQ j fCG LQd bOh fRGeh Se AMCG jdGh dG a
.AT c Y QOdG dG dG g AT c

mho n nJ pep n rMs dGp rNn pa in nJ se kbnWp mGhn n nS nrnS nnNn p dG

Qo ao pe in nJ r gn n nn dGp Lp Qr an
l p Mn n go hn kpS Nn o n n dG
n r dGE p
r p n r jn p r nJs cn n nn dGp Lp Qr G s oK
4-3 :G IQS

60

AdG dG jc fhe GE
e dH j Th
.jGdG OGC N

61

dG chC G OU HLdG
jdG Y a .AGG dG jc jW Y eLCG jG L EG j chCG EG
HLg G JhdG jW Y dG Jh ,dG IQe J dG chCG jL Y dG
fC HLdG d kN U AGG dG jc EG .jedG jdG OLG (Hemoglobin)
LJ dG AGLCG H NGO e LNCG dd AGG jdG e (%90) FG J Y j
EG .dG chCG Y j CG HLd dHh jQfce IGdG e iNCG jG
j M S CG j CG Z eh j CG hO chCG GQP HLdG
.iNCG jG EG j a chCG
.dG N e GMd HdG chCG W e Sj kUN kJ HLdG U d
:j c g Se hO chCG e W e Sj d HLd G dG EG
bCG g ,jG GQP a J UN bCG a Lj JhdG e GfCG HQCG LG e j
dG UG HqdG g YG g (Heme groups) ''g'' Y J jG GQP dG
GQP Y dG e g Y UN jGhRh W jG NGa ,Ie gGe
a d LM g dG fCG EG chCG UH Jh ,qdG e H SG hO chCG
gG G AGLCG H QH SJ a if c UG JQG Ggh ,dG g AKCG e H jGhdG g
.kb e eCG dH Lh SdG Gg CH da Gd ,IOG dH iJ dG dG
dG HqodG U hCG HLd kSe kfe AGG jdG NGO L dG g adG d
jN eH CG -M hO chCG GQP CG J
dG g dG dh -chCG OU e HLdG
Y h chCG jL Y j HLdG
j dG ceCG ij CG HLdG jh ,OGG bH
Gg CG j Gg ch chCG jL d j CG Y
dP qC FGdG dG j CG bdG dG
OLh Y dO Gg dhCG .Gh dG f Y kLhN j
. FfdG Yh Nh dG

g Y

62

 G J Y IQG dG GdG
C N hO dG dG
GHCG Y h AGdG Y IQdG OGG g J kGL IdG HJCH G AGdG f hCG f eY
.FdG EG J CG b G eCG
EG fCG e dG dG L S Y LJ jedG GdG CG WG IOG J W g
AGdH ddG bdG OGG H J M dG dG S WJ fCG J WG IOG gh ,FGdG dG
EG jdG OGG g OW J e IN g dh ,FdG EG dNO PEG QdGh HJCG e G
eCG f OGG Odh ,WG IOG jW Y H eEG H dG GdG hCG dG cGJ M QG
.OG dG J gh S SILYA QhdG Gd Xjh NBG
c J S Fe Y j e dG Gb S Y N c a a ,dG Gb S J a
OGYCG a G f e gOWh HJCG V cM j IMGdG fdG N Ie 20 EG 10 e J
OGG dG WG IOG cM LJ dc ,ddG OGG Od G f FGO cM J G g S
.Y cM GSCc J j a fCG LJ dG WG IOG eCG ,YH kjCG G f jdG
EG jdG OGd eG WG IOG SJ dP Hh G EG J WG IOH ddG OGG dch
EG M e fEG H j dG dG jW Y G QN OJ hCG dG e J M dG RG
.NBG
H Y IOLe a H J Y hCG H id YCG fCG ZQ S J dG GdG CG f S
c G J S FdG EG SQCG GPEG IQdG OGG g CG J ,eMCH fQe G be e Gec IY
.FdG EG IQdG OGG g Uh J SH SG G a
dG e Y AdG H j dG dG ZQ G e G KG EG dW j dG GdG g EG
GdG g CG T h edH dG ef H Gj G ILCG GSHh G QdG ZHh
fJ CG J PEG kYQH kef Lh Y dG e dEH J fC G jGH e IOG Y H J
.FGdG dG e S CG

GdG LJ fG
dG RH IOLG
hdEG G
.(ShG)

63

cP JC S e GC J fGC h G Gg GhhD bG
eLGC j
FdG e chCG HLdG NCj Mh jG EG chCG H J UN jL g HLdG jL EG
Y (CO2) HdG cCG K dG J IdG g Nh dG EG a (CO2) HdG cCG K j
Jh HdG cCG K NCG gh Xh H j dG EG HLdG j ea ,FGdG OGG M
.(O2) chCG
JGQ OQL) j ,IOd bQN jL fCH dG H Y ke XH j dG HLdG AdG j
dG The Great Evolution Mystery '' dG QdG S '' Hc j - QdG jf QfCG e gh - (QjJ
:HLdG jL Y a j
EG Jh G Gg J b H ICah O2 chCG e OG EG dG IOd bQN jL IOG g CG T
LQO Y Fc J HLdG jL EG cdH jL g h ,gH IjL j HdG cCG K QNG
.kGHCG HdG cCG H chCG H J h IQG IOHh RdG bdG bdG QNH Jh YdG e dY
e G d j CG J YCH J ShG EG J kGL IU ''jL'' CG MH jL g h .QGdG PJG YSh QNGh dG

e chCG HcdG NCj

chCG K e j h FdG

NGO HQdG chCG K h chCG M j

,HcdG SGH jedG YhCG

HQdG
,dG jN

CO2

K J
,HQdG chCG

O2

,chCG NCJ
,dG eRH
CO2

O2

,T eO AYh
,AGM O jc
64

.jG Id j dG IOd QG YdG EG dP Ljh MGdG e a hjh JM SQ dG EG

Lj dG HLdG OY EGh e 900 EG j YS N fEG L AGG dG jc fEG EG
jL OY QYG fNCG GPEG OCG IQHh VG gCG f g eh e 300 EG j IMGdG AGG IdG
. dGh gGG g UCG ASG hH L HLdG
g J CG J dG EGh kFGY Lj QdG dG Gg CG M YGh Y P d VGh G EG
.fEG L NGO HLdG je GG
.fEG L NGO JG H ch HLdG N dG g Jh fS dG EG

j dG h HcdG jL J SC G GE
jL e 300 Y Hj e gOY

AGM O jc N 1

AGG q dG jq c

,HcdG jL

65

fE G L J dG hRhj fGC
100 Y j e dG H Jh H f eLCG Ic Y LJ MGdG dG N
bdG j e a kGL Xh j c IU jL e G Jh .J H FXH J ,N H
G NGO YGdG fG V e .hc j e eh dH j e eh JhdG j e eh
Y e H J AG Gg e RJ dG fCGh G e fCG jJ dG (hRhj) `dG
J fCG c Fh G e IFa dG jG H J (lizozom) fCG CG PEG ,G dG
Gd .fEG L QGSG Y J dG jG H A c Jh e CH dG dG
.Uh fEG L eS EG dH kGL e hRhj fCG H j dG dG Y Ea
M e jJ eGG GdG Y G AKCG MdG d Vj dG SdG Y CG a T h
T h G M IOjH MdG M jj G MGe QJh bdG Qhh dG dM Y IQH
GH MdG M d LM g d IOdG H dh ,IL U dG IOd eR MG g CG
Y J dG g ,dG M EG dH H M OGR dG dG Gg LQEG j Gdh dG dG
jH G J jG Cc ITe eRdG fCG RGaEG GC j IOdG jf a ,hRhj fCG jW
1/40 H MdG H J fCG gh YCG e Y j e ke cQe RGaEH CGa IOdG
Y d dG M EG LdH MdG GC j dch IOdG H hCG dG jCG AKCG jN dH
.jMh G U
eY NGO fCG g j a G GG SCGQ ee LJ (ehRhjG) EG kjCGh
Y IQdG fCG g .jdH G AdG GNG Y IQdG jd J M jdG EG j
eCG g VH if a ,jd G GG (J) J EG ODj bh AdG Gg GNG
g CG M .dY IAH FXdG AGOC ee Y ja IQU J eLCG LJ dG dG L
,HdG W EG MdG LQ IOYEG Y j dG dG kjCG gh IOdG Y MdG Sd ef
jdH G dG AdG GNG j G G GG ee hRhjdG fCG LGJ dch
.
c CG Yj fCG LQd Gh dG Y dG c hj jhQGdG jdG QfCG Ea Gg c ZQ
. a Qb J H dP H dG Jh ,dG jW Y fJ NGG YQdG dG g
AfCG L e iNCG dH dG g HGJh dG jdG SG G dG GH dG Y EG
.d jT Mh dch Lh Y dG IQb YCG eCG Vj G

