التّضحية عند الكائنات الحيّة و السّلوك الحكيم لديها. Arabic العربية

ARAP FEDAKARLIK 001-039.
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ARAP FEDAKARLIK 001-039. pdf
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dG
GG Y
j hQg
MUC IZELER ZINCIRI ARAP2 pdf
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dD G M
J fCG CG H ,1956 Y IfCG j hQg QG SG j dG JdG dh
QGUEH GC H fdG h ,SG eL S Qe eL GOBG SQO ,IfCG fdGh FGHG
ITG Jbd VJh jhQGdG MJ dG JHH Qe Jc j hQg . jdGh SdG c
.IeG jedG LdjjEG e
Ibe icP ''j''h ''hQg'' SG e ,QG hCG dG SG j
ec dG Y dG G j H ,OEGh dG HQM jnsdG sd
CG EG dG G j .G Gg dG g j dG G JQ
N g Sh Y dG U kG f CGh ,jhdG dG NBG g dG BGdG
jOEG SCG f ag JdG Vh dGh BGdG AV h .dG
c d d ,jd jOG cG Y J dG YGG c HEGh cdGh
.g aGgCG Y YEG H c H e dG G Ggjh ,INCG G
EG Y Jh ,SdG EG fBGdG dSdG f gh MGh g M dDG c L QhJ
.NBG dGh dEG OLdGh fEG YVH dGh dH
EG GfEG eh ,jeCG EG dG e AGdG e SGh jd Ic H j hQg c J
fCGh jfEGh fdG EG c H LJ bh ;fSEGh jRGdGh SdGh GdHh fhfCG
.fhfCGh ShdGh fdCGh HdGh jOQCGh dJdGh
SCa ,eDG EG jJh ,dH EG EG eDG Z IYO JFa dG g KCG d
e .QdG Y dGh jdG KCdG fe kFf j dG g H J dG Gh dG
GfCG e f C ke j CG L H gG jh dG g GC j Qb CG Y G
dG g C ,H WY e e dP a ,Y adG AGd j MCG H dh .jOG dG
dG MOo b dG OLh GH J dG LdjjEG L EG .SSCG e dG J J
.j hQg c EG Oj dGh
g f AGQh e JdG gh ;MVhh BGdG M e Ie FG g CG T
,IdG hCG dG dh ,dG EG Ud dG jdG Y j jdG dhCG eN g dG
.g c f AGQh e Oe g Lj fCG Y IhY
Hbh YCG J dG ,dG g IAGb Y jNBG j jdG Ea ,FG g AV Yh
.H QJ eN ej ,d jOdG jW EG gTJh
Va EG fEG OJh QdG gP jdG e kYf J dG dG bJ j ,iNCG L e
VGdG a dG g eCG ,Gh bd e ,SdG b e dG MGREG KDJ h ,LdjjEG
edG dG e cCG Jd HOCG IdG Y cJ fc d QdG Y dG KCG Gg d J fCG
dG g g j hQg d MdG dG CG ij CG dH j eh ,dEG j dG
MUC IZELER ZINCIRI ARAP2 pdf
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.ffEG dG jJh
EG d Gg ej eSEG dG j dG YGdGh dG dG CG EG IQTEG e H
e EG IOdH EG j d Ggh ,IadG LdjjEG f LdGh G dG jO Y OHG f
d dG dN d VY dG fBGdG FGdGh dG EG LdGh ,G gG J Y dGh EG
FGOCG e H LGh g ,QedGh OdG jhg f H J dGh jOG dG dM EG dHh .kGQSO d
.SG bdG f b ...EGh
g S dG Hh ,FdG QhdG Gg JY Y NCG b j hQg Y EG :b GPEG df
BGdG H Yh dG IOdGh dGh dG dN e jdG dG T S dG SdG dG
.dG
Y jhQGdG JL dG QGdG ,fSGh jOdG ,jG SG dG :JdG YCG J
G dG ,gQEG aj SEG ,TdG :jhQGd jedG LdjjEG ,TeCG Y YdG ,dG
S ,3-2-1 YVG ,BGdG n b ,ScddG OGM AGQh ,gQEG OGM AGQh ,SdG
hC ,IFdG CG , ,QdG jPcCG ,QdG YN ,dG EG j dG ,2-1 FM fehdG :dG
dG ,Sj dG ,Se dG ,jQdG Y bO HLEG ,kGDS jY QdG jf QfG ,dCG
dG ,dG jW BGdG ,dG Gg IM M ,e c dG ,GdCG dG RYEG ,gdG
,dG N , ,ka CGH b jedG ,GG Y dG e FGQ Ph dG H ,dG
Ie ,dG IG ,YG RG Ie ,G IG ,IQdG Ie ,QdG Mh OG ,gJ
UCG ,dG IG ,dG f IG ,VdG IG ,dG IG ,JdG G
cdG AGG IG ,dG oj dH ,GG e S ,G QdG ,Id G
. DNA QGSCG ,JhdG IG ,FdG
FbUCG Y ,GhdG Y ,GG Y ,!jhQGO c WCG jCG :WCd JdG ch
.SOdG :IG G IH ,JEH N j dG ,dG ,QdG
npdG ,BGdG SSCG gG :fBGb YVe hJ dG iNCG JdG YCG Jh
dG ,G :eDd G ihCG ,gG g ,3-2-1 Ed jS a ,BGdG bNCG
,dG ASCG ,aG QGSCG ,BGdG aG T ,dG S IdG ,BGdG Y ,BGdG fMhdG
,SdG ce ,QdG H ,BGdG e HLEG ,BGdG SSCG gG ,BGdG dOGh dSdG J
,BGdG YdG gCG ,BGdG IdG ,dG J ,gG jO ,KdG ,dG :oG fEG hY
,BGdG dG gCG ,gG fEG T ,G BGdG MCG ,kGHCG J ,dG j
N ,eDG MQ ,SQ J ,J CG b ,eG EG ,gGdG dG M ,BGdG e eY Qe
SQe ,3-2-1 dG dL e Y ,BGdG IG G ,mGB Y dG ,dG SHc ,dG
j c ,f J GP ,dG c JG gCG ,jQdG Y SEG d VJ dG GAGaG ,Sj
j jdG dhCG ,BGdG dGh dG ,e c j dG ,BGdG QGSCG H ,BGdG dG
.BGdG EG
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QdG GE
J jdG g CG g jhQGdG jdG Qf UN a J AGQh dG
,G M jhQGdG fCG CG a .jG SdG c Y j dG IYdG
dG OLH dG Gbh hCG fjOCG Y hdG J ,dG OLh M dHh
,jdG Y j kLGh jdG g MO j dd .INCG S HQCGh G N
,c e c e cCG GC j CG Qd UdG J b .e c Y dhDe Jh
.VG Gg a f ka f CG jCJQG dd
jBG AV Y dG g c dhJ dG fEG YVG L T
J dG YVG c MT .fe e dGh dG c EG SdG YJ gh fBGdG
SCG N e QdG gP DhdG hCG d kfe J jH fBGdG jBH
YLG dG L AGq d c JdG YG dG dGh dG
e QdG q dG FGhdG SCG Gg .Jh e J CG dG jGh
,H hj h fMhdG QeCG aj jdG dhCG M ,IMGh L dG IAGb
.H YbG ANEG e Gj h dG g JMG dG FH GhKCJ
e dhj hCG Oe H dDG c e Zh dG Gg GC j CG Qd
Ie bG ha e IOSG Zj jdG dhCG eCG .YL be N
.jNBG EG HQ Y dGh JYfH AOEG e S fEG PEG Gk L
eN j dG Ld c dG dG g VYh IAGb gG CG EG aVEG
hjj jd f dd ,bEG jZ SCH dG g FG VY . jd
.kGc kfY d J dG g EG :jNBG EG jdG f
id ,dG jf IOLG dG g e P Y j CG Qd G e
.IGh G jdG OGH dG QOG g VJ dG dG
J hCG Jd T f Lh ,dG e Z c dG Gg d
Fj VhY hCG Ve YVe VY eZ SCG hCG ,dG c Y J
.dG GfG EG ODJh dG J
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j`````G
NG
8
dG G iMGE fGG S G
QdG jf LGh
10
IMGdG FdG NGO G FdG J

40
G FdG H adGh hdG

112
G
138
QdG jf C N
142
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NG
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fGG S G
dG G iMGE
QdG jf LGh
10
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j hQg
EGh bGe jhQGO dQd QdG jf a jdGh MGdG dG GbG e

Y M ,G dG jGH OG dH eDG H W e MG b fc
.HK Y M fc Va U KEG GhLG c ,Je f Y ADg
AMCG c dCG H dG GP dG ha H Y GC W dG dG QdG L h
SaEG JGh ,j dG V GC H gZh GG Yh ,jG AdGh ,jG
IN QJ h aOH - d hQ
q c - CJ IG CG kgh M Jh HUCG a
a Y WG Lj VdG e jd) kUCG IdG g J dSG K H ,IN
GfCG UCG CH G dG dOCG OGjEG Y jdG g Yh (''QdG jf C N''
FdG d IG FG CH IOQGdG DhdG Y HLEG J c .G
id dG IgX h d dG Gg AL Gd .M RCe H jOG L
g Me dG e d fCG QYH H UG GG gCG iMEc'' G FdG
.H HGdG bdG aCGdGh hdGh adG EG aVEG QGSH AMCG Y IgdG
:gCG DhJ eCG Ld kLh jdG L dP c
dG YCG g d aJh FdG g HJ dG bdG J d c
?QjCGh MdGh G hQ e J
a FdG Y GC W dG G QdG a jhQGO jf CG kL VaG dh
a (dG Gg U EG) MhdG bdG a G OG Z fG d J CG H
?H
j e gh ,Mf e Gg dG fG e Y jf jhQGO SCG d
G GfCG UCG CG GC e Y JQG a fdG MdG eCG ,YVe f hCG Y kSSCG
NG f fc EG FdG g Y FQdG aNG eCG ,MGh dG Lh Y
M IG b Y H e a AMCG g e c gQWEG j dG dG hdG
Ea g eh .VfGh a QGSG Y Y e eh ,QJh Sa e kJ iHCG
.ibCG g jhQGO Qe e j FHh fc Y aM dG FdG Gg
MCG g dL de AL Gk OSG jJ VdG g AV Y da
11
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GG Y dG
j PGE QH Se S SdG j
AH eY e jh bO HH jh
.Y UG e AfE ge
.e eGC kGS j :QdG GE SdG
.SdG C fGC dG dG :dG GE SdG
dG d J SQ :SC G GE
.gH H SdG C fGC
12
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j hQg
:j jf Y IH aGGh jhQGO e HG AbUCG

