الروعة في كل مكان. Arabic العربية

ARAPCA IHTISAM 16.10.
02 SON pdf
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ARAPCA IHTISAM 16.10.02 SON pdf
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e c YhdG
dCJ
j hQg
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MUC IZELER ZINCIRI ARAP2 pdf
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dD G M
J fCG CG H ,1956 Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh
QGUEH GC H fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh FGHG
ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh SdG c
.IeG jedG LdjjEG e
Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j
ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh dG HQM jnsdG sd
CG EG dG G j .G Gg dG g j dG G JQ
N g Sh Y dG U kG f CGh ,jhdG dG NBG g dG BGdG
jOEG SCG f ag JdG Vh dGh BGdG AV h .dG
c d d ,jd jOG cG Y J dG YGG c HEGh cdGh
.g aGgCG Y YEG H c H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G
EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ
.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH dGh dH
EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J
fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG
.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh dJdGh
SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d
e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG Gh dG
GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g GC j Qb CG Y G
dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG AGd j MCG H dh .jOG dG
dG MOo b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG L EG .SSCG e dG J J
.j hQg c EG Oj dGh
g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T
,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN g dG
.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj fCG Y IhY
Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh
.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG gTJh
Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e
VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG
edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d J fCG
dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh ,dEG j dG
MUC IZELER ZINCIRI ARAP2 pdf
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.ffEG dG jJh
EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H
e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y OHG f
d dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG J Y dGh EG
FGOCG e H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG dG dM EG dHh .kGQSO d
.SG bdG f b ...EGh
g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df
BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG dG
.dG
Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J
G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG ,dG
S ,3-2-1 YVG ,BGdG n b ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM AGQh ,SdG
hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG ,2-1 FM fehdG :dG
dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY QdG jf QfG ,dCG
dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c dG ,GdCG dG RYEG ,gdG
,dG N , ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG Y dG e FGQ Ph dG H ,dG
Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie ,G IG ,IQdG Ie ,QdG Mh OG ,gJ
UCG ,dG IG ,dG f IG ,VdG IG ,dG IG ,JdG G
cdG AGG IG ,dG oj dH ,GG e S ,G QdG ,Id G
. DNA QGSCG ,JhdG IG ,FdG
FbUCG Y ,GhdG Y ,GG Y ,!jhQGO c WCG jCG :WCd JdG ch
.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG ,dG ,QdG
npdG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh
dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG g ,3-2-1 Ed jS a ,BGdG bNCG
,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y ,BGdG fMhdG
,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG ,BGdG dOGh dSdG J
,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG jO ,KdG ,dG :oG fEG hY
,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG T ,G BGdG MCG ,kGHCG J ,dG j
N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG M ,BGdG e eY Qe
SQe ,3-2-1 dG dL e Y ,BGdG IG G ,mGB Y dG ,dG SHc ,dG
j c ,f J GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y SEG d VJ dG GAGaG ,Sj
j jdG dhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c j dG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG dG
.BGdG EG
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```Ne
f H Y J ,j c U dG e J eY J a kb a ,QdG jY
Qa hJh d
q J gH Hh .TGdG Vh J hCG kf NCJ bh Y
b dP H K .JNEG hCG jdGh e dG e e e J bh ,HK Jh MdG
q
e Gk W jCGQ hCG ,AdG bQR gT qHQh ,QG EG IadG e J hCG dG e J
,QTCG VdG QdG f a IT e J bQh iJ bh ,JU a IadG eCG
.Hgh jdG
q YH hCG dG
q IQGH
q bh
dG QeCG gh ,JM OY j qfGE CG ,fCT EG c
q hj QGdG SdG
q iJ b
.jOYh ej Fbh fd dG gfG J kej ggfh gGf
Y adG g d ,JOh e GQL HQCG H CG ,aZ OLe fCG Vdh
HhGh jZCG e Yf hCG f gh ,jQhdG KCG b H Y h aG
j e ae SGH RL Cq G OLh Y dc Vdh .a IG QGS J
j Y
q eJ dY T J dHh ,jdG hCG jG hCG JdG e LQG dG
.QG
S c FY iJ ,LQG dG jCGQh ICa adG g e LNCG fCG Vdh
,Lh J dG TCGh GWCG eGe SGh dG Ga ?LQG dG Gd dSG
.AdG J
q dG dG
q VH hCG ,kd bdG c EG dG D dCJ hCG adG AdG
q bQR iJh
dch ,jXf Y SCJ dG dG hCG AdG
q Y IG gdG
q G iJ bh
QTCG gJh ,AGG IG jGH h G IQH dG QeCG hCG QdG h GdG
.fdGh GbCGh dG e GdCG IgdG QgdG h SdG
eY FdG dG h dG GH Jh .dG e cdG
q OhQdG FGQ e IdH
q Jh
Ye Jh .Gh RGh (dG) dhGdGh ULEq Gh dG h Jdc cGa hJ
iJ eY IPNCG XG SCJh ,kGZ M hCG kfQCG hCG kc hCG b gJ eY dG h aCGdG
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.FG fGG M hCG QdG hCG TGdG G GdCG SJ

g U dG e ,c GDS Y Qj YhdG h SdG h G Gg c iJ eYh
b hJ eY ?HGG f h fd cGdG Y VCG dG e iJ ?G AdG
g qd UCG c ?GG Gg a OhCG e iJ ,jdG GH J dG hCG dG
q e
dG e CJ QdG NGO Qhd G JdG iJ eYh ?IhG H QdG GP IdG
? FGdG JEG GH JQ
Y OOJh MOJ SCG j h NGO IQKEG IM jj J hCG GJ jL ch
?GPh c :SG c fd
EG QdG LM hCG ,Kd QhdG EG dG e IK LM d J
q dG eG H GC Jh
gCG J dch ,dEG dH dG TCG gCG hCG ,J c eLCG jdG
dch ,Gh QdG gCG kjCG Jh ,G FdG I AGh cCd idG
.dG RGdG Y G JdG
Jf J G H dGh G QhdG CG eG e c Hh
kT J eG e jG J CG Hh .Y dG KGQdG IrdG
u N
.FGdG AdG g S e ka
J CG H h ,FdG e SGh Ib t n oj jGdG Jh J dG Ggh
hCG ,J hCG H J dG dG g CG h ,H e H gOLh Jj FdG g CG
iS a FY ,OLh J bQN fCGh je d dG CGh ,b e Y J
EG QOj dG e IOGSGh aG jW IN N ch .YEG h gdGh IG
EG fCG X c ?OLdG EG L FdG g X c iJ :dG GDdG gP
?OLe fCG GP PEG ,S AT d GOe ?OLdG
NG ,G FdG aOS IjY S a e dG J aZ e J eY
H GDS ch ,HLCG Y MH gP QhJ SCG GC J Mh ,jdG YhQ ,GfCG
.''FdG d kfU g qGC cDG e'' :ddG IQdG Y j CG
kM US dM EG JdG IdGh gdG dG Y qe dH hDhJ eYh
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,j CG fEG c Y j e dH g Gg h .FdG d dN OLH IcCG Yb EG

.QYGh J a If , IH ATCG EG j CG fEG c Y j
dG L d fU a ,j c Y dG d kfU g qCH VJ eh
j CG GMCG e M CH h .G e U dG PdG HU e HU J
b SEGh PdG qGC h ,PdG d aOH GG b dG h jG CG AYOH gMCG
dG Gb CG hCG kge j CG H AYOG Gg Yj e C ;G d aOe GG
.H He
b LQN CG cc fcCG AGS FdG CG Yj e g Ea G g e ZdG Y
.M Y P d VGh AYOG Gg dV qEGh ,aOG X
''aOG'' Ia edG
Yjh .QdG jf IYOh jOG
q g aOG Id FYOH MdG GhX jdG qEG
GQH J dG dG g CGh d dN CGh NBG h d hCG dGh IOG CG ADg
j dG cGdGh jhdG GLCG EG aVEH ,GG GQe Y J dGh
YJh .aOG Jh Lh FdG g c .Y bQN fCG V gOLh
FGdG dG Gg e ZdG Y aOG Lh b G FdG CG dc QdG jf
.OLd G h
dh dG N aOG qC H eDj QdG IYO CG d j ,jdG
q VGSG Gg Hh
kU hj ADg qGE CG ,KdG GfCG e kYf t n jo dG GH EG EG .G Y IQb
Gg Y Gk c J fCG Ld jhQGdG LdG GP dG CGb dh .''aOG'' SG
IjY eCG ej QdG qjH eDG ADgh . Y GQb h bQN Ib d CG h ,dG
dG CG G CG hcj G S Yh .aOG JLhCG dG FdG e gY j
,GQdG J Gg Yh ,''aOG'' dG Gg b e N b hCG IG Qe fh
t jn
kVMCG d dGh c W eGY KCHh aOe H a G b ,FYOG M
JG b eCG VMG g J M IN h .M Z GQdG g qGC eh ,eCG
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.G OY t on J dG JhdG jH gQGb
b hCG G FdG) G J dG GHh .''aOG dG'' KCH j Gg c
a ,G Gg Y eCG j d h ,aOG fYj dG IdG KCH OLdG EG X
QX edG QhdG hCG FQ QhO d c b ''aOG U'' qE a ADg gOOj dG WdG
hCG dG QH Yj c eCG M a ,dG Lh Y G FdG GfCG e jG
f QH j h j CG G C ;BG e Y gOY Hj e IjY GfCG
e iNCG GfCG X dHh ,gMd SCG QH kjCG kac eCG j h ,a MGh
.af dG YhdHh Gf dG FG SdG Gg J g h ,FG AMCG
LhCG H a AG IG OjEH J aOG EG CG ,dG Gg Y eCG SGh
e S YS dG FdG edG aOG fc dHh ,kjCG HdG Y IG g
.HdG EG AG e hG
aOG g EG M ,GbCG hCG GWCG EG dG fYR d kjCG aOG jW Yh
g dh ,HdG Y AGdG J CG SGH J dG FdG dG cCG kjCG
.JGKCJ aOG SGh .jdG AMCG e GfCG Qd ac J MG
EG dG J G FdG qE a dG Gd eOdG dG e j S ch
AYCG g H a qGE h ,eJ IQH Y ODJ JM AYCG Y eLCG eY
iS OdG feEH j dh ,IG QGSG Y G FdG Y EG ODj Y AGOCG
gMh fc aOG qGE :dj QdG IYO CG qEG ,GMCG MCG jCG d hCG FbO d
.Lh ch bO H h UJ H G FdG g HCGh Uh a dG ''G''
CGh ,Aj e j CG j U ADg EG dH aOG qGC eCG g e d jh
QeCG g j eY h .NBG GM EG e kfGM j CG hCG jj c L C dG j
,GGh dGh FGdG e e U Oj M Fc EG G Z OGG j eY hCG
. CG SG fhG dG g jh
SGd kahh cGdG NGO edG LJ CG JGAYOGq M aOG J dch
dGh FGdG Y J CGh ,HdG
q hCG fhG cGdG g J CGh ,a J dG
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NGO OJ CG Y IQdG d ADg M aOG qCG c ,cGdG g Lh jCG f

.f d IG
q KGQdG IrdG
u QGSCG IQdG
.QdG jf IYOh jOG jdG UCG J q dG FdG G q fcP e EG
Jh e Y P c
q b e QaCG H bG dSG g eeCG RJ dG Gh
fcP e c OjE S gMh aOG qC H J dG IdG nb j fCG c ,YVe
.dG fGb e
g J g hCG ?kjS kjH kjW J CG aOG J g :QdG jY QJh
e c eh .dH e GGh ?JEH Y qJh d cT J CG aOG
fEG L GQhdG RL j CG G a aOe d cT J CG G
jEG H AfE eRdG OGG d a b PdG H b e g c eh .aOe
dG Gg qf e Kh
q ,T d U e gh ,dGWCG dG d OM e a ke
.S dG H Y d fG h IdG dG g cCG eh dG g H
cdG Gg fEG L qJQh G GWCG H fEG Y N e g :PEa
GH dG N dG CG H h .dG
dG f e Gg c dHh ,T e SG
q
H gh dG ahe Ib jCG e ibCG IdG g J CG H h ,bQN Ib hP FGdG dG
GdG N dG gh ,IdG g MU g L h Y dG qEG .kGHCG d T h kY cCG T
q
.H e h VQCG h
dG IQb e kT d J dG Gg J
q dG eCG EG aVEG gjLCG dG fQG EG
UJ Y j GfCG g e f ch
q ,G GfCG H FdG N Y J
.kGL Ich Y
,TGd edG dG H e T Y j dG Gg qEa :G S Yh
c EG aVEG ,UN H TGdG Y M QhJ iNCG dG e jdG Lj dh
.FNh JG d f ch
q ,dG Ich GfCH LJ TGdG
g dh ,eY IQH fEG IG FG H kjCG dG Gg hJ bh
g h .V G Y h
q fEG L Y Y jLCG dG HCG e jdG
10
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,TGdG LCG Y e c dCGh ,fEG Y YCG e e Y M YSe c

.TGdG g LCG e J dG IOG Y dCG b kc K qEG M
q
c dG IQb if CG fh .J dG IQb Y jU jBG J QeCG g ch
CG fEG c
q jh ,h mBG c
q dEG dG ij CG Y P c jh ,e
IQdG g ij dG fEG Y eh ,GLdGh dG Ge QG dG g Yj
JV jh dG EG YH Oj CG EG QG jdG dEG IGh gedG dEG
: Jh fS
. 102 :fCG|l pchn Am r n T u co nYn n go hn o ho o Yr an Am r n T u co o pdNn n go GE p n ndGE p n r oHt Qn o dG o opdPn }
11
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dG e OLdG :dG QfG

,BG Y dG Gh a J dG dG hCG fH e ,h
q GJ AT c qGC J g
b OGG e M Zh M AT c :RjEHh ,JdGh cGdGh GdGh QdGh HCG h eCG Mh
d Gh OLdG EG GQdG X dG QfG a .dG QfG H OLdG EG X
?dG QfG Gg g e d h .dG bQG fCG J dG QfG Gg Hh ,ATCG
CH G HGh eG LddG GSHh ,INCG S G N HCG KCG d
JG h O dM dG CG HCG g N e AdG KCG bh .dG O kjQJ g
Gd jGH g h f e GC H b dG CG EG GUJ OdG Gd e LGe AGLEH h .je
Gg S bh ,QfG SGH ''dG''dG Gg e dG jGH EG UJ jG da ,dG
.(BIG BANG) ''dG QfG'' `H QfG
bQG fCG L CG KEG kjOY j ,dG fO SGh nH jdG g M CG H h
e CG GQfG BG C ;dG QfG H OLdG EG X b dG dG
GQfG hCG LhQg hCG jhf Hd GQfG a .dG e
q GC hCG cdG Gg e
,dG RdG TG f GQfG Mh ,fcH GQfG hCG ,''VQCG S '' jQ
.dG GQfG dc LJh
j QfG CG Lj h ,`jJ h eJ HH j CG H j QfG CG qEa :QNHh
fd kS c b dG QfG Gg qGC eG FSH KCG jG dG dh .HjEGh Aq H KCG
.JEGh bOh RGJ Hh OLdG EG dG e
EG X CG f e ch ,VQCG S bh b kGQfG CG Vd :JBG G ke dh
aOG CH f CG d g .HCG h aGf h KKCGh aZ H h j e aCG e b OLdG
. dH ?f AJ e j CG G Gd g ?dG Gg QX kS fc
H kFGQ h kbQN kGQX fd HdG H fQe a dG QfG f dG IOh eCG
.kjCG QN f jh ,dG Gg e Ich IU c IOLe gG bda .jG
G Gg qEGh ,ke kGeCG t n jo ''f AJ e X dG'' CH FdG AYOH dG qEG :PEa
,JG h c IOG g Y j dG Gg EGh ,dG e IOd dN OLh d j
L QG QdG dG g qdG dG Gg EG .d M Yh Ib GP j CG H dG Gg qEGh
.dL
12
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AdG JG e
hCG hCG kHc GC f eY ,JM UJ OCG fh ,gY dG J fCG LJ
dG fCG Lh Y dG N dh .bGG H f CG hO h Lh Y dG bGe f ,f
dG ch .JQb Y Yj CG dN e fEG j c FGdG UdG H dG
IQS OQh a ,fdG fCG g N S ke fEG d Le dG BGdG Lh Y
nnY ndG sGnC Gonrnpd sonrnH orenC G osnnnj sonrpep VrQnC G npe hn mG hn nnS nrnS nnnN psdG odG } : j e dG
FGQh bQN fCG Y dG j h ,12 :dG| krpY mArnT uopH n nMGnC rnb ndG sGnC hn lj pnb mArnT uoc
.HSG Y fEG Y j jHh
dG c OhM M dH fCGH d dh ,ch dG JG ie j c ,G S Yh
G Gg dh
q ,VQCG b e Ie 103 `H cCG dG a ,f CG ge eeCG d
J FY (WG H j dG IdG LLdG IdG) YqdG H VQCG CG Vf CH
.dG Ic H dG
Y LLq dG IdG J G G EG LQ a ,dGh VQCG H UdG aG g g Gh
LQG IQdG
q cGdG eCG .gJ fh G jG Y kGOYG dG Ic e kGe 280 H
.IjY Gec ae Y FY a dG Y IOLG
H M fQb d dh .FdG dG Y M f CG f G Gg N eh
ZCGh T Z ke IG g C ;kGL Fg J da ,e AL g dG fdG QO I
. Qe 250 Y gOY Hjh ,kM cCG
hJ J qCG g qGh ,hG dG GP fdG QO I QPCG MCG Y T J h
Qj iNCG G Y j AdG C ;GWCG eGG SdG AdH gfQb d kGL IU
.I Qe 300 `H gOY AdG
g dG dGh dG jRJ jWh jhdG GLCG M Y gfOQhCG dG eCG g EG
fS G IdG hP dG qGC h ,IQdG g d jT qfGC h ,d M dG dG IQb d J Y
.J h
n naQn @ gn n Hn Ao n sdG p GnC knrNn t nTGnC r o rfGnC GnC ) :dG e eC dG h qdG GE dG GB dG fYjh}
.28 - 27 :YRdG |gn G s n na n nr nS
14
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dG YG G dG
CG hO dh ,G J dG TCG a LJ dG G e hCG dG e J eY
dG dG g qGE G h .dG YG G d Gd je fh ,iPCG qGC qJ
Jh .dGG AGM jRZ S gD S H Y IQY g H aj h JM j AV e j
QG f ae S YCG e eOb bY WGN T Y J dG dG dCG e dG
L d h ,fEG IM Y IN bdG jQdG WGG g CG T .GedG j
WG dh VQCd G dG b e UeG j dG e eOdG IG TCG GfCG
.dG Y G dG g Ggh ,dEG J CG b
cGdG j da ,jd ke h kbO kfRGJ g CG fLd dG Y AH eq CJ d h
RGdG g ,SQdG OdH j dG LQG AdG f YafG dHh ,dG Y gOHG e
Fg L Ib da
q ,cGd jcG IOQdG IdGh dG L Ib H OLG
SGH HPG g e e M EG J hCG J CG J cGdGh ,gf cGdG SGH
Y g bCG cGdG GQhO YS fc dh ,jQGG cM Y IdG jcG IOQdG Jb
kfGQhO SCG fc d CG dG VaG dh ,c QfH He b e d dG f H
AdG f cGdG g aJ dHh ,YG V FHE ac dG L Ib fc
Gg H OLdG J dG YGh .kGHCG j d VGaG
e kjCG qCG H .LQG
n
.kGL bdG RGdG
OJ gGdG gh ,dG YG QG RGdG Gg e OLh Y kdO tnoJ gGdG g EG
j
q ,cGc h H dG YG H j dG RGdG Gg qGC g h ;Y M EG
.f AJ e
ge bH HM b RGdG Gg CG eeCG VGda .Jh Y P d VGh M g EG
.jdG h G d q M dG JQbh Lh Y dG jBG e jBG RGdG Gg t n jo h ,kGL
Gg CG dZh c VhCG b h ,dG YG bdG RGdG Gg GcG dG AdG EG
dG a ,Aj c Je aq J h G J dG IQb Y kdO EG d QGh G dG
.dL s L jdG dG gh ,AT c Sh dG H AT q c j dG
16
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Page 17
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d f cc :VQC G
jQhdG g e jdG f CG h ,fEG I SSCG h QhV g a QdG jY kb a
dh BG fhcJ b iNCG jQhVh ,... fGGh G dGh q dGh AGh cCc
,kS kGJ fa GPEG e dM fgPCH jQhdG eGdG gh .cdG Gg W IQH c IOLe
g EGh .bO jRGe ah kKh kWJQG H e H Je eGdG g qGC fLd dG J d d h
I Ie h b QdGh AdGh JdGh fGG Fdc cdG Gg IOLG JG eGdG
.IQU MCG Y fEG
dh ,iNCG IQS cGc LJ cc fL EGh ,dG YG e AL VQCG cc cc EG
H QGe e ,XdG H j L e G j a ,Id eAe Mf e H e MdG tnoj cc
.VQCG jQJh ,QG Gg eh ,Q M fGQhO YSh dG Y
ka ,Y IG Ad Fe JQGM LQO L gJ kL dh ,H Y H e eGdG g qEG
ch ,G dG cJ eY g eGdG g EG aVEHh .FGO RGJ Y a IQGG g CG Y
dG WCGh Hf dG AG h q dG e dEG OdG Aq dG :PEa .Id ke FG QGH g dG VQCG
.fEG I ke Fe eq G g c ,dhf
Fd kUN U b cdG Gg CG d J VQCG cc CH i dG HCG L Ea :RjEHh
H fQe AGLEG h ,qeh qL qdh ,VQCH kT cGdG cCG e jG cc tnojh .fEG IM
.VQCG Hh
Y jS dh If AdEG j fEG d eAe Mf e cc IOLG hdG gCG ah
YEG FSh kGc Y K dG jG c NCdh .dG Y IQdG cGdG bH FN
.VQCH dG FN Yh
Ae S Y Lj h ,dG HdG cCG K RZ e dY f a N cdG Gd G da
f J dG bdG fcdG gdG S Y X bh jG cc fG IQq dG ijh .kbWEG
.kGL IdG RdG GUG
. (-53) jG IQGM LQO h .IjY kGQT J eQ UGYh JY jQ H cdG Gg jh
hdG gCG d J dG fQG g Hh .Y IG Ad kFe j CG ,ahX g cch
. Y f dG cdG dG
,G GHEG GH AT c h QdG h G h cGdG h dG h dG N dG dG G dG qfEG
fEG e FdG S dG gh .G IdG hP qfC dG e AT c Nh ,Fd IG e dG gh
,gQb M f jJh ,L h Y dG IVe c Y j CG FG d QG fEG a ,M h H
:J b
18-17 :dG | l pMnQ lQ onnd ndG sGpE ng o roJ pdG nnrpf Gh tonJ rGpE hn nh oscnnJ naGnC oornj n rnnc oornj rnnaGnC }
.
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q G dG Ad UG q dG
e dG g CG G q dh ,a adG WEG h dG NCG g SdG d dG c Q
L Q H SdG ZCGh ,cj L CG H fEG e j da ,kGL FGQ QN f M
hCG LQG hdG C ;J M JOh e dH GC j fEa .VG Gd kH j
. IQU SCH fEG j d L (fEG L NGO) NGdG
,H a fRGe GRdG e e f Y j G dG qCG Vf CG Oq f AT c bh
kW c e J
q GC h ,W H fEG id dG Y J M RGdG Gg j CG jh
GdG g dh .G EG iOCG Qh fEG IM Y IN Ff EG Oq D j RGdG Gg
Y qe qOD j QN N gh ,Id Feh kGL UN AH ah qe G dG qC ;IOdG
.Lh cCG
RZ h HdG cCG K % 1 h cCG % 21 h Lhf % 77 e dCj VQCd G da
qC ;kGL e RdG Ga ,cCG gh GRdG g gCG Y jH GC dh .iNCG GRZ h cQCG
.Y d J h ,dEG Se
q LM a Gdh ,eLCG NGO bdG fEG eJ G FdG
.jd bO jRGe Y kGOYG HK a f dG cCG f eCG
fGGh fEa .dG ec IQhO N e G dG cCG f K qjh
.dEG dH keS tnoj dG HdG cCG K Rd FGO fEG dM h ,RdG Gd FGO SG dM
kGN kGQhO J dHh ,HdG cCG K SH J ,dP e dG a JdG eCG
.G dG EG j K ,kej cCG RZ e WCG GQe JdG Jh .IG QGSG
Gg Y IG ef f jG ddH ej fGGh JdGh fEG c d h
kHb G dG j dG g a ,cCG fEH J fGGh JdG CG Vdh .cdG
Gg S jdG h .Fg FGM T J IU IQGa ,Ic YHh c Td
.Fg QfH He QdG e T EG cdG
f J dG J a HdG cCG K RZ fGGh JdG J CG CG ,dG VaG dh
Y j dH h dG Hd NH FdG L Jh ,Ic YH G dG cCG
.G G dP
I kFe IQHh Jh fS dG b e G
q dG qGC EG J dOCG g c
.d M dG J dG IQH bO h JEH N a AT a ,kWYG Lj dG qEG CG ,fEG
20
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VQC G IdG WJ gQhO h G