66

(G GG) G NO
K CG H jdG NGO
,aZ

a j dG hRhjdG fCG
,egh G dM

dG jdG G j eYdG hRhjdG fCG j

,jdG d j

ddG hRhjdG fCG IQUG SGH iJ c

,hdEG

67

?dG d dG IG a g
hCG fG EG .g dG Y jW Y JM Jh dH J fCGh IOdG e
. cDG G EG kM ODjh G Ya bj FbO Id dG Y Y bdG
.FdG LJ dG caQS J IO Je fEd IG QGSG CG aJ g
dG e a IOG H W FdG LJ FGg jM ( e FKK ) e 300 e cCG EG
YJ dG g caQdG IOe dh aRh T c Y gO J CG FGdG jG Y
.fGh fG Y jG
c ,RYEG if gh ,ec H dG IOh b LfEG GC J fCG IOG g G gCGh ZCG EG
g eR Lj K FdG j GRh eCG MQ NGO GR e gh IOG g fE LH G j
.LQG dG EG j eY dG Y AKCG d IOG
?FdG NGO Xh AGOCG Y FGdG jG YJ IOG g CG Qj e -1
?FGdG jG j Y YJ IOG g CG J dG FdG eG g e -2
j Gg dh ,IOdG H kGL b bh dd cDG G EG ODj IOG g OLh Y EG
dG IOd hCG dG e ddG GC jh IOG H W FH dj W c CG da kGQOf EG
.Y eh VQCG dG j CG EG G jGH e j Ggh
Gg dN a Jh fS dG IOGQEG dh CGh dG IOGQEG a NJ IG g CG T
. ge bHh SG bdG XH j dG edG dG jdG dG

p dGp p ndG
n Hq n pH n q nZ en on fE p G n jq GnC jn
,nncs Qn nAn T ne mIQn o U
u GnC pa nndn n an ,nG q n an nn nNn
p ju dpH nHo u noJ Hn scn
8-6 jB G :QfG IQS

68

FGdG dG a Y YJ baQdG IOe EG

Y N AGdG dN e Nj dG Z h
.FdG SG

FdG

qe dCG
.caQq dH

AGG dG N
ddCG e
dG edG AYdG AZ
chCG
HQdG chCG K

caQdG W

69

jG H JG T
Gg d bH Ya bG ee gh eLCG J SJ LJ N jJ Fe e j e EG
bQq dG edG ka ,eg Y j dG FSdG H J dG jG J a dP Yh SdG
j (INSULIN) dfCG eg kjCGh ,jG L jG ddG YS bGj dG (TIROID)
H RGdG dM j dG (Aldestrone ) hjdG eg kjCGh G jN L Nj dG
fE ERITHROPOIETIN) ) jHhjQG eg QGfEG a dG KCH dG AGh eCG f
.AGG dG jc
iG Hh Fa bH J dG gh jG H JG c J dG fedG e g
M EGh fedG H fEG L f Lj CG G eh ,dG je LCG adG
GPEG GedG BH Y IH iNCG N J CG j e N J a PEG ,dH Vah GVG
? dG GH j eg CGh ?IOG j SH b

?e JBG ceCGh LfE eRdG OGGh edG Gg fE eRdG G J c fCG Z

e H G AT c CG gh CG ,G d VJ DhdG g c Y HLEGh
J VQCG Lh Y dG je LCG NGO IOLe N H Fe EG . fh Gh Hh bOh
.LCG dG h VQCG Lh Y AT c Mh Lh Y N dG GHEG Y dO Gg e f

o npFnnGhn n go sGE p n ndGE p n o sfGnC o dG n p nT

p nG o j p n dG n go GE p n ndGE p n prp dpH kpFB bn p rp dG Godhr GoC hn
18 jBG :GY BG IQS

70

SG edG
1

dG eg

dG

bdG IdG d G TSH eg

2

edG IdG

ddG RGaE G FSH eg

IdG
bQdG

jdG

JQhfCG eg

dG 8

dG Od G LH eg
5

d G ACTH eg
jdG IdG IdG

jdG IdG 9

MqdG 10

jdG

SchCG eg

a Iq dG
jq dG

dG :1
jhJ HbQ :2
LhSG fEGh jdG :3
G GG fEG :4
jQLhdGh LhSCG RGaEGh dG :5
hSJ fEG :6
JQc j QOCG bGe :7
dG jW Y IOG eEG :8
dG e CG d RGaEG :9
MdG J :10

,jG g e J hO Fa bH J dG g ch jG H FSdG f XH J fedG GE

GC Z e fedG jW Y j dG V V GE edG dWGE Y hGC e eLGC j e c GE h
.H f

71

C G dh IOdG GB Qe g G G edG
eda dd IjL IM Ad dG g G Ia jf Y Cd ICa JCJ dG IOdG BG EG
.G GH eG jh IOdG BG GC H Y hDG g (OKSITOSIN) SchG G
: SSCG be j KCJh G Rj dG edG Ggh
H IOd SG bdG QdG CG d RGaEG Y dhDG d fG jG :hCG
J) gh ec G Ia EG H kdZ j Ggh IH MdG Y J ,G QT EG
.cDe N EG G IH Gg ODj dG c fC gH h IG g b (jCG IYh TCG
GC jh GQTEG g G jh G EG MdG Y e GQTEG SJ IOdG Oe JCj eYh
Jh ke dG EG j dh G Y j dG MdG Y EG Sjh SchCG eg RGaEG
eg iNCG Xh kjCG a (OKSITOSIN) ed FXdG g c e ZdG Yh ,IOdG Y
.kjM fdG EG AL dG dd dG AGdG ,QdG CG d RGaEG g kGL
Qb c iJ G kGL U b IOLG IdG G ,e fh gH g ba
?MdG IOdG Y H j dG edG fEG
hO G bG EG j ch ?cdG G fEG L NGO jW j ch
?OG dG Z NBG Y CG EG UdG hOh C N
J e H eCG MQ MGe cCG b G CG Qj dG HG dGh GQOEG Gg
edG Gg j c fCG .OG Ye dG Gg jh kM Y Gh jCG IYh TCG
.CG QU dG RGaE dG OdG H j K dG jd QhV dG CG
IM Y d L J dG fedG BG V e MGh g SchG eg EG
.Uh fEG
FdG jh jH jh gjh GQGdG NCjh kGL bO f j e MGh a
QGS eRdG IGh eE RdG bdGh dG d eRdG dG Ojh G Lj dG
.J H Ic iNCG H j kjCGh RGaEG
Y bdG g Lh Y dG H ,FGdG dH Mh j H G dG Gg EG
EG bdG UJ H fedG J eh ,QG YdG Y J dG bdG JdG g c
.HdGh G Ie Y dO cCG

72

jADH. ,SG edG

`dG h SchCG fEG

RGaEG j Se
h ScEG eg
dG EG ,JCG, O, EG
`,QG W e

edG IdG

eO jT
`dG eg
eCG j M SchCG RGaEG j
GE H EG ODj edG Ggh , G e dH
EG aVEG SG bdG h G CG
,dG RGaE dG OdG
SchCG eg

,MdG AG dG

GdG Y KDj ,JCG, O,jEG eg

,dG OdG Y KDj SchCGh,jdG
IOLG dG OdG
QdG

73

?Gk HGC dH J d GP e
dG J gCG eh ,ej N eLCG AG c dG GdG bCH J fCG g
M EG M j dGh (HIPOTALMUS) SG edG j dG dG gh G LJ
dG AG f J ea .dG AG f Sb SG edG J gCG eh ,qG M
dG GdG SG G XH j dP a ,dG V W dh g j
GQTEG J dG V H gQGfEG dG SG dSG ILCG a ,jQdG dG V
Id eGhCG jh eRdG HGdG NCH QhH g jh G SG edG d G VdG Y
ITe J IdG gh (hipofiz) edG IdG J S 1 j dW ITe SCG J
jedG IQhdG Y jW MQ j edG Gg gRGaEGh (ADH) eg fEH
Gd ke Se UN dSG ILCG LJ dG gh ,dG EG jh
ILCG g EG fedG J eYh ,d G Se e edG
Obd f ebEG Lh fe dSQ dG EG J dSG
c f M eLCG AG RGJ Y f a Mf e eCG ,AG
jH fCG e NGH j f CG hO dPh dH f eY Ae
eGhCG Jh J dG dG jNh edG IdG eg dh .dG
hCG jHhRdG eg
AG e Gd 20 EG 15 H e f CG EG fQV (AG SG GhbG)
GNEG Y Y M jW Ie hCG f CG Y Qd kjCGh , M
.dG RG jW Y QG EG FGdG AG
e GTH j eLCG AG f Ojh RGj dG dG Gg AGLCG L Ea if ch
G Qjh G f b G CH G EG dSH J jQdG LJ dG jG Ea ,G
.dG EG CG OG dG EG G Sjh gCGa dSdG e
a L d Ggh ,H f CG hO OdG ej N Ge IY dG g
dP H j S jdG dGh ,b e GTY jdG dGh ,dM e dG L LCG dh
dSG ILCG f L ,eLCG dG f j ADg c ,VQCG X Y
a ,dG V J Y H J CG Y j dGh RdG dG J eLCG ja ,SG
eGh ns nJ c edG G dG Gg .dG V GdG j dG UG dG
?dG L GG f