Gg e Ue h ,TdGh VCG e UCGh ibCG AfG a j M g''
(1)''AfG
S M Y UCGh ibCd dG a j GU M dG CG kM g dh
?IG TCG e kT d ffCGh IdG VCG
J CG dG e M IG TCG Me Y GDdG Gg Y HLEG h
...dGh OGSc ,dG Y adGh dc ,d c L H FdG
ge Me H a jG jg e dCj AMCd dG G d
hCG fGM M hCG JYLh NGaCG dd fGG H J dG GfCG fCH J
.iNCG GfCG
cdG GG e j HG fGG MCG PfE hdGh adG dP EG j
.VQCG Y je dG
CG Kh ,KhM SCG Hh MT Y QdG jf Y cdG GG gh
,kc gYh QdG jf SaEG KCG IG CGh dG Yj c M MS d dG
.Ic dP Y eCGh
H ke dG Y H G dH (GjR) MdG QG j GP :ka
.dG e dG j dHh ke JOQe J M dG PfEG S
?dd Gk J CG jhQGO jf J a
JM VJ a eOdG dG iS c ''jQJCG'' d jdG dG dc
fG fb Ea dP eh VH Vd edG MGdG EG AG e LhN d
.OLdG e dGREG j dG
q fGM Fc AGREG gdGh IH hJ j e hS eOdG dG h
cdG g UCG Lj CG j dG Mh Gh dG fEGh .bY Z
:s Lh s Y db dP Rj N Mh q Gh dG G dG g EG IG
13
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GG Y dG
n pJr ne n r nH n VQr nC G ppH nrMnC an mRr Qp pe Ap B n s dG npe odG nn rfGnC nehn Qp n sdG hn p dG pnpNr Ghn }
4 jBG ,KG IQS .| n op jn m n pd
l jn GB p jn u dG pj p rnJhn
,dG Gh fdG dG MdG G FdG g fEG CG hG e
G FdG bH Y U L dG IjdG IG Ea fdG JG EG aVEa
dGh dGh dG S j fEG Ea dP AV Yh ,Gh dG g
.e g f dG dc UG GMCG dG OQ Y ka G GSGh
g a IOLG iNCG G FdG eCG .fEH UN cdG dG g c
fEd He cS kWCG fGG e f CG d dG Gd ,dG
.SG H H j dc HG H dG hCG jdGh dc
?dG G cdG gGdG H Y CG d a ,PEG
Y HLEG bh ,kUCG k G cdG H J dG fGG H EG
.eh c a cdG g H Y c Y WEG e H GDdG Gg
OhdG Se SdG
Fa IQ Y j M f bdG Gk ge AHh kYQH kSe GG Gg j
Gk L j gh ,e Y jMh jQG G YS Fd ke Gk S j f IQHh
Fg c H j hCG MG a .gG dG Gg RE MGe IY ie Yh kbQN
Gg j Gdh ,eeCG dG dGh Y AH h FGZ ed QTCG ZCG e
Y bO HH j fCG dG HCG KCGh d IaG QTCG VH GG
L G YJ M jdG Y J dG G V Y dG j c .dG Y
.Y H ZCG J
S S Ne Y j PEG eh QH H GG Gg Y jh
UN Ib EG aVEG d UN aZ bah jd AG ie e YCG UN aZh AG
jH d LQG dG d NBG a Gk MGh ZCG H SdG jh .jd
14
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j hQg
.K hCG Ia jCG a j M dG e c e IU Gk OGYCG kee Ic

Y Gh L e S Y YJ a Y AH SdG ej dG OGG eCG
LQO 35 EG AdG IQGG LQO VfG e Zda ,iNCG L e NGO IQGG LQO
AfEH kjCG SdG jh ,QGSH dG a J dG NGO IQGG Ea dG
Gb AfEH SdG j AKCG J h .AdG a GW e ij dG jZCd
HdG EG j CG SGH j je GdG g W jh ,T T Y
.Y ij dG QTCG LJ M
H dG H a cj dG QMCGh JdG e dCJ j dG OhdGh
jW e T Y ZCG UQ L GG Gg jh .dG H j dG jdG
q ch ,eRdG OGH e Y dG IOLG GdG JQ EG aVEG G V H Hj
Ia jCG hM Yh .f bdG Y ec h AG QJ V j gh j Gg
j Ggh ,fK QTCG ZCG hCG dG GSH SdG j dG AH N hCG
fhDGh jZCd Gk c kC Y e j CG dN e j dG VG e f EG dG
dG NGO FG MG e Sj CG SdG jh ,AdG a GW IG Y YJ
j SCG Gg CG M eJh dG Ad eRdG OGGh AGdG e c cCG d
dG j adG OH W b SdG Y j Gg h ,AGYCG e eCe dG
(2).Y
bdG Gh dGh fdG Y c GG Gg S J e h
OaG H Mh SdG EG dG g LQCG CG dh MGG e Me c
HLEG OLh e H ?Gg GG S Qe a PEG ,dG EG H AT CG hCG d
?dG Gg Qe a SdG cG e d dG Gg c GPEGh ,GDdG Gg Y
e eOdG dG gGS dG iNCG eCG hCG SdG S Qe CG T
q c Y QOdG dG g ShQe J ah G dG Gg Y G fGG S
15
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GG Y dG
GORDON j
hOQc R.TAYLOR
Y aGdG HLE G jJ
G hD dG L
QdGh FGdG H HGdH
kaGe fc e ZdH
.QdG jf Y SGH
dG Qa S jjh G FdG g j dG a Yh JQd q M dG AT

.dG MCG
MGG Oe ah J dG QWGeE G IOhO

jdG a ,kShQe k kcS j dG MdG GG d SdG CG cDG e
j h SdG e H UCG j JBG GGh ,gM dGh G eCG e
IOhO Yj GG Gg ,H AcP hCG Y OLh cDj e hCG Y S Y dO CG e
JM Ga e Ia J fEa bdG GfCG bch .jG N bj RJ dG dG
ANG Yh ,Jf bQh NGO f ANEH J fdG e LhN Yh fT NGO
W Hd Fa IQbh IN J MGe Yh ke ShQe ah MEG J
M OjEG Lh Gd dH dG GG L J CG d dHh AGG bQdG
.G d
VH GG j M M HCG EG VdH j d kH kM CG YSG a Gd
jG N RGaEG Y H HH j WS h ,d dH G bQdG AL
T bQdG NCJ YS Hh ,f M HdG bQdG Jh dH bQdG GC J K
.d ke jEG Ie J e YSh d keCG kC j CG j fCc FqdG
eCG C ad G IG g N b GG qCH AG qj CG hCG gd
16
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j hQg
q C Qd kS Gk U j b G bQdG NGO GG NH dh U Ggh d

g h .NGO G GG jf j Ggh ,gfG j bQdG d G dG
J PEG ,QdG d e f J SGH jL GNG Y IOhdG J GdH IG
,MG GC e EG Gk OSG .VjdG FNCG H j dc bO HM Y AGLEH
dG bQdG M GQhCG g HQ Jh iNCG Jf GQhCG f dH J IOhdG C
bQh e cCG MGh Z Y j Ggh AGYCG V jdG GfCG e c NGO J
QdG MCG hJh M GPEGh ,ke dN bdGh G IOhdG a e IMGh (7 - 6)
(3) .6/1 jc IOhdG bh MG a GQhCG g
dG IOhdG d g dh T H e e Y J cdG gGdG g c
d Gh Gh fdG YCG H J CG H Y RLh e Y
CG dSG eh .dG e IOhdG d M a e g ch ?f AJ e ke
gOj dG H J IOhdG g Ea G h ,iNCG IOhO e J b J
?jdG Ia EG gG a PEG ,G
e HLEG j CG j a QdG jf UCG MCG EG GDdG Gg Lh dh
S jW ADg j M IjdG gh MGh e EG Dhj MCG dZ h ,IOh
M ,IjdG jJ Y g gP EG QOj GDS hCG dG g h ,IjdH fGG
g e AL GC iJ ,G Y IQdG d dG ...QTC Gh Gh GdG e J dG C G dG C H QdG IYO Yj
?G cdG WGC G fGG cGE hGC YQdG IQdG H e AfGE IjZ SdG cGE Y IQdG jd AGLC G
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GG Y dG
SdG hCG Jf bQh NGO f J ke IOhdG e dBG fCG f CG f

NGO e e LJ CG j aGdG IdG hCG dBG gh dG H Sh Y j
.GG L
?IjdG e
H dG Y GG Hb d QdG jf IYO b e J IjdG c
d fGG cG c M QhJ IjY DhJ g fch .IOdG e e
g fG c Y dch fGG id jZ S hCG QX c Yh IjdG
.Hc Y GHc IjdG
.GL hCG OQ hH bH DhdG g c
Gordon Rattray Yjh QdG jf IYO MCGh G Y FNCG g
H kaGYG ''dG QdG d The Great Evolution Mystery'' Hc cP a Taylor .
:j c IjdH UG DhdG Y HLEG Y jdG
jdG dG Gg QGJ c Yh jZ S hCG QX c Y FJ d
.(4) HLEG jCG fLh
GYG hOj QdG jH eDj ''''Gordon Taylor'' cT Y hNBG gh
dHh .M e jCG h eZ HLEH dG dhj dP e kHh G H
,cS CG T Y J fGG id IOLe L J FGdG Ea ADg CGd
GMH hG G dG Y G AH dG f j jdG Gg EG Gk OSGh
GfCG c LCG UN L Lj NBG h fGG IjdG ah SGS Sg FH
.hG dG ah kjjZ gjN J GfCG g j dG f
e G FdG fc d :G dGDS G bdG fEG j dG g h
ee efH CG Lj PEG ?dG Gg eH dG a G dG Gg J CG Y
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j hQg
.ee e H h f AJ e
IQhd NBG kHSCG GeSGh GDdG Gd IO HLEG Ghj QdG jf IYOh
Ea f ch CG dG jW Y IjdG d G FdG cG Y hcDj M
Y IQdG d UdG g a .dG..JdGh QTCGh GdGh G e dCJ dG
a Y dGh IQdG jd dG e AL CG ?eG dG Gg G FdG cEG
j CG bdG fEd h ,kdN j CG d h dG Gf e c ?dP
dG Gg j T H ,MdG g SQ dG UCG MCG e L jR Md ij gh
d J gh .e Z AYOG T H g ATCd kdN G c AYOG Ea PEG .e Z
G cdG GG d bdG Z G FdG g cG Y gh VGh M
jh dG H N e g Ea PEG IOdH e GG a ,f AJ e
.dG gKCG if jdG gedG dGh dH GHEG Gg MU
cP Gd .Jh fS dG Z jg Jh G Gg J Y QbCG g e g a
,e S J G FdG edEG Y c jdG Hc dG Ie fS dG
:dj c hCG QdG jf IYO gOOj dG IjdG CG CG
gh ,G FdG d dEG dEG EG g e e S AGOBG Y e fGG EG
:dG BGdG cP G
pe p co soK noT p r nj s pehn p ns dG npehn kJ ooHp np G npe p p sJG pGnC p rsdG ndGE p ntHQn nMhGnC hn }
p S s pd lAB n p T p pa oofG n dGnC lp noe lGn n T n pf o oH pe oo r nj kodPo puHQn noo S p or S an pG n n sdG uco
B
69 - 68 jBG dG IQS | nh o sn n jn m n pd k jn
n pdPn pa sGE p
cCdH gh ,dEG OLdG QfE G g eCG YCG j QdG jf IYOh
kj jh d J Y j GdGReh fGd cdG CG hj GdGReh GhCGQ b
Y adCe kLh GQY e Gk ch .ke Gk J gJ Y QdG jf IQb Y
Y OLh e H dG Gg RE'' :GQdG g eh jdG g IYO e dD JAGb
19
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GG Y dG
Gg Y HLEG Y j dG Ea dG Gg e fGG dh Y ie P
.''GDdG
ahG QdG jf IYO MCG d Y dG IOhO H G JBG G OQfh
:j M QjO a eg Haimar Von Dithfurth Yjh
MU j e iJ ,IgH Ia jd Sc IOG HdG GQhCG PJG Ia EG
jdG Y dG QY MG e J dG cdG IdG g MU e ?IdG g
IdG g MU e KGQdH J b J CG IOhd H h ?Y j dG
b Y j CG hj jd cP fEG id aJ CG H gGdG g c ...cdG
ka jd kH kY Gk RL dG IOhd CG kY ,G H f CG d H h IG
e g j Hb Y IQdG EG IOhdG g Jh ,JG cS FGH Y
.dG Gg H dGh
GH gh f Y ad SdG g J CG IOhdG d j c dh
d Ghj gGdG g e ebCG dG AY HL eYh .?jdG e dG
20
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j hQg
dG dG OLH GeBG fCG CG bN W Z Ib OLh Ia GJ CG IH EG Gk J