YJ VQCG e kf bQ W G g ce Y f dG hCG Y dG VQCG qEG
e HGV g J dh((ZG hCG IQdG)) SCG W a J IdG gh ,''IdG''`H
. IdG g Y cG GfCG L Y IdG
q
q dHh ,VQCG Y FGO H RR h Gg K G a ,HGdG
q g H e G t n oJh
GRGgG c qM EG
q dG VQCG Y JGOGeG h a .Id kGHCG Fe Z J
.S Y UG
GPEGh ,H e H eGUGh VQCG Id dDG IdG dG q H G Cf h
q bdG qdG jh ,fe bCG dG fe cCG dG J dG g e W eUG
EG CG ,dG f JSG qh S Y f La dG dG eCG .G C J dH h q
j Ggh ,VQCG a gdG gCGL Oj e jQG SG e d JQG gT gGf dG G
.dG Hh VQCG Ib kGRZ IRhe G CG
keY G J dG GHh ,VQCd dG
q dG H dG We tnoJ FG H Gh
eH G q f CG d h .''ZG'' `dG W a fG e h VQCG IdG H e q j
h VQCG IdG cM J CG J ,UG H Gh .H e H G b HJ dG
.a dG GRGgG L
iNCG jRGG Y G Mf e Ic gCG d T h M bY d hJ dG G gh
KDe ec G OLh f fRGe IQH RJ IQGa .VQCd QGG RGdG kUNh dG
.RGdG Gg
QdG Gg e Lh d h ,je LQO 100 EG Ge j dG h AGSG N H QGM Qa g
EG fdG dMCG h S/c1000 EG YS J gQ jQ K GAfG b S Y QGG
.QGG QdG Gg e IdG jdG YS e J FfG fGe g dh ,j L
h ,jdG L H YJh ,dG GC J dG G SdG
q J FfG fGG g EG
G Mh dCG L H YJh ,HQhCG EG Jh ,ShQW L H YJ h VfCG EG
.kbT OdG Gh kHZ WCG
c dG jBG H dG N b VQCa .e c IOLG IdG dG jBG e jBG tnoJ a
jOdG j CG a eCjh j c jBG g gj dG fEG Yh .fEG I Fe J
Y a J h fS dG eCG , c fh dG MQ EG fEa .dG Q d YdGh
.dG
22
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RGdG GMGE gQhO h G

QfCGh QdGh QeCa ,dEG dH IG g AG j CG Y OYGh ,AG OLh Y OYG fEG qEG
EG dH OY AT c RG eG HdGh
q G e kae Gf dG AG qMh dGh
q
e j e kUNh Aa .cc e kGc kGAL j dG AG q gCG dG f qj h ,fEG
.JM ib gCG d
eCG ,dG Y kGOLe kjhS keL q Sh KK OLh j Id kSSCG t n jo dG AG qEG
EG aVEG ,G e kGL Ic Fe e Y VQCa .AG e dCJ YHQCG Ka VQCG
L dh ,d U HY c d IOLG G gh .FN NH GdGh QfCG
Y aG h AG T e L qG FdG q bO Fe RGJ qK dh ,d
q J e kjCG
.gOLhh JM
qe AGh .AG OLh H IG UGJ jG Y gOY Hj dG YGfCG G Fda
UG q dG f dGh dG
q J :G S Yh ,cc G fRGdG QGSG kjCG
h IQGG e Ic c CG j :CG ,dY Yf IQGH AG Rh ,IdG FG qG e
,VQCd QGG RGq dG Y G kq a kGQhO IdG FG qG J dG
q GHh .H j
Fe WG g J dHh ,QdG h dG H V QGM QH R MdG WG qE a dG Gdh
.fEG I
;fEG IM kGL Ic gCG d dG YCG EG JQU hJh ,a e QU
q dG G g qEG
J cCG T bW J Ggh ,HdG J bCG dG TCG J G g qC
RGdG Ggh .HdG Y YRJ e aCG RGe H YRH J jQGG bdG g qdh .HdG
IjdG IOhdG e dc Gh ,FGSG WG IjdG IQGG e G EG ODj d QGG
V Fc R H J G g CG EG aVEG ,ec H g hO dGh dG G
.HdG cCG K Rd
AG R dc ,FdG cdG H dG Y G IOLG ddG YJ AG aT EG
g Hh .jdG dG Gg J dG dG OGG e kGMGh t n jo dH gh ,q dG Y OdH
. EG a e ''NBG Fe e CG hCG'' GdG hCG G qJ UG
Hh , AG qGC d j ,Ad FjdG h FdG dG d LG VGSG Gg Hh
g Yh ,AG Y cc j CG aOe dh ,fEG I kFe j c GqdH FG
IM FJ dG FH N dG VQCG ca .iNCG cGdG bH hO FG G
N dG g J dGh .fEG Gg I FG FH kjCG QhH N dG AG Y j fEG
.dG MCG dG Qa ,fEG Y H fCG dG f bH N c AG
. 10 :dG |n opoJ p pa lnnT orpehn lGnnT orpe ond kA ne pAnsdG npe nnrfGnC psdG n og }
24
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JdG h AG H fG
CG J iNCG kYGfCG CG V kGQTCG CG FM CG kHYCG fcCG AGS L JdG qEG
AG qCG qEG ,S h GQhCGh ZCG e ac FGLCG EG HdG e dG fG OGGh AG UJ
e AJ UGN GP AG j CG j H ,a bdG AYCG SGH L dG AGLCG EG f j
.bdG AYCG g W
.DhdG Gg W f c AG cJ a
QGSH d Jh G FdG LMG J c kUN qeh b IOe AG EG
jG P f UG g Jh ,dG dG UN g Ad G FG eh .IG
kb cCG AG e c j CG AYh
q GC qCG Mf CG f UG g Hh ,Fd
q dDG
.AG Y kaCG CH Vh Y AG S Y J fe IHEG if CG hCG ,G S e
Y GKCJ IG dh ,FGdG ZC dG dG e cCG Ad dG q dG UN EG
.JdG LCG dG GKCdG JCJ ee h ,JG gGdG
EG HdG S f YCG e H J CG Ad IG UG g SGH J Jda
HCG h GQdG qCG NBG fL eh .jb Y hCG d RL EG LG hO h ba f YCG
JdG qdh ,dG e Ic LQH j dG HGdG EG AG d f Y ddG
.dG qdG UN SGH ac dG AfCG EG j Aa ,G dG Gg e EG
a ,UG g e J c e bdG YhCGh dG QL IOLG bdG Gda
c dh .YCG f dG Y AG Yj QG dG Ggh ,YCG f G c kV OGOJ
Ggh ,WEG Y dG jdG JdG YSG FGdG ZCG bc kb Ad dG dG
AG H OLG dG fG H d OLh KCdG Gg q dh .kdH kGKCJ IG T KCJ j
.JdGh
IQH j JdG cJ h Ad dG dG H OLG jdG fGh DhdG Gg qEG
CG G FdGh dG qGC d J FdG g ch .G dEG RYEG VGh
.H e h VQCG h GdG dN dG b e b fCG d j H ,aOG X b J
26
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dG GQd G dG
e ke kGe qGC MdG jh .H a h IOe kTCG ij dG GQH AG j eY
qG g qCG H ,SGS qe T qJ L GQdG gh ,IQH e 350 Y j dG
NG c ?TCG g X c dh .q J dG dG Mf e H a J SGdG
q
Y HLCG EG Ud AdG b e jQL HCG dGR e ?H a SdG Gg M c ?H a
.SCG g
dG EG .dG GQdG g J OLG RYEG UQ EG j j jL AT ch
Y kdO tnoj ,H a KdGh SdG Mf e GfCG d dGh ,dG IQd SGdG G
dG gh ,dL L ( HS PCG OLh hO dG CG) jdG a
q T h ,G dEG GHEG
.dEG RYEG e NBG kfL eeCG S dG IQdG f eYh .IQU MCG ATCG j dG
dG hCG ,IdGh IdG dG
q e IjY kTCG NCd J dG dG GQdG g qEG
Id Ie SH dG NG Gg IHEG SCGQ j dG kGL bdG dG M hCG dG
a .IjY GS e MdG fG L b dG QdG cdG Gg CG T h . 1dG
H GQdG g J dG eGdG c 1945 S e Ie dGReh HCG jLCG
e Y Y IQY g dG GQdGh ,K IQH e e cCG e dCJ dG qa .G TCG
,kGL QH Qe AH fCH dG GQdG g UJh .H a gH SH eh Je AG e jL
:JBc eCG Gg jh ,IOhd kVe dG
q N AG QH eY J gh
VJ dG H eYh ,FGY IQH Ie J dG AG jL Y AG QH j
EG J qK H a dG EG H cM UCG dG jG gh .Wf j dHh IOhd
jd AG jL OH j kFGO fEG dG Y H ,kGHCG kFGY j dG Gg dh .U L
.dG e jq SGS qe
G bH JCJ qK eh ,AG jL e Qjh SGS qe e hCG Me J K b ch
T ch -dG IQdG g J jW FdG edGh .hCG IQdH d IQG SGdG
dG M qJ e ke H H SGdG G d G dG g -AdG dP
.IMGdG
j dG q dh ,HWdGh IQGG NG e f dG J CG g GQqdG g VGh
b c SGdG G dG GP SG GQdG g LJ GP .aNH j T CG g
CG e kH jGhR GP TCG g
q GM J GP ?iNCG Y gGMEG k kT NCJ GPh ?K
2 . HLCG Y QdG AGQh kS KHCG je AdG GR h ?e J
gh d jT .Gs Sn h AT c N dG g VQCGh GdG Wa dG CG VGdG G dh
.dG MCG
28
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Gh cGdG QG dG
.MGh Ae e Jh f HdG QJ fc e ZdG Y gG dH cGdG h G J
fgPCG EG QOd ,FGdG h dG h GG Mf e cGdGh G OLG NG fa dh
GhGnr Gh cGdG g qGE ?IQcG dH gG jdG Gg j c :dG GDdG
hCq G H Lh dG JU Y a a dP e h f HdG QJh ,f fG OGG h AG
gZ h SffCGh dGh qdGh dGh dG e JdG g qdh .dG Lh Y Ie
JQH N dG L h Y dG b e dG g e qfGE h ,JOGQEG dG g J
.Yh
JdG g qC ;fGGh fEG EG dH AGdGh bd kGQe t n oJ JdG EG
G FdG Y IFdH OJ c N b JdG g qGE CG ,jM FGZ OGe Y cJ
dh .UN LH fEG e j d Lh dG g cCGh .dG e f PEG a ,iNCG
a .dP Y ke dG IT NCdh ,a f dG dG hCG cCe e dhf a kb
Y QJ IdG g q dh ,kjCG Hj fCch hj QL dh ,Nh Hj hJ S Y IQY IdG
.IG dGh IjdG IQdH AG RdG dG
q dG K e IjY eGZc fEG
j c GdH dG
q Se AH ke kGK qQj qd h ,Hj HJ Qj dG dG dch
id hdG SGM HGL FGQ j dG dG Th ,FGdG e fEG LMG
.J hO jW Iq FGdG g J h ,fEG
FGhdG g qdh ,G T J eG FGhQ j d kGgL j fEG qEG
dG FGhdG eCG .WCG keR AdG e J M IjY J GAGLEG h H EG YdG
.jW Id gKCJ jh ,W IQH J EGh ,HCGh OL EG a ,cGdG IOLG
.a J dG SG e AJ dG Jfe
q J cGd iNCG Ie gh
J c dG H e JdG qCG d j cGdG jG jdG
q VGSG Gg H
g dG Q dG qGE ,G dG d e N b fCG j Ggh ,fGGh fEG LMG
Ggh ,G FdG LM J q M G dGh FGhdGh GdCG eh JdG g N dG
.jq dGh GHEG h G dEG dG j dG
. 13 :dG |nh oscsnjm r npd knjB npdnP sGE oofGn rdGnC knpnroep VrQnC G pa rond GnC nQnP nehn }
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(jdG) eG :JdG GQhC d G dG