74

fEG d dG Vc VGh AdG dH bdG dG Gg e J

q feEG Y EG
kjCG VGdG eh ,iNCG hO FN dG Gg e e AGLCG cG dG e kjCGh ,bY
H EG IAGdH j CG fEG Y j dG dG g jG Y dG feEG Y
IOLG fedG e V MGh (Vazopressin) eg CG Z ,Y Jh c L H
UH j eg CG Lj h G AYCG e K HGhH Je fedG g Lh eLCG
jh edG j dG dSdG e j Y a Gg Yh ,Oe Z Y EG dSQ
AT c dN g EG dEG dG dG g bQN IQbh IQL Ib dG Gg AGQh CG T h RdH
Y c L qeC j eY G Ge dG Y hDe fEG c Ea Gg Yh ,fS
.Y e N dG dG T

jG
G
edG
,SG
jG e eG J
dG d G
.SG edG EG
jdG a OdG RJ
QdG ce feg
.dH

QJ AG e ac c T H
OLH IG h dG e GQTEG
.AG e c WMG

a IdG
jdG

dG

IG
dG

75

eCG SG edG Qj
jE HdG OdG EG
dd f h,JGRGaEG
.dG L j

G dG jG :fedG
kGL fedG L j dG G ,fEG L fedGh jG H J ZJh SJ g
.KCdG ch gJ jCGh eh kGL J kjCGh dG FSdG e jh
kJ j fedG g KCJ dh ,cdG hCG fCG c AGS RJ fedG f CG ZQh
:dP Y Gh G N
eg eCG ,cdG G GG q j JGP a fCG jdG q j H FSH ) ) G edG EG
(Progesteron) hLhH eg kjCGh ,d OGSG dM jdG j dG g fCG (LH )
cdG Y XH j (LH) edG f ,NGH L d gCJ dM MdG L Y hDe gh
jcdG FG QXh jJ Y hDG gh (testesteron) hdG eg RGaEH jG eCj M
H Jh FG f dG fedG CG dH jL g h .jG fGG jJh cdG Y
.G NH ke j gKCJ CG EG G
L d SG GdG a LdH UG G Qj fCc fEG L edG Rj ea
bdG T fEGh dG H j kjCGh ,LdG L dG jJ Y ke j LdG
.ke LdG Y J JGKCJ CG EG G Hh ICGG L Rj edG fh QdGh
dG Ld jh FdG YdG dG j ICGG L edG Gg c Ea S e Y kGAHh
L W Y ee jd fCG j Gg ,H dH jh SSCG Gg Y G jh LdG G
QJh J Cc M Gh GQOEG MU fCG dc jh ,e c FdG dGh ICGGh LdG
.Fa IQGH XdG AGOCGh IQG g Y
? FdG eG fedG d j c
e a ?fEG FdG dd YGdG GQOEG fedG g J dG jd CG ch
jG Lj kjCGh NGO SSCG Y fedG j IO ee jd jdG FdG
.MG LQO M fedG fEG EG iNCG
? G g c H j dG GQOEG Gg jG eG c
J OLh d j a kGL VGh Ggh ,dG Gg UCG e d GQdG fJ dG jG EG
.ICGGh LdG e qc W M Y J dGh IG dG g Gh Jh
.J h fS dG U jH e g dG Gg CG T a

76

SG edG

IGC G id edG RG

,edG IdG
.dhCG G SG

LH

FSH

WEG EG ODj JCG ,CG eg

dc h,W d jdG
eg RGaEG EG ODj
.hLhdG

J EG ODj FSH hg
.ICGG id jdG

.SG edG

LdG id edG RG
.edG IdG

FSH

LH

RJ dG LH`dG eg
EG ODj edG IdG
.hQSdG RGaEG

dG FSH `dG eg
ODj edG IdG RJ
.hQSdG RGaEG EG

.eG fEG GC j

YGdG cG dG d dG ed g
? H Yh jd j GC jd
Y dPh d IQG FXH J fEG L NGO N H Fe e j e EG
OLh M dPh Seh e YH J ja (Thiroid) bQdG IdG feg jW
Seh ac H edG Gg Rj Ea G bQdG fedG e Ic c
j Gd ke ,bJ OJh jQdH C WJh - jG H J dG dG LGJ a
.kFGO e H dG jhqdG eg OLh
qfC gMh dP RJh jG KDJ Xh d bQdG IdG J CG G e
e gNCJ dG eGhCG J g J e c dh iNCG jG Y ee jd d
.jG Y bOh e ee gh (DNA )
dG eGhCG FYEG Y IQdG MUh bQdG Id HG eGhCG g j da
YdGh dGh dG EG .H fS dG dG gh AT c j dG dG g
G dh f Y M d Yh dG bQdG IdG Iq G dG d j dG
. a Jh fS dG g c Gd
EG LG gMh bQdG IdG CG Yjh Gg hj QdG jf UCG dh
gMh fCG dh ,jG L KDj dG edG JGP e RaCG Gdh jG L
Hh e H Lj edG CG f AJ e Qb kjCGh J hO ec IQHh
j YCG g J CG dG j CG a a gMh X g Gg kWh .dG HK
AT c N Jh fS dG C fEG L fedG RJ dG IdG jW Y
Y gh AT c Y a dG H HGe FXh Lh dG H e Se
.dG

RjE H Vj f dG
edG QGe KC J c
Y G OLG bQdG
.jG ddG

78

.bQdG IdG

.bQdG IdG KCJ

.RGaEG Yd OG edG
.edG IdG
.SG edG
edG e b QGe
.bQdG Id G

KDj

FGqdG dG
dG iG
.chd

.bQdG IdG
AdG dG

JJh j

KDj
e c QGe
Id G edG
.bQdG
. SG edG

.edG IdG
.RGaEG Yd qG edG

!adH hGC f AJ e J GC dOe

Gg RGaEG Y a ,Y fEd Z dG fedG MCG g (Insulin) dfCG EG
gdG EG G fEH ODj fRGe Z Jh J dG dG f Ea edG
eCG eM 51 e j dG JhdG g d Gk L G dfCG Gg EG - S HZ
fG eCG eGM gh IFGO NGO He ASCG T jh e JH e
dfCG XH dG Y j eCG eGd JdG Gg H t J t nCGhn dfCd
e J fCH j CG H a bQh Y He fEG gGj dOe jCG EG ,J CG j c
HdG JQH Rj G Ggh HK e d dfCG ea ,c e g H f AJ
edG e Y j dfCG CG Y dO cCG j BG M G jGH e dG L
,dG GQe G H edG Gg fEG QGe j CG j h FGdG adH
.Gh dGh dG dj AYOEG Gg EG
dG JG OMh fEG L G GH dfCG N dG g Mh dG EG
.G AH e fEG NGO LhCGh

.dfCG eg

eg jJ ij SC G g
f GC g c a .dfC G
g c hGC eC G VMC G g
e JdG e MGh e J
.Xh dfC G iOGC

? W ee d j GC G e g
.c
RGe
b

dG

eg
JHhjQCG

Y f

dG EG oJ dG dG AGG jdG c EG
dSG ILCG jW Y gJ dG G Gh
eYh RdG Y a ,ITe IQH J SG
jN RJ dG J dG dG c f j
dG ERITROPOIETIN jHhJQG G edG dG
KDjh SG bdG RdG dG fEG IOjR j
gj dG f a ,dG f CG dG Z e
EG IQTEG jh d G SSCG jG EG edG
YS jj m FYh ,f b AGG dG jc c CG
Ic c NO Y Yjh AGG jdG J fEG
.AGG dG jc c RGJ a jedG IQhdG
d QGdG NCJh G J dG jN if c
UGa dSdG f XH j dG edG eCG .G
dG EG jh jdG j CG hO G NGO jW
,dSdG e J C Vj CG hO dG NGO
dSdG ReQ H dG IOLG jG J dP Hh
Jh dG e OdG edG SGH dEG JCG dG
c J dG g L kjCGh dSdG e ah
Gg jh iG H SdG GQe e T
.dG H dG L SdG
VGh Y H H J dYCG L jG EG
J H JGN J IOLh e AGLCc Jh
Gg AGQh Y ,SCG Y Of CG Y j dP Yh
CH AYOEG j ?gdG dGh dG SdG
dG jW Y hCG JGP e dG Gg jG
d IOGQEG g gYCGh jG dCG dG EG :FGdG
bdG AT c Y QOdG dG g Lh MCG Y dH
..(jdG dG dH EG Ib h M h ) AT c Y

jedG jG

jhQGdG J dG fedG
hO kFeh kS JM S j e eLCG jG EGh e Jh J eGhCG BG g
.AT CH GhJ hCG GMJ CG
QJ h dG jG J G a H hJh IQKEG e d VJ eY .. ka
g a jdG J CG hO dG a IOLe OZ g dG dG EG ITe dG geGhCG
L Xh J (Adrenalin) djQOCG j eg RJ OdG g EG dSdG J eY ,OdG
dG cG S bjh dG RG AYCG cM a dH j CG e QGW dM G
dG bO jJ bdG f h jd YCG EG dG Y QJ dG dG c J dHh
IOjd chCH dG SY jJ e jJ c d IFGdG bdG j e Gg ,dG Vh
IAH j MGh fEG eGdG g c LG Yh AdG GQGfE SM IOjRh JAc
.eg hCG YaO hCG Hhg c AGS bGG L LG OGSG Yh Gk L dY
G Lj e QJ CG GQdG d h d QT e GQP e J YCG jN EG
GQP e kjCG J dSdG Uh dG ceCGh VH G ceCG EG SG dSdG J a
j G h SG edG Jh dSdG e J dc fc ZQh ,SMEG h d QT
.FQW dM EG djh aG AYCG EG gj K LfEG g ec GQOEGh YH edG Gg
AdG dH JCG bO H ag EG LGh Gh G dG Gg e OLh CH OYG EG
jhQGdG jdG QfCG Ea Gd dGh Gh d d
CG Ys j eY WCG M e j b fCG Vj
.dG jdG IdG
.hqdG dG
.adG jW Y fJ AYCGh fCG g c
jLe de j
e ZdG a jhQGdG jdG a LJ dG G VdH
UN QdG jf EG '' :b QdH jh e a fCG
jQdG c jd Qe cCG S dG J
g J eCG IM eOdG LCG J Sh ,G
. '' LGH HdG J dGh VdH e g dG jdG
MALCOM MUGGERIDGE