H J dG jdG g EG dHh .dG Y ad e dBG Jb j
gGdG g H jG dG j NBG fL eh ,dG MH hCG d QfG
Ea ZCG j e Y Y fC ,IjdG dG Y e CG e kdN Gk J
dG Ggh ,IOdH cdG CG d GG cG j IjdH dG J
jG h ,VGhh IOh HLEG Y H j H dDhJ NDj h j
.dG Gg e OLh J dG dG IOhd dG dG Y
eCG f Vj e g Ea fGd G dG M jG EG Of iNCG Ieh
j e G dG Gg j dh ,cdG CG d dG JdG gh YCG
OQ Mh NBG GM CG Y j CG e bJ hCG d dG hCG dG
Gg J g e PEa ,eh He Y OLh Y ec g AGHEG RdG dG
(5) ?dG
e EG j CG hj hCG j gh QdG jd G Gg dj dG Gg
H gQd bdG Z G FdG jYQ Igd Mh J g

Y eh dE G dE d gOfG gh ,Y gOhPh Gh dG
.dGE dGE MH U Yj dG SdG FdG Gg dP
21
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GG Y dG
EG GQGUEGh dG g e ,ShQG dG dG Gg ,dG IOhO d

MU M .Ohe jW EG EG ODJ ja bJ hCG ,VGh OhOQ hH SCG
J gFGZh fGG S CG ca G H YG b f jhQGO dQJ jdG
VGh IQHh Ge IY ''GfCG UCG'' Hc dP cPh jf d kVGh Gk jJ
:a d
CEMAL YILDIRIM Qj L
QdG jf LGJ dG dG RC G Y
c :kFe H keD e fc e ZdH
SGH gQH G FdG fGE gG J
MhQ e jGC Y kGH dG fG Va
?jQT hGC
22
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j hQg
hJ Q gQJh Ff ch ,IG e Ic LQO Jh dH KCH R FGdG ZCG''

.(6) ''SSCG e jf d ac jf Qd
c HCG FSQ Th H b a jhQGO fGa YG jhQGO dQJ eCG
cPh '' The Life And Letters Of Darwin= jhQGO dQJ FSQh IM'' SCG
UCG j) dG kFb FGd J jhQGO LGh dG HdG ie
FGdGh fGG GOdG Y hCG dG j e ddG dG h (GfCG
AGdG a jJ dG jGH VG Gg NOEG dGh .a UG NGh
UCG e FGdG H jh ,dG fH FGdG QJ Id aQ feEG Y
.(7) ''GfCG UCG'' c gGMG dG VGG
QJ GC FGd
c dh ,Ijd f fGG S ZCG H dOj QdG jf IYO EG
h FGdG Af c Y e J OGjEG j HdG dG dG SCG
gMCG UM dh ,d fGG cG c Y h Ie hC IjdG QX c Y
AfG jh HdG jW Y cS kWCG fGG J'':dG AYOEH d SCH
LdG cdG CG g QGJ j M Me h .dG fG SGH ibCG
.''bG LCG Y
ANCG g f fYO ,AYOEG Gg dG j CG e ANCG gh
:dH
:dG fG Y IG cdG QNG :de edG ANC G-1
.QdH UG ''jhQGO dQJ'' jd SSCG G j dG fG EG
kg dG Gg j b) G Fd dUh e J CG QNG j dG fGh
23
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GG Y dG
.MdG LCd dG dP jQd G FdG dP QNGh (kcS hCG

AYOG M dG c :gh Y f CG j AYOG Gg e f gh
Lj dh OLdG bdGh IKDG IdG gh QdG e G d G J jhQGO
e fGG Z hCG fGG H Lj M IKDe Ic Gh QdG H e dG
AT c Nh j eh dG N e a ,QGdG Gg PJG Y HdG hCG dP QGb
.G e QdG Y IQdGh Gh dG
fG jW Y IG cdG cG dSH f jhQGO j G
jCGQ Y adG SGh N g dG f Lh Y aGjh Oj fCG EG dG
:j M e Zh Wg fc e ZdH
,dG e ATCG Z fGNEG Oj G ZR dG FGdG QYG jdG
M UJ H b hCG Hge FGZ d eh N EG e dG h
Y dGh dG e J IdG UdG gh AMCG d Y QSd IUh
QaCG EG jb dh ke hj QYG Gg dh .VCG e UCG AfG
.(8) QhJ dG
WY CH Qj L QahdG gh cJ IG gh QdG jd NBG YGO jh
:OdG GH jh dG fG SGH gJ CG id eeCG
Ye EG j YCG f SGH AHCG eeCG WY d feEG LJ g''
jhQGO hjDe eh AMCG AY a T Hh ?dG fG f e MhQ
.(9)GDdG Gd e GL OGjEG
g J CG J fCG h bdG Z G FdG id je U dgh
fbh dG CG Mh ,dG g e e g j CG j PEa JOGQEH dG
Gj fc H jG dG g AMCG cEG Y GLY dG fG
dEG jdG AMCG ac OLh J dc WdG Gh ,jG d
d cS kWCG dG gf CG f eG SCG dh ,G HJh
24
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j hQg
Gg EG AGgG GG Gd J c :Af h GSGh IG J fGG

?jdG H dG GP hCG GG Gg j ch ?dG
:dG fG Y IG adG QGJ YR M ghC G - 2
fG Y Gh IG cdG CH gDhYOG g jhQGO jD fdG IG
c b .LdG e jd gh V AYOEG Ggh LCG Y KQGJ j dG
M CH M jQJ HdG jW Y GG j jL S CG Ea AT
HdG g NOEG h Mh G GP J G HdG C GMCG e
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CG QGJ Yj jdG dhCG CGd gG jCGQ kje Gordon R.Taylor jh
:j bG LCG Y cdG
h bG LCG Y cdG CG QGd feEG g CH AMCG AY Yj''
G FdG L FXh L CH Yj Dobzhansky ka dG IgdG g Ige
dG g h ,LQG G IaG eGdGh UdG KCH dG QGdG f EG g e
U Z Gg dh ,cdG CG GfCG dH FdG JQH ke eCG j
adG Gg Dobzhansky e fe d Y j CG SDG QeCG e jh IH
LCG Y KQGJ j AMCG d cdG CG H dg CG U ,FZhdG
.cdG CG L Y eCG J G e dh MdG
CG H QGJ KEG SGH Y dO CG OLh Y d IgdG Gh
AH Y a dhDe G CG hGh G Fd G jG SGH cdG
FdG S Y IdG d fedG H RGaEG e cCG gDhH j M JhdG
j CG hCG keN dH hCG kf GG j CG G S Yh (eY IQH) G
j dG UG dG QGJ j dO CG Lj dh ,eCH kWJQG cCG ddG
.hG fGh eGdGh JdH Y j GG
25
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e FW GC hGC G FdG GfGC e f d

GC a dG Gd ,GfC G bH Y UN cS
FdG Vj e Qd dG e C G g VJ
,QdG IYO AYOG M LddG Qd f G
.Gh d e Gg dHh
g C ?jQdG Y Y dhDG KGQdG GMdG g e PEa dc eCG c dh

.(10) GDdG Gg Y HLEG MCG j h ,gOLh Vj e
eCG QGd Hb IG cdG CG H AYOG Ea Gordon R.Taylor cP ch
dG f eY RGaEGh Ohd SdG AfEGh TYC QdG Aa ,kY e Z
gh d dGh dc IG cdG CG e f OLh j d
edG H G gh IH f Vj NBG e gh LCG Y KQGJ
.dG dG
H eJ jGQO Y J CG e j H J UN S d edG a
QGdH J CG dG ed cdG CG g dh ,SGh IN GPh
cdG CG g jQJ J a Gd KdG d h Y fc Mh d
J c :QdG jf IYd JBG GDdG LJ j dc eCG GO eh ,M LC
26
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j hQg
dG edG e M LC cdG CG g QJ CG Y eY hC
GM CG hCG kf hCG k fc AGS edG g GJ eh ?KdG J cCdH gh
adGh HdGh fdG ie j dG dG GH dG je e J NBG
CG dG J bG g CG EG dG hQ EG aVEG bH QGhOCG jRJh fGh
.Ie hC N e cdG CG g QJ
fC cdG CG g cG Gk L dH b bG g CH dG h
h .IQU cCH VQCG Lh Y gOLd hCG dG e dG Gg JG GC J
Ggh ,IdH e cS Lh d Me jCG JM QGWCG e QW CG OJ
?cdG CG J G FdG Y dG a PEG .G FdG L e FL eCG
,Y HLEG QdG jf IYO j h S 150 b jhQGO MW dG f GDdG gh
:kFb f jhQGO Y Y bJ gh
jQJh dH jjdG cdG CG cG Va Y f CG c C fEG''
h dG hCG dG Y dG c jd I FGZ g f c fC ,M LCG EG
.(11) ''dH HcG dG
IM jCG hCG edG dG CG VaG a
Y IG JU L cG b iNCG
CG ,QdHh dG fG
tonj nehn rop rNn pahn fCjG VaG
q K dG d fG Y
m r n pd
l jn GB mHs GOn r pe IQHh M LCG EG dP H jQJ
Ie U fG j Ie c h be
n opboj
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g Mh d e Va UC
c M EG jHCG e edG dG HJ Y
J a Gdh ,Y fc EG aVEG
27
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GG Y dG
j gh .MdG LCG EG G IjG cdG CGh dG jQJ