G Gg dh ,fG J UJ Y h AGN b gh hC hJ JdG bQdG qEG
UdG gCG e eG tnoJh .e qHe e qc ge UJ Y j dG NCG
.qdG EG dH gCG jZ tnoJh ,JdG bQdG IOLG
,dG IQGM LQO J q dHh ,hH AG Qd dG
q J eG g Xh EG
g Jh .FdG cdG Y AGLE RdG HdG cCG K NH dG
q dch
.LG M fGh fd Hb GP fH eG
IG gh ,JdG bQd dG dG
q MCG ZCG LJ fCG ed IG FG eh
dG dG
q Y IOLe eG g fc d PEG ,bQdG Y dG dG TCG KCJ e J
Hh dG g J eG qE a ,jW Id ITG dG
q TC Vqe Hh JdG bQd
EG ODj Ad G dG Gg qdh ,dG KCJ e dG Y d H AG W Y e
.dG f dG g
ch JdG J hO c jdG dG dG b e gh b ed bQG IG g qEG
K T Y j gOLhh .JdG bQd IdG W LJ eG EG .JQGM LQO J
qj dG
q Ggh ,NGq dG f q e T GP J qfGE CG ,dUdG M T J LhOe
.LQG Gh bQdG H RdG OdG Y
LQG hdG h (OLG AG c) d NGdG h qdH kKh kWJQG JJ eG a EG
dG g dG g J hCG SJ QGeh ,(HdG cCG K f ,AdG , HWdG ,IQGG LQO)
c U kGL UN cGJ GP eG g EG .LhNh GRdG h AG NO Y j
LQO h HWq dG e ,QGSH J LQG hdG g qGC Gh .LQG dG hX e AJ
g c e J CG J eG g q dh ,AGdG dG f Mh GRdG f h IQGG
.Jq e dW e GdG
bH fc GPEG EG dG dH FXh ODj CG JdG bQdG QG dG Gg qEG
JdG eG QX qGC f GH h .eG h dG dH FXh ODJ dG ILCG
ODJ j dG dH
q eh kGL bO cGJ GP qfGC dP ,kGHCG aOG j CG
.d OhM dG J dG IQH b qfGC Y dO QG dG Gg h , IQU MCH FXh
32
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dG RL f QhH
gZ Y g e FG e d QhdG gh ,AG SGH J gQhH H JdG H J
c dG Me e jJ h fRh e J UN H d QhdG a :G S Yh ,QhdG e
TCH j HdG IQd LQG dG qGC EG aVEH ,Qfd Sc AG GSG J
,jG H dG aG J CG hCG ,kSEG kT J h AGdH e jN J Cc IOe
J CG hCG ,AG HS J CG dG GH IQdG J h ,NGdG kGQ AGdG j dHh
g QhH NGO W kjCG gh .AG NO UN cJ GP IQd LQG dG jN
3. CG d KGQdG dG j dG G jM Xh JdG
J hCG dH J CG hO ,kjJ kej fK a J CG AH J dG QhdG H J
IQH QhdG g TCG eh .Ic LQO EG hG cJ EG Oj Ggh ,AGG ddG S
NGO IQdG h ,QfG Ia N QNCG U IH IQdG g Jh .dG RL f
.QfG Ia GW G jd j fG OGGh AG e Y
G IG eCG ,AG Qe j N CG kGL N H IQdG d LQG dG EG
Y GedG e J CG e FGg Ga Y gDhGMG a QhdG g fd
kfe NGH dG G j e YS e kWT ZH Yh ,GeCG a HS QdG h G
4.dG RL d ka
Y FSG h jZ eCG e WT EG dUh M dG RL Qhd j dG fEG EG
RL QhH fc d dh ,Ad VJ M fEG Me NJ JdG QhdG CG hG C ;dG
.kGHCG KdG YSG Ad VJ M fEG Me NJ dG
SJ Kd UN dBG Y H ,fEG Gg e UN cJ GP dG RL QhHh
V dG Y G h KdG dG RL QTCG J SdG Hh ,a VJ dG hdG e
.IG T
gOOj dG aOG dBG H QG OLdG Gg e hM f CG G Gg Hh
OLG AG c EG QhdG NGO hG AGdG e ,kHS gfcP dG FG EG .QdG jf IYO
jGG g c ,UdG Gd SG bdGh BdG EG Ud eG FSdG dc h a
Jb h dG IQb d OLdG EG Jh J CG d c e Jh Kh eRdG bdG HGh
.dG MCG dG Qa ,bQG Jfe a OhCGh ATCG N dG Yh
34
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kH H d N G FdG
qC ;S IG g qCG kjgX d hj bh ,dG aL Lj JdG H QgRCG MQ EG
dP Y j h , Z dG QfG j dHh ,dEG UdG J Q qdGh GG
CG SGH J H G dG dG N M b g dh ,IgdG NEG dSG
jdG IT H ge DhJ g :G S Yh .QgRCG L HdG MdG Gg EG J
Y G GQdG J Ic GQhCH e LQG S j jdG Ia ,bdG IMh
.IdG d J kGQgRCG aQ S LJ bQdG dG g ce h ,QhdG
CG IM jC dG Gdh ,e AGLCG LJ a dG M H jdG IT Jh
jdG Y IMh .qdG IM e dH AfG j a GP fc GPEG EG G g
g J hCG Me h ,iNCG jK IT EG K eh ,IQe L h G g H J
dG M e L e H J h IgdG aM EG J K ,H J c IgdG b EG IG
.SCG f dG M bJ c IgdG aM Y Gc H G
g qdh ,H a dG e S dG bd eR FGZ IOe bG dG M tnoJh
EG IgR e L dG GdG H a J dG bdG IgdG NEG Y YJ IG
.IQcG dG GM SGH EG gQgRCG J CG jdG QTCG J h .iNCG
HGdG Gg qGE h ,dG IM jJh jdG IgR NEG H kY kHGJ K CG d j Ggh
Y kGOYG e kHSCG QJ CG IM hCG d h ,dG IM h jdG IOGQEH j KdG
Z G FdG g C ;LMG H Y Y fj CG d h .NBG Fc LMG
.NBG M Fc EG JM SCG e J e J CG h ,cQe Z h bY
IQdG h dEG dG Qe G FdG H OLG QG fG hCG KdG HGdG Gg EG
dG Ge e Ie Gs n jo HdG G gfcP jdG bG ch ,gedG dEG
c fEG dG jBG N eh cH WJ G FdG gh .N J h fS
.j a Mh dG Y ie Qj h Yj
n o nrnJ r pndhn ppr n pH o u n jo GpE mAr nT r pe rGpE hn s ppa r en hn o V Qr nC Ghn o r sdG
o G hn n sdG o nd o u noJ}
.44 :AGSEG |kGQ onZ k pM
n n nc o sfGpE r o n prnJ
36
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fjQdG IcQhGC f id GG dSGC

IG J jE J CG IgdG d gh ?J CG IG jJ e J CG Igd g
IM hCG e IgR J CG kW G e ?dG dP EG Ud H GH J CGh ,FM
IjY eCG fLd dG j e Y If dCG d dh .JOGQEG T Y GJ NOEH e
.g GG dSCG Y iMCH hCG GdG g Y
Ka ,Kd Sc GG L fjQdG IcQhCG f J dG SCG :dP Y eh
bH T Y J dG Gg QgRCG h ,GG LCG Y dG M Y j dG Gg
IU iNCG jQh LJ jQh c Nh ,e L T Y jQh LJ IgR c eCGh ,e
fd IgdG J Ie Hh .jQdG d dG aG f UN RGaEG j QgRCG g J Yh ,Ie
RGaEG dG FdG g FGdG g Qeh .dG dEG HGL FGQ dc e Jh ,kb NCG
.IgdG J Y
K ,HGG FGdG e J dG IgdG M GdH dG QcP GC J ,fG IQdG gj ch
H HGdG AG e Y dH GC Jh ,Y q K FdG IgdG GH dG QcdG g h
gqdG Gh AfH R GdH AG Gg dh ,G LQCH H J c dG L h IgdG
FdH G IG jQdG J NGO J e YS IgdG M dG QcdG Ea ddh .eCG
5 .IgdH dG h M RGaEG dG
j V fCG Y IQY gh Igd eeCG QGG EG d IgdG NGO j dG dG qEG K
j dG dG jh ,G b j dG gdG FdG IGRG fCG Gg aM J h ,QG EG
q J dGh Igd jcdG AYCG e MS AKCGh ,G hCG aG EG j M FdG
6 .dG H
J jdG h ,IG L e G AH Igd jcP jM J MdG g Nh
AH jcdG jG J iNCG IgR Y dG j eYh .IgdG e hG IG
.NEG j dH h IjG IgdG d fCG
a j dG FdG qC ;kjCG d Ie H ,a IgdG NEG Ie d dG g EG
Oh L j SGH dG h IG FGdG cdG j FdG Ga ,dEG dH kGL e q dG
.KdG Ia AKCG fCG
e h ,JOGQEG HL hCG e IM G e kHSCG QJ CG Igd G e qGE :jGdG b ch
Gg qGE .JOGQEG h e IgR e d jQhV IOe Y d e kHSCG QJ CG e I G
.Y dN b e b fc Y gH h c dO d FdG jg H fG
38
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A q dG dG GQe
Ad SG G Y dH fCG Jh ,jG AH kegG dG GfCG cCG e AdG dG tnoj
eYh ,dG e c EG dG e dG Gg j G Adh .ITe J J eYh ,G
.G Ad Fe W EG dd UN RGaEH Jh Yf GJ EG C J dG Gg fCG
q K eh ,dG d Sc eJ dG a SGH dG e c dH AdH fCG GC Jh
K ,Ad kdb J fCch qdG hJ NBG H AL aVEG eh ,Ic g Y d eGbCH dG Gg
.G Ad G G EG H Od dG dG SGH dG dG H fCG
e N ah dG TJ H ,FGY IQH dH GC J G Ad q G G EG fCG OJ eYh
JYCG dG dG IdG fCG J ,G d kahh ,q dG e T J gh ,G Ad eSe
adG g AH J ka kT Jh ,OhG dG GP G aZ hC G AG Ad ke
.dG e iNCG c L jW Y
.AdG G adG g EG AGdG L J AdG iNCG IGh
M g jH J e hCq Gh ,G e AG Gg jd AGdG H fCG GC J AdG cG a
- dG RGaEH fCG J jJ Y q c Hh .G e G AG Gg fJ h ,L dG dG
J dG
q GHh ,HS MQ L dG dG M e W c Y- e g Y j dG
.dG Vh b dhCG JG fCG b
OJ dG Vh e AfG Hh ,dG VH QdG Y GC J dG M jJ e fCG J CG H
G AH fCG Jh .e GQTEG Y Vhh a bJ dG ceCG e kbfG AdG cEG EG
,kbeh ke kT G bCG g NCJ dHh ,DhH j AL c dG J CG H AL H kGAL
Y AL c jh .AGd fN dG qdG M e AL e H Y j G AL c jh
.W QGH NBG
q G Ggh .kjCG O q Jh kGO kZGa J Zh G AL NBG AH e fCG J CG Hh
7.LQG dG EG hG bdG eEH j dHh ,G eCG TYCG AH e AHdG
kcQeh kbY kcS g CG N AfE AdG dG j dG GG e IN qc e d j h
GE ntHnQ nMhr GnC hn } e dEH dG Gg j dG qGC dG Hc J h fS G cj h ,j
kodoP pHu Qn n o oS porSna pG n n sdG u oc pe poc s oK noTpr jn s pehn pn sdG n pehn kJ o Ho p n p G n pe ppsJG pGnC p r s dG
B
.69 ` 68 :dG |nh o snn jn m nud kj
n pdnP sGE p S s ud Al B npT ppa o ofG n dGnC
l pn r et
l G n nT n pfo Ho pe
o o r jn
,dEG dEG ah J cCH dG IOLG FdG a ,a q d j dEG Gg h
.G dG gh AT c Y QOdG g fS
40
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YC G HC G dG j dG q dG Wf
e Gg EG ?''jS jeEG'' e e bY S Wf Gj CG Y d g
gh .JM GW HCG g e q j CG j YCG HCG q dG q dh ,fEG EG dH
.kGL dG
q dG M e fQH ''d
q Wf'' t n oJ HCG
j dG dG
q Wfh HCG dG TYCG H fQG Y jG Vf CG bh
.HCG dG Y eY IQH dh khCG f CG H j ,fEG
M j jd jb TYCG AH Y JQe g HCG d ahG FG gCG e qEG
.JLMG j dG dH Y j HCG dG GfCG e f ch .dH ej CG fEG
,IjdG QeCG e j c Y j NBG fh ,FdG G e j dG dH Y j f a
.ba j e e h HdG j e eh ,QTCG L j e TYCG eh
OGYCG e Y
q c dCjh ,SEH kT kT gh hCq iS HCG dG Y j eh
HGQ GH H a dG g JJh .kjJ S 2^5 dW j dG IdG dG e Fg
.dN e QhG HCG dG EG j h ,V
JGRGaEG h GdG e dCa bQG TYCG g AH HCG dG ej dG G OGG eCG
H g dG G TYCG g AH j HCG dG Gg qEG CG ,a Jah UG
h UN Gh jd Gb Y TYCG gh .jd H N OGe SGH ejdH EG
.jd ge
Gg e ZdG Yh ,ke AY fc g HCG q dG id fd G jRYEG UG
q EG
HCG qda .kW IG j eCG Ggh ,ddG GHCH dG TYCG g J CG J dG
IOG tnoj dG GdG h ,AdG ej dG G OGG h j dG GdG jDhQ j
.kGL Y JQG Y gj dG dG h ,AdG SSCG
I dG fd fEG gj dG HCGh HCG dG gj dG TYCG H fQb dh
''jS jeEG'' dG Wf EG LdG fQG g f Sh .Ic LQO EG d
Yh .S 2-1 a HCG dG W eCG ,kGe 443 j gdG IQdG JQa ,jeCG IOLG
fEG H HCG dG c dh .QeCG S YJQG j Y
q AH j fEa dG Gg e ZdG
Y j dG dG Ggh .''jS jeEG'' eCG HQCG YJQG S Wf AH S OdG
8 .dG je e dG Lh Y Lh CG e YCG HCG dG REH j fEG
d J j dG TYCG a ,Lh Y dG b e IgdG FG H N HCG da
mArnT uoc nnY n og hn mArnT uoc opdnN odG } .dG JjBG e iNCG jBG d Jh ,G dEG IQdG
.62 :edG |
l pchn
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(SGLC G GP) b q dG cdG id dG a

a ,AG S JM e SBG h HQhCG e aGdG WG J dG FG cdG J
.AG JH J cdG e GfCG
GQhCG H Hd eR N f g H AH dG e dG Gg j dG hCG IGh
N SGH SdG IOLG JdG dG hCG GQhCH G g Hj K ,FY e d JdG
,H EG dG OTQEG fKh ,FdG G J dhCG ,e FXh K d G g qEG .kGL bO
.jdG hb Y YEG dKh
,aGWCGh YL GSH G g FGdG YdG H dG j FdG G
q AH H
hCG SbdG e J M G T j FGdG YdG OY OjORHh ,YCG EG G J Ggh
Qhe Yh ,QdG YS W H j da ,FG Gh eBG PG t n jo SG Ggh .SG
NGdG EG jh jdG g OU dG QN j e YS dG e dH bj hCG IM
.dhd
H dG SMEG Yh .AG S Y L WS j AG IM jCG bh Yh
H AG S tnoj h .AG S H j h eOdG IG Oj h AG S a j LdG
.dG Gg f bGdG jdc AG S Y bGdG jda .d G QGfEG SL
NO a ,qdG N J dG YCG H dG dG Y j AdG a GbG Yh
.FGdG YdH D h SG j e H jh ,cCa cCG dG EG dG j AdG Se
Gg NGO ke jh ,d ke dG IOLG ZQdG hG cg e j cdG Hh
cCd cSG qC ;bdG e b iS j h ,AdG a GW dG SG dG
.c H j
N EG HQCG hCG AdG a GW dG CG dG j bdG adG Gg Hh
.kHS fN dG FGdG YdG OLG cCG GSH dPh ,TCG
eh ,Y jd kGL Fe FGdG U h FGdG YdG N dG SCG CG d q jh
Gg j dh .Fe Sh d SCG jJ Y kjH kM kFc YS b aOG J CG G
d aJ h ,hCG OLh e d FG SdG Gg dG SGH j FN GP GG
CG j dG dG GG Gg qdh ,Ve aOe jCG j M hCG j d dG bdG
Lh hCG e jdG Gg e dG FG j DhJ H h FG SdG hX e jj
.J dG N Yh ,hCG J e FG H Lh b G FdG qGE CG ,a
J dGh dG dG jBG e jBG iS dh ,kGL H e iS FG dG d h
.Lh Y fS Yh M d
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de J IOe: jdG
hJ LCG GP fCG dP Sh ,dG kGQfG G FdG cCG e GG tnoJ
e H WMEG GG LCG Y dG g VCG dG eGdG qgCG eh ,SdG h qdG
.jdG
M HU jCH GG J dG
q Gdh ,kGL Ic LQH bQ h N IOe jdG qEG
ODJ gh ,kGL jb fEa QG e IG H dG g qGC e ZdG Yh .dG g
VfEG dG g qJh ,fhH R fCG EG aVEH ,IG EG qdH dG dG Xh
.dG H JJ dG h G NGO e IG aGM JJ dG dG fCGh
HdG KCG UeG EG aVEG ,FdG cG Y IQdG GG J UG
q g qEG
G FGS PH J dc .QG e AG PH j H qe jdG Wh .LQG
.hdG TEG M H FdG G e hdG bCH GG KCJ Y S g Ggh .9QG EG
dP ij c IG a LJ dG SdG H ddG fJ IOG d iNCG UGh
H h ,AGYCG YCG Y f J CG IG J UG g SGHh .fG QdG
q
.AGYCG d YREG J LQO EG q H dG g J MCG
feh e h dRY fC ;de tnoJ GG ZCG H dG jdG dG a :PEG
dG hCG GFdG U d :e IjY DhJ jd J Yf e IjdG UGG
gh ,MGh BG
q
?dGh GFdG g S fc T Ca jdG IOe FN f IOe eFdG
j jG dG CG qGE ,AdG h GdG Se e c N YGJ IOG g qEG :RjEHh
.f jdG IOe FN d IOe j CG eG LddG FSH
IOe d jdGh OG dG FSh ac QS L bCHh dhe OG GJ h
.VQCG Lh Y Lh e GG LCG IOLe IOG g qGC e ZdG Y ,jdH T
CG G eh ,IG L LMG d G IOG g jdG IOe Ea kHS VhCG ch
e H IM jCG J CG G eh ,aOG Id FbdG FG H IOe J
hCG c dG UY e QGH U b jdG j CG h .JOGQEG dG IOG g
g G JLMG IG H J jRYEG Geh Ija FN d dG IOG g :PEa .GdG
.Yh L dG U e
|lpjpnb oAnnj G nPGpE rpprnL nnY n og hn msHG nO rpe nppa snH ne hn p VrQnC G hn pGhn nsdG ornN ppJ njGB rpe hn }
.29 :iQdG
46
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dG Oa
,G JLMG jh d FG SdG d aj Cc NBG M Fd dG j qe Y M Fc bCG d
hdGh ,G G FdG H OLG jq da .aOG f j CG kGHCG hdG Gg e Ea
QG QdG dG N G FdG a .He Y b e H Lh fc j H a OG
H adG Gg Y eCG HCG eh .H e H aJh hJ L dG dG g eh
.dG h JdG H OLG adG g AMCG
dG ,HG dG ij c) ''JehO '' `H kY YJ UN jh Y JdG H
g h .dG Ge AfE kFe ke tnoJ fCG jhdG d IMdG XdGh ,(dG
h .e Lj hCG IdG EG j CG dG dN e j bQ ZCG hCG a Y JdG
OGG gh .H iqd f dG fJ dG FGdG OGG e dG j e Y gQhH jhdG
10 .dG EG dH IQcG FGdG OGd IFa jCG BG EG j h ,dG jd kUN J FGdG
LQOh HWdG fh .dG NGH hDJ c kUN b ''JehO'' jhdG g qEa :QNHh
dG a j dG jhdG g J h .dG kFe kSh aJ jhdG g NGO IQGG
.FHd MGdG FSh c aJ dG IRG LQdG e OdH MGdG FSh c
YG dG h ''jQa'' YG dG GfCG MCG H OLG gh AMCG H adG Y NBG e gh
dG Ggh .ce Fc OGe fEG JM GW cj G FdG Ga ,''Qe jjO''
c cCG ad Yf e ja SCG dh JdG bH M j h j fEa dG Gdh ,QhG Y
.LhdGh HdG e
jdG dG Nh QU jYd eGSH j dG Gg NGO R d QcG da
g GSH dG jh ,''dG bQh'' `H RG g YJh .(...GG AGLCG hCG G Gc)
.Lhd Qc dG
h ,dG j dG HdG cCG d kGQe GQhCG d NGdG jhdG t n oJ iNCG L e
11 . IOLG eG Y AG W e dG j jdG H
,QhL Gf HdG AG UeG j fCG EG FGSG We dG Gg OLh e ZdG Yh
.NGH j CG He e JM jY qd aj qdG Ea Gd
dG kFe ke kT dG PJG kS HdG dG c aOG J CG G eh
bdG fRGdG Y dO iS dGh dG H adG Gg eh ,dG jH UN FGZ OGe LfEG hCG
.dL L dG gh ,OLdG Gd MGh dN gYGb Vh dGh dG dG
48
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Aq d IdG G FdG YhdG