(The End of Christendom, 1980, p.43)

.dG dG

dG CG J dG gh a T VGh M fEG
e g a Qb dGh FXdG IOG bdG dG ddG
.Jh fS dG N
.HCG jT
82

SJ MdG

jdG YhCG
J jG

dG GC j
JHV IOjR

Sj dG

dG
SJ

dG c
EG LG
bJ AeCG

e j dG
d MW

a .QGW dM G j dG YGC OdG N e Rj edG E a G hGC dH f eY

.e IQH G edG Gd VGdG GKC dG iJ VG dG
83

? jdG NdG h ad dGB FdG GC J g

Y Jb ce J jG a H UN LdG adGh PfEd IMh FdG
CG YSG jdGh KGG g CGh UN Ff H J dHh KGGh jdG
.FdG EG J h dhCG adG N RhJ
j dG G Y ch d dH IQdG OGd FdG jN GQOEG ae h
PJG Y IQdGh GQOEGh d jG g QaG a jQ h ,OGG d QdG KCdG
dN Lh Y dG IQb QKBG e g dG bdG NGG G dG Gg EG .QGdG
.kgQ kfRGJ H Lh fGh SJ dM VQCGh GhdG
L a ,d jf dG Yh JQbh OLh dOCG kFGO d j Jh fS dG EG
.IM dM fEG j bdGh YdG jZ YCGh FXH J G IdG G

VJ Yh UN YaO f d FdG jN GE
J dG RG N e KGL jC G
.ITe YadG FSdG g Y
e KGG g Y IOG V j dP Hh
QNG C N GC hM Y fC ,iNC G OGG
.d IG IOG GoJ

84

JAGb S fC G d
Y dGC HQGC dG Gd
dG FdG Gd SG YdG J dG JhdG jL g fCG EG
Y AdG e fEG d SG bdG J hJH Gh fEG L
.IG b
g dh UCG YdG VCG Qe IH YdG YS IOjR MGh fCG EG
d S dHh , Y1500 L IAGb bf dG GK G UC dG YdG
.e S IG EG H a Gk L H IG f j
e GSEH J fCG a .dG UN d CG fCG d FG gCG eh
EG fC D WdG EG YdG e a XdG J kfMCGh d HG ddG
.GP bh YdG
? dEG j eh YdG EG j e QJ a
kjCGh G IOLG aCG OhOQh ddG H jGQO Y J CG cDG e
fCG c kjCGh ,aCG OhOQ e HG dGh SG bqdH ec jGQO jd j
H Jj CG fCa .e jL a NGdG FdG YdG YS jj CG j
e jG H UG d ke kSe fCG T j CG H H UN j b
CG fCG Y j CG .dGh G H Lj dG SdG
.d U AH Hj CG j kjCGh SG jG j
LhQdGh HdG GQP e J dG fCG
GPh c YdGh dG dGh chCGh
L NGO dG FdG YdG YS dhDe
?fEG
ch ?SG ceCG SG jG J ch
fCG OLh Lh G Z GQdGh dG Qb
?fEG IM QGS
,dBG YGhdG GQdGh dG J dG QdG jf EG
gGH j GG C SCG g Y CG J
fC G
.d dH GYG EG

jG

Y fGC OLh Mj fG q dG
e jH O qJG Th
85

V eRdG WMG NC J dG G GOG

b e gJ dG KGG
L OLG adG f hjh KGG e c fEG L EG Nj j c
L Jh J jdG OGGh KGG g H dh e QdG KCdG GfG fEG
fG KGG g Jh Gk c Gk N m FY Jh jedG IQhdG NJh fEG
hh fd IOG (ANTIKOR) edG OGG J adG jN EG , (ANTIGEN)
.gKJ e hCG Y AdG G GOG
dG IOLG KGG e BG e J fCG G GOG FN gCG EG
G jG GOG Y G GOG J g dP e ZCGh dd f Jh
.eG
G IOG Y Ia jd kjCGh jG e BG e IU N J c ..kY
da G LJ dG jG GOG Y G GOG H aYG dh ?G
.b e H J dG jG GOd ae IGh gdG j
jGQO Y kjCG a G IOLG jdG IOG J c G GOG EG
G f ae CG a T h ,bh SCG g fEH Y Yh d IOG SCH
QdG jf QfCG Nj bG Gg Ea dH MT a gdG J LQG d
OGG L J jW Y dPh G GOG FN T j eY RCe
Y.O jh Gh dG f QN hH j jf M Y G jdG
be c M jhQGdG jdG Ad dG PdG MCG gh (ALI-Demirsoy) SeO
G OG fE eR e f QWh YCG Gh gc H N g) :j :JBc
.(dG Gg kYU dG FdG IOd OG
N GHEGh dH aj QdG jf QfCG Ea SeO.O J if ch
GSG jW Y dG S dhj ,jZ H dP T dhj dh AMCG
h (gc fCc G g) hCG (QdG Ie) e jd IMdG GdGh ffdG dCG
Gk L Ghh je T Ud J gc U EG ,jOY Z eGSG dCG g
M IOd bQG dG e a G eCG LQG dG Y eG H jdh jH j
e J dG G e j fCG dG eh ,ke H Y J GOL ee d j
U f Gg c ,iG Y Yh b SMEG jd j CG a IM GQP
86

CG cDj e Gg ,Gh dG f Y hN Gd IYdGh ,dG Yj c FGY

c j dG dG Q dG e edEGh geGhCG NCJ G GOd IG FG
.bdG UdH AT
() jN

IOG G
QG

dG f LfEG j

fEH J () jN
jG GOG

jG GOG

e IOG G AJ
eJ eDhJ jG GOG

eH e IcGH b adG jN
b e eLCG dG GAGYG Y GQTEG J jN g CG QJ g
J e G LJ J dM jCG bh Y ,a QGdG dM Jh ,M KGG
a QGdG dM (AdG dG jc) adG jN J M G KGG NO hCG G
SCG dG be O CG jG g Y j (ahce) j e YadG jG g
H Y eG J jG a .G bG EG Jh GhdG Y Od bh
IG OGG Jh jdG jH a cGJ dG bG J Y KM dG GdG
G e d dP d KG fCG H dG jCGh ,KG fCG fJ dG
.dG N Ie e cCG LGJ dG QNCG e G Y aGJ CG
Ie hC GAGYG g LGJ (ahcG) jG e Gk c CG g dG j e dh
,G Y IQN OLh Y J jG FdG cG dG QKBG CG J c ,JM
N j hCG e JcGP IQ eG g EG ?VG Gg IaGh SGQO qJ g
V a IOLG G Y adG IQe Jh IcGdG g N Ib a .a
dG fGhdG GKCdG V G Y adG IQb gYCG dG g dG Q dG .GhdG
.eG M Y IQdG H Nh QG e JCJ

f e H f eY
G Gg GC e KGh
ZGC dh .eS
H j dG e j
.XdG

88

 jdG dG QfG
e c

dG
dG jdG
KGG e

j ahcG
jdG HH

cJ)ahcG Lj
e f ITe (Ye
G

f ahcG Lj
RL Y G e
.edG GQhdG

eO AYh

d M qN Ge h Y LJ
a GhJ h fhJ e
dG j a ,H HUCG MCG j eY j eO CG cCe Oa c EG
?eLCG j GPeh ?ILdG IdG g N
J dG SEG IQS NGO J dG dhCG aSEG Y J dG Y EG
.G EG jG j CG EG jdG Y jd dhCG aSEG J a jdG
IQS) jedG FdG JCJ e CG G jf CG j eY G dch
jf CG hM Yh dG ceCG be a .dhCG aSEG H (SEG
.G be e jb jdG J dG SEG HY e gh jb jeO FU LJ
FdG Qhe h KOG be EG j QhG WT j Gjh a SG JhH g
.bG jh jedG
jedG FdG SdH YJ fCc OG be EG jeO U hCG JCJ eY
fCG g Jh kfCG hY j dP N ,RGaEG SGH dP jh bG EG iNCG
dG gh ITe G G Y CG f bG j JhdG Gg ehJ SG JhH
Gg j CG jh ,SEG ja j Y jd RdG SEGh dG J J
SG bh jh SG bh GC j CG j fEG CG c MG Qb Y fEG
.bJh dG AH bd IQG g JhdG Gg J dG fCa
dCG dh LdG dCG fEG EG ODj ac H (ehdG) JhdG fEG EG
g J jW Y ehdG cGJh dG eg T H Gk L e FXh
J m FY ke jh jh dG jf bj Ic ac EG cGdG j eYh dG
.d T H dG L
AY GQd JH fJ Fc g gcP S dG JhdGh fCG EG
jdG bd LY H jh jh G AH e XH j e a ,d QT
jdG H n a JY jNBG YJh jd AGhdG fEG e JhdG dP H Jh
.J hCG NCJ H FXH Jh Gk Qa OG be EG a GAYSH e
''J'' h ''Jh'' h '' J '' h '' eG SJ '' Y f dG FdG CG f h
GQdG QXEG CG a T h ,d Y h QT dG GQdG e J dG fCG
90