.(12) dG fG SGH dG g J c :f GDdG
d qG a bh dG bdG Y QdG jH eDG MCG Qj L jh
dG e T Y J dG GG G S Y NCdh :jdG
IjL jM U jCG jQd feEG jCG jd dh Y GG a ,dGh
Yh a LJ dG G hX e kge kJ J fCG EG M LCG EG J
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d IG cdG CG J dSG dGbCGh AdG aGYG e J jh
dG fG Y J cdG CG g C QdG jf SGH G FdG
.M LCG EG jQJ h
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CG f CG j dh ...MGhdG e QdGh SCG e Cf b MGhdG J
.kc kaNG MGhdG Y dG J M dG M e ke j MGdG dG
LddG G DhH VJ c QJ EG G FdG S VJ g :dG GDdG Qhjh
?QJ EG
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dG fH FGdG cG dSG EG UJh bdG Gg Y UEG Vh jhQGa
gjJh dG fH FGdG cG G e g :kFb AJ M QdH gJh
S dG SdG dG GH dG f AH eCG dG GPe ?H a gJh
bdG Ggh .(14) ?IjdG g eCG dG GPe .S eH VjdG qFNC
q G
d SCa .QdGh MGhdGh SCc fGG GfCG ac e Y G eCG OGjEG
jH dRe AfEG Y ka dG Y adGh dGh KdG M e H UN U
28
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j hQg
H gh .a J dG FG SdG e ke FJ dM UG dG gh ,UG
d d Hh dG b IOLG QMCG H H J SCG e GfCG
NGO IOLG LCG d eRdG chCG e c cCG d ba fYR aaH J
Ie H Y bJh VdG Gd J UN AH GP TYCG H a QdG eq GC .dG
.dG d eR IO eR
H aH a ke kce kcS a jH fGM J dGh SdG eCG
H VH J SCG H gh ,d eRdG IG gh ec jT Ie edG
AH J jdG fGG H g NBG fL eh .dG b IOLG QMCG NGO
a QdG eCG ,QTCG Qbh ZCG GSH dG QTCG GWCG Y ce
MGhdG e Cf fCG Yj dG FdG eCG jdG JdGh YCG GSH TYCG
KJ fGG bH KJ a .G FdG bH Y kq c kaNG KdG M e a
J L J CG Hh .IjY Gk TCG fH NGO LCG CH FdG KJ dH
29
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GG Y dG
.L Rj dG dH jH
Ia d kec H j a ,AMCG GfCG e f q d d SCG gh
YdG Y j NBG dGh a OLG G H ke e dG j jW
q ch FG fGGh jdG fGG H STh c NG g j ch .ZGh
.a j dG SdG M VGh NH j f
UG Qd kMe j CG j FGdG dG CG f VdG Gg e
aJh dG b QMCG H J dG dG J CG G S Y .AMCG
QTCG GWCG Y UN TYCG AH EG IQG JjZ OJ kjq H kfGM d jYQ fYH
Gg iNCG dSGh ,kW eCG Ggh .J LC e Ie dG Y bjh
Z cS eAe Y f dG G FdG YSG Y VH VJ VG
qdG J dG dG J M a j dG SdG J f IQG d QG
dP d bdG V EG aVEHh ,ad IjL Sh gOjEG H EG dG dG
Ve fEa EGh Ie IQH L AHh JM jWh cS H J CG j fC
.f VGfGh d
jdG QGdG Gg e PJ HdG bY Z GM Lj fCG VGdG eh
Ad FG fGG S J j a Gk PEG .Y ib j dG JGSGh
OQ Ve UG Gg dH jhQGO OCG d?a J dG SdG hTh eLCG
:kFb ''GfCG UCG'' Hd LG dG Y
AH UG dG j CG j fCG Oe GfCG UCG Ia Y VGYG g c
jJ CG C H e Fe fc Y ka FGZ dG e keGe G FdG
.(15)G G j H j
hCG aOH hCG edG Y QdG SGH GG S J fCG J j
d J dG FGh dG J G FdG cG a PEG .CG dG KCH
jW Y G fEa .VdGh bdG jZ GDdG Y GGh ?JM UGe
30
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j hQg
e U jh TGC I eb Y jdG j
.OdG
.j a gQU dG fGC
J dSG ij CG j AMCG e
SGH hCG JGP AJ e cdG CG g
CG g Qeh .aOG e S
G h eLCG Lj cdG
jDhQ Ib a PEG .a J dG
FdG g S IQGOEH J IOG dH
g AdG QGSCGh IG ge d Jh ,G
c MQ Sh dGh Jh fS dG
.AT
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.dEG dEG SGH
LGh HdG dG fcP c
J Ic dTEG QdG jf IYO
G qCG M fGG S H
Z G FdG c CG gh L VGh
CG hCG VGdG hdG H j CG bdG
,U QGb PJG hCG FbdG H HdH j
Id dG Y JQb Y Y ka
J iNCG ATCG fL EG e MGe
Y IQO g a .kcGQOEGh Gk Jh kY
Jh gOJh AMCG g QN
g qGE QdG IYO jh adG g
,YCG g AGOCG Y e G FdG
g eh ?efdG Gg Vh dG e PEG
31
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GG Y dG
gh ,bOh VGh GGh ?G Ad UG dG Rj dG f dG IdG

Ib g CG VGdG H aOG hCG f AJ e cdG CG g dJ dSG
g T H IdG g MUh .FdG J Y Te KCJ dh gjJh dG g
eCG ILY J CG d H G FdG N c J CG J jfh .dG G dG
HCG g C T H ib gCG d dM HCG AGLEa Gd .Qeh cS J
j dG g Mh Jh fS da ,HV hO hCG kaGL j q M Fc Lj fCG J
qQ ,JQH cS d jh M c bGjh QeCG Hjh dG e G FdG H
.G BGdG OQh G gh ,H eh VQCGh GhdG
mG n p U nYn uHQn sGE p n pnp U npH l Np GB n go sGE p msHGB On pe ne ouHQn hn uHQn pdG nYn orcs n nJ ufGE p }
.56 jBG Og IQS .| p n r eo
ibC d AdG C H jhQGO AYOG q J G FdG id dG hQ

Ea HdG dG dG SCG e
fb Y j jhQGO AYOG M eCG
dG G FdG qGC CG ,dG fG
J dG SdG hT e J CG J
,f Y Gh JM UGe J a
dG J dG dG FdG eq CGh
,AdGh d Ve a hdG J e
kah d G jdG j Gg Y AHh
G g jhQGd dG fG fd
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.dG jh dG a AdG LCG e H
c Y j jdG Gg EG Gk OSGh
32
pG hn n sdG pa ne pspd nsSn

o j p n rdG n go hn p V Qr nC rdG hn
o reo o nd o p n rdG
p r jo p V Qr nC rdG hn pG hn n sdG
uco nYn n go hn op ojhn
l j pbn Am r Tn
(2-1/ jG)
17/11/02
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j hQg
Gg e Sh h .AdGh dG S jNBG Y IdH Gk eh kjb j CG M Fc

S QKBG GP J b a ,adGh dGh QjEG e GG H Y jG
d qg h ffCG G FdG j CG j G Gd kahh .f G FdG Y
.AGYCG N e f jMh jhDj dG dG AfEGh AGdG Y dG iS
Y Ad Gk je kYGU VJ Fc qj dG G g dG CG U g dh
b Gg ej M CdG GH jQG HCG EG .?ffCGh MdG dG H
jZ Gk QU J d M eCG fcQCG da .QdG IYO GAYOq G HCG
.''QdG fbh dG'' Hc Qj L cj.dG LCG e dG
Y dG hQj Y dG LQ e Zh jhQGO L dG SCG EG
dG dG LQ c :ddG dG dLEG AMCG H d kMe fCG
kfGe dG SQj h jW I Y ceCG hCG JG j Y SdG
eU M dM G FdG c Id SG EG WH dN gP Gdh
.(16) gdG Gg KGH e f PfEG j Haley g e a Yh ,H a
Hc ca QdG jH kjCG eDj dG Peter Kropotkin JHhc H dG eCG
dG C G ''QdG KDG edG :G dG'' hCG Mutual Aid: A Factor in Evolution
:kFb hjDeh jhQGO a bh
Ie kHhM G FdG a VJ e fCG Y dG Gaq Y hjDeh jhQGO
fGG a J YQe M QYH GG Y Huxley cg Qjh .H a
GC d dG j dG gh jdGh cd H e dG Jh H a je GH
CH g f Lh CG hCG gdG e d jh .Ggh Gk jL kYGU dG dG
.(17) ...Y d dG
Y jh ,Y Me EG QdG jf OSG Y Y Gk gT j VdG Ggh
Gh .gGd kah IOLG gGdG H N e dG edG JYO e AdG
dG AMCG a c CN fCG qJ dG ALQCG gQfG jhQGO Yj dG G CG
33
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GG Y dG
G FdG f kXe kfhJ J M Fc kjCG H a AdG LCG e aJ

Y hLY QdG IYa g e .f Y kfMCG gKDJ fCG Gg e YCGh ,iNCG
:ADg Y Qj f dG G iMEG IQOU e OQhh .QjEG gGX J
jhQGO jf EG dHh ,G FdG hJ LCG e dG dG J G''
bH fheh ,KdGh AdG LCG e aj CG M Fc c Y j fEG J a
CG j SSCG Gg Yh AdG G FdG dP Ua e j G FdG
S Gk OLe Gj QjEG CG MG dh ,QdG Y cdG dG Gg Gjo
. (18) G FdG
N EG Nj GM CG H J a dG eY S g QjEG Y e HCGh
JQ Gk fh J dG G IRhe J SdG JHEa ,S fCG kj Y e
e e kLQN AYCG g e J Id NGdG AYCH KdG IHEG g
.G OGaCG bH eS LCG e JH J edG dG qGC dP e Vj .dG
dG jYQ Y j cda ,G M Y SGH ea fCGh jdG cP qeCG
hj CG IdG g W j h ,fG hO e TCG HQCG W bS H jG
Na EG H JCJh eH gh AGdG d dG EG ga fCG qeCG AGdG e kT
.Na LCG e kXe kfJ jjh
J FHC dj dG jYdG qGC EG MG fGG e fc dG Y jh
M a H CG J dG a H IdG SdG J ea ,IjdG IG
Y IQOb Jh gOY jh J M Mh jYQ Y J K AG EG H J
e QGdH PJ e YS N CH IdG SdG J eYh ,H YG LGe
CG Y GPEG UN GSG j dG Gg EG .dEG dH eCG C G gh eq CG a EG
...h gYJ CG Jh gAHCG cCJ CG e Gh Me fGM SdG
a ,gOhCG Vd a J dG dG J fGG e eCG H gh
fCG fGG Y hGh .L JM Vq e j M VJ Jh gdh e CG
34
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j hQg
hCG TCG hCG jCG EG J jW O dG e GLN jdG hCG kjM Ghdh jdG gOhCH J
e Y adH Jh AdGh Gh AGdG gQd fGG g aa S H M
N YdG Ie 20 - 4 e QU jH j QdG GfCG ZCGh .SG AGYCG N
gQU VJ eY Gk L iJ CG Y j PEG geCa FdG fEG eq GC ,MGdG dG
H fRh e CG J H kfRh VdG OGOj IdG g Wh ,dG dG d aJ M
.e
cJh gQU bdG Z fGG g J CG a G g bGh dG eCG
jYQ dhDe J dP e dH dh ,dG hCG eeCG e J fC fCTh
.Y H Y adGh
f dG J b EGh a gQU e dG Gg e PJH AMCG J h
,f YG e J dG jNBG OGaCG hCG iNCG fGG AGREG f Gh
j CG dG G g e ba ,AGdG QOe J eY dP Me h
Lj e Y Pjh dG d e dG
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L EG dG IdGh dG EG HdG
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OLh fCG eCG g e j dGh
AGdG LCG e fGG H MGe hCG a
35
17/11/02
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GG Y dG
J gh .hdG bCG M JJh fhd IjY P Ige dH H