GG g fch ,''MoG'' hCG ''GdG ''`H IG g ahG FdG fGG TCG e
,AdG e Fg c fEG EG UdG e e dG dG HCH dG Ad dEG Qe
e cj SG CG hO AdG dJ J dG f GG EG Lj dG gG Sh
.bdG
CG CG kY ha ,AdG Gd jQGG bdH KCdG hO Ad IG dJ g VG Gh
bW T Y QG EG e IQGG g Jh ,d Me IQGM J CG H AdG fE Sh
fC ;ke dP Z bGdG dh ,AdG e dG IQGH kS KCJ GG g CG VGh .jQGM
h .AdG fEG Y IdG kGL dG IQGG c EG Lj dP Sh ,IQGG H kGHCG KCJ
g e Ad e GG g G ILCGh .''OQdG AdG''`H
dJ dG AdG Yf CG d
q
.IgdG
,e NCG fd AV Y j Fc YJ eLCG NGO GM''GdG'' qEG
gq dG Ie Mf e GG Jh ,Kq d hCG JG Od Sc AdG
q Gg Jh
gdG Gg a j iNCG GfCG q K h ,jKdG XdG H fCG J NBG f gh .FdG
q
FdG IG W CH hdG id kM
q qdj FdG gdG qC ;dG Y ad Sc FdG
12.jd S
q
a Jh ,AdG dJ UN jd iNCG GMh jH M Fc g ''GdG'' fL EGh
.qdG AdG f h FdG gdG Ie h e VdG h AdG Gg dJ c Mf e H
dJ e dG G ILCG J G FdG hCG GG g CG qT h
AJ e a FGdG dG g cG b J CG h ,f AJ e VGZCG Oe AdG
CG hO e AdG
q dJ Y AMCG g IQb kS aOG J CG G eh ,kjCG f
.QV e j
ATCG N dG QG jdG dG dG a ,G J dG IQb Y dO G FdG g qEG
.jG dG Y WJ JjBG a OhCGh
50
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A q d IdG jdG G FdG

keY gh ,''GdG'' IM Je j AdG dd kef jdG G FdG ZCG
dG e AMCG g eh .Y jdG hCG hdG
q gQEG VH AdG dd ILCG g J
GM ` iNCG edG fGG hCG dG jOb e e ` GG Ggh ,(Comb Jelly) edG
j a ,G bO jdG FdGh JdG Y fGG g Jh .kGL SM
qJ GaCG d iNCG GfCG Hh ,LdG eGd N e FGa OUG dG T SCG
.edG dG e V e jdG FdG e dG HG J SGHh ,a Y kGc
,AG YL j GG ej e bO Gd ceH dG e L j
d jG gh , fCc hJ FGT T Y J jN Y qdG e j dch
,H UN Ie d f ch .kjJ dG e GfCG c IOLe IG gh ,AdG dJ Y IQdG
j f bdG h ,L j M dH GC j dG MCG dG e :dP Y eh
13.AGYCG YCG Y dG h jd kHSCG q dG Ggh ,L e e Le AG
dG h dG Ac ,dG e ''cdG''
q `H YJ jdG fG H dg
J gh .dG Y ad J IOM GTCG fGG g ZCG OL LJh .jdG
q
dH fGG g Jh .jdG G dch ,fLG dG
q H h WGdG e dH
J gh ,dH dG gOYh fGG g GWCG Rh ,AGYCG gQE H UG AdG
.LQN d VJ M L e e Le
Y ad JGdG AdG J dG fGd NBG ke tnoj dG dG GfCG MCG gh
AGN AGVCG aGWCG GM e qJh ,dG S e dCG Y Y j qdG Ga ,dG
.GG Gd S H j LG hdG j FdG gdG Gg qGE ,bQdG EG
hdG ej H dH j h ,hdG H j M dH GC j dG e NBG f Lj h
,dG Y adG GG Gg ej dG G dSCG e t n jo SCG Ggh .YQPCG MCH
dG g GG jh ,GG Y OHEG h hdG
q fG dH j GQdG dPh
14.hdG a Lj dG G Y OHGh d
q
j da , U jHh Jh fS dG Y Y kdO fGG id AdG
q fEG dBG qEG
.j h j T h ,jh
52
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dd G dG
H dG qj M FdG bH Y Y jOGQEG Y dG Y CG ddG FN e
GG e hO IG gh ,JOGQEH j ddG qEa JOGQEH f e qfEG CG , 15FJ
e CG dGh jCG qdG ef Y ddG jh .AG HS gh j eY kbNG
GH ajh G dG Nj kFf dG MCG c Ea ,bO 15 HqdG Ie Jh hdH
.qd dG
q f
IQH dG EG j CG Y j dG Gdh ,SCG bc AG NGO j dqdGh
FH ddG L jh .dN e dG Gd J a SCGdG YCG LJh .d e
Ggh ,VdG Gd q e OGq S SGH AG GG j M kFJ dG dG J PEG ,Ija
.kjCG kFJ dG J J dG
q EG OU Yh ,G EG NdG e AG
g SGa ,AG cM J Xa QH dGh ddG a IOLG dSG eCG
dSG H T Ljh . bW bCH MdG h cG AKCG AG j CG GG j dSG
YS J Yj ejOhQg J Ggh ,f XdH J h jG dG ee
.dG
MdG AKCG dqdG M j Aa ,AdG q Ic YH AG MdG dqdG jh
L Y jLCG dG dG HCG KCG a ,G jJ EG dP dG Ljh ,kGj kHfG
e dCJh NGdG dGh ,feh bQ J dG LQG dG :W K e j fCG dqdG
e dCJh SdG dGh ,kjCG fhH dG g Jh ,SdG ITdG j T GP b
.SEG W GP IOe
g e dG FdG dGh
q ,L M Fe eGhO J YS bCH ddG MS a
dG NGdG dG EG dG KCJ J LQG da .jG dG EG djEG j eGhdG
16 .SJh CG b eGhdG hJ jdG Hh ,KCJ e YS
q
q
j gh ,G q dG Y kdO a adG id G cGdG g e OLh qEGh
c FG g ghh dq dG N dG g Jh fS dG qCG gh ,fe J dSQ
!a Lj dG SdG dG j
54
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AG S j jZ GM :fGHOq dG
.kGL L GdCGh jZ FN GG Gdh ,QdG Y hG GfCG MCG fGHOdG t n jo
IPNCG h bGH hJ GG Gg GdCGh .IPNCG G XG GP FG fGG ZCG e t n jo gh
Yh .LQG QNCG e L J Ib jCG Y j h ,Ic LQO EG NQ Lh ,kGL
d qGE FGZ IOq e fCG qGE ,AGYCG H j dGh GG LQG G Gg e ZdG
LQO Y fCH AGYCd J GdCG a ,GG Gg L GdCG dG jh .fGG e
.dG
q e kGL dY
dG SdG jG e jdG Y L AGMG EG LJ GG Gd IG IG g qEG
g CG dP e ZCGh .dH f Y aGj CG GG j jG g SGHh .kaYR kq S
.''jhjg'' YJ G FdG e f Y ij a ,GG Gg L J SdG jG
RG NGO bGh W H j EGh ,Je jhjdG fGM j fGHOdG d h
e jd dq a Sc GG L SdG jG Xh AGOCH fGG g Jh ,dG
17.AGYCG
dG
q Gg qCG kjCG j h ,eq S OGe Y j jhjdG CG j fGHOdG CG a T
g GG j CG G Z eh .H HG AGYCG a KDj H ,AH j dG
.HdH G
dG g Lh Y da ,eq C fh gGf dG G FdG e iNCG Ie G eeCG RJ gh
Gg L N dG gh ,kJb kq S J dG gGdG GdCG H j
q d fGHOdG dCG
fGdCH FdG g N dG dG Q dG a .ec H dG KCG jj kg kGRL GG
H j CG jBG g N e dG M Qj dG fEG Yh ,IQOdG FNh G
:G Hc L h Y G b a ,d JQG dG jdG H jh
ljpnY ndG sGpE oA nnordG ppO npY rpe ndG nrnj nsfGpE npdnnc oofGn rdGnC lpnroep nrfnC G hn uGhn sdG hn p SsdG npe hn }
.28 :Wa |lQ nZ
56
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AdG S
c Y ke dh .dG kUN gRj (eg) JL H L Aq dG S j
dG IOG g RGaEH AdG S j .dG Gg b e JeGSG h JG IOG g RGaEG
EG aVEG ,LQG hdG e dG
q Y a IOq G a .LQG GKCdG e f Y ad
.jq d AGYCG f Y L J qfCG
,d
q dG jd dG aG Y J UN IZ b e JG dG Gg RGaEG q jh
gCG eh ,dG
q H dG Gg j Ia Hh .dG Gg e AL Rj J Y q c eh
d QG a .FGYCG dCG e t n oJ dG ''QG'' S N e dG
q jM dG Gg FXh
j JG dG Gg dh .FGa Y QdG f SG
q g SGHh ,kGL jb T SM
M ,IhdG dG g f Y j dG Gg CG EG aVEG ,AdG S FGH SMEG hO
.gOLH J CG hO fL e gQhe AKCG AdG H J QG S qEG
JG IOG g cG a, bGdG dG Gd AdG S QHG c kb dh
?dG YS GW AhdH J CG J dHh ,QG S EG FGQ Uh hO dG
qGE K ,f H Z K JG IOG g fCGh Qb b dG J CG G e
(IQdG iJ dG) AdG S qGE CG ,edG Qh J CG dG Y adG dBG g
TY dG AdG S J e JOGQEG IOG g e Jh HJ h J CG J
.dP J CG S 10000 hCG S 1000 b
SCG Gg e qGC VGdGh ,jdG kYQH kHSCG t n oJ JL H dG L WMEG qEG
,MGh e d QG dGh dG Gg qEG .Ghh Qe J h J H EG j CG
.H e h VQCG h GdG dN MCG MGdG dG g h
58
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dG S id jdG SGC
dG SdG Y SCG g Ic HU fLd dG S dG IQdG EG ff d
.a J
EG dG Gg j h ,aGdGh FGSG WG bGdG jdG G dG Gg j
tnoJh .IdG
q SCG bH Y ij a ,d cBG SCG e tnojh ,kbWEG MG QdG
MCG qdG qGC c ,AGYCG V ka kMS GG Gg L e QdG e IOLG fYdG
.fLG dG
q H Lj eY kUN jd e Sh t n oJ L IOLG d HCGh
j CG j V j dG fLG dG
q GdCG eh ,gGdG GdCH R dG Sh
jdG Gg SGH h ,AGYCG ADg H ja Ybh MG j dHh ,AGYCG QfCG Y dH
18 .dH ja Y j CG j dc dG
dG jdG G FdG e j H ,a dG S Y jdG j h
h Kd jdG G FdG g id e Sh GdCG h .a LJ dG SdG Y g
.H a JG OJ Mh jq dG
?a j dG SdG d Hh dG GG d H fG Gg e J c dh
cCG dG e ?e dH J dG IdG d e Hj CG dG L d eCG c
?dG Mf e jdG JdH dG hCG JGAf V j dG IdH
q dG Y HdG HhdG
qOGC dG FdG YdG hM kS NBG LQN KCJ qCG hCG aOG J CG G e
GdCG Y ee g J CG kjCG G eh ,a Lj dG SdG H GG J EG
jd L ILCG J CG G eh ,(G)dG WS hCG dG hCG HhdG id
.f AJ e dG
U qEa ,k kN fEG ,G f IN J CG dG g d aOG Ia qEG
H kL KQGJ h G FdG LCG NGO dG fe Vhh G ILCG g e
EG J YCG g c .FdG g L KGQdG dG g SG dch ,L
.d M Y GP bQN IQH
AT c YCG dG VQCG h GdG Wa dG g SGdG dGh QG dG
q Gg MU qEG
.ig K nrNn
rpe G ooc hn nppcnne pa G o re na k odnP n V rQnC G oond nnnL psdG n og opnrdG opsdG n og hn nnnN rne onrnj GnC }
. 15-14 :G|QotdG prndGpE hn ppbrRpQ
60
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HE G MU ScSE G WS Ig
e BG GY H BG J iNCG EG ceCG e IdH fGG H GC J c a g
H J dG jdG hCG ?S dG aG GWCG M qj c a g hCG ?GedG
JG EG J c Ie a gh ?IdG AKCG S dG aG g Y kGOYG AGdG
? dEG LS dG ceCG G GMCG J CG d jCG e hCG ?CN CG hO f jdG
qEG ?HS ae H d j CG hO jW EG J CG fGG g J MCG ZCG
id j CG G a ,VGh M LGj CG H SCG d HLCG Y j dG fEG
GC J M e HH J CG G eh .dEG LS dG WG Y ee jCG fGG g
.YL IQH GdH
a ,bQN Ib P Qe b e eG J L dCG b fGG g qEa :PEG
dEG Gg H Id eRqdG bdG aJ h AGdG NqJ gh ,dEG dEG H LJ fGG
.dEG
dG Y j kjZ kcS q J dGh ILG fGG Y c ScSEG WS cfh
.qJ
GMCG qJ eh ,fLG QdG
q Sh eH e dH GjQa MGS GG Gg j
MG q dG Ggh ,a q d G YCG f LdH GC jh QdG
q g e j jG
H J Md C J dG fWdGh .dG Vd aGdG YCG H Md OGYEG hCG
Ggh ,eGqdG g SGH eeCG dH j WS qch ,LqdG eeCG eGd SGH H
.kfWS 50 Y j U ch ,fWdG g e MGh qU qj
SG MGdG dG Ga .MGdG dG
q Gg j WdG
q q e SCG IY gh
Gg CG EG aVEH .cG YS OGOJ h bd cSG q j q dHh ,QG AG KCJ e j
.G VGQCG W Y cG Y kUN AGYCG V da aO Sh tnoj SG dG
,iNCG Ie JJ IOYEGh dG Gg J EG fWdG J AGYCG b e dG Gg Lg GPEGh
19 .f Y aGJ d IG g QG EG GG Tc J h
q
e YSh ,MdG e jb ceCG dG VH Jg CG dG ddG fGG Jh
g J g J eYh ,a d YCG EG dG Y j dG bdG jdG GeCG
20 . dG Vhh Id D d U Jh iNBG Ie f dG GC J QdG
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dG dG FG
hGj .L cJ Mf e CG LQG T Mf e cCG AGS kjZ kfGM t n jo dG M EG
JdG H h BdG Y IOLG d qdG H eY IQH jh ,kGS 30h 4 H GG Gg W
.LQG QNCG e Gh QO H j dH T H dG M L jh .jdG
. dH HH EG dG q e Hj L c h ,kU h kjb bGdG QdG Gg jh
GfCG bH LCG dG Gd f Lj h .G bH Y kjOY kVh GG Gg SCGQ j
,G EG h YCG EG SCGQ j CG jh .OY Fb Vh H GG Gg jh .SCG
HU jd dd fGG bH IOLe IG g fc d h . kGQj hCG k j j qd h
e GG Gg Y CG EG dP Lj h ,dG M j HdG g d h .dG dCe dH
ij CG dG M j dHh ,gG L h iNCG Y e gGMEG Jh ,H Y
.fG f SCGQ j j EG h M dH dM e L
UN ScCG Y IQY gh ,L OLe UN RL SGH J AG GG Gg MSh
j ScCG g RdG c q dG N eh ,GRdG e H GG gD L IOLe
dG M Ea kGL V QG d h ,ScCG g K CG M GPEG h .khfh kGOU j CG GG
.dG EG j dHh RdG e c j
g RdG c qj kGL bO RGJ gh .d G EG GG VJ j VdG Gg qEG
IM CG gh e M jj SG RGdG Ggh .G G EG ODj RGdG Gg N
q GC h .ScCG
IG g OLH IG q j CG j GG Gg CG CG .bdG RGdG Gg Y be dG M
d dG M cG dSG gh IqcD e M EG J IG gh , Nh QX e a Lh dG
IYO Yj c GG gfY jQJ d kLf J IG g CG CG .edG Y jQJ H IG
.dL L QG QdG dG b e dG FdG bH e edG M qGC dP ,QdG jf
,cdG L e dG
q Aa .cqdG b e dG Vh J dG J dG M jGe ZCG eh
d SGh c Y G g h .QcG bGdG Qq dH Ie Z fCH J dG e jq dHh
cGG dG Gg NEH a cdG qeGC ,dG Gg ITe H fCG Jh .IdH T ga
dG jedG YhCH h ,dG
q SEG cJ EG Ie H dG Gd qG G jh .dG
Y UCG W f gh dG e QdG
q j jT hCG T H h .eRdG FGdG OGH dG
21.jHCG
jZ jGe h FH jh .jdG Fd kGL IdG GfCG e kGMGh kYf t n jo dG M EG
.jdGh G dEG IQdG J HGdG gh .GfCG bH EG qdH kGL
. 117 :IdG |o onna roc ond o onj nsfpE na kGreGnC n nb GnPGpE hn p V rQnC Ghn pGhn sdG ojpnH}
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dG jOd G jGG
d GJ dG gjGe e dG g dh .kGL jZ M Fc fH ahe dG jOb EG
AGYCG eJ YGfCG e kH qCG jdG jGG g H eh ,% 95 H AG e dCJ eLCG CG kUN
.AGYCG Lh JdG dG
q J iNCG GfCG gh .Y QfCG U H e LCH
bH EG dH INh eS YGfCG ZCGh .kjJ NG hdG L j CG dG jb jh
AGLCG M d dG bCG e eGd jdh kaT fH GG L q jh .G FdG
j CG dG jb jh ,S FS Y eGd H qJ dG jOb GfCG Hh .dG
Sh J fCG H eS Z J dG jOb GfCG Hh .dG GH keQ gOj dG ja
.AGYCG
H J gh ,AGYCG H eJ c L e e AGLCG J edG Z GfCG g a
e J ea .G M h SCG h qjdG QdG h jdG MdG
q e FGYCG H qjhQ h bO
dG Z dG jb j e YS Y VfH hdG j eY h ,kGAV eLCG q J AGYCG ADg
g eH dG jb jh .e eGdG H kcQJ SbdH dG L e qG AG A`dG
q
.G dP e QGd UdG J GG j h ,dEG gfG d hdG Lh G eGdG
jh .bdG jdG jOdG e a (QdG SCG IQdG
q ,HG dG) dGdH G dG eCG
GP YTCH T AYCG GG Gdh .SG HCG dG H e h aGdGh FGSG G L
.cGh Md J AYCG g EG .kGS 20 ae kfMCG AG S a JJh bQdG EG Fe d
dG J CG dG q dH e bO ScCG Y a dG fhG GG Gg eGd eCG
.bdG
J d dG -GG Gd j c h .kGL jZ gVSG dG FG h jGG g EG
jhdG OGG g e Rj CG -kjJ AG e c L d YH e h d kGb kbh dG
?FGYCG H GG dSCG j CG d eCG c hCG ?edG
Yh .AG e eg c t n jo h .jdG hCG hdG d H j eO h H ij Y EG GG Gg jh
GG Gg L dG qGC VGdG h .jdG U hCG hdG GN ee dSCG j dP e ZdG
QG fEG dEG Uj e dH g Gg h .f GG EG Lj bdG cdG
q g j
CG kM Qj eCGh G fEGh .dG jb e h fGG FN dG h dG Fd
Ib g J CG H H ,f AJ e j CG dG jGe h IjdG FH GG Gg
N dG a ,Lh Y dG Ib g IjdG IdG gh .GG Gg S J d f e
g e e iS d dG jb h .dCG e e f c dCG h ,kYf kYf fGG e h FdG
.GfCG
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(jdG jdG GfGC MGC ) dG e Y