adH G FdG LCG Gc f j CG G e fC Gk L Ic Ie YdG Gd

.FGdG
Yh dG IQb EG J L HMh J IK UJ L dG Gg EG
e QfH c YCG CN Ga FGdG IHdG adH M dG Gg CH AYOEG eCG .FfdG
.jhQGdG jdG QfCG
G

jedG YhCG

edG dG jN
AGG dG jN

.G dG

dG J
IdG J
.q G dG

L JC J G jf GC hM Y
e jdG bd eRdG JhdG
.ITe OG

AGG dG jN

91

jedG YhCG

AdG dG jN

IU fc e jL jGC FN GE
QdG jf HE J
ja EG (fibrinogen ) LjdG jH j dG JhdG g (trombin) ehdG EG
.dG jW Y (fibrin )
j h QGSH jOdG bhCG dG j JhdG Gg CG e ZdG Yh
j CG G FdG SG e dG Y kFGO j c dh ,jf hM dG
UN JhdG j c PEG .bhCG L dG ehdG JhH OLhH
ehJhH g Y da Z IQH dG ehdG Lj ?ICa IQhdG Y dG
H dG Lj ''QGS'' eY dh dG Y Yj q a ehJ EG djh
dG g ..e eCG BG fCch .da W EG hdG Y j CG j ddh a
a ''QGS eY'' Yd ''(akselerin ) jcG'' SG NBG JhH g j CG LJ
jf bj HG fCG e YHh ehJ EG eJhdG d ''jcG'' e Yj
.a Z jcGhH g Y dG Lj jcEG CG MG e ,dG
ehJ CG cJ d dh (trombin ) ehdG g GG ? Yj j dG e PEG
OLh Y j jcG fEG Gk QhO j gh jGdG Y d JdG j
Lj QGS eY jW Y ehJhH YJ AH H dh IG OLh b G
d eRdG JhdG dP H JCJh jcEG jH j dG H kFGO ehdG
.dG QMCG cM e fG jZ cM J gh dG
a J dG dG Gg e EGh dG jZ BG M cP dG eG g c
,IMGh Ie dh Xh a MGh j CG Z e H JG AGLCG GY YCH
.JM LPS GAYOG e fEG bj e GC SCG g adH AL dG Gg CH AYOGh
dG Xh a fCG H G FdG CG Yj jQdG jdG QfCG dh
JhdG L CG dG g Gf e dh ,FdG dM EG IN IN QJ
gMCG Z ODj Q H e MGh Z GPEG AT J h dG H Je fCGh

92

 iNCG AGLCG J M QfG G FdG j dch ,G FdG e EG

.kS G Z eeCG d dG dG f
dGh dG f Y QN QdH Lho AMCG CH AYOEG CG G Gg if
fCG e jW Y IG jQGSG Y a G FdG LCG CG Z LCa ,Gh
.Jh fS dG g fCG g dN CGh dG H JJ dG

dG JhdG .nITe G hM H dG H d gQhO NC d dG H JJ JhdG e c

.dG Y d JdH iNC G JhdG jH J G hM Y YJ

QG EG RdG dG
b L

CGJ e L j eY
e SQ IqG fCG

ehKhH
Lfhja

dG aJ G
KCdH QGS eY j
Mc ehKhdG Y
dG Y hCG

QGS eY
ehKhdG

ehdG

OLG ehKhdG j Ggh

ehK EG W IQH dG

ehK
LjjdG

jjdG
j ehdG j
h,.jjdG dCG EG LjjdG
dG J j Gg

93

?dG H Je JM qGC J g
T CG CG dP Y Gh MGh bh Ic YCH dG Y IQdG j kef G EG
kjCGh jG RL V bdG f h JQS Oj CG j G dG edG dG H
Ic YCH j fCG ZQ iNCG IQS j hCG IQG e GMCG j CG hO Ic dH OG j
BG Ic ATCH j CG j fEG CG UGh ,jG j e c j fCG M bdG f
jN H Hj g ,YCG H gdG SdG Gg AGQh j dG G bQN IQb fd MGh
.H H YCG
e j e gOY j dG YCG jN g G eG dG Gg q J dG UdG gCG e
e T dh kGL c OdG Gg EG ,jG H JG XH J HQ U H Feh Y Qe IY
.AMCG Ac Y PSCG fGO e QcdG OdG Ic AGQh
:b M
f Me VQCG g CG GJ .fQJ j c OY g H Fe CG T
Y IT ch QTCH cCH YhQe VQCG g CG VaG dh jeCG Me
UdG OY Xj VQCG g dG Y dG GQhCG g OYh bQh BG IY
HGQ H FG C G Gg Y G QG dG Gg j h ,NCG LJ dG
eGH C N CG M hCG dG ceCG J dh ,dH ceCG LJ
EG j C G Gg d ,L C G Gg bGY fd G LJ dG dG
.FSG VGeCG H fEG V eY
SQh eLCG W H J dG g L CG j SdG ZCG
dG YCG jH dG g AGQh CG G dh dP Y kGOSG JM
.jRYEG IQH QGSH
,FGdG dG f HGQ H FG CG Yq a QdG jf QfCG eCG
jN V J CG Qb N H FG e N Qe IY CG dP e hj
J JXCG dG GGh JGh dTEG H dPh YCG
SGH H ebCG dG JG jCG J H G Gg Y
CG cDG a ,J hCG CN hO HGQ H Fe
jhQGdG jdG QfC GAYOG g
AYOG j dPh Y h e Z
je J dG AHdG T CH
jW Y fJ b e SG
adG jH d UY hM
H dG GdG
L EG AHdG gH Uhh
G
Gh ,ASG H jG Re
dGh
dG FHdG
dG IQdG MU CG VGdG
G H J
g Qb H FdG dG Gg c AGQh
fCG jW Y
AT c dNh dN Jh fS dG
.G H UG
.j Y fS
IQTEG f j dG fCG
.Je EG dG G e FHdG

eOGC T g dG T YGC
jN EG ,dP KE VGh e jh a MGh fCG f H dG f Vj b
dG g N eG OJ QGSH jh ,T g Y fEG H YCG
eGhCGh GQGfEG JW YCG N J dG FHdG GQTEG Ea Gg Yh
G hCG e IMGh c T Y SCc d YCG jN dh AYCGh G H
.H J h (Ga CG) ae H LJ H c ,aG Ib NBG EG
?YCG H AHdG QJ c PEG
jZ FS kjCG gh G dG g fe NCj dG jZ Fc f g
bQN Ie fCG dh FdG fCG H a Ljh YCG jN H Lj UG
.''fhdEG M '' gh IOd
g IOLG fhdEG dG dG SCGQ EG FHdG IQTEG J a
jh YCG H FdG MdG jW Y NBG dG EG fhdEG jh fCG
h fK e bCG Ie J dG g CG QJ g .dG dG EG AHdG f FHdG QdG
FGLCG H fEG L c d if ch kGHCG fG EG FHdG QdG Vj AKCG g
FdG Lh eh NGH J dG IjdG YdH dG e a MGh fCG d VJ b
G FdG L IOLG fCG L Y j Ggh (fEG) J dG JQU Y G
EG f gh ,iNCG fCG e BG Y j dPh gCG f a
d GYCG e je j gadGh MGdG jd d G FdG CG f
.QdG jf YJ c AdG dH
fEG a G FdG L CG gh f CG M g
h fS dG N IMGh Ie ,f Z e ec fCH Lh b
.J

95

dG N jGB e jGB g qJ e c qGE

dG bO T e eLCG YCG jN Ea VG dG cP S c
dG g N dHh ,YCG EG edG e eGhCGh GQGfEG Jh Jh J
ZGdG g EG dSdG J eYh ,YCG jN H ZGa g IMGh c J dG
eCG IM fCG g J NBG EG Y e dSdG fhdEG dG fCG Jh
iNCG fCG Qhe dG eCG cGJ a ,g T J CG H dG SCGQ
NBG dG EG FHdG GQTEG J dP hM M h fhdEH fG
Sh ( RGSG dc SG ) G fCG OLh a . G g d ,QdG a
e FdG IM fd G FdG L IOLG G fCG BG GY
.c G Y FHdG QdG fG j
JEG Gg H fCG g bCG dG a ,J bh fEG c j CG H gh
dG jG eH dG eh ,G FdG L LJ dG UdG OCG GJ ,dGh
?SGh bdG dG YdG GH J d IOGQEG h Y h d QT
J dGh G NGO gGf dG bdG dG g dG dG dh
Y HLEG QdG jf QfCG EG ,dGh dG ceG Y ZQ Qb CG hO
fS dG g f H dG e IG Leh FXh q e h fCG c dN C SCG g
.Jh