gNCG j dCe a Gg eh .Jbh hdG ICWh e dG Y Ic MCG
g J d dG Y IQdG e AMCG g H Lj fCG gh QYG H
Jh Y fGG g J c PCG.dG Gg Jh GQGdG
.?G dG Gg d Yh e MGh g
Q dG g Y aj dGh j e JG dCGh AMCG g N dG EG T H
:d sLh s Y dd kbGe .JQb L dG
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6 jBG Og IQS |peo
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jQdG e gh John Maynard Smith CS a e iS ij eh kffCG c e
:fGG id dG e dG GH j dG fGbC kGDS jQG
DhH d J dGh G Fd dG dG QNG j dG fG c GPEG
(20) ?fGG H id dG U f CG d a KJh
dG Y G IjZ
IYO eEH j fGG H S dG Ea HdG dG JG e
M jdG d dG SSCG J dG d IjY eCG gh .gJ QdG
Yeh jY c dG Y j Stephen Jay Gould dL L S CG
.(21) QdG jf LGJ
eCG Gk c Gk S hCG kfe gQYH Gorden Taylor jJ OQL Y j NBG fL e
dG gh .OdG Gg ADg LGj dG dG RCG Y Y dH Ge jdG
jdG dhCG ah d Jb W Jh Ic ge Jge dG aCGdGh
36
17/11/02
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j hQg
.Z aOe f fhjh H jOe If dG EG hj

,fCG G fH S k NBG Gk J gGdG g a JZ e dG gh
dG CG ij gh Richard Dawkins Yjh VG bh IdG MCG IdG g FGQh
j eY GG Ea db Mh ,ffCG f EG g e FdG H Y J dG
Y OhJ eY CG CG CG JL Y kXM H bdG Y kYaO dP j fEa e J
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38
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j hQg
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ARAP FEDAKARLIK 040-071
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17/11/02
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41
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Page 42
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j hQg
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43
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GG Y dG
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44
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j hQg
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45
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GG Y dG
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j hQg
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U H Hj dH EGh H QdG dG j dP CG EG ,gZ hCG ZCG e dG
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J dG fG fb G GOSGh jhQGO AYOG Mh .dG Ad eRdG
c d kMe a J dG SdG c dh .ffCG h f EG G FdG
S YEd Gh dG G Gg H G FdG g eb hjDeh g Yj
jhQGd dG fdG Qj gZh SCG g ?dG IdG FdG Y G
g c Y MdG GGh .jG GAYOGh QdG jf eeCG Jh Y HLEG
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H c TYCG AfE S gCGh .Y OYG dG jdG j h Y AH jW
gJ eY kUNh ,dG e Ic LQO Y a H dG e J dG NGah
Ad QNG j dG G dh ,dG Y ad Sh jCG hO j Qda ,d CG
47
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GG Y dG
S hCG YhL IOLG dGh QTCG b e aO Sh JGP M j dG

IM Y kXM JEGh YGdG dG ANEG j PEG YCG H dch dGh G
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j YSG Y dHh jH cG Y JQb Y EG aVEG gOLCG jQY dG
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FH J fCa ,PdG Gg AH Hd Gk fh ,Gd RdG AdG aj a ''G
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dG W QdG Jh ,kGL e IN j TYCG e CG Ad dhCG OGG aJh
e g AdG Yh .G g Fd bG dh gbe dhCG OGG g H
OGe e TYCG AH QdG Jh .FG G QNG a cdG e eCG fCG
Y J Y CG FNh ,QdG hCG dG Mh dGh JdG QdGh dG e dhCG
Gk OYG dc Jh .FH dG dP ej dG jdG Yh G dhCG OGG
Y Y ge hCG W dG OGG QJ a ,HUh feh dhCG OGG fhe Y
hO j dCG e dG a ,Gd keCG cCG dG j OGG g dGh .AdG
.dG GQL J CG hM
j dG dGh ,dG Ad RdG G jH GC J dhCG OGG CG H QdGh
G GQL Y hCG jhdG aM Y Y j dG dG hCG G g AdG SdG g
Y j dG UdG G e H fGQH Y H a LQG MdGh
AH eRCG dG G EG jh Qe OedGh dG H j .khCG ,Y jH
IOG H jhdG S h UN OGe RGaEG H kLd kje dG j K eh a dG
UCG NGO C h Qhe UCG T Y FdG dG dG j M LdG
KCJ e IdG c U Af Y j e kdZh jdGh dGh H
48
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j hQg
.(30) eH dG g EG ODj dG G dG S jJ Q dG bG QeCG

,b e Y J SjSfCH YJh jaEG L J dG QdG Hh
N V jd NBGh S gMCG d Ne gh ,dG e hCG dG
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e dH Y AH sarasmagller L e jeCG QdG MCG j NBG fL e
OhdGh GhdGh YaCc AGYCG GbG hO j dG Gg C dG dG N
CG J dHh .(32) QdG g EG dH Gk N j dG VdG GfCG MCG kUNh
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bQdG dG Gg NGO Tjh ,dG j e dG H M UG bQdG Jg
H a d fC j dG NGO kaVEG Gk AL dG Gg j Gk NCGh ,(33) H
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M gh ,GG Y TYCG GfCG ZCG e LdG QdG TYCG J
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49
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GG Y dG
dGC h WN IHE c bdG Qe j G dG

jh Y Ad c dG N hGC JdG GQhC G
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aQ AGLCG e dCJh ,eRdG dhCG OGG L g dG FdG H j Y hCGh
JhGd J dS EG dP Ljh HdG e kH jdG JdG GQhCG e j
Ya P IT Z a M NCG dG adG AG H dP H dG jh .fheh
ddh ,dG H d Qeh dG Y dG W MCG d bS MCG kee
h , Y jJ N e dG H HH dG j dG G g S hO
50
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j hQg
AGLCG jH kM j K ,dG EG kNe J d M AfEH dG j hCG MG

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CG cG C, d c e j e QGe j CG FdG Y cG g AKCG h.
AYEG j d d FdG VdG QJ j CG Yh .M dG S INQ fc
.d LQN GAf j e j CGh,SG VG dG GQ RdG AfG
kHe j dG g h GQG H GC j d RdG NG AfEG e dG j eYh
G Q bQdG dG jh ,dG NGO e dG UGjh Y Y kSCGQ hCG
kf d j jdG Hh ,k Gk T j K eh bH LQG aW h dG
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f jh NG a Fe e dG H GC j K eh eRdG OGG H
eCG j eY Sjh AfG eCG j eY dG jh H a GQG
Y Fe fH fG CG j CG hO ge LQO EG d fJEG gj e Gg SdG
d bS SGH MGh BG T Y AGOCG Fa IQe j fCG Gh .dG
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fhe dG cEH G Gg j ,NGdG e Y AW Y Yj kN dH
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51
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IQdG dG dG s Lh s Y dG dGC
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j hQg
EG QOj dG GDdGh .(37) dG Gg e hR 200 e j e dG Gg NGO jh

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53
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GG Y dG
dG Gg j dG GHh .iPCG CH j a dG Ae N e cM YSh M

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54
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j hQg
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.(41) dG a j Ie c c 1^5 ae H FdG a GdG J EGh a
hdG GP QdG TYGC

j kWf a J fC QdG g EG dH V Y Se KdG Se j
eCe Y AH g dEG dH YJG j IN hCGh ,fCG CG c Gk cP AGS YEG
.OdG dG dGh fCd
dG Gg fCG NJ K eh IdG Se K Y a dG cdG jh
cdG CG PEG dG Gg AH ke kfL g CG H .dH dG Ne H cdG j gHh
Gg IU Ia j gZh YaCG N e gUh fCd jM dH NG j gh
KK I dG Y IbGQ J fC dH fCG cdG IdG g jW Yh dG
gjhJ j hG jG GdG Mh ,IMGh Ie dh dG e a J UGe TCG
.(42) IdG g Y dH
55
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GG Y dG
dG Y bJ fCa ,Jh IHeh U H gQU fCGh cdG jh