IQdG
q GqeC J .jdG GfCG MCG gh ,dG e Yj GM fG IdG
q IQdG
q ij
gh ?bGqH AbQR H H dG IdG Z b dG GG Gg CG M g ,kGL
?H J Xh jd Y g bGdG AbQdG dG g e f c qEG :b d bJ
q ch ,IjY Y Y e kY IQdG G dG J e f c J CG ,ka Gg EG
I kGc kGQhO J dG g qE a dG Gg e ZdG Y h ,e e 1 M j Y
22 .FGYCG e dG e
f FdG qTCG H SdG Jh .H UG Th SY dG g e Y d h
SdG dG AdG qGE CG ,dG S
q ce GG Gg e Lj fCG qGE ,(IQDdG) e
J fCG dG g Y KHCG GhLCG jdG AdG ijh .GG e IQc dSG j
?gd IG dG g Xh a PEG .MG cCG Y IQU jH
WG e j CG j Gg h ,dG e AdG
q dG g j dG e EG
ae G IdG dG g YJ NBG fL eh .ddG a J dG WG EG eqdG
j CG dG e j Ggh .a LJ dG G cM jCG Y jdG GUCG
.e jh AGYCG
g QG dG Ggh .a j dG SdG GG LMG J c e dG a
j c GG Ib Y H Je dG g h .IjdG jGG J dG g cCG dG
S GG Lj dG dH FN e b dG g EG CG ,dM e Qhj e CG
.Y
,dG IOLG FdG c H J dG QG gG dG h QdG dG Gg EG
ge IQb GP q e d j CG H ,gZ CG ke CG cGc CG fGM CG kGQTCG fcCG AGS
jBG Lh FdG g N dG dL L dG g dG Gg h ,kdN g EG CG .d M Ib h
CG VQCG fcCG AGS ,bQG JjBG GcQj CG EG dG Y e h .HdG h d dG YJ H
.YCG e Vj dEG dG h H dGh AdG
:dG | n onLroJ prndGpE hn orordG ond onrLhn GpE lpd ng mArnT toc n og GpE nndGpE nnNGB k ndGpE pdG nne ornJ hn }
. 88
68
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69
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G dG AMGC :fdG
.fhje H G FdG Gg W j .JMh .jdG IG T AL gCG fdG tnoj
FdG Gg U ie gP EG QOj e hCa ,G e H kGMGh Oj MGdG hjG CG Y GPEGh
M e ZdG Y jdG IG T AGLCG gCG dG G FdG Gg Ie e d h .G G
?G
fdG h GG fdG :b EG jh ,jdG FdG ZC FGZ IOe fdG tnoj
e AGHG jdG FdG ZCG IM L QNCG EG ODj fdG OLh f Ca dd .JdG
j H ,a fG Gg Y jG G FdG g gCG J h .fGG UCG M G
.cdG Gg IOLG h G fRGdG kGc kGQhO JdG fdG
H J G jOMCG Fc e dCj Jf fH gh (fHja) `H Yj fH g
cdG Y AGLEG Y kGQOb kjCG tnojh ,jdG AGdG S M hCG fHja tnoj h .AG GQJ
.jdG JdG e dG AV GSH FdG
G FdG S dG AGdG ad SSCG QG bdG FdG g hJ dG GH h
RGJ Y G h FG G cCG IQhO kSSCG kGQhO J dc h .iNCG jdG
.a dG
G HdG cCG K fEa FdG cdG d bdG JdG FdG g AGLEG Yh
e W Qe 110`dG e % 70 f J dG g h .cCG e Ic c e kH Jh
23 .VQCG S c JdG J dG cCG
,fHjdG Y J dG h G j jdG d qdG g Y IjY eCG cP h
jZ c Y eLCG AGM dH Y dG h ,SdG H R dG GeJjdc
.SGH J WS d dG JZajGdG dch ,fS
ZCG h .kjCG jG Oe g e e dh ,G jOMCG M Fc e dCa fGG ffdG eCG
jOMCG J jadG fGG ka .JM e Ga hCG Ia G jOMCG J jdG G FdG
hCG QGWCG fGG ffdG e kb J SCG M h .(bdG dM) jQdG dM G
.GfCG g e f d I FN h S OLh Y ka ,kGL IjY GfCG fdh.JM e
dG Mf e cCG AGS keJ keJ g CG G G GP eCG g VGSG N e j h
.G Fd dG cdG Mf e CG
dG EG .dG IOLG fRGdG e dG Y G ka kGQhO J jG G FdG gh
.AT c Y QOdG gh ,Aj c Aj e j ,jb d
70
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fL nG dG :AG eB G LG
FdG OLCG J e fLnG dG J h .FGSG dG G LnG j
dG g J h .jdG AMCG e d kde ihCe fLG dG
q g tnoJh .G fLnG
dG G GfCG Ic Mf e FGSG HdH dG g AdG q jh .kGL Ic We
700 h jNdG e f 5000 h SCG e f 2000 e cCG hDJ dG g C ;jhDJ
.jdG bGdG h dG hdG Ac EG aVEG .dG WS e kYGfCGh LG e f
G FdG g h .kjCG fLG dG V Polyps G je e e GfCG Jh
ddG gh .G fC NGdG dG IOLG d qdG e aJ Y J
,cCG Mf e Z dc g h .FdG cdG Y AGLEG J dHh ,ahQdG Y
RJ gh .SdG h GdG EG iNCG JdG e eh .fG OGG EG dh
QGSG j adG GH h ,(ddG h Polyps ) G FdG jg H adG gCG
.gO dP Y jj fC ;IG
e OGe e L e aJ G jG fGG g LCG IOLG ddG qCG j Ggh
He h .AGYCG e keBG C e d Lh b J f bdG gh ,Je e LhdG
.FdG cdG Y SGH ddG J dG AGdG e kGAL G jG fGG NCJ Gg
24 .dG cg Ad eRdG bdG Y CG fGG g J jdG H h
c J ddGh G je Ea ,ce aJ Y J dG G FdG bH eh
Y dG b e
r npNo b G FdG g EG .iNCG e d QhV g e Y CG e IMGh
.H a aJ e J c IQdG Hh L h
d J Yh JQH dG N dG jdG G Fd IjdG dGh dG jGG g EG
.d M dG SGdG Y Y h U jH Y J h ,N IgdG JjBG Y M IQU
GoocrC n pd n r n rdG n s nS psdG n go hn nho scsjn m r npd kjn B
n pdnP pa sGpE o ofGn rdGnC knpn r eo p VQr nC G pa r ond GnC Qn nP en hn }
r osn nd hn ppr na r pe Gon r n pd hn p pa n pNG n e
n rordG i n nJ hn n nfon rnJ kn rpM o r pe GLo pr n r nJ hn kjs pWn kn r nd o r pe
. 14-13 :dG|nh o ornJ
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IP Nq C G XG GhP jdG GgG :dB dG

dG Gg gcf dG eCG h .Y h JQH J dG jBG e jBG a f fEG Lq h jCG
Ic fGM h Jf Fc fEd dG N b h .N IgdG dG jBG H e V AL iS d
fEG H Pj dG dH dG AT ch .PNCG G dGh FGdG H J
MCG D dDdG tnojh .jd J c dG bG ATCG e jdG g dP fL EG ,Y d JJh
.iNCG Y FN d qEa FGdG e fL Ea .fEG H qjj dG ATCG g
eY IQH D dDdG jh .YEG h Id Ie gQhH tnoJ D dDdG J dN j dG MGG qEG
adG g Qb Rh .(jdG GUCG) adG GfCG e kYf tnoj dG QG LCG NGO
.dY H ddG fHc Y fd Hd QdG g J CG dG eh ,ddG ehH
D dDdG J kGc kGQhO ddG fHc IOe Jh .QG Y AGYCG OHG dG HdG
q dh
.adG LCG NGO
J adG LCG NGO dG G FdG M hCG edG hCG AG e b NJ eY
.Y dG
q IOe RGaEG jW Y dH J jdG G g eh Sch ,jdG YfH
IGf t n oJ adG L EG NGdG jdG G EG .DdDdG J jW hCG t n oJ IG gh
.IjY Gd dhCG IGdG g a cGdG ddG fHc e W q Jh .DdDdG d
.QG NGdG dG J ?adG g LCG NGO dG IOe J c dh
''jfcGQCG'' YJ :hCG IOG .DdDd G OGG GsnoJh dG J GRJ SSCG JOe a
kGL Z IOG g tnoJ h .jG dG J iMEG e RJh ,DdDdG cJ SSCG IOG gh
jfcGQCG W J Ld IOe gh :''jfc'' YJ fdG IOGh .ddG fHH
.jG dG e iNCG W RJh ,H e H
fEH QG e G Y GM b c g Gh .kfh kjH D dDdG J aT IOe jfcGQCG EG
.kW eCG Gg ?QdG IQP d Sc D dDdG fE H e L K eh ,JOG Jg
jdG FSh e Sh f bdG g -DdDdG id NBG hCG -QG id adG Sh EG
.fEG EG dH dGh
.22 :MdG|o Ln r n rdG hn Do odDr tdG n o r pe
o o r jn }:dG Hc J h fS G j h
e IGOCG QYH kjCG BGdG cP b D dDqdG qGE .dG jBG g q j c fEd IcJ fEG
.G L eG jdG GhOCG
74
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G FdG FGdG XdG

a Lhh jCG J dh ,Ld fG UdG H kFGQ GXJ Ld IBGG f d
.f XdG gd TGa hCG IgR M hCG QdG e kGW gT hCG ,fE IQU
kcJ L G FdGh ,dG Gg IH h f Vj dG dG g XdG EG
kGXe.
dG ZGHh jdG fWdGh ke SCa ,f FGdG XdG jdG AMCG EG fG
fhJ dG c jdG jdG e kLhR jjCH GhNh .dEG... jdG jdG h (HhdG)
c G G JJ CG S .Xe h He Vh V K eh ,fG IQdG
q
dG M Fc hCG GM CG a dh .PNCG h H h gUCG EG gcCG e Xe fGG
.YEG h gdG SdG j GdCG kjJh ke kGXJ h kJJ g CG Ld
eCG e J OjEG Y FdG OLh aOG Ia j jdG QdG jf IYO jh
g eCG jLY j S fCG VGdGh ,GdCd gG dG h G XdGh JdG Gg
e Gg gY S kMh .dG
q aOG Ia EG gOLh S LQEG bQG gGdG
JdG h XdG Ggh ,TdG h GdCG gG dG Gg J H dhj dG JGAYOG fc
.bQG
EG VG QdG jf SDe jhQGO dQJ Mh .Qe Y P c dEG US G gh
:j c G g eCG dG dH GYG
dG jdG e W OGM QX NGO M dG SdG c dG fG CG YCG ''
25.''PNCG dG GP TGdG fEG QX hCG d SCG QcP fM hCG
G gG g QX kS fc aOG CG Yj CG Qe bY fEG CG j h
dhGdG QKh G OhQdG h dc QgRCGh HGG fG TGdG e ,dG gGdG
G dG g e b FdG a .Qq dG Mh ShhdG QWh AdG QW h RdG q Mh
.GS dEG ,AT c Y Sh dG g h .AT c Y QOdG WdG dG dG b e
p sdG G nP r en p V Qr nC G pa en hn pGhn n sdG pa en o nd l r nf hn ln pS o oNo rC nJ o t nrdG t n rdG n go GpE n ndGpE o dG }
n pS hn An nT n pH GpE pprpY r pe mAr n pH no r pjo hn r o nrNn en hn r pjpjr GnC n r Hn en o nr jn ppfrPpE pH GpE o n r pY o nrjn
. 255 :IdG | o pnrdG tpnrdG n oghn noo rpM ooOoD nj hn n VrQnC Ghn pG hn nsdG otpSroc
76
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dG FN h TGdG
kM gS .Ie hC ggJ fCch (fG IQdG G ) TGdG LCG J QdG jY
HGLh Ie kfGdCG iS h .kGL kGU c e dG h JdG N CG kGHCG d h .FGQ dL Md
.Sf YEG h IG J kTfh
LQdG Yh ,TGdG LCG Y IOLG c QNR h Tf GP Tb b OLh Vd h
GPa ,qG MC LLdG LGdG iMEG YVe dG g fc d h .YhdG h G e f
J e SQ dG dG bG b TdG g CG qJ b ?gjEG jDhQ Y QdG jY QT S
d j QcEG h dG CG EG .L Tf e qN e oJ CG H h .TGdG LCG Y IOLG
YhdG e d e dG dG
q dHh ,TGdG LCG Y N d H TdG Y TdG J N
J Y QNdG h TdG QX j eh .VQCGh GhdG jH dL q L dG gh ,G h
.kjCG aOH TGdG LCG Y jdG TdG J QX G e Ea ,aOH TdG e dG
iNCG FN d H ,a LCG GdCH Ie J fG EG gQU J dG TGdG J qEG
e Y J TGdG a .LdG ac e QN J GP eLCa ,fd a h jZh Y
YJ eLCG jW AYCG SGH QgRCG YCG OLG MdG Y J e kGc h ,QgRCG MQ e
.Proboscis '' SHhH ''`H
J eYh .AG d hCG QgRCG MdG Ue j dH kT kGY SHhdG tnojh
W j dH dG Gg WEG Yh .NGdG EG jJ dG Gg SG EG LM TGdG
.UCG dW VCG KK TGdG
JJ U IOe W e dCJ dG gh .g H L j GG c TGdGh
.jdG IOe e dG dG g dCJh .d Gh QO e J dHh , dG INdG dH
bda .jQLh T jY J GH TGdG ba ,fd Ie MGe Y dG g Jh
AYCG q MGG g Yh .dG ec IM EG AGQdG g J q K eh ,fT NGO AGQY EG J
GdG eG dG q h .W GH LCGh GWCGh SCGdG G
q e ,IG
G G AYCG bH EG qdH f eCGh ,G dG MGe N GdG H dc
26 . qdG h GQhdGh dG Rc
Gg h ,LCG H J e Y FH J dG Ia N TGdG H dG GdG g qEG
.dL L YHCG h N dG dG IQb EG Lj c
.dG MCG dG Qa ,jGeh U e Sj h dEG j e M Fc d e dG Ea
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QdG jd IG FG
.AGdG jj gh NCG hCG VQCG e dG W jQ qeCJ b -bCG Y-e MGh c qCG H
dG AGLCG HqdG jqdG qGC dc iCGQh ,jdG AGLCG H OLG SdG EG fG fCG H h
h IG HUCG qHQ h .H a H jdG N cGJ M b j bh .ef cCG j
iCGQ h G jdG J d JM OGORG Hq Q h .jd jdG cdG Gg e gdG
.FGLC gG dG
dG Gg fL Yh .q dH Yj dG j e Y Sh jdG CG j c
kL dh ,dG h IhNdG Mf e H a G g Jh ,Zq dG N e G J
.j e MCG Yh Gd kFe dG L
LJ qjdG G g e N c a ,jZ cGJ eeCG Rd cCG UdG bO dh
HH EG IOG dH g LQO EG IU gh ''jhdG'' `H YJ UCG h OCG N
J aG g SGHh ,aG YJ IU Hc LJ jhQ c ah .dH
.HG G q dG
q e H H CG jhdG
600 LJ jQ c h ,Yf jQ 650 fL Yh f e j fdG e W jQh
e hJ gh ,NBG H H jhdG HJ ,kaN 390 Lj jhQ c h ,He jhQ
G Nq dG qGC LQO EG fe h IH JJ jhdG gh .H H WJQG HG q S
Y j qdG qEa ,H Y H jhdG fG CGh M GPEG h .dN e OdG j
.dG Vh EG gj h YH Q
Y IQG dG j da ,GdG Y kGL e dG jQ cJ jdG g qEG
,kjCG dG J dG h ,QdG jd iNCG jGG eh .jdG N e AGdG Of Y g GdG
MGe dG L J dG jG dG H g GdCG g Qeh . GdCH fJq
.dG a j dG SdG GdCH G KCJ EG aVEG ,jdG J
q
Ea Gd ,G dG hX d Ve IOG g h ,JGQdG IOe e dCj dG jQ qEG
jQ gGdG GdCG dG j j Ie c H qfGC EG ;iNCG h Ie c H j j jdG
j M Y IOLG TdGh jQ d h dG f M qdG j jdG qC iNCG Ie
dG U jH Y GRQH dO cJ gG dG h jdG dG Gg EG h .dG Gg
.dL L Y S h N Lh
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q d hG j q dG :(hcG) QW
dP GNEG hCG ,e Y SGH KCdG dGREG qeGE :PfE Sh a qJ EG e T VJ d
Y hO q dG dM SEH j CG Ad G Z a EGh ,dG SEH L e dG
.G g eG IOG JdG hCG d IOG OGH ec
gh .jQJ IQhO jCG Y G hOh dH
q ec Y d dG M Fc LJ dh
M e dG f dJ qfCG qGE ,AcdG Y iMCH hCG GQOEG h dG Y G FdG
ec ae ae g d AMCG g Y Y fG j dGh .fJ dG dG
J QHG e g dG UdG g CG g dh .Ve d SG dG kGL J a .H J
?eG g Y CG YSG ch ?ka G FdG
g h ,fGG id cdG g L AGQh dG
q g IjdG qGC QdG jf IYO Yj
.jGdG cdG g J c H Y dH hj
j ea :G S Yh ,edG Qh cdG g J Y ILY fGG g qEG
jh .HdH dGREG ch dG S qj M eeCG S h ,dG fEa GG
.dG H GQOEG h dG Y Gd IQb fCG f qCG
.H f Y fGG J dG jQdG cdG J j e Y ke dh
kGL Ie QW gh ,jeCG FGSG WG J dG h (hce) IG AdG QW g deh
.c N fCc V gQeh eG QhdG Y J fCG IQKEG cCG qdh ,gGdG fGdCH
Ie g h .eG QhdG N gh ,kGL dG QdG c à Qè hcG `jh
,kGHCG j Gg e kT q dh ,eG QhdG d dhJ M j CG VhG C ;kGL Ie
e AGLCG hd dG QdG a J dG ceCG J EG ITe j QhdG d dhJ a
dG J OGe Y jdG
q dG g c EG S Lj dG
q Ggh .jh
qKCj CG hO QhdG j CG hcG FW j jdG Hh .kFf gKCJ jJ h QhdG IOLG
27.S e a
?f AJ e JdG g S KCJ jJ dG jdG j CG hcG W Y G e fEG
.gQe g f GG j CG fGG id jQdG cdG g e EG
g EG Oj W eY hCG dG iNCG Ib g J CG kGHCG G Z e fCG VGdGh
cS J :NBG h ,fGG S Y J N Ib g :PEG .jQdG cdG
.dGMCH dG h OH dG gh ,jdG dG Ib g G IdG gh .jW EG jJh
82
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s dG cGB Qd cdG dSC G