Am r nT u co o pd Nn n go GE p dGE p n r oHt Qn o dG o opdPn

l pchn Am r nT u co nYn n go hn o ho o Yr an
102 jBG :fCG IQS

96

dG dc SGC fGC
dG fC G j
GQGfE G J
jf H jhdG
.FXh

G W
.dG

dG dc SCG fCG
FdG GQTEG

H OLG GdG
.dG jG

RGB SGC dc SGC fGC

c j dG
eG fC G
H FdG GQTE d
. qe AfG

dG G W

97

`G

Q``dG
jN
q
M RhJ dh AMCG N Ia gd X jf g jhGQq dG hCG Qq dG jf qEG
g YqJh .QfGh CG Y IH jf fc EG aVEG U jCH dG EG S fc
ihJ e YS AYqOE G Gg qdh ,AdG aOd f M Z OGe e Cf IG CG jdG
bdG jRGG a Vhh dG N da .Lh Y dG b e AMCG Zh AMCG N K eCG
IH J W FU J CG d QqdG jfh .Jh fS WdG dG T H g
. Y H '' aOG'' e Jh '' Fd dG N '' aQ
MGdG gq J dG dOCG CG gOHCG ac e jdG g fGL f eY dHh
Y eh .G Z FdG e GJ cCG G FdG OLG QG da ,NBG H
HCG AGLEH jRGG g CG fh jd SM jRGe ah IOLe a GQqdG dP
OGe J a ,GJ cCG NBG JJ ah G dG IOLe f GQqdG g qCG qGE Y G
LQO EG SM jeh dBG d Sh Jh jGh fCGh JhdG cd SSCG
.ge
. jdG dG jf H jdG g YGe d FQ S c QG dG Gg qEG

jhGQdG eg dG YG
dGh jdG cGdG EG Ie Y SdG dG G IO IQH jqdG g X
fO b We d Lh jdG g QH dG G q dh ,jZEG IQG EG gQhL
N Y Hc dDG VQjh .jhQGO dQJ dD '' GfCG UCG '' c QhU g dG
ac Af Y G OYG EG Yj dP e Hh ,Jh fS dG b e G G FdG
.dG GdG hM f AMCG H NG X edG Qhh ,MGh L e G FdG
qGE d ''e L'' fc Rhj h Y dO CG Y j jhQGdG AYOG Gg qEG
de IQH hJ '' jdG Ye'' SH H Y iMG dG CG M T g aGYH
SG OhOdG d CG jdG J dG SCG e jdG OLH f jhQGO aGYG
.jdG H ja GK dH d
Ib e dG QdG d SCG d SG OhOdG QH dG j CG j ch
ah jhQGO eCG N jG dG dh ,Hc cP W dG Ggh .edG Qh jd
. NBG H GMGh YGe
98

:gh Y jc jhQGdG AfG EG OCG FQ eGY KK cP h

.Ie hC IG QX c Y Y J OjEG e J jdG qEG (1
.AMCG H d Sc '' Qd UN dBG'' OLh Ia Yj Y dO CG OLh Y (2
YJ e Y IMGh aO AMCG OLh d J GG j dG
q qEG (3
. QdG jf
.KdG eGdG g dH Sh

GHGC G Z FdG: IG UGC

.S Qe3^8 b IMh N e Cf cCH G FdGh IG qCG Qq dG jf Yq J
M e G G FdG GfCG e jG EG J CG IMGh M c dh
.?dP J Ge jCG LJ GPa a M b dG Gg c GPEG h ?cdGh dG
hCG AYOEG Y bdG j UdG g VG bh ,SCG g Y HLEG jdG J
EG X G g CG jdG YJ ?OLdG EG X c iJ .''CG G'' J Gh
Z hCG LQN KCJ CG dg j CG hO dG hX X h gMh aOG f OLdG
fGdG H X G g CG jdG YJ NBG ,Wb aQ G Ia aJ fCG CG W
eb jdG g a .FGdG aOG jW Y H J hCG J CG OLh hO dG
LddG fGdG SCG e bj YdG Gg dh.aOG f M N fEH M Z OGe
.IOLG

IG e a C J IG
gG W qj dGh ,QcG Hc IG UCG Y GHCG jhQGO dQJ j
ch .GL H OGe e AMCG J Va J fc dGh Y IFS fc dG dG
SdG hdG e JS VJ fc dG ''FdG ddG'' jf KCJ Gj e GfBG dG
fc edG G H gh .M GOGe fCG h aOH b M Z GOGe qCG gOeh
eGU GdG KJh qdG a GG KJ e OYG Gg J EG dG J
Y G e M Vh e QdG H fc jdG GAYOq G g KEh .G
J SdG OYG M QdG GdG GC S b QfG Yh Tb e Shh dH b
. IdG
jdG OYG Gg EG SqdG bS a dG OhdG KJ gh iNCG IgX g fch
Jbd eG HdG SGH L j OhdG CG gh H a NBG AT KEG dh d dO JGh
99

j dG jhQGO dQJ GE
T b Z W Y
UGC ) Hc jf
Y f dG (GfC G
YVG e ch 1859
Y U dG IG
gJh MT jhQGO
GY Hc gcP
YGh (jdG HU)
H S fGE bh dH
G d M dP
dG Gg GC T dh
.gH dG e c

fc ''GfCG UCG'' Hc jhQGO dN dCG dG IdG h .Y jd dG Y j dGh

N H dG GQdG KCG dh ,M Z OGe e C J fCG jdG Y IFdG IdG
AMCG Y gGLCG dG HCG jW Y dPh a AL e U Y dG dCJ e a GS
Z OGG CH FdG AYOEG UCG d'' :j c KHCG Ff SH jh ,SH jd fdG
jW I aj QdG jf Y aGG Xh .(1) ''jdG e IG J CG J G
H j dG dG KCG edG Y QH dG dh ,SH dEG UJ dG dG dOCG V
. f AJ e G cdG Gg e QX dSG dHh ,G cJ

jdG dG ihL hO dhG OG

e hCGAlexander Oparin jQHhCG QdG AMCG Y ShdG FNC
q G c d
KE jdG dG KK IjY KHCG iLCGh ,jdG dG IG UCG Ve hJ
jQdG dH AH KHCG dh ,aOG jW Y M OGe OjEG J G Z OGG CG
SCj h .(2) '' QdG jf e AGOS f j G UCG qEG'' : Fb IQG j CG VGh
Ud KHCG GhLCGh jQHhCG S dG f jdG GhSGh QdG IYO e AdG bH
M 1953 S e fS ceCG FdG b e LCG H TCGh .IG UCG EG
GRdG g Vhh dG VG G dG e GRZ GP OGe OLh VaG
NJ dG eCG VMCG H Y j CG SGh ,bdH gLh MGh e
. JhdG cJ
C a K e YS dh eCG EG e IN GdG
q J HdG g YGh
Ggh ,dG VG IOLe fc dG OGG M J dG eG OGG

100

.(3) MdG GdG cCdH K dG

dG OGG CH j CG f e VG jW U Ia Hh
LJ fc dG OGG M J HdG AGLEG eSG
.(4)edG dS G dG
dG W jhQGdG gGLCG dG QdG L AHh
NGB aGYG S ch
Jeffroy Bada GOH L dhJ G gh ,dH jdG
E a jQdG jdG QOe
Gc bRC e GR e IG UGC
HS jO S dG G LdG AdG FNCG
.jQdG GE dH
GP ''VQCG'' U Y 1998 S f e V
:JCj e G AL h jhQGdG LdG
c gh HLEG d e LGf jGH c c dRe h jdG dG Of f ''
.(5) '' ? IG CGH

QdG jd dG dB G
Ga '' QdG dBG '' M QhJ fc jhQGO jf f S fc dG fdG dG
.G jdG Hb Y FGMG dh Y U d dG fO e CG d j AYOEG
Gd FSG gCG YCGh ''dG fG'' f M QdG qE a jhQGO AYOG Mh
jW Y GfCG UCG'' SCG dG dG SG e j b e gG Gg qGC M AYOq E G
. '' dG fG
eAeh Ib J dG G FdG AH GC e EG j dG fG e qEG
SG fGG b e jEG e b Og d G S a ,VGfG Yh dG hdG
AjbCG OGaCG e dCe dG j Ggh ,IG b Y AdG j hdG SCG jCG Ea
.e N EG d Cc ,NBG EG T e jEG QJ CG J dBG g dh .hdG jS
dP j c f jhQGO M h ,Qd Sc ''dG fG'' J dG
q Gd
dG fG Ea HjEG GJ J W'' :j '' GfCG UCG '' Hc V H OaCGh
.(6)''G VdH j

Qe KC J
jhQGO LCGh ? HjEG GdG g S fc c :f j dG GDdGh
AMCG Y Qe h ,Qe e Y LQ e S e QaCG EG GOSG GDdG Gg Y
EG KQJh jgX GJ J AMCG CG Yj c GH jhQGO b eh TY fa
101

Mh ,IjL GfCG QX EG Oq GC L H L GdG g cGJ ch MqdG LCG

MCG Y ddG QTCG GQhCG Y d Jh f dG e Cf aGQq dG qEa FYOG
e Ob UCG G CG YqOG a ''GfCG UCG'' Hc He eCG jhQGO YCGh .jW
CG qGE .(7) NBGh G H AG EG hdG EG Ie FG FdG Y iJ fc dG HdG
jf EG iqOGC jdG dG G Y Y GC W dG QdGh e cG dG KGQdG fGb
''dG fG dBG '' X Ggh ,NBG EG L e G dG fH FdG IQSCG
.jG dG f Lh e KCJ hCG IFa GP Z dBG