Y j a cdG eCG S a g j Oj dG dG NGO UGe TCG KK I
.jdG M gGh jYdG j H dG Y h
AfEG UG HSCG QdG GfCG e f d CG eCG g N e fh
b e jh j dh c M EG Gk e j dSCG g e SCG ch ,TYCG
.jc kJh kJ J dSCG g CG M ,ke ke h bY Z GM
Y IQY c cS dh bY Z M Fc J dG eCG g f fYOh
g fc GPEGh ?cdG CG g Qe e .QH J ah Jh Jh aCGQh T
,J a d Le Ib g PEa CG g J YdG JOGQEG G FdG
.H eh VQCGh GhdG Q dG g IdG g Qeh
. jYH jh IT K VHh fGC VH dG QG hP FdG j
56
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.Mh dL e Sj L Y j ke edG a .GfC G bH Y j d T dG GfGC e f d
dG e G Y bGQ UC G QdG W :a
QU j HHC G W H dG dG :dG
pa s pe op r of kIn rp ndp n rfnC G pa rond sGE p hn }

|noco rC nJ n r pehn lIn pcn o pan en n pa r ondhn n pfo Ho
21 :jBG eDG IQS
17/11/02
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GG Y dG
G G FdG J dG TYC G
a , FH Y jja Jh H dG e dG Gg j :''SedG'' f
Hh ,Ib IH H VH GC J CG b G AfE e fCG Y dG GC J HdG
OGG OjEG g MdG MG J ,SG G CG
.Jf GQhCG hCG Y hCG jQ e G Ad eRdG
dhdG Ic H kUN kfe G J jGdG
dG G e dG dhCG OGG SGH G Sh
.d AGdG L Y a JBG MG eCG ,a LJ
.G SedG f FW
AGdG gh FGhO SGQ dH GC J G J ea
Jh ,J h N be cJ jdG Hh kehO G f j dG AKCG gGh
G H e d OJ ac dG iJ eYh dG M hCG QgRCG MQ H
eJ H G QN J a e dG dG AG eCG .G G
jJ Hh .QGM Rc QhO EG aVEG d FdG OGG d j U FS YU
Y L dG QgRCG MQ eGSG EG aVEG dG IOe RGaEH CGJ dG Gg e
edG dG Y S dGh H 18 - 8 e a d dG jhc IU Z
.k Gk S QgRCG MH dM eh dG g H G Jh G hCG
g iNCG FdG Gh .a Va JH dG g dG Vh j
,dG UN a J dG e UN YhCG AfEH HdG G J Gd ,edG jJ
Ak GZ dG e LQG edG jCG Nh HQCG H e hGJ jJ Ia Hh
.QgRCG MQh dG M eGb d Gk gL
j d .dG Y kfGM eeCG fLd UJ aH dG g dG eCG dh
AUG OGaCH e N AfE fJ EG aVEG ,AH eY aCc dG UN GSG
.GDS fgPCG EG QOj e hCGh .GS H Rhj a GG g W eCG .dG
J dG e edG hN H a ?G b e dGh QjEG Gg c GP
58
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j hQg
iNCG e hb Y JCfCG dG cJ MG OLh EG aVEH ,H GP kT

dEG fEG ,UGG G Gg c t h ,Gg fd S OLh e H Gk PEG .MGJ
H j dG ffCG AMCG Y e a .kjCG G FdG bH Lj dG dEG
.(43) QdG IYO
dG d dG LG
C G Ggh ,gdd Vh H hCG keM J eY kK C e dG dG fCG J
fCG J keYh .e ce hCG Le J fEa Gg GYh ,G cQ
EG aVEG dG Y jQYh YCG JOh dG ddG j ,AdG e gdh
j dG C Gh .dG dG OdG Gg jYd C e EG Se La Gd ,M U
Gg dh .jJ e f b jFGO MSh G fh Ge dW f T Y DhfEG
H G M H J hCG gG CG hO WYG H Gg C j C G hCG G
.a dG dd jYdGh MGdG FSh c aJ h ,H Ie H Sh gGh jY
c CG Ne e kb YCG i fCG gDJ aZ e cCG LG d Ea keYh
.QG EG dH Ad j
jd IU Ib Y fCG ah Neh C G Y dG cGJ AdG a GWh
QhH dG Gg jh .je EG S 75 H e hGj H C G S jh ,dGh
.(45) HK IQGG LQO J Gdh NGdG OLG AdG Y ad QGG RdG
MCG S QG H Paul Watts Yjh LhdG SCG eL MdG MCG b
C G QN IQGG LQO CG gOe ,ge f EG Ua IQGG LQO Sd HdG Le
IgdGh .kGHCG 3 - 2 IQGG J a C G NGO eCG dG 30 GM fc
dY LQO e AGj c dG dG d dG fCG Sb c g fd G
Mf e kFe IQGG H CG NGO SdG c EG aVEG CG NGO QGG
N g G NBG eCGh ,dG JS AKCG L gdG fh SG J
59
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GG Y dG
J c dG JS AKCG Ic LQO EG jG Jda dG dG fCG

EG L OLG gdG TCG S Wh ,gU VQEG Y Ydh IFGR bW
EG bdG HV 70 e b bO Jh Gk HCG iJ a g eCG ,gQU jd JhH
Hh kjCG JLM AH J h ,jG Jda J dHh bdG HV K
.IdG J hS jdG QdG d eRdG bW J jdG
SdG ce
Vd Gk L k kfe GjQa ''ScaCG'' e j dG dG fCG J
eh kjJ S 90 YJQG J e d dH Jh G JdG H J a dG
L b J dG JdH dP H Jh H a d dG g b IM K
Y CG J dH dG GC j eYh .AGYCG N e dG g SGH GC J K b e
GC d H Z dG JdG dGREH J ,Ie kJGUCG hQj gh gQU GUCG S
CG a ,YCG EG dH QdG
AG EG Kh G a j
.(46) JM GhCGd
''OGG'' dG e
L j dG dG Gg j
AfEG FedG HCG e jaCG
G Gg AfEH cdG j ,e
GQhdG j M AG V Y
gQd J dG dG
dG fGC
17/11/02
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j hQg
cG Yh ,aGM SH j K eh ,VGh IM a j M dG f M
,S 10 H kFe kVM C fCG b j jdG h d e W GQL jH GC j IG g
Y jh (hGdG) Kd fEG a Yj kJGUCG Qjh VG Gg NGO SH CGjh
cd a VG NGO H VH GC J dG fEG iMEG fG j M VdG Gg
J dG OdG bj J ,a M dG Gg bG gc GC j dP Hh .J
YJ eYh GGh SCG N e eC VG Gg Jh bGh H W
.(47) JM CGJh d G VG Gg GQL a J e YS
AG Se
j e kYGfCG g CG EG ,H UN Re AH JOY e d SCG CG G e
G hCG QfCG hCG GdG b UN ce d J HdG G SCa ,kG kcS
S dP Y eh ,edG hCG QMCG H M T Y J e kdZh ,IcGdG
GfCG gh .gMd J M G g NGO H J a ''dG'' Sh ''dG''
dG j eY fCGh cdG H hdH dG Gg SGH J SCG e iNCG
cG AfEG Y hDG g cdG j SCG GfCG e Y .b QNCGh kae
.SGMh dG VH UG
j dG cdG dG dP eh ,kGJ cCG ce H J SCG gh
AfEH cdG j PEG HhQhCGh ddG jeCG e c GdGh jdG WG ZCG
FG JdG e AGLCG H dG e dG Gg j ,QdG TYCG e kfJEG cCG TYCG
M MdH cdG j ,c e Rj d FS jW Y dG H j K eh
kHS ICa j gHh ke kdW kT j M H dGh LdG G g
,AG dN e h Neh d f T Y J c gjEG kbT dG g e
L dM MdH dR cdG j dG dG Gg e dH fCG e CG M GPEGh
,SCGQ ee jW Y Y dj CG hj dG dG Ne EG H gj M kHgPh
61
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GG Y dG
jW Y QG EG fCG kaGO eG e cdG Nj dG Gg NGO fCG J eYh

J g gOWh dG NO e cdG gh fEG IY e dG OJ Ggh .INDG
EG dG AG NH dG Y Hjh SGH cdG GC j dH dG eYh .dG
jCG IY H M dG SGM jh ,e ddG AGLCG eH j NBG fL eh ,dG
.(48) QdG dG kcQJ dG e dG AG H dP H j K .dG a e
?dG Gg RGE fGG J c

IN jd dh Gk HCG AdG b Y h IQdH ae jCG jd d kffEG GhQJ
,JEGh YGH H e AfEH j Gg eh AdG c Y h Ad dhCG OGG
e S J H dH J h .gQU jYdh dG Vd UN ce J dh d ce J keY SC G GE

.bdG e OYh jdG FdG jHh QMC G e e S Y :a AGYC G
62
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j hQg
kb j dG fEa , cCdH !Md dP j CG j g ?Gg j c

.dG Gg j CG HdG e e GPh kbY
SCG ch ?Hbh AcP j kcS fGG g J CG G e g PEG
RL EG M J EGh G EG a J fGG ZCG EG HdG dG dG
Jh ,TYC FfEG Y Gk L bO HH J dP e dh H dh Y
kM gOjEG EG aVEG ,WGh dH UN IQe J dSCG Jh AjdG fGb
fGG g Jh .ke Y IQHh gQU S hCG S VJ dG cG c eCG
GKCJ Y Y d UN Uh cJ Y ka eh W IQH AdG N d
Gg j gh ?QGG RdG e dG dG hCG dG j g dh .dG dG
jdG LSG g CG VGdGh ?jY hCG Y aJ IQhH GP hCG GG
?GQGh GG g e fGG g cG c PEG ,fGG g e QJ CG
g c e ZdG Y c FfEG dGh IHH dc J fGG gh
.a gQU d MCG ZCG cG
dEG fEG ,fGG g S dGh Gh fdG d MGh J g
f Y a c dG Gg dCGh edG IQdG H N QG Qda .dEG
kfGM kYf QYH dG UG HSCH c KdGh dGh dG Y adG sYh
fGG g Y g MHh AT c Sh MQ dG MdG aG dG g ,k
''CG dG'' CG eh ''QdG'' Y dG eh ,eh QH J ah TYCG SCJ c
d SSCG J iS cdG CG g G FdG Y dG g aOG hCG
.MdG MdG d e SGh MQh dEG dEG EG fGG S eh ,kY hCG kja
kJ o Ho p n p G n pe p p sJG pGnC p r s dG ndGE p
n Ht Qn Mn hr GnC hn } G Hc Jh fS dG j
.68 jBG - dG IQS |
n oT p r jn s pehn p n s dG n pehn
ch ce AH c fGG H dCG c G AH c dG dCG dG g fEG
63
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GG Y dG
.YCG J RE G dSCGh dd eRdG OGG OGYEG