.HU ZH QMCG f Y IQdG d qGC Z ,M h d bW fCch hJ QdG H EG
H e dG OU sonf CG h .QG gh IMGh dBG iS J QMCG d f gh
.QdG g
.QfCG Y G dG dG WG hCG edG QMCG S Y Y
q FdG Gg jh
jh ,a K a e j M jW bd QMCG J Y H a Qe jh
.S100 h 90 H e dW hGj kV kf j M H Y
Rh ,a Sd IYe Sc d dc j h dG Ad dBc Qe dG Gg j
jh ,dG g SGH HJCG e Y FdG Gg j h .MGh BG dGh IdH dG g
c ae Y AdG jh .FW 1000 Y gOY Hj Ge T Y q dG OU H
28.TYCG e FdG OdG Gg H e H UG Y EG W c AGgG
J FdG a ,GG OUG Y FdG JQb g QdG g H R dG iNCG IGh
qGC EG ,QdG bH EG dH QfG Y Y IQY g dG cCa ,ka I IG gh .dG Y
g H Oj dG jdG EG dP Lj h ,cCj dG dG H KCj d OdG
q FdG
dHh dG cBJ M IT Z Y IH H jh ,qdG khCG j a ,IG
29 .AGdG dG j
q
FdG Ga ,Ic YHh dH dH eEG Y JQb a FdG Gd iNCG jGG eCG
dG d EG FdG Vd kGb QG c a ,kGL qe qdG Gg qGE ,S 4^5 dW j kGQe
G e IH eEG Y FdG YJ Qd qHG aG qCG EG aVEH ,Y j CG b
.dG
q e IG L e GaEG dG Y j Ggh ,dGh QdG H UdG
H hCG FdG IOGQEH J CG JdG dG q S KCJ e dG H FdG ae EG
kfMCG J dG HdG jW Y IG g cG b FdG CH Yj CG MC h .JGdG
.iNCG kfMCG Jh
FdG L qGE K ,IG OLh e H ae d qGC j FdG Gd jdG dG
q Gg qEG
.dH dG Gg Oj c FdG Gg CG Y VGh dO dG
q Y Y YJ FH
.Y g dG dG Y JQH J dG N G FdG bH e e FdG Ggh
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gG OdG dP dG
.dS H GdG J c U b gfLd UJ ac QdG LCG q J d
j CG EG j dG Ggh .dY IAH G dGh GdG J dG QdG e ke da
M kjb j CG f BG jh ,VQCG e JQGh G qdG e j M G N
.gOUG H G ja aQ e j
Rhh jdG Gg f d dh ,jQ 7000 Y L j UCG qdH Yj f e Ljh
.GZ500 `dG fRh Rh
jh .AGdG Y qGE jhdG g e c h ,a
q fH dG Gg Y R dch
Fe QdG L Rh qEa Y Hh .H cCG hCG keGZ 272 GM qdG Fd dG dG
.G h fGd ke
f MG j eY kUNh ML aaQ e gj aO Ib EG j dG j eYh
cG dG e kGOY cCG SCG f LCd cG dG Ea dG
q Gdh .SCG
Rh qEa keYh .dG EG dH e GdG AKCG eG dG gh ,YCG f LCd
.FdG L Rh f kjJ Oj dG g
ea ,J hCG YdG IOjd LCG VGe H G YS e J CG dG Jh
fCch J dHh ,jdG G Y LC eeCG aG LH J fGW YS IOjH GC J
.jdG G Y LCd G aG qLJ YS e dH GC J eYh .jdG b
jbh VEG G Gg Xhh ,(fjjf) Yj VEG L OLH J dG L Yh
iPCG CG Ggh .gQU WEH J eY keY fL H J :G S a ,J h dG
. 30dG d jHCG f gbe hq gh C N QdG j CG
U EGh ,a dG GdG Y IQdG jd J M e d dG LCG EG
SCG f jP jQ j dG j ea .kjCG S H dG e J g Y
d kjCG SCG f Ld LCG aM jh ,YdG d G Vh e Se jhGR
fCG H ,LCG a FGg QJ J H dG
q N dG Y LGj dG qCG qEG ,eGdG e
gh ,jQ 4-3 e OY hGj LCG aM Y jdG e d aH G Gg e j
Wg Y j IQdG Hh ,e N T Y LCG a AGdG fG EG ODJ dG
.31VQCG EG
c d h UdG H NCf a .eCG g OS N e IMdG G d Jh
e dG CG d j Ggh .aOe j CG kgeh kbQN kJ dG L cJ
.dL L dG G dG IQH b G FdG bH e
86
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dG IG L q dG
e jW FGT T Y kb j CG kM kFc Y dG g aOG CG Yqf CG g
H j CG H ,HG QTCG ZCG H fG jZ kTYCG H j K ,AGG GQhCG
.dP Yf CG FdG IQG g eCG fEa cCdHh ?H a bQdG dG
YGe q j G fGG id FG e dG g Ea eOdG QdG iS ch
.Gh dG YGb Y dG c IH fCG jh ,QqdG jf IYO
e jW FGT j CG qeEa ,qdG ej dG dhCG OGG H qdG FdG j
GQhCG J Qj j S K cCdHh ,SdG bhY j CG hCG ,AGG JdG GQhCG
h .dG f eGSG hCG T j CG SG HdG GQhCG SG a .AGG
,Ya P hCG dG cT j T P Z QNH dG
s FdG GC j dG f e hCG MG
Gg W bS iMEH h ,dG Gg M Jf bQh e bG jW jT H GC j K eh
c kGY FdG Gg jh ,Q dG Ya H e NBG dG Qqh dG a bQdG jdG
.WS M H H FGdG Hj
Qe j H a h .NG H t n jo h dG e IMGh M jJ e j hCG MG h
FdG jh .iNCG IQJ e h IQJ iNCG FGdG a e bQdG FGdG Qq d c
Y Qa e Qf kJe dG c a ,FGdG g e jT d eRdG qdG LQO dH
dG G e dG QGL Sj CG j jCG H j kSGh kN FdG qCG hj h .VQCG
.QG f kJf a j CG j
,kHe kVh e g h FdG j dG g h .GQG H GC j NG f j CG Hh
K eh ,NBG jT e Qd kbQh kjT Q a ,dG NGO e dG jh
EG dG e kY j CG j dG GHh .IH j c jHh QG dG dH
32.ge LQO
eOdG GG MGe kbO kHM jh j d FH N FdG Gg CG J d j h
.FGY f e dG AH GC j h ,hCG Me eRdG dhCG OGG OGYEH a ,ge bH h
FdG GQG g CH Yf CG G eh .GQG bH H CGj eh khCG NG jh
L dG g aOG CH f CG G Z e h .aOG H jd J b LdG
s Qd
.dG GH kTYCG J QdG g
fEG C G gh ,dEG dEG ah J G FdG bH e e QdG gh
.dEG Uj CG Qe bY
88
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FdG dG GQe
SG qch ,U HCGh N dG G FdH IgdG JjBGh Jb Y j Lh Y dG EG
IN tnoj jL c ch .kHYEGh IM OGORG M Fc IjL M j CG fEG
dG f IN t n jo G dG FG g dG qGE h ,fEG b Y dG MGREG jW
.dEG GGh dEG IQdG h dEG OLdG Y
dG gGdG H e tnoJh ,jH J dG G FdG GfCG MCG IFdG LdG tnoJh
FN e fGG g H J dPh ,dG dGh dG S e fEG Y jEH
.Ijah Y
,dGSCG IQb IFdG LdG g Jh ,S90h45 H e hGj FdG dG a
H J a dP Y h ,YGT IFW fc d c iNCG EG IT e fG Jh
.Gd Sc YGQP H OLG AdG LdG g Jh .QTCG YGfCG
,G GWCG M eeCG GWCG e OGeH DhZ j IFdG LdG e f g h
L T Y dG Gg a j iNCG GfCG LJh .HdG j jW H e h V gh
.eeCG GWCG aGe M AdG Gg h .G jh ,IhH e
CG j dHh ,kjb kGqT H AZ j CG j FdG dH Yj NBG f K h
.kGe KdG Y jJ ae H j
AKCG kGe 530 ae j LdG H gTh .YGdG
q GFdG J Gg cH LdGh
.33QTCG H
jh ,IG FN IFdG Ld Ea ,dG Gg IQcG eCG AL ch
c a GPEG kUN ,jgLh ic FM IY EG dG q dG N e Uj CG fEG
d dG Fa ,H Y H G FG GP G FdG e GfCG je QX
cG dSGh ,f AJ eh IG FH MGh M Fc dh QX dSG g dEG UdG
fEGh JdGh fGa ,aOG jW Y hCG f AJ e IG F G FdG
.ah Y P d VGh G gh ,d M dG J dG IQH GN b L
g fdG g fEG a ,fEG dU T H g H dGh G g SG qEG
.Y AqdGh Th ,H ae h dG e dG
. 98 :W |krpY mArnT soc npShn n og GpE nndGpE psdG odG ooondGpE nsfGpE }
90
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NGa ''H n dG'' FW jj dG q dG ge

qCG MG qdh ,IG g EG LhN Y QU j CG bY Z GM e VG e qEG
WMG L Jh H ,gG H gQU J dhDe J a ,ke dP Y fGG
.QdG
q IM gGJ b dGh bG QNCG AQd eRqdG
Y QU j FdG Ggh ,''Hc''`dG Yj Fe FW fGG g Y eCG aCG eh
FdG qh ,e MGh hCG jHCG X Qda .Qd FY e H GHCG tnoj GHh ,X
IQdG) Qe j dG dH eWE G EG SCGH h ,QdG S d kb ML
.(YCG EG
a j dG jdG e j hCG QU e j jdG e kb QU FdG Gg j e hCGh
?g jdG HOCe dG
q e ioJj dh .jdG e H SCH kGQGe hj a ch ,AG
EG jODG dG j e AL h ,IG cGj h ,g j QdG dhj dG jdG qEG
j Ggh .G g eG Z iNCG FGdG OGGh SCG Y cGJ dch ,AeCG
e U AGLCG hCG IOG SCG Y Qhe Y bdG AeCG e j CG iPCG CG e
.GG
AGLEc d eWEG j Lh hCq G H g h ,JM GW FdG id jdG hJ IOY Jh
34. gCG jZ WMEG
j M Fc a ,gQU fGG bH id Hc FW d He S Ige h
.G JLMG ac qj h ,gOY ij M QU jYQ dhDe
YGe H Y kjb kdO tnoJ dG IOLG G FdG id MG cdG g qEG
Qe eq GC h .a a j dGh fCG qGE a j h ,Gd M dG CG e QdG IYO
e GM j CG G a ,gQHG e d a fGG g id IG cdG g
.dG Gg ah Oq S JGh NBG GM LMG J Z hCG dG
cS M Fc c j J h fS dG qEa ,dEG dEG ah J fGG g qEG
OQh ch ,dEG dEG Gd FW Oe e f ch ,a dG IOGQEG J a dHh ,IG g
:dG Hc
.26 :hdG |n opf nb ond wocp VrQnC G hn pGhn nsdG pa rne ond hn }
92
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GdG ce :dG
ce H GdG Hj K ICa bj CG j fGW AKCa ,Y FN dG
UdG M fe kbGh j CG j fEG M ,YS fc e h fGW G c e
fc GPEG M Y j CG jd QfG AKCG dc jh .ja Y Vfd SG
.cG G
(cdG) jOdG GFdG YU Sd dEG Qe fc IG FG g qEG
.jG LddG ah
LhR kjCG dh .fe H e fCc dN e hj de M e dCj dG L qEG
dG bQR H hGJ GdCH LCG g Jh ,G NBGh eCG gMCG ;LCG e
kMe eeCG hdG j eY CG ,hdH LCG e LhdG Gg j h .OedG MCGh
d cG dG H cG hJ e f HhdG cG gh ,YCG EG kje j a
dG f bdG ,YCG EG H JG LCG iJ dG e Y J a ,LCG
SCG Gg EG .fG EG a j Ggh ,iNCG LCH JG dG Y a J
.VfG h JQG Y cdG GW G f g GdG
j ch ,HQCG LCG g cM Y J dG id GdG Y dG IQG EG
YS J hCG Le GQh j CG dG j HQCG LCG a .YCG EG d
35. IMGdG fdG e 10 YH j CG j fEG M ,ICa GdG
dEG UJ e M jG dG MCG e tnoJ a ,jd IOM H SM dG qEG
,kjJ Ic f J Y c h .e SY 30^000 e dCJ Y c h ,dG SGQdG
EG M ,d SGh jhGR dG Jg Jh .SCGdG M f QH e IMGh c Mh
36. N j e M CG j dG
j N CG h ,AGOCG h dG bQN ILCG e Y Y IQY dG qCG J jh
.bQN Lh YhH b kL ILCG gh .ILCG bH EG KCJ ILCG g e kGRL
.IG j CG G FdG j SdG a
gh ,jh Qjh
q j CG Y QOdG a ,L h Y dG IQb g dG L U dG qEG
.VQCG h GhdG jH QG QdG
94
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AGdG IG
g c ,CdG Th IjY Qd H ,HSC G Gh ,kd SQdG OdGh ,kGQf FdG G
Y dh ,jd U hJ hdG g IG qGC T h .jhGdG dG IG q FG
.MdG dG g J CG J G FdG GfCG e jdG g HdG g e ZdG
e cH eh L FH No b gfLd G FdG g Y If dCG a
dG dG e h AMCG g Lh Y dG N a ,jhGq dG dG J dG dN e J
eh aOG LJ qfGC EG Ud FG g eCJ dh ,AGdG dG Y IQOb
d dG g L e Y IQOdG gMh g bQN Ib g qGE H ,dc J CG d j
.G FdG
g Jh ,edG J gh CERATES VIPERAS IG jhGq dG aCG dc h
,dG EG QdG e YH jP jh ,fL L cM SGH edG f aJ CG aCG
kfMCGh .GAGdG KK T Yh edG NGO aj M c aCG L cG g J e YSh
.FGa OUG jdG H h ,edG QN c hCG IMGh kY aCG J
H UN h ,edG QN fd cJ AGL iPCG e aCG j CG e gPCG EG QOj bh
e e IjdG jGG e d aCG a ,kGHCG j Gg e kT CG Z ,edG UGdG g
.UGdG g KCG J aT H e a ,UGdG iPCG
Yj h Ic LQO EG fPCG JH Ra ddG GfCG UCG e t n jo dG hGdG qdG eCG
dG Gd IdG GPBG h .HdG IjGh jaEG QU dG Gg jh . FENNEC ''qa''`H
dG J G IQGM LQO V J iNCG Xh d H ,a FGdG GUCG J
.(SdG IdG IQdG) MdG
jH J dG a ,(GG fCG GP q dG) Yj h AGdG j NBG GM gh
J cG g Hh .jPh eGbCG jJ e VdGh ,bdH T cH edG Y jP h eGbCG
GWCG g J j H h ,(YCG EG IQdG) N e kNh keeCG kaW aJ K jP Y
L SGH MdH T cM edG dG H J CG dG g Jh ,bdG GWCH
37.IdG eGbCG SGH edG H YH G kjCG Jh .dG HfG fCG h
q
Y eLCG qC ;Ad Ic YO dGSCG J dG jhGdG OdG J h
eCG ,iNCG Ie QeCG bd kGQfG edG fCG aJ q K ,QeCG bJ Y AH gD Ic ScCG
J h edG e LJh Oq dG g Y J dH J eY fEa jhGdG fGG bH
38.AG e fN e
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fGG Y dG
g SGH h ,Y FN GP kfY AG HdG SCG dch AdG G QdG
j eYh .AG VY gh J CG SCG Jh ,AdG L gh J CG QdG J FG
.b ee S fCG T a LhCG L e G g H AG
?aOG GG J M Ye jGe j CG dG e cq dG qe L d g
b G FdG L CG J dG G EG kM Uj eCG Gg kqe j eh bY fEG qc h
Gg e GN J CG eOdG QdG gcS dG eCGh .Jh fS dG IQH No
.dG
dN ij dG J e ShCG jd dG jhGRh ,fEG id dG e Iq M cCG H q SM QqdG
e IMGh If e iJ CG J QdG qGC EG ,e qFe qHe h jGhH ATCG ij fEG qEG .fEG
Y kGL e IG gh ,Fe He h jGhR EG LM J CG hO ATCd ec e fEG Gj
.jdG dG g dG J e VCG H HCG ae e ATCG CG J QdG GfCG H h .dG
ke d fG Gg dh ,IQdG qJ kYfG g Ea d dh H fEG ej eY
Ic e tnoj H ,Ic YHh QeCG e JQG Y j d kGL e qd h ,fEG EG dH
Y QdG Y C ;ATCG IQU fG CG g j eJ eY Qda .e dG j
J CG hO fH eJ CG J Ggh ,fL cM jh ,''eGqdG G'' Yj T dK L
QNCG jCG e bGdG fC ;UGdG GQf XH j eGdG L qEa SdG QdG eCG .kec kZ
.AG UdG Y
.a j dG dG e ke Se FN Y a ,G Y e dG jGe Y NBG eh
h , HV jCG e dG c U J dM LJ dG da ,d q Fbh J FG g h
G Y KCJ h ,SdGh fG jZ j dG M IOLe fC ;jdG dG TCG e
H NJ CG SGH J cJ GP fL qC ;AGdG
q J b dG edG UGdG YCH
.kbO c e G Y EG QdG j dG GHh ,gGO N OLh Y kFJ Jh H
ej dG GQdH dG Gg fcjh ,T Z Y LQG dG Y a SCG Y eCG
h .b Y ATCG J d Uh hc H qe SCG Y h .AG S UGdG
K ac d FH e da ,AG N AdG QfG j NBG S d dG d hdG dG Gg
jf h ,dG EG dNO Y j LCG e G AdG qE a dG Gdh ,AG ad c M EG
Y LCd kGL VGh IQU J h dG Y LCG IQU SEH dG Y SY J eCG
.AG S VH jDhdG J dG fEG Y Y
98
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dG LGC jdG f
QH G T FSdG g JGh ,jdG VG jdG FSh fEG cG d
ILCG hCG FSdG a .FSdG g cG dG g d fEG CG Gh .YdG dG
LCH oN FdG a .QG dG GhP G FdG c LCG IOLe jdH UG
.ILCG g e Y
hdG j GdG Ggh .hdG FdG YH hG jaEG GdG dP Y eh
IQGM LQO JQG EG ODj jdG hdG Gg dh .AGYCG e d IMh aO Sc jdG
c dG OhG V G IQGM LQO Y G gCG fL EG ,kGc kYJQG GdG L
.kM AdG GdG j
fGG Hh dH UN RL gh ,jd RL Y GdG SCGQ e CG fG jh
fGG e JTh d dG dG AGLCa .G IQGM LQO Y G Xh H dG
j dG AGdGh .OdG Ic IU jGT J Ic jeO cGJ Y G FGLCG
g Jh .jedG YhCG g e QG dG Oj dHh ,jedG cGdG g jH j bSG
IQGM LQO JQH GdG KCj Gg h ,G EG dG j kGMGh kfjT d IdG jGdG
.jdG hdH eb Y G
CG fCG c ,f AJ e jd dG RG Gg J dSG g g G dCGh
hCG Y GdG e EG kM ODj G jd RG Gg e OLh Y C ,edG Y kjQJ j
39.hd dh
gJ j dG id jdG RL ddG dG LQO qEa HdG
q G e d j ch
CG G e EG CG ,''Ia IN jQdG QdG'' :`H IG h QqdG IYO bS dG jdH
FdG g LCa .edG Qh UG dG GdH G Fd G ILCG J
kV c e ILCG g f CGh .dG id jdG RL cT Y IG ILCH e
.JG FXh AGOCG a EG ODj CG H
,QdG jf UCG Yq j c eR MGe Yh aOH AMCG QX dSG j Ggh
hO eG dTCHh Fa IQH OLdG EG Xh No b AMCG g qGE CG ,dG j H
.GQOEG h eCJ h J H G g EG Uj CG e Y P d Hh .f CG
.11 :d | m ptem nV n opd s dGp nH pfhoO pe njpsdG nnnN G nPne h oQnC na pdG ornN G nng}
100
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fE G N J dE G dG
,JQU J h T j CG b eCG H kL e kej c fCG e H dM e Gf fEG c EG
.MGG H qe EG MCG e d h ,qeGC H Gj g h gG G ILCG d YCG fEG qch
Id h UN aZ NGO eq GC H fEa .jG H M Ia fEG IOh eCG
Ud bdG fEG a qa dh ,Iq h Ie IOdG UJh .LQG dG EG e j M e
c eCG H NGO dG q H qj e kUNh UdG g MCG Y ke d h .kGL e Ff h FM EG
.G FdG J EG kjCG ke Uf
QGH q G jdG J SGHh ''G CG SdG'' `H Yj f jH ICGG L j
.fZCGh IdG hH jedG YhCG g J h .d jedG YhCG Y G h ,MdG
fG OGG h edc d jQhdG OGGh FGdG OGG dG fCH INdG SdG eJh
40. CG fCG e JCj e c h cCG h AG h
Y ka G W ad ke dG Gg j CG j dd ,gCG jZ g G e EG
dGh dGh AeCGh IGh FdG H G tnoJ G h .G j kjCG FfG IQe GP fc
,''jQc'' `dG Yj bQ AZ OLh g H ac FXdG H dG Y SdG Yj dGh .d
cCG Y j CG G j AdG Gg Yh ,G H CG O NG bdG AdG Ga
.FGdG OGGh
CG) INCG QdG JLMG Y J FGdG OGG e G LMG qGC EG f CG j h
XH J kah .G EG FGdG OGG fG Y J CG G Y a ,(SdG h edG dG
FfG U GP a dP T h ,kbQN kG c h IOG f J fC ;Lh cCG Y g
.ge
Vf CG qOfh ,DhdG H f gh .IjdG G jGe e kGAL tnoJ gVSG dG jGG g EG
iJ g h IG FXdG g H GG b c f CG j khs GC .MGh BG G dG d
.ge bHh G LMG ad G ae c dc f CG j h .Z jG e Y fc
H dG Y J ,EG d qdG e b g dG G CG hCG gdG e Qj bdG fEGh
dG G eeCG J g h .aOH jGG g cG b J CG d h ,f AJ e FXdG
LMG ac J SGH J dG jGG eh Jh fS dG N b G qCG gh a AGe
jJ L h U jH h J dG IQb Y eGdG FdG iMEG IOda .qeCG H g h G
.Od
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n nscnQ nAn T ne mInQ o U uGnC nndnnna nGs n na nnnnN psdG p pnrdG nuHnpH nsnZ ne o n rfpE G ntjGnC nj}
.8
102
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q q d R RL ,d Q q e RL :G
,FY CG hO ge ae h QdG J jj C ;jh dS H dG Gg J BG fCG
jdG fH q CG hCG GbCG e AG dG GP LCG hJ hCG CG J f dH h
Sjh ATCG j dG G FN e Hf SMEG Gg h .dG HH e jEG Y
.J dG AdG IQU dH d G EG Y GQTEG
cCGh , IQU aCH q G J dG G YCG e T cCH dG JW q G EG
QT Y h AG cM J EG ODj Ggh ,HUCG ShDhQ g G YCG Y AGMG G bGe
Vdh .G dG jGdG g e b OY Y dG e e Ea dP He h .YfG CH
CG h J J h G YCG e b OY Y HUCG ShDhQ qGE CG ,OLe g e Y
GSG J qfC jd kje h kYe j VdG Gg e EG .YCG H e dG e J
dG HG Nh e kGU c e X AT CG NH J S iNCG L eh ,e H j
.jJJ
ILCG h jedG YhCGh YCG Y jh ,W IY e dCj cdG e Y fEG L qEG
g Hh .q dG TCG e kbGh fc Y ka ,HWdGh IQGG q dG G cGdG h jdG
.G e Ld kLh AG J CG G e fCG jJ HUEG jCG Ea d IjdG FG
dG Xh qOD J dG g hgO W e j- cGJ e dCj dG- q dG dG EG
ZCG dCj dG Ggh ,fG W G j gdG dG a j NBG b Lj h .d QGG
.JhdG e
j e fC ;kGL Ye g H H d kGe MGh S Y Y G jH f eY
fG g Y j dG AdG t n jo a .jedG YhCG e YGfCGh JhdGh gdG OGG
.LQG GKDG e G jH eb Y ka ,dL e
.G EG dH gCG Qf G JG FXhh G FN VGSG EG
f Oq jh fe hP h e Y gh ,G FG RGdG j N CG kjCG j fEG L EG
LQG dGh G H HGdG fc EG aVEG ,IQdG dG YTEG e G j dc h ,H
.FdG Gh SQdG IOhdG e G j qfEG c ,JGKD
LMG e kGc aj qfGC dP ,fEG Y H fCG dG J h fS dG f e f EG g rEG
e jh FG G dG fEG Y j fCG EG aVEG ,q Mh J Rc j G fEG
.LQG GKDG
JQb h J dG Y Y NBG dO dG dG FN M h fCH dCG dG G Gg EG
.SGdG Yh
104
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dG dG fe
.Lh cCG Y FGLCG M h G jM FXh Oq D J c Ibh
q HU n peo h dG npNo d
c qEG ,G h . dG e ec kW j CG dG Vh gh j dG dG Y dP Y eh
j eY cj f AdG h .fEG Rh VCG KK QGe dG Gg Y kM J gJ IN
QGe kK J VG Y Ea VQCG e L GbG h IdG e FfG a ,fGdH dH e VjQ
.S q c c1400
keGSGh fe OGG cCG e PdG tnoj :dG dG f CG d bQG dG Sh
cCG h fe cCG dG CG EG ,MGh BG kfeh kjb PdG c EG dP dG Lj h ,fEG b e
G PdG da ,dG Mf e PdG e aCG kjCG dGh ,PdG e VCG IH fhe
.fEd dG dG e fQH Ge H KCG HCG
HCG AfEa ,d bQG dG GQOEG Y kGc fYJ dG HCG h dG H fQG g EG
SGh ,gH dJh jW Ie e Jh ,fEG EG dH U Y J fc ddGh IdG
J J IjL dSCG GSG EG iOCG b dG QdG d h .jdG dG SGhCG M G Gg
J SCG Gg jh .''fG dG''`H G SCG jG dSCG g gCG e h .HCG
Y d H e H cJ dG jPdG dG e IOe AGLCG GSG jW Y AdG
.AdG Y j dG dG
ILCG kdM Jh .IMGh b e AdG SCG hCG dG SCG Y kVY SCG Gg SGh
UdG dH h .jG SCG GH QGh YdG HCG d eRdG HH dG SG
.ddG M e bCG h fe cCG HCG J EG
J a .jG SCH J dG QGh HCG cH kjCG T NGdG cJ dG EG
H e H NGG IdG dG e BG a ,Y cGJ a fLd d kVY ke
.dG NGO kGe kef e
gG Gh edG IdH dG J dG Gg SGHh ,dG AH dG f cdG Gg EG
LQG S e U dG fc d CG ,dG c d h .dH eGSG e fEG dG
edG AKCG d Ve J HH fEa dch ,M fEG j LQO EG K UC
.LGJ dG HdGh
IjL dSC WSG SG h d dEG Qe fc dGh d dG FG g EG
j h .jdG h GHEG h G Y dEG IQG J dG IdG dOCG e NBG dO iS d AdG
dG CH MGh H L J dG h a IgdG jBG eCj h khCG L EG j CG fEG c Y
.J MCG Y N dG d G h .U ja JQb Y
106
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dG jRJ T cGC :GQhdG RL