KGQdG GdGh jG jhQGdG

KK UN gLGh dG jdG G eCG gOL H jhQGq dG b
jhQGdG''`H aY e hCG ''jG cdG jdG''`H gSCG IjL jf GbSh jdG dG
Ggh ,dG fG fL EG QJ KCJ d NBG eY g jdG g Mh ,'' jG
,HG HjEG GdG J h S J L hCG KGQh GW M j edG
. d KGQdG SG C N f hCG YTEd VdG H qeEG GdG gh
g YJh ,jG jhQGdG SG AMCG id QdG Y aGJ dGRe jdG gh
dc cdG IGh AMCG id IOLG G cGdGh AYCG CG dH jdG
hM hCG KGQh GW hM KCH EG J hCG J dG... Gh dG hCG PCGh
KGQdG GdG CG gh M Y q e LGj AYOEG Gg dh ,G cJ GJ
VGh dP Sh .jCG e j IFa GP J h AMCG Y QV eY GhdG Y J
CGh H W c e FGY jL J CGh jd cdG Ie DNA`dG jL qEa GL
KffGQ.. jeCG dG Y j dG G gh ,S KCG d j
:j c G Y FNCG B.G.Ranganathan
KCJ P Z Jh GQOf EG h QdGh FGdGh dH J KGQdG GdG qEG''
GQhO J CG GdG qCG VJ dG edG FG g qEG .GMCG MCG
Z hCG GQV eq EG j CG d q H G G FGY J
q GC qCG UN QdG GMEG
EG ODj CG cCG Ma ,gjJ EG ODj dG YS FGY J
q GC a ,KDe
.(8)'' IH qKDe Z j CG hCG H QdG EG
Fd G dG jEG Oq D J KGQh IW OLh dG EG j qfC a M e Ggh
dG GdG g qGC j Ggh ,UG GdG L QV KCG dG gGdGh .G
102

M AMCG Y KCdG jJ Sh EG g e jG jhQGdG b e AMCG Qd S L

HUEG g fEG UG KGQdG Id e aCGh ) MCG ZCG be cJ
Ie dBG QdG KCdG GP KGQdG GdG J CG dc Gh h (WdG V
a gMd IKDe J CG gQhH a dG fG dBG eq CG .Qq dG Y d Y
Y qGC CG ,''QdG''`H Yj e Lj CG dHh ,f jhQGO aGYG M
.dG AMCG id QdG

SdG G hGC dfG bd KGC : GG S

jf YqJ dG gjQdG e CG hM Y Y dO aCG GqG qS J
a ,NBG dG e H Cf GfCG e q G FdG qCG Yq J jdG a ,QdG
GfCG X SdG Hh edG Qh NBG f EG j CG G e G FdG e e
.dG e jG e SG YdG dG Gg qE a jdG Mh ,AMCG e G
dG M Ia GW Sh M hCG dfG GfCG OLh j AYOEG Gg Y GOSGh
. AMCG YdG
fC SCGh MGhdG e ce JU Fc OLh j G S Y
GP Fc OLh Vj hCG ,MGhR EG jQdH dh AG J Fe b fc jGdG
g dh ,QW EG d K MGhR fc jGdG fC MGhdGh QdG e ce U
J
q hCG bYEH He hCG N Qb GP J CG Ha Ia TY b VGaG bG
.''SdG G'' SG dfG FdG g Y QdG IYO jh ,e
Lh fCG H a jQdG MCG a TY b ''SdG G'' g CG Va dh

fCG

jGH e GdhM jQdG jdG QfGC GE

Gd P Y j GJC j GC dG
Geb M YTE G jW Y Ie
Hh YTE d HHdG H jH
fc GYC G GY eGO h
beh je (HHP) OLh dG
cdG HHd e YC G h ,bfh
TC d V s J Hd e fG h ,jOdG
.G J dG

103

GG V GKCG J CG H ch ,GQH H jH QJ Ic GfCHh Ic OGYCH

:Hc G g Y jhQGO jh ,G
S Y e Ia TY b dG G FdG g J CG H a jf U GPEG''
.(9) ''jG V Ge cG g gOLh Y dO MCGh ... VQCG

jhQGO eGB N
Y j dh BG Mh Y SdG dG e e GL Ic Jh jM jLCG
Y G dG GG KCG bh ,'' dfG TCG hCG SdG G '' d KCG CG
EG X b YGfCG AMCG L CG e jhQGdG bj c e Y jG f
. IQU cCG Yh ICa OLdG
FNCG W.Ager Derek jGh jjO gh q jhQGdG IZ MCG G H YG bh
:Fb GG Y jdG
UCG hCG GfCG ie Y AGS ec M Fc Y dM g G e qEG
d KCG qGC Y QdG hO ehO LGh dG gh ,G Gd J Y
.(10) jQJ IQG bG
Ggh .dfG TCd OLh CG hO ICa ac AMCG QX d J GG CG CG
Qd MdG dG C b G FdG g c Y J Ggh ,W jhQGO YOG e Y
e Qe AMCG Y b b G gh ,b j CG g e L d j CG hO ICa M Fc
:j dG Douglas Futuyama Ja SZhO
qeEG AMCa ,AMCG OLh d dG fO GFS GJ hCG ee QdGh G qEG
gQJ f X fCG CG ,dc J hCG IQU cCG Y dG Lh Y ICa Lh
jdGh dG ec IQHh ICa X b fc EGh ,OLdG S OGLCG hCG GfCG Y
.(11) G FdG g e OjEG dJ AT H Yh d M Ib e Ha
T MCG Yh VQCG Lh Y ICa X b G FdG CG J Ga
. jhQGO j c c QdG dh G g GfCG UCG CG CG ,jJh

fE G Qd G dG
Gg h ,fEG UCG TH g QdG jf V Td MhG VGG gCG e qEG
VG TY OdH T M Fc e GQe C f G fEG CH jhQGdG YJ OdG
N dG TCG H OLh jdG YJh S je 5-4 b CGH QdG Iah ,dG
: gh fEG QJ Y V FQ e HQCG g G AYOEG Gg Mh ,IQcG IdG
104

. SHdGShCG-1
. Hg eg-2
. SjQG eg-3
. HS eg-4
,G Ob hCG '' cSdGShCG '' SG G fEd YCG G Y QdG IYO j
dG HCG KCG bh ,G OhdG GfCG e V`e f iS d bG g dh
dS OQdG jdGh Charles Oxnard OQchCG dQJ QahdG jeCG e q c gGLCG
G FdG Gg EG G Ob Y jdG AY TCG e gchSolly Zuckerman eNGR
.(12) fEH IH d bY h OhdG e Ve f EG ge
ac h ,fEG hCG ''eg'' SG jhQGdG b e Y j G Ob J dG MGh
VH jhQGdG jh ,G Ob e GQJ cCG G FdG UCG ''eg '' `dG MGe
Gg e OLh Y GcCJh jf U Y dc VG GfCG H UG GG
GfCG g H QJ HGQ CG OLh BG EG j fC N fh ,G QdG hG
je fQCG gh jdG dG QdG jf IYO MCG H YG dG dG g h .G
.(13)'' IOe H G e jS eg EG IG dG qEG'' :Fb Ernest Mayer
(SHdGShCG) G Ob e J U KEG jhGQdG hj S gh
acG dh ,j qd GL j ebCG CG CG HSeg ` SjQGeg ` Hgeg
Lh b SjQGeg h Hgeg h G Ob CG KCG GG AY gLh dG
b SjQCG eg e GfCG OLh g dP e gCGh .(14) edG IdG f h ceCG
h dJQff jS eg e L EG L Lhh f jM Ga M TY
. (15) (G fEG) jSeg
dG jdG G g eCG h ,NCd GL gMCG c U Y KCG acG gh
Stephen Jay Gould dc L S gh JYO MCG j QdG jhQGO jf LGh
:JCj e OQaQg eL GG Y FNCG
Id M GPe PEG ,edG G f TY b fEH T GfCG KK fc GPEG''
H fQe AGLEG Y dP e gOCG h ,NBd GL j H e MCG fCG VGdG ? fEG UCG
.(16)'' H a jQJ bY jCG EG dN e UdG j dG H
Jh eYEG Y cCdGh fEG QJ Y dN b NG CG IQdG jHh
CG EG j Y EG g e fEG NBG fh Ob f G FdG e Ve d jhdGh
15 I G Ob Ge Y KHCG jdG eNGR dS OQdG iLCG bh .Y dO
105

jCG OLh Y EG UJ bh GG Y FNCc dG ce d CG Y UGe S

fc e ZdH dG H YGh fEG Hh OdH dG FdG H e S
. dG jhQGO
dch , Y gj dG aG ha a QOCG ad UN hL dCH eNGR b
dGh dG hdG J eNGR hL Mh .dG f QN gj dG aG ha
CG ,GNCGh YLG da AMCG Y jh .AjdGh AdG Y jOe dOCG EG J
OJ Y hG e AG Gg Vhh .dG f Y LQG aG ha JCJ hG aM
jh fEG QJ Y GNCGh (KdG )FdG dG hCG QdGh SOdG SGh WGG
:j c hG INCG IOG g Y J eNGR
Y QSEG hCG FdG AMCG Y EG H dG hdG EG jOq G dG e dfG Y ''
Ad UN h FL AT c qGC GG SGH fEG jQJ SG Mh H
.(17) ''MGh BG HQG hCG IOG VdG j CG j fCG M QdG jH eDG
Z jhCdH SdG H b e YCG EG qGE d fEG Qd G dG qEG PEG
. G GG H UC G