QdG IM U S dGh dG Y G
h KdG LC Ic HU Jh Gk kfJ J G FdG e dG EG
J fGG e GfCG g ka .f PfEG S JH J Ic P Ige
GfCGh ,eBG TYCG AfE kbT Gk L J iNCGh ,dG Vh S IjY Gec
I a H iNCG GfCG Y ka dG Vhh KdG H ITe iNCG
.e hCG c hO kjCG HSCG I H S iNCGh iJ CG hO HSCG
Y G g IMGh jZ EG J IjdG cdG CG g CG Gh
hCG AGdG Mh GdG U J a ,AjbCG QdG jYd LM QdG C IG eO
.kGL kV j AdG M Ea jM hO W H J
gQU jYQ kHCGOh kfJ J dG G FdG c g dCG g kjCG jdGh
J dh S c dG e Gk Oh Gk OY J ke Qda ,kGKJ G FdG bCG e g
fCG Y dG dGh kjCG FdG j dG Ggh .kdH kegG dG e OdG GH
CG M ,kf jW Ie jdGh jYdG J dh jOde hCG Gk MGh Gk Ode J
QJ Ic Gk OGYCG J hCG J fc e ZdH gQH kXe kegG J M Fc
dG OdG GH fdh ,KJ Se c GdGh GGh SCG e BH
e Ic OGYCG g e ZdH dG QGSH Y MG Ea IMGdG FdG V
Ic IQH gQH J fGG g fc dh .JM e hCG MGG QdG
Ga dP Y eh ,dG RGdG N j dHh OGWH jGJ gOGYCG fd
g C IjGG gOGYCG Y aM CG M dh Gk L Ic IQH KJ dG FG
RGdG Y H dG FSdG iMEG j KdG CG Gh .(49) dG Lh GdG
hCG Y Mh e g ''KdG'' UN dG d G FdG CG EG dG
.G cS
jEd kHV kcS e f CG a Gd bY Z FdG g CG kjCG Gh
64
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j hQg
QGSG LCG e KdG IQhV d kWe kHM h ,dG RGdG Y kXM KdG
JOGQEG gh ,dG fdG g jJ Ib OLh Y J gGdG g ch .dG
CG CG ,Lh cCG Y dG dG e SQ QhO SQd IM Y c c Y
.QdG MGdG d Jh OJ a IdG QN g e OLh Y J G
Yh dL L fPEH AMCG KJ c Y G Hc Jh fS dG j
Jh J jJ c
? Qm G n r p pH on Yp Am n T tco hn Oo G On r nJ nehn o nMQr nC G o p nJ nehn nrfGoC tco op rnJ ne onr nj odG }
Gh o o rnJ n o n n dGhn o s dGh Qo n s dG hn o dG ppJ jn GB pehn ? : kjGC jh ,8 jB G - YdG IQS[
jB G - a IQS | nh o or nJ rsjGE p ro co GE p so n nNn p sdG pqpd Gh o or SGhn p n n rpd nhn p r s pd
,47
oor njp V Qr nC Ghn pGhn n s dG oroe pqpd } :J a 50 - 49 jBG - iQdG IQS eCG
en o n r jn hn kK nfGE p h kfGn cr Po o Lo h n jo hGnC Qn co t dG Ao B njn n pd
o n jn hn kK nfGE p Ao B n jn r n pd
o n jn Ao B n jn en
| l j pbn l p Yn osfGE p k p Yn oAB n nj
gQUh H G FdG H J dG FdG jdG

Jh QdGh dH jdG Gk c Gk L J fCG AMCG id ahG IgdG
,dG e (dG) Y ah AGYCG Y Y FNEH J a HdG dP S
NBG e EG H H Jh ,dY IQGM EG jJ hO de LQH aJ EG aVEG
CG Mh e hCG c hO UGe HSCG Id S Jh gOj H SMEG Y
aCGQh MQ G cdG CG g Mf CG d h .H dG H j H
.MGhdGh QdGh SCG GfCG e dG id
kcS H J fCG EG fEG I Gk N Gk jJ J ke ''jdG'' aCa
e Y d ,dM Jh Ie c H 100 kjJ J aCG a .aCGQh kY j
IQGM AYC LJh L H J IQGG LQO g Yh H ddG IQGG LQO
65
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Page 66
GG Y dG
QNCG Y iC dG g jh . dG G
jdG g Hh .dM e CG aCG X W
IM Y QNCG KCJ j ''jdG'' fCG jJ dG
.(50) dG NGO dGj gh QdG
kjZ kcS j SCG GfCG H gh
J PEG dG NGO dGj gh QH jdG
Sc a j dG Gg H CG dG
dh G FdG N Qe dG aGC bJ dG SCG'' `H GfCG g YJ Gd j
.gQU dGh G Qe e YS QdG g e bh ,''H H Y
fish cat hCG (dG) dG SCG id FT dG Ggh .H j eY eCG a EG Pj
GdG H M Qj dG dG dH Be ah HSCG I MdG J dG
G H a H dG Jh ,fG dG IOLG IdG jPdG
Yh dEG Ud AG GG cCG Rd G aE dG Gg jd NBGh
ij IdG g Wh ,dJ HSCG Id HCG a EG hCj V QU Y dG a
.(51) jG Jda UGe gdG fh jh Gk HCG cdG
''ejOjQ'' a ,a Hh QU j dG NBG G FdG OdG Jh
VQCG Y H fEG J hGdG Se M Yh L NGO dG fCG
.AGYCG e jM Y JQb Y J cM dG Gg M GQhdG QcdG GC jh
d eG g Y QcdG J e hd dG NGO J LCG GC J eYh
Y dG Gg H cdG jh aT JL H dG dG Gg e c cCG
EG dG NGO Ia Jh ,jd ke a hj dHh ,dG ScCG NGO a fL
a Gk Za Aj CH dP jh Ge IY D dH cdG GC j jdG h ,g cG GhCG
.(52) IG EG hd g cG jdG Qd G d SGh IQH
a d Y ad H OGQORH j dGSCG j OdG e NBG f gh
66
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j hQg
f d Ve dG g dG CG Qd hjh Je OLe c EGh

bJ PEG ke dG g fGG g id j dG CG EG VdG jG GRGaEG
N C dG Vj dHh d fCG HG fCG g RGaEG Y IG
''dG'' c H Y G Ye dSCG J OdG e GfCG gh .(53)
j K fCG X EG d YdG fS SGH dG H cP j dG OSCG
YS 30 Hh ,dG Gd aM bQ Z jh ,dG Gg dG Y Yd G
L dG dG GC jh ,UCG T EG Ojh fCG X L dG Gg j
fCch hJ fCG X dGh dG NGO dG bdG GC J kej 15 Hh .fCG
b J K Y hG IdG OdG J kej 20 Qhe Hh .FGdG cM
.AG d eBG C e Y dG GC J LhN Hh ,CG L a
Hj Y JM ZCG j a HdG hCG dH Gh OSCG HhQhCG dG eCG
Y cdG jh ,VQCG Y H fCG Jh HdG hGJh AG Y IH Z
M JH j Cc H H dG Gg H cdG j YS f Hh ,eM
IjY HSCG I Gg Jh G fS Y dG g j K ,G Y G
M AG fS jh ,AG H j dG dG Gg GC j eYh gP jCG e gj
.(54) HdG Y e EG Lj dG g cG Yh .dG e QdG hN cG
H edG fG gh ,jd e f eeCG RJ IjdG eCd VdG Gg H
X Y H j V
HSGC I Gg jh
67
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Page 68
GG Y dG
kj dG da .SQ dG cdG CGh G FdG d G jdG

e fCG EG jdG Gg OLh Y j dh dG Y d ej L kUN
bY Z fEa eCG cP OQh dG NBG dG eCG ,OLH QdG S j dP
,QV CH dG J c Je VdG fCG RGaEG bj CG IOGQEG h
Gg Ea fCG RGaEG jEG Y HdG OdG e dG Gg CG VGaG Yh
,jOGQEGdG aCG dG Y HdG dG G FdG W j VdG
G gGdG g c .X IL QU Yj dG dG EG dH G dch
.kGHCG dG J cdG CGh G cdG H aGJ e
.gQfEG kJh kJ ggL eCc gfOQhCG dG dG gh
WCGh G cdG H fG UN dG G FdG g CG d VGdGh
h .Nh JQU HCG dG gh sLh s Y G b e b Fc g cdG
eCG g H a YCG eCH bG KG aCGdGh IHCGh eeCG Ye Me
Yh dG Y G dG e kegG J dG gZh dGh dc iNCG
ICG G NGO UN Z EG dG H J eda ,fGdG NGO bdG
eh H e edG g Jh ,fGdG NGO bdG e eCG dch ,VQCG
EG G S EG aVEG G NGO HWdGh IQGG LQO J M kjCG fGdG
dG H UGe MQ fe d a CH bdGh dG MGQ Y G
EG fGdGh dG H edG J c G G gGO CG M EGh .G NGO
.(55) G QN eBG e
a .MGh BG gdGh IG J Ye kTCG NCa H QdG gG eCG
LQO JQG CG M EGh ,VQCH IM H HQCG j dG dG ''G'' W ke
j Ggh ,G jH dG ejh dG Y bj K eeCG jQ upH j IQGG
.(56) ddG IQGG KCJ e j CG
IQGG LQO Mf e Fe Sh H J VdG G FdG CG gf h
68
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j hQg
dG OGaC G Ic Ge V QdG e J :SGC

MGdG HG G H 70 e j e Lj IQdG g :SC G
e JYO Y H UG H QdG J dG G Gg eh
.IdG dG MQ
bj K QU SGC j dG jdG H j dG G W :a
.IFGdG IQGG e H j dHh dG Y
ShJdG :QdG Y YGC

.dG ed eRdG hdG L aH GFdG Gg j G W:dG Y
e Qd e H QdG Ggh ,IMGh d dh cJ h VdG Gd kTYGC Jh ,H kGc kegG J QdG GC eC G g e jh
.MdG QdG b
69
17/11/02
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Page 70
GG Y dG
ddG e TYCG J G S Y SdG Qda ,dG NGO LCG c

e kYf aJ dG gh ,ddG H H H QdG g Jh AG Y adG
LCG d RdG AdG ad dG Y ba dG eCG .dG NGO QGG dG
.(57) dG he AO ad NBGh G H ObQ Vh e jh
H fCG J CG a ,d AdG aJ NBG kHSCG a edG FdG eCG
YhCG a dG AfCG QU jQ jh Y ba dG GH gG cdG j
AdG ad ac J dG Gg IQGMh ,dG e IFGR H QU IOLG jedG
cdG j dG a H QdG j eYh .HSCG KK e cCG W d RdG
.(58) XdG g AGOCG fCG e hj K eh fh SCG e cCG QdG jYQ
GP Gk eCG j eh Oh i dG NGO IQGG LQO Y H gG EG
Yeh dSCG J fGG CG gd Gh .G FdG ad ib gCG
dG GQOEG dSG eeCG hJ gh .g dH SM Jh G JG dG g REG
Gk e kHSCG YJG dHh bO i IQGG Y G gC dG hCG aCG hCG
fS dG g GQOEGh aG g Qeh .JGP AJ e dG g REG GSd
fEd eCG H d JG FG g a OhCGh FdG g N dG Jh
kHhDhO kWf J dEG dEG Mh e kcS J gh G FdG gh .G
QdG jYd gMCG j TYCG IY QdG H J ka .G h dG j
''G'' FW e kc dG H jh .Y ObdGh dG Vd iNCGh Jh
gGh dG Y ObdG Y fCGh cdG hj PEG SdG QdGh dG
(59).QdH
,dG dG IOLG Gd hCG dG IOLG GdG IYe Gg e ZCGh
QdG GhRCG CG M ''dG N'' h ''AG LO'' FW id jDhQ PdG Ggh
hdG e dG Ggh .dG FW id OLe g e dG iNCG kLGhRCG YJ
70
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j hQg
,SSCG e QdG jf f e eY gh .(60) eY QdG id FT adGh

.iNCG fGM QU H gQU a d fGG jJ dG aCGdG j
G FdG id dG e CG g jDhQ G e j QdG IYO AYOG Mh
b J CG G eh dGh aCGdG e g S e Y Qj e CG M
Idh d dG CG Y VGdG dOCG e Ggh . dP eCGh .aOH J
.jOG Yj c dGh aOG
S kY j dG QdG e g dG KGC a ,G e d jM jW QdG J

dG Y gObQ AKGC fGC cdG hjh ,NGO H 12 - 6 e jh QeGC KK GM Y VQC G
a H gMGC j dG e Se W bG GPGE h QG e dG SGM Hhj gch
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H QWGeEG jH j Gd ,SdG IOhdG f d VJ M G IOhH
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GG Y dG
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H QcdG Y Oa I GUCG QGUEH GC Jh IOdG fEG GC J LG IdG g
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GC j K ,eb H dG dG dN jh iNCG jCG IY I jYQh egG
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Z JM e hCG MGG IdG GdG g J .d J e AGdG e d dG
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75
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GG Y dG
cP j dG MdG G FdG :dG M

J dG dG a j UN c Y j L H GG Gg cP j
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.(63) iNCG Ie dG Vh LCG e D dG dHh
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.dG e VGh g c IjY
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j hQg
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g EG dH G J Ib Id dh HdG EG MdGh .SdG Gg EG j
G S G N H MH SCG g J WG g e ZdHh .SCG
hd SG dGh bdG QNH FdG g J dEG dEG Hh ,dG Y
.MdG eQ dG ad J K Gk QH dG j CG EG SCG g Jh ,AG e
Y GeCG g Ma dcG e eGJ JdG GeCG CG EG Lj Qd gQfGh
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fCG J G QfG Yh .edG MdG Y a AdE c FG G
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kUM JH WJ dG CG G Gg MGh .d Ve J S dG
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kLe g CG cQOC dGh dH j dG dG g S eCJ dh
e G H e Kd SCG Gg QNG EG j da ,GG d keh
Y KdG jdG g cG b dG e dG Gg CG Vd .iNCG dSCG
hCG d VS dG g EG ?dP H j CG GPe iJ ,aOG jW
INh Gk L Ib Ia N dG Vd Sh CG HH S fC HdG EG d hN
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77
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GG Y dG
d dP c jEG aOh dG Vhh MdG EG LhNh GeCG d gAeGh edG

.FdG IQG g H dCG dG jdG dG dG e kedEGh kMh EG
ddG e SG dG j dG dG
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kVe fCG QJh .jdG jf IOLG AGOdG dG d RhH g dG Se Y
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j hQg
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dG Vh Y J eYh ,bdG MdG g
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J L GG gh .LGGh bGdGh
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GG Y dG
OedG G :KdG LGC e jdG MdG

dG G G e GC J MH ''OedG G'' j S c e jjh jO
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CG S fC dPh ,kGHCG ij GG CG MdG g jdGh ,Kd aGdG G H
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d jQhdG dG bd RdG SdH kZ jh FdG L e dG gU fCG
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d RdG chCG e c cCG MJEG g Gg jdG e dGh ,FbO H
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M ,LCG SSCG dG g adG CG gOe H dG e dG Gg jj
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Vd hdH H dG fCGh cdG j ddG MGG h .G dG bH
M Ge IY G Y QJh ,dG j CG EG edG T T Y IU M
hdH jG e fCGh cdG j IU SCG Y dG a Yh ,f j
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80
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j hQg
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a NCG fCG eCG .(70) edG jG d ad dM f J K Y jdG

dG Gg J NBGh G Hh ,jH bGJ Jh QMCG IOLG dG H H
.(71) YQPCG IOLG edG jdG cGdG SGH dEG AG aH
dG id dG
Y Jbh jb GKCJ d jaEG IQb Y J dG jdG dG TCG CG G e
,TCG g e f j dG WG EG IQdG g FdG C J Gd ,G FdG
e NGah H jH j fC jaEG HL Wj dG dG IYdG g Y jh
(72) NGah H Y dG SGdG ML j ,f jM e cCG dG
G kHQV dG jM LCG e dG H j dG Gg CG g MG dh
.dG QdG LCG e dH
81
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GG Y dG
,JQGMh dG b e d jM H Y QdG GfGC ZGC J

.QdG g jhD Q dG Gg e Y IjY eGC gh
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Y dG hj eGR J dG ddG GfGC MGC : IQdGh
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j hQg
jM c NGO QU Mh ''FdG dG''

,Ub T Y hCG Ic T Y jjM fT NGO H VH dG fCG J
Jh H IND fdG g H a d keBG C e jd fdG g RH Jh
Y dG Gg jh .iNCG Ie Jh OJ L Y fG GPEGh gP jCG Gg
Jh eCG X EG J K bfG GhCG M fdG NGO J IU cY
fCG M Ic QU OGYCG J dG e G Gg GfCG Hh .dMJh M
.MG g iJ g cdG QU CG dG e ,CG X Y W a W j
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Y e fh dG Y jhG fdG H R hCG GjM T dG a Se
dG e Z IU cY Y a b dG j AKCG J h ,SG J K
.(73) T MGf EG be e J g cG Yh ,G NGO Jh
DhJ fgPCG j dGh aCGdGh jYdGh UNEH G dG Gg CG T
.IjY
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P c gQUh
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83
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GG Y dG
dH GG gG M
IG e J G S Y J dG GG GfCG H LGJ dG YG EG
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Gf J S NGH dG LCG Ea AG S Vh GPEG eCG ,G Gd VS
IM gh .JJh AG S Y YVG dG jJ Y gQcP J Gd ,cCG
eCGh AG Y W Z Y dG VH IG g fCG J .ShSK YJ bY Fe
AG Gb L e bJ c dG Gg a e kKGh e jh AG a cdG
dG - bdG eSH IM eCG .GG bH N e jMh Wd dG Gg Y
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84
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j hQg
J dGh{ bdG FG ABEDUS BERBERTI IM cP j

g fC Gh X Y H }fhjQGC QjS OGh e dG jOhC G
VdG g H QhH j dG gcP H dG d Y dhD G
.Gh NG e Y kXM jJh
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aG Gk L jZ UH a ''ShShg'' f e G J dGh ''j''
G gJ eY dG dG fGT a H a ,gJ dG G KCJ e dG Y
.(75) Y AG QfG Y dG g Jh
S Y J dG eS Y G eG dG d GG GSG EG
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Gk HGC gGj d jdG QH dG dG gG

Jh bd UN IM VQCG j fC ''QG'' `H Yj dG dG e f g
NCJ a ,HdG jZ IG g EG dH G Yh .AdG H e IG g
dG e dG Gd iNCG UN gh .e d eeCG aGWCH aJh H M
d edG jdG Gg jh ,G Y Y Gk HCG Gk KCG j a jd fJEG gh
g j K H e EG Gk AL Gk AL jh a jh G Y dGRCG dG GdG
e e g jh G j eYh .fG Ie Ie AGLCG
Y dG LCG e GW MQ GC Jh kbDe IG d UN e jH fCG GC J dG
.AGdG
85
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Page 86
GG Y dG
.dG e LhN Ye M kac kAGZ a j fGC M kGHGC Gj d dG d e AH dG QG dG j
GGh bdGh OGG e GG e GfCG OUG dG Gg GfCG J

Y j H j d OUG Y fC OG Y jd OUG jWh ,fdG
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Hh .dG e S dG bd FGZ IOe J LRW J dG IQG jdG g Y
Ne S a ,d jG aJ RdG e j gd AGdGh G CG aJ CG
be H eJh H M b hJ K jYh JEG H Gh GdH IG
c cG fS SGH NG GdG jH J jdG h ,IG Ne jd
J H dH J IG g CG EG ke IG J Ggh .jdG Y J
IG OLG AGdG eCG .kjCG jd UCG IG e dH gh g gh M IY
J ec IM d g cG M dG e S dG bdG jd a
j dG e S dG dG GG EG .(77) LQG dG EG IG e hG
86
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j hQg
HU dP d Jh kac AGZh keBG ke d J dh CG EG dH kehO k

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gh AMCG g G cdG CG g CH Yj kS Vh c QdG IYOh
aOG g CG f fh ,dG g IOLG aOG hCG dG gQe dG
AMCG g Y IQOdG cdG CG g eCJ dh .f bdG jQT h bY Z
dEG CG Qj CG j fEGh .dG AYOEG Gg S ie cQOC bdG Z
.jdGh dG cS Qe g AMCG d dEG
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87
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.IOGh Gh dG Ye IQH G FdG L QU j

j dG HdG ke ,e ddG d
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V kUNh QdG R keYh .NGC
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17/11/02
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Page 90
GG Y dG
QdG LGC e AT c
,IG hCG JGN j gh gGh jYdG EG L QdG j e kdZ
AYG Lh Gd ,dG ac GQe hCG IGY hCG kfY eEG ADg j keYh
f j b fEa EGh dG M EG dG hCG jHCG b e d jYdG aJh H
AGdG e FGQ QU QdH QdG j CH b dEG jdG dh .OdGh G
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g J G Y H CdG Y QJ GPEGh ,eBG ceCG EG QGdG g H gQT
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j U g c GPEGh ,H SMEG Y Jh We SH a AdGh YdG
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cdG g ,AH H e dG H dG L jh ,j kcS h GT
.H dG GdG d e fd Sh N J G dG TCG e fdG
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G dG NGO k eCG hjh ,Y NGO MH ajh NU kJGUCG Qj
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d Vj jHCG CG EG SG N e QdG j a kFGO dG d j
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a ,IdG GdG Y SG hdG f d jG QhO H J QW gh
OLh e EG J eYh dG e AhH J SG GG GbH fCG SMEG
KSH e GUCG QGUEGh VQCG Y ML iMCG Vh dG GC J hdG
e e ae H Y QhdG Gg a RdG gQM NCJ fCG g CG H ,IdG Wh
b j gG HgH dh S Z J G fCG CG gjh ,SG GG
GG Y Ie IFW Jh fCG J K ,QdG GdG OLh e Y HG
Y G g J e Gk ch ,jd e IQ DhGOCG j dG G Gg EG .SG
.IdG jYdG g gYJh gQU GC G FdG g sLh sY dG dGC
93
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GG Y dG
Y TYCG J dG J eCG .QdG GfCG H Y Mh YaCGh dGh dG

,SG AGYCG e NGa jM Lfh da IGOCG dG a VQCG S ie
hH SMEG Y AG Y e GdG Y LdG H j G S Y da
Hh H eCG a XMG e AG S Y MH j Gg jh ,IG fGG
e j GdG Y Y HG b SG GG CH j eYh ,H HG GG
dG j QdG GfCG H b e j dG jQdG Gg .Y EG Ojh dG
.(86) AMCG AY b e Gh dG
LQO Y j CG j fC T hO c?jQdG Gg e j CG dG YSH g
ka HdGh dGh AcdG e U OLh j dG Ga .gdGh AcdG e dY
e j a ,QdG Y kYaO SG Gd ij eY YEd IG YdG Y
Gg J QdG g CG eCG jdGh .N hCG OOJ CG hH Gk OQe Gk U f
dG eCGh .IOdH ke fH j Gg C (87) fGG e gZ