jE T jJ cT g qCG QJ
q CG g ,H jJ 100 Y je OLh d
dh .''qdG Z'' qfC H GDdG Gg Y qOj S ZCG qGC T ?H d LMG ac
cdGh ,G jG g gJ dG dG qCG EG ,fEG c L NGO dG g e LJ
.dG G OdG GP FYCH eq dG GQhdG RL J dG jJ dG
,fEG L IOLG N jJ 100`dG e N c IQjR Y dhDe GQhdG RL AYCG EG
,jh HQCG e dCjh ,bO fRGe Y j J hP dGh .dG g RG Gg Y gCGh
.G AfCG ac EG cDG Zh cDG d V Y J dG eCG eU Y jh
jW Y j dG d kLe t n jo H ,a d e d fCG EG Uf dG q f eYh
EG dG Y SGH j dG dG LH J edG g h ,UN eU Y FGMG
.ke SG bdG G LdG
.iNCG L e G AfCG bHh L e FdH IdG jedG YhCG jW Y dG Jjh
iNCG YhCG EG J gQhH gh ,UCG YhCG EG j G EG dG e G edG AYda
M ,cCa cCG YhCG d gQhH dGh ,jdG YhCH j M dG j Ggh ,UCG
K e dY f Y hG dG V j dG e h .dG EG Lj dG edG AYdH eCG j
.e kH cCG NCG h a Md FdG EG HdG cCG
fLd ,FdG EG aVEH jedG YhCGh dG :CG ;L GQhdG RL AYCG kb fa dh
dhDG SjdG Iq Zh ,dG J Y dhDG dG dP c EG VCG d h).jd Ie T eeCG
t n oJ dG IOG LCGh ,dG jhdG IdG Y hDG dGh ,dG dG f V Y
.(dG jH dG Y AH eeCG Rd ,G YG RL e kGAL
ch .keh kKh kWJQG H Jeh ,H a eJ h SH J G RG Gg UY EG
CGd eG AdG Gg cJ e N M dh .e g d J HGG UdG g
.G N EG RG Gg MU VJ EG cG g OCG Qh ,QdG Y J dd dG FdG
.j dG dG J FQ LJ GPEG IMGh bO e cCG IH G CG O b CG j h
CG kjCG j Ggh .f dG h FYCG H OLdG EG X GQhdG RL CG Gg j Ggh
d Qj h G dEG GHEG j T H Gg h .kbQN kJ GQhdG RLh dG
.d jT fS Y
108
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Fd G dG
Y IJh OGOJ H fEG GC H GPEa ,eY IQH G cM e J CG J fH FdG R
Y e FdG qJ MGd ON hCG SL H h .cCd IjGGh FQdG LG d FdG
.kGHCG bJ dh
.dEG h G e AGdG V Y bJ hO fEG IM GW J AGd JL e FdG tnoJh
j gMd FdG OLh qGC dP ,dG RL AYCG bH e SJh eH Y FdG q Jh
LG G J eGdG gh ,Y RE iNCG eGY h ib EG LH Fda ,dG Y AGLE
.QdG dG Gg VCG H IOLG dG dGh ,ITe QdG dG OLG
J AKCG J h ,YCd h Qd J jQdG VCG CG iS ,dG Y QU T bOh
dG OLG AGdG H FdG Jh ,SCG f IOhe LG G j Y dhDG dG
j FYh ,YCG f LG G Y Jh NGdG EG jQdG VCG LJ adG Yh ,FGdG
dG jW Y QG EG jW FGdG jG OLG AGdG j dHh ,FdG a LJ dG q G
.FGdG
,aCG g e J h e FQ NGO j e j ... j hCG hCG j hCG AG j eYh
dG dBG Y Id UN f jW Y ,aCG g f cCd G LMG J Fda
.aCG g e hd FJ IQH j
L N jJ 100 `dG dG Gdh ,cCG bW Jh jG da OGOJ G cM AKCGh
K e IFGdG dG W j ,cCG EG LG fL EGh .OG e cCG cCG e c EG
Ea cCG EG IjGG LG H J GPEGh .bd cSG f jG cGJ dG HdG cCG
.cCG IJH Y YS OGOJ FdG qGE CG ,dG YS OGOJ dG Gdh ,QdH J jG
cGJ a ,RYEG H e f jW Y j IG QGSH j dG G VdG Gg EG
IAH h dG HdG cCG K f Sb Xh ''G jS'' `H YJ dG G IOLe UN L
d G cGdG g e dEG IOQGdG eG H J iNCG cG G cGdG g JJh .dY
.dEG SG eGhCG QGUEG Y dG dG Y IJh
Fd LQG dG Y IOLe iNCG M cGJ g ''G jS''`d G cGdG EG aVEGh
jS EG Jee SQEH G cGdG g J G e cCG FdG SJ ea ,dG Sb Xh
c h fK c H kej QGSH L dG gh .FdG q SJ e qH dG eGhCG QJ c G
.bJ hO
Ra ,AdG aOG jW Y X b SGh eG RG Gg CG GMCG e H Yf CG h
.J h fS dG Y Y J dG h ,d M dG dOCG e dO g fEG L OLG dG
110
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111
Page 111
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IOdG ce G
cj CG AG j :G S a ,MGh BG FXh IH dG j Y fEG qe qEG
g EG aVEGh .dS H h MGh BG gOe jh a TDe jh jOGdG j CGh JQS
,H GUG hO GQdG bH OLh EG jh IQdG Oj CG dc j fEa KdG YCG
fCG c ,IQdG YS d jdG SGhO Y eH dG N e j AKCG J h
YCG g H eb g dP e gCGh .IQd JOb AKCG dEG j dG ZCG j CG
.MGh BG IAc h dH
eCG .H j dG gG feEG H MGh BG YCG IY j CG fEG j :RjEHh
qGE h .H H G dG jG JQG f a L YCG g H edGh fG
GQH H jH gOY Qj dGh ,NBH hCG H G EG J dG L LQG dG GKDe
.g SG dG OQ QXEG h J j K eh ,gd e ec H h j
.IMGh d dh bJ hO h ,IG GW j SG h eG h HG dG Gg EG
.JM J dHh ,f h f h if CG f d UGG dG Gg f dH fh
10 `H gOY Qj dG dG jG e FQ IQH dCj G Gh dG dG EG
GQdG SGH J qfC ;jG GfCG bH Y G dG jG Jh ,Y N GQe
.NGO eG N hCG H a JG OJ e qJ jW Y dG FHdG
dG jG cJ EG Oe G OLG fG dHh ,dG jG H JQG Gg EG
120 gh ,H a HGhdG e kfjJ 120 GM G Y N GQe 10`da ,f
fe Z HGhdG g iMEG fc dh ,dH d OG fe L LJ HGQ jJ
qGE ,U IQH JG FXh AGOCG j CG fEG Y S hCG ,jd S Ff d
JGh edG dYCG h ac FXh kjODe fEG j h ,(VG G GY) j Gg qCG
.fjdH q J FXhh YCG f fCG j h ,dEG dH W t n oJ dG
ILCG bc t n jo H H dG jG JQG Y j dGh G OLG dG Gg EG
hCG C N CG hO YCG e jG d G AGOCG qEGh .ac FGLCH kge kee kef ,G
.jJ MCa AT c N dG dG jdG IQH N b fc EG Oj Qb
112
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fE G L eGhC d bdG :edG dG

a N CG j CG hOh ,H CG hO L FXdG e jdG J dG g GC J eY
SG ddG QGe hCG ,IMGdG bdG d HdG Oc G jG YdG h .H
H dG fG f ddG g Lh ,dG q TG AG c hCG ,dG dG f hCG dG
.G jN
Gg j dG AdG ge dh .N jJ100 H Qe h1000 h100 d G jG OY qEG
.edG dG g GGh ?jG e dG OdG Gg H dG fG
edG IdG Jh .fedG d jGh G tnoJ AdRdG M QH M j dG edG IqdG EG
dEG IQOdG eGhCG M H g Jh .SeJdG hCG ''dG jdG e'' Yj G e AL IS
. Se'JdG'' e
h G LMG ae ` fEG L e e cCG tnoJ dG h ` IdG g H J dG YCG eh
jG Yf j H ,LMG g d NdG Y j dG G dG j dch ,G L
NGO jhdG ddG Qe J fCc h edG IdG J kjCGh .dG dP NdG Y j dG
Gg bJ h c h LfEG RdG OGG Yf kjCG edG IdG Oh .jG d FjdG UGG h jG
T jW Y eGhCG g Jh .dH GC J c G ceCG EG eRdG eGhCd gQGUEG Y ka ,fEG
.c hO e ODJ d UN
Gg GME jG fjJ Jh ,gGG Ia jf M dG fEG L j :G S a
.fG Y jG bJ dG e e Me EG UdG j eYh .AYCG h fCG j Ggh ,dG
J Y kjCG dhDe IdG gh .e M H Y bJ dG gh ,dG QGe O dG g edG IdGh
Y jG JhdG fEG IOjH kjCG J gh ,GQgHQdG h gdG Y i dG jG ddG
.IQhdG
kVfG QGhdG Gg S c GPEGh .AT c j h MGd J e YS N YH hCG QGhdH J eY
EG jedG YhCH G dG aJ e jL RGaEH Jh QdG Y NJ edG IdG qEa dG V
CH J jdG h ,dG V IOjR dH h ,jedG YhCG J EG ODj dG je Jh ,dG
.b e aCG UCGh MSG qfGC h Y GR b QGhdG
IdG ke a ,Y T Y e fedG RGaEG j dG G bGG e IMGh edG IdG tnoJh
jZ t n oJ OGe RGaEH J OdG g ch ,bQdG IdGh G OdGh SjdG IZh (jdG a) jdG
kGeCG IG QGSG j FXd OdG g iMEG AGOCG f hCG N CGh ,fEG IM EG dH gCG
.ke
g L dGh ,d fG FYCG H Jh eH j G ILCG fG e e edG dGh
qfGE .eG OJ h Jd dG dG g e h N dG g FGdG eG AGOCG GH J fG
.dL L YHCG h N dG dG Q dG g
114
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SeJdG
''dG jdG e''
edG IdG
12:58
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dG bGG :G AZ
GAGLEG Jh ,QGVCG j AT CG NO h ,eCd bO GAGLEG a J e g CG QJ
q
CG ,f G b e e bdG eCG GAGLEG g dh ,LQh G Gg NGe ge J
H j CG G j dG g a ,LQN NJ hCG KCJ
q GC hO G FdG S G j
MCG ah YG jdGh eCG bJ ILCGh jG SG ILCG IY EG GAGLEG
H kGMGh Oj M M gMh gJ b eG ILCG g e qGE :b dh .dG dSCG
Gg d h ,kdM eG LddH eCG Gg h ?dP bJ a MGdG G e dCG
.Y G PdG e OLh Y j
hCG e fEG L OLe gh hCq SG S Y ke hj dG G PdG Gg qEG
100 gOY j dGh fEd L N c OLe dG dG Gg a ,OLdG EG a X
cdc bdG fEG FN AdG Ggh ,G AZ dG dG Gg jh ,N jJ
e NdG h hG Y qjh ,IQhG jH JG ebEG Y hDG gh ,dGh QGdG PJGh
.dEG dH G H G AZ t n jo dG Gg Yh .dEGh G
.hdEG G GSH EG jDhQ LQO EG kbQ FN cP OH f dG AdG q jh
OdG J h NG AdG Ggh ,d jf dG QGG j h ,Lh e AdG Gg dCjh
G e NdG h hG Y J dG g G h NGG gh .kjCG QG Qhj e h QG e
.dEGh
OGG NH MS EG aVEG ,e M Lh JGd WMEG J G Ad hCG Gh
dG j H ,kFGY j dG Ggh .GdG g LMG d G EG LQG SdG e
j AKCG J h ,kGHCG H G qG RhH j h .a LG Mh jQhdG OGG NH
G AdG eh .kGQa kLQN MW j h d NGdG SdG IOLG dG L G AdG
.kM G e j gEG hCG CN CG C ;kGU c e kGHCG CG J h jd IN
cQG h bdG dG H FXd ` gdGh JhdG e dCG ` AdG Gg AGOCG CG VGhh
Ad FGdG AGOCG Gg e QX Ia j CG e bY C h ,f AJ e J b j CG
JQH AT c N dG Lh Y dG b e N b H G gAZh G qEG H ,aOG G
L dG jdG b e e e d OM e Gj fEa FXh jODj eY gDhZh Gh .Y h
.dL
116
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G AZ J
18/11/02
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ed e H DNA: hdG eG
.fEG H G ed kH (hdG RjGdG cCG FK) DNA`dG hdG eG t n jo
e GJ e c Ea kb qah ,JSh FT h JU eq C J h SdG e dM a H Lo
U e dP HT eh ,IdG dh dG h fd h dG f h G W h dG d e U
DNA. G hdG eG L e iNCG
G eG dch ,V OLe g dG H G eG Y j dG Gg qEG
dh .G LMGh cdc AT c Y eG g h ,iNCG G jH
fEG H G Gh FGG h bdG eG L Ea ,AdH fEG L q T
IGf NGO G hdG eG Gg Y G jh .N d DNA hdG eG IOLe
Rhj N jJ 100 GM fEG L gOY j dG G b CG fcJ dh .G G
DNA`dG FL qGE .BG Y f dG G U ie Qf CG f FY ,G e % 1
.JQb h Y Y kdO h G L h Y dG Ge iMEG tnoJ dG
Y kjCG J H ,jG dG Y a hdG eG Gg IOLG eG EG
dG dG V dP Y e h .G NGO jQG jG ddG e jG Yh G f
. DNA `dG IOLG eG Y kGOYG N hCG aQ j
HGZh Jc ieh fEd KGQdG dG Y d e je GSH AdG jh
c fCG d LQO EG ,kGL Ic DNA `dG hdG eG Y j dG ea .cJ
kjCG AdG M bh .kGe 70 dG g JQG UC H a H dG g JQh c
50 dG fch ,JdG dBG SGH fEd KGQdG dH G eG Hd eRdG IdG
8 j h bdG c 60 Hc j JdG dBG Y j dG dG qGC Va Y S
c h Jd dO 200 C hdG eG Gg IOLG eG Ea dP fL EG .kej YS
.U 500 e dCj dO
,G e QH kGMGh M j h IOG dH iJ dG GQd gG JdG Gg qEG
H G FdG IM J dGh Y qG eGh ,Y IdG SdG SdG Ggh
.G Y hM Y kWb h kVGh kdO t j UJ
J h fS fEa KGQdG eG g a OhCGh hdG eG Gg N EG L h Y dGh
e dG BGdG AL h .G jdG QdG gh ,d jT dG MCG MGdG fCH dG Wj
|kGO nne pprppH nrpL r nd hn uHnQ o npnc nnrnJ rGnC nrnb ornrdG npnnd uHnQ p npnpd kGOG npe ornrdG n nc r nd rob }:j
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FGdGh d G QG :jG
e H a hJ dP e ZdG Yh ,GQdG e f GfCG dG OGG H g
dG AdG g e ?H Y H dG IOLG OGG dG e iJ .iNCG dG h dG Mf
?fd hCG HUh fd h Wh FGhQ OGG j
ja ,jG d HG hCG G GQdG H C J dG UGhCG EG eH Lj jdG Gg EG
UCG fCH :jG qJh ,GQdG OLh J dG hCG IG H IOG J fdG IG tnoJ
H hCG GQdG BG e dCJ b h ,cCG hCG JQP e dCJ jGh .FdG JU IOd FH IMh
dG dG h JM UG dG Gg Lj dG g jG J jW UG OdG qGE h ,GQP
.dG h FGdG ke e h dG Gg Y IjY eCG OGjEG h .a f
G jG K dG KCdG Y jJ fc jj ''FGdG'' h ''dG'' ee qCG Gh
.G J IQW jL g QgRCG h cGdG h HhGh cCG FGhQ qEG CG ,G eLCG AYCG
e G Z hCG G IOG H GQdG Jh .jG g e eCG Y IdG fG IQdGh
?Gg j c d h .IOG d G GGh dG fG IOG oJ NBG fL eh ,fL
bdG GdH J Ije jL g dG eGG OQh FGQ hCG fdG FGQ e FGhdG EG
qE a dHh ,jG g KCH Jh .IRGg fCH J GdG gh ,fCd FdG dG IOLG
FGhQ T Y G LJ J GKCdG gh .iNCG g KCJ GdG H JG q G cGqdG
f Mf e We HQCG Y j da ,qdG j a f AdG f CG h .ee
IhG gh GKCdG e GfCG HQCH KCJh ,FdG OGG SM cGdG gh ,G cGdG
dG G EG gKCJ Jh ,FdG jH KCJ G cGdG g Lh ,IQGG h MG h VGh
.jG d kJ IOe kTCG NCj Fc KCJ T Y Lj
H a GdGRe AdG dh ,G bGGh FGhdG c d T b jG dG EG
dH e Hh ,G FGdH NBG H h jdG FGdH OGG H J e Y J OjEG
.jdG dH NBG h AOdG
dG G bGGh FGhdG e jdG g d h .fEd SSCG LMG e FGdGh dG j
.IG FGdG h dG dG GP HdG QJ dGh G Gh cGdG
kL h iG QN ka J IPNCG dL e Y Y j bGGh FGhdG dG Gg EG
Y H L h Y dG fCG dG h , dG dG e kGAL Gq j FGdGh dG EGh .d f kjH
.fEG
dG g eCG gh fEG Y eh ,J IM j fEG IM JG Jg OLh Y O EG
.gdG G d AKh Th jOY j CG qGE ,fL c e dG dEG
120
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IQdG AH G IdG
eLCGh JdGh fGG h G h AG h AGda .GQqdG e j Y AT c qEG
,GQP e fJ Gj h .GQdG e dCJ ATG g a ,BG Y dL fCG dG SdGh
jDhQ J ge LQO EG IU GQdGh .kjCG GQdG e dCj BG H dG dGh
CG fEd h ,G e H kGMGh j IQdG a ,ahG gG ibCG GSH M
kMe jd CG VaG :dG dG Gg f fYO Gdh ,dN gG dG Gg e Qj
G Gg qc fCG VaGh ,G Gg e dCj dG GQdG jDhQ G e CG T h ,e
H jDhQ OJ dG GQdG J FY ,GQdG jDhQ d j c VQCG cc M d
41 .jDhQ G e jh RdG M
IQdG Ea gG dG Gg e ZdG Y ?dG gG AdG Gg fe g e dh
IGf e IQP c dCJh .SGdG FLQCH dG j dG dH fQe ge f Y
gh iNCG L e gQhH dCa :IGdG eCG .e GQGe dM QhJ fhdEGh jce
.fhJdG h fJhdG
N kJ j dG fhJdGh fJhdG OY jh ,ke IQdG ce J IGdG EG
HdG G NCdh .IQdG b f e Ie BG IH UCG IQdG IGf b fh .IQdG f
NGO IGdG Y dh ,RdG M M GQdG h VQCG cc M kMe a VaG dG
IGdG if CG f dG SG GH fC ;IFdG Y S dG Gg qGE .GQdG g
YJQG G Fg Ic IG g d RdG M H dG IQdG qf CG j IGdG jDhd h .kGHCG
42. a QdG IQP H EG IG g hJ IGdG Ea gG dG Gg e ZdG Yh .e200
M CG e ZdG Y ,IQdG c e % 99^95 J IGdG a ,jd eCG eeCG Rj dh
dG G c e Y AT j CG j c d h .Ie GQe 10 IQdG M Y j
? dG H h jd kV kGM EG j qGC h jj
adG H IGdG dG IdGh ,JGf qce IQdG ac e qCG EG Lj eCG Gg S EG
Se IGdG J FdG jhdG IdG g OLHh ,''jhdG IdG'' :IG IdG g dedG
.Ie h AGLCG
G h .IQdG j dG gG dH G UdG H ij fcP dG EG
.geh c d kGL IjY c EG j cJ GP IQdG qEG
.dL L dG IQH b IQdG c Y kWS kdO J dG UdG g qCG qEG
122
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fhdE Gh fJhdG H OLG RGdG