PC Gh dG bGdG dG
e bGdG iG Gg OLh c gh NBG eCG J Y dG J Qq dG jf qEG
AGOCG c Y RjEH dh f fYO dG Ve T bh .PCG hCG dG AGS dG
AdG Ggh ,He IQH dG T Y j e L e G Ada ,QHEG Xd dG
OLG QHEG ce EG aJ FHc GQTEG EG dG IOLG jG jW Y j
e G dd IQU EG jh GQTpE G g J j YdG e S Hh ,G INDe
,AdG Y j G qEG :JCj ch b d LG VGSG Gg H h .QHEG ce b
EG UdG GHCG j iMCH hCG ,NGO ddG j AdGh ,e e NGO CG CG
cG Gg SGH QHEG j AG dh , X ceCG TCG e c Qh ,QHEG ce
G dG Y j ge LQO EG VGhh GOM QHEG Gg c EG aVEG ,dG jdG
e GhfGh jjCG H dG dG EG GhfG a ,d e j CG jdGh OG dG
CG IQdG AdG Gg EG ?BG fhJ dc IQdG MVhh AU jCGQ g dM
S100 e CGH j YQdG SG GReh .BG M U jJ MCG M ij
IQJh jdG TT EG iNCG Ie GhfG h ,fH BG fhJ dc IQU AU Y d
IQdG AU Mf e JQdG H ST a g, jjCG H dG dG EG iNCG
106

Ka fH fhJ dG IQdG qeCG OHCG FK fjdG IQdG c EG aVEG ,MVhh

.() OHCG
OHCG KK JQU jdG ILCG fE IjY GS e jQeh HCG gh
dh jdG Gg U fEG h ,fEG Y J dG IQdG gJh
U OHCG KK IQdG c EG aVEG ,UN IQf GSH EG TT Y QdG
q Ige
IQU J CG GHCG h ,Qh b fCc hJ LGdGh Te hJ IQdG a ,EG d
J CGh H jdG hCG GedG fJ dG IQda ,fEG Y fJ dG IQd ge
J IGh AdG Gg CG jhQGdG Yj g .FU e GAL J hCG AdG H Te
b adG OLG jdG CH gMCG cNCG dh ,aOH cG b dG b e IQdG
c , jdG YG RG Gg H a qdCGh H e GQdG LG CG aOe J
? dG e jG j AT Y GQdG J c ?G Gg hJ
f dG dc aOH dG e GJ bCG RL j CG G e qCG a PEG
,PCG EG dH AdG fh ,aOH Gg Gj CG G e fJ dG IQdGh
PCG EG Jh PCG GU SGH h JdG LG SH J LQG PCa
g jH J dGh NGdG PCG EG fh LG g jH gQhH J dGh SdG
ca ,QHEG AKCG j e j gh ,G EG J FHc GQTEG EG JdG LG
. e U EG FHdG GQTEG g jhCH j G OLG dG
CG CG ,AdG eCG g c dG eCG e q G CG CG gdG bG f AGLEG h
SMEG j Gg e ,LQG G dY AVdG fc e dG Y j G NGO
J GcQhG S dG Y hG Gg h ,G SGH GUCG fCH
e RL SGH G NGO dG ie Sb d dh QdG AVV S hCG ,fS
. G NGO G dG CG cDG a NdG Sd SG Y
dH cj AdG a VhCGh QdG OCG Y d LddG eSG eh
ILCG EG.g`fCGh GUCG VhCG Y d dG GY e jQL ha d
d d SM fhdEG iNCG ILCGh SG G SG ILCGh dG J
gh YQdG dGh SG ADg c OLh e ZdHh .jQG hG d f iS
dG ILCa .jdG PCd JdG AdG LQO EG BG M UdG j eG LddG
jdG e Ad Ve QJ dG dG j CGh H cdG MCG b e YG
VdG jH a jdG PCG J dG dG eCG VdG e e LQO Ga hCG
hCG AVdG e AT g j Cc GHCG dG ILCG S J jdG PCa ,AdGh
107

fEG N e ah OLe eCG Ggh ,J hO g c dG SG j PEG, YG jRCG

PCGh dG bOh Vh LQH Fe CG c JU fEG U RL CG j h .BG Mh
Ca .VH f Y Jh dGh dG SM N J ic M g dh jdG
:fCG
?G dGh dH UG QdG Oj
GUCG EG j hCG dM e GdCG gGdG dG Gg gjh G NGO Lj dG e
? cdG QgdG FGQ j hCG IKDG fdG SG hCG QdG
EG gJ dGh PCGh fCG IOLG G AYCG e eOdG FHdG GQTEa
c IAGb jW Y G IQU EG FHdG IQTEG c Y j CG Ad h G
CG eCG GH J M g dh ,jG AdG hCG jG AjdG Y hCG AMCG Y
UN f G Lj fC ? G NGO j hCG ij hCG j dG GP e ,Qe CG gh
? G dG Gg Oj ,fCG hCG PCG hCG Y EG LG hO dGh dGh QHEG j
dG EG j hda ,G dG dG N dG hdG EG g e G dG Gg EG
CG M.dP e HCG g a d G EG j h j c PCG EG j h j c
jhQGdG j dd dG jG hCG YCG e G G EG Oj G dG Gg
. SCG g Y HLEG Y IOG g AT c UCG CG j jdG
J G e e GS Ia , dG G g eCG e j CG fEG a
CG fEG a QdG jdG IQH GdCG gRCGh ,(OHCG KK ) H FdG QHEG
.dEG jh dG g Y jh jh HQ j

jOe IY
bJ ieh dG gGdGh dOCG e bJ ieh QdH UG jdG VSG d
ad QdG KCdG GfG c jCG VSGh ,dG YGdG e IG UCH G ga
TCG OLh J G QKBG jCG OLh GfGh jdG g dEG YJ dG QdG dBG
dG Y dG IQhV EG Uf dG Gd ,jQdG Y Id SdG G hCG dfG
Y iNCG jf fG c J CG Hh ,dGh dG YGb e be J dG jdH
jdG g AH Y Y QGUEG g dh .dG ce VQCG CG H YOG dGh jQdG
dG Y g fCH jd f CG jh eJ iOj dG gh dG GMCG LGh
. AdGh
,Y dG eQU IY gQYGh jdG d G H J j dGh
108

Jh YCG JG OG dH e H jOG SQG e Hf fCH gJ j G gh

.d MdG OG dG jhQGdG
Richard Lewontin fdO QjQ j c ,HdG H G g J fMCGh
jf Y SdG aGG e g h OQaQg eL j dGh G Y MdG TCG
: Y LQ K jOe f jh QdG
H WJQGh jOG dH G EG Ggh S H e ATCH eDfh ,jOH eDf f''
dG YGb dh .dG gdG jOe geh jOe GJ f j dG g
OjE jQG HCG d OhdG YO S g jOH G fEGh .,DhOeh
a e U U jOG dh ,Y LJ dG gGdG ad jOe GJ
.(18)''GMCG LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f CG GHCG
, AdG ADd jOG dH YCG JQGh FZhdG ie J dG g EG
OGG CH eDj dG Gdh , IOG Z AT g Lj fCG jdG g UCG IZ jh
aGQdGh ASCGh Qdc G GfCG e jG CG CG ,G OGG OLh S g G Z
dG NGdG d Lf EG d fEG Mh Gh QgdGh QTCGh GGh QdGh
VQj OYG Gg CG bGdGh .YGdGh YdGh G c W eGY H IOG Y GC W
'' aGgC eN FGQBG Y aGj GdGRe jhQGdG CG EG , dGh dG YGb e e
.'' GMCG LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f CG GHCG
WdG G ij CG d H jOe Z f Lh e AMCG UCG b EG j fEG q c h
b e N CG d M Yh ge Ib KCH Lh b G FdG ac qEG ,dc
.G. a c d bh dG e AT c N dG jdG dG dG g dG Ggh ,d dN

109

e
1- Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution and The Origin of Life, New
York: Marcel Dekker, 1977. p. 2
2-- Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) New York, Dover Publications,
1953 (Reprint), p.196
3- "New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and Life", Bulletin of
the American Meteorological Society, vol 63, November 1982, pp.1328-1330.
4- Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status of the Prebiotic
Synthesis of Small Molecules, 1986, p. 7
5- Leslie E. Orgel, "The Origin of Life on Earth", Scientific American, vol 271,
Oct 1994, p. 78
6- Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 189
7- Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 184.
8- B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner Of Truth Trust,
1988.
9- Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition, Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 179
10- Derek A. Ager, "The Nature of the Fossil Record", Proceedings of the British Geological Association, vol 87, 1976, p. 133
11- Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon Books, 1983.
p. 197
12- Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications, 1970, pp. 75-94; Charles E. Oxnard, "The Place of Australopithecines in
Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt", Nature, vol 258, p. 389
13- J. Rennie, "Darwin's Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr", Scientific American,
December 1992
14- Alan Walker, Science, vol. 207, 1980, p. 1103; A. J. Kelso, Physical Antropology, 1st ed., New York: J. B. Lipincott Co., 1970, p. 221; M. D. Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1971, p.272
15- Time, November 1996
16- S. J. Gould, Natural History, vol. 85, 1976, p. 30
17- Solly Zuckerman, Beyond The Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications, 1970, p.19
18- Richard Lewontin, "The Demon-Haunted World", The New York Review
of Books, Jan 1997, p.28

110