IFa Gd Ea ,eCG Gg T kb q Sd ,IQdG j dG gG dG Le Y WG CG H
.kGL ka VG a
,dS FHc T fC ;e GQGe IGdG M QhJ fCG fhdEG Y hG qEG
IGf LG dGh .Le a fJhdG eCG ,dS FHc H fe fhdEG Lh
e ZdG Y IGdG M IFGO fhdEG J dG Gdh ,IGdG f fhdEG H J IQdG
.cM Y IdG jcG IOQdG IdG
dG Gdh ,GQGG IFGdG fhdEG OY hj IQdG IGf IOLG fJhdG OYh
jLCG dh ,ch hdEG M e H cCG c h JhdG M qGC EG ,dG dOe IQdG Ea
c FHdG dG c d h .dG M h fEG H fQG e eCG UC H fQe
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? dG H e H GQdG aJ d S
qdG fEG Gj J eCG Gg a j dG dG a ,ke W Z eCG j dG EG
,ac FGLCH eLCG .dG AT c H ,a GdG d j dG q dh ,dG GH
,Gh Gh QdG dch ,IadG e BG Gf dG LQG dGh a f dG adGh
.IOG dH ij Se AT gH j dh .kHQr EG kHQr GE j AT ch ,cGH dG YGh
H RGdG G Gg hM EG CG ,Qe G kGMGh OJ eCG Gg hM dMG qCG H
H dG MG eCG .jd H eCG G FdG IOLG fhdEGh fJhdG T
bO jRGe AMCG h dG OLh CG Gg eh ,Qe QG kGMGh Oa RGdG Gg NG
h d GQhh QGO GQe j hQg dD ''dG N'' c LGQ UdG e jd).jd
.(jRdG
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g a Lh ,dG e dG N dG g L h Y dG CG dc jh .ke kag d Jeh
p GnC krNn t n TGnC r o rfGnC GnC }:dG BGdG cP ch , dG Q dG a Y h .AT c bdG jRGG
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124
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G
eCG Y ke WG a ,ac ATCG N dG Y Y kGOT UCG dG fCGb CG H
SdG EG ,IQdG IOLG GQGG EG ,dG AdG YCG dG cM e ,dG IjY
kjCG jCGQh ,NGaCG QdG gJ dG FdG jdG dch ,TGdG LCG OLG qdG
hM Y eGO dOCG L h ,a Qb e dCJ eLCG OJ jH Fc J dG dBdG
.G Y
J fEa G Y IgdG eCG e fOY e qfGC gh ;jd e dCe f qGC j gh
ASCG Mh d h dG dG MU Mh dG Ea .d M dG dEG IQdG Y d ac Z
dG e fcCG AGS L dG c IOLG fCGh ,gedG IdG e Mh gh ,G
fS dG qGE h .dL L dG G a YOhCG dG SCG ah J ,gGf dG e CG gGf
r pe en }:dG BGdG AL c hCG .Mh JQH a jh G Zh G FdG j Jh
.56 :Og |npnpU npH lpNGB n og GpE msHG nO
je Y J dG jhdG GLCG cM e ,fS M h a dG j e ch
e bG QdGh ,cc AG J dch ,T dG GQfGh, FdG dG
q M h ,Aj c a j h Aj c ATCG j dG g G IdG GP dG EGh .QTCG
.dd jf h j
bH e kfSh kfGPBGh kfYh kYQPCGh kjjCG fEa ,fCG Gha QeCG g Sh
Lh e GTY jdG SdG kjCG Ghah .jNBG Y j fEG c dh ,dG e GQG
e MGh ch ,dG g M GQG GY hCG GQG TY Qh ,dG g M fEG hCG
.NBG j c ADg e MCG dh ,kfGPBG h kfYh kYQPCGh kjjCG c dhCG
e j CG Y QOb dGh .jj dG a cCG hCG kL ADg OH J dG AT d :PEa
dG Y cGQOEG h eCJ j FG gh .dG GH Yj hCG j CG fEG j
j eh ,GdCG e j e j CG Y QOb dG EGh .d e dGh G Y J dG IQb
.H Y H H j CG Y QObh ,eCG e j e h GOLG e
dG dG jh ,Lh Y dG gVj dG IG j CG FG g j dG fEG Yh
d bG fGG jj CG IOGQEGh q dGh q G e AH j fEG c qEGh .JVe EG Oj
p n na r oHu Qn r pe t n rdG o ocAn Ln r nb o S s dG n jt GnC jn r ob }.dGh dG EG jODG dG jj CGh ,dG
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126
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Qq ``dG `jN
fc M RhJ dh ,AMCG N Ia gd X jf g :jhQGdG hCG Qq dG jf qEG
jdG g Yq Jh .QfGh CG Y IH jf fc EG aVEG ,U jCH dG EG nrn Sn
N K eCG ihJ e YS AYqOG Gg qdh ,aOG H M OGe e Cf IG CG
dG T H g bdG jRGG a Vhh dG N da .Lh Y dG b e AMCG Zh AMCG
dG N '' aQ IH J W FU J CG d QqdG jfh .Jh fS WdG
. Y kH '' aOG'' e Jh '' Fd
H kGMGh gqJ dG dOCG CG ac gOHCG e jdG g fGL f eY dHh
dP Y eh .G Z FdG e kGJ cCG G FdG OLG QG da ,NBG
G HCG AGLEH jRGG g CG fh ,jd SM jRGe ah IOLe a GQqdG
SSCG OGe J a ,kGJ cCG NBG JJ ah G dG IOLe f GQqdG g qCG qGE ,Y
.ge LQO EG SM jeh dBG d Sh Jh ,jGh fCGh JhdG cd
. jdG dG jf H jdG g YGe d kFQ kS c QG dG Gg qEG
jhQGdG eg dG YG
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g dG fO b We d Lh jdG g QH dG G q dh ,jZEG IQG EG gQhL
G FdG N Y Hc dDG VQjh .jhQGO dQJ dD '' GfCG UCG '' c QhU
ac G FdG Af Y G OYG EG Yj dP e kHh ,Jh fS dG b e G
.dG GdG hM f AMCG H NG X edG Qhh ,MGh L e
aGYH qGE d ''ke kL'' fc Rhj h ,Y dO CG G j jhQGdG AYOG Gg qEG
aGYG de IQH hJ '' jdG Ye'' SH H Y iMG dG EG M ,kT g
dH d ,SG OhOdG d CG jdG J dG SCG e jdG OLH f jhQGO
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jd Ib e dG QdG d SCG d SG OhOdG QH dG j CG j ch
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kGMGh YGe sah jhQGO eCG N jG dG dh ,Hc cP W dG Ggh .edG Qh

. NBG H
:gh Y jc jhQGdG AfG EG OCG FQ eGY KK cP h
.Ie hC IG QX c Y Y J OjEG ke J jdG qEG (1
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dG M e G G FdG GfCG e jG EG J CG IMGh M c
?dP J Ge jCG LJ GPa ,ka M b dG Gg c GPEG h ,cdGh
AYOG Y bdG j UdG g VG bh ,Y HLEG jdG J DhdG Gg qEG
X G g CG jdG YJ ?OLdG EG X c iJ .''CG G'' J Gh hCG
Z hCG LQN KCJ CG dg j CG hO dG hX X h gMh aOG f OLdG EG
H d KM M Z kGOGe qGC jdG YJ :NBG ,kWb kaQ G Ia aJ fEG CG ;W
. ahG dG YGdG ac e ke aj AYOG Ggh ,M N QX EG dH OCG aOG
''IG e C J IG''
dG gG W qj dGh ,QcG Hc IG UCG Y kGHCG jhQGO dQJ j
GfBG dG ch .kGL H OGe e AMCG J Va RhJ dGh ,Y IFS fc dG
sOGe qGC gOeh ,SdG hdG e JS VJ fc dG ''FdG ddG'' jf KCJ Gj e
.M OGe fCG h aOH b M Z
GG KJ e OYG Gg J EG SdG H J fc edG G H gh
H fc jdG GAYqOG g KEh .G eGU GdG KJh qdG a
M QdH GdG GC J kb QfG Yh , m H Tb b Y G e M Vh e QdG
128
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. IdG J SdG OYG

jdG OYG Gg EG Sq dG bS a ,dG OhdG KJ gh iNCG IgX g fch
eG HdG SGH L j OhdG CG gh ;H a NBG AT KEG dh ,d kdO JGh
IdG fc ''GfCG UCG'' Hc jhQGO dN dCG dG IdG h .dG Y j dGh Jbd
e a GS N H dG GQdG KCG dh ,M Z OGe e C J fCG jdG Y IFdG
jd fdG AMCG Y gGLCG dG HCG jW Y dPh ,a AL e U Y dG dCJ
CG J G Z OGG CH FdG AYOG UCG d'' :j c KHCG Ff QSH jh ,QSH
43 .''`jdG e IG J
dh ,QSH dEG UJ dG dG dOCG V jW I aj QdG jf Y aGG Xh
Gg e QX dSG dHh ,G cJ H j dG dG KCG edG Y QH dG
. f AJ e G cdG
jdG dG dG hG
IG UCG Ve hJ e hCG jQHhCG QdCG AMCG Y ShdG UNG c d
J G Z OGG CG KE jdG dG qKK IjY kKHCG iLCGh ,jdG dG
kFb IQG j CG G VGh jQdG dH AH KHCG dh ,aOG jW Y M OGe OjEG
44 .'' eH QdG jf J AGOS f j G UCG qEG'' :
tno
KHCG GhLCGh jQHhCG S dG f jdG GhSGh ,QdG IYO e AdG bH SCj h
M 1953 S e fS jeCG FdG b e LCG H TCGh .IG UCG EG Ud
GRdG g Vhh ,dG VG G dG e GRZ GP OGe OLh VaG
cJ NJ dG eCG VMG H Y j CG SGh ,bdH gLh MGh e
. JhdG
OGG C ;a K e YS dh ,eCG EG e IN GdG
q J HdG g soYh
K dG Ggh ,dG VG IOLe fc dG OGG M J HdG eG
45.MdG GdG cCdH
J HdG AGLEG eSG dG OGG CH j CG f e VG jW U Ia Hh
46 .edG dS G dG LJ fc dG OGG M
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dhJ G gh ,jdG dG GW jhQGdG gGLCG dG QdG c dH AHh

S f e V HS jO S dG G LdG AdG UNG GOH L
: j e G ALh , jhQGdG LdG GP ''VQCG'' U Y 1998
CGH c :gh ;HLEG d e LGf jGH c c dRe h jdG dG Of f ''
47? IG
Id IG dG
IG UC dG VG Gg CG gG g QJ QdG jf L idG FdG dG
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aOG Y OSH MT fCG LQd ,kGL Ic M N jd eRdG hdG EG
dMG :G S Y) d SSCG M g dG Jhd paOJ jJ MG CG Z ,kbWEG
.bGdG VQCG Y ke J 95010 :1 g eCG M e N d Se JhH jJ
e QJ ed Fg kH j G IGf G eG j dG DNA `dG sEG
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,LGhORG J d f bdG ke gOLh e H a ,H KdG WJQ a DNA
G H jh ,JGP e Lh b IG EG :J dG IdG RCe bdG EG ODj a
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.G QfEG SSCG Y jdG Jee c H dG QdG jf J G
QdG jd dG dB G
AYOG Ga '' QdG dBG '' M QhJ fc jhQGO jf f kS fc dG fdG dG
AYOG Mh .G jdG Hb Y FGMG dh kY U d dG fO e CG j
Gg qGE M ,AYOG Gd FSG gCG YCGh ''dG fG'' f M QdG qEa jhQGO
. '' dG fG jW Y GfCG UCG'' SCG dG dG SG e j b e gG
hdG eAeh Ib J dG G FdG AH GC e EG j dG fG e qEG
hdG SCG jCG Ea SG fGG b e jG e b Ouog d :G S a ,dG
dBG g dh .hdG jS AjbCG jjCG e kdCe dG j Ggh ,IG b Y AdG j
fG'' J dG
q Gd .ke N EG d Cc ,NBG EG T e jjCG QJ CG J
'' GfCG UCG '' Hc V H cPh dP j c f jhQGO M h ,Qd Sc ''dG
49.''G VdH j dG fG Ea HjEG GJ J W'' :j
Qe KC J
Y jhQGO LCGh ? HjEG GdG g S fc c :f j dG GDdGh
TY fa AMCG Y Qe h ,Qe e Y LQ e S e QaCG EG kGOSG GDdG Gg
,MdG LCG EG KQJ e GJ J AMCG CG Yj c GH jhQGO b eh
aGQqdG qE a FYOG Mh ,IjL GfCG QX EG qOGC L H kL GdG g cGJ ch
jhQGO YCGh .jW MCG Y ddG QTCG GQhCG Y d Jh f dG e Cf
Y iJ fc dG HdG e Ob UCG G CG YqOG a ''GfCG UCG'' Hc He eCG
cG dG KGQdG fGb CG EG .50NBGh G H AG EG hdG EG Ie fch FG FdG
fH FdG IQSCG jf EG iqOGC jdG dG G Y Y GC W dG QdGh e
e KCJ hCG IFa GP Z dBG ''dG fG dBG '' X Ggh ,NBG EG L e G dG
.jG dG f Lh
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HhdG
S e 195 gY HhQ Ie
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S e400 gY Tb S Ie
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KGQdG GdGh jG jhQGdG

dG KK kUN gLGh dG jdG G eCG gOL H jhQGqdG b
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q jf''`H gSCG IjL jf GbSh jdG
j edG Ggh ,dG fG fL EG QJ KCJ d NBG eY g jdG g Mh
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. d KGQdG SG C N f hCG YTEd VdG H eq EG
jdG g YsJh ,jG jhQGdG SG AMCG id QdG Y aGJ dGRe jdG gh
dG hCG PCGh dc cdG IGh AMCG id IOLG G cGdGh AYCG CG
,G cJ GJ hM hCG KGQh GW hM KCH EG J hCG J dEG ... Gh
AMCG Y QV eY J kFGO KGQdG GdG CG gh ;kM kY kq e LGj AYOG Gg dh
.jCG e j IFa GP J h
e FGY jL J CGh ,jd cdG Ie DNA`dG jL Ea kGL VGh dP Sh
jeCG KffGQ.. Y j dG G gh ,S KCG d j CG e H kW c
h ,QdGh FGdGh dH J KGQdG GdG qGE '' :j c G Y UNG
GdG qCG VJ dG edG FG g qEG .GMCG MCG KCJ GP Z Jh kGQOf EG
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```LGG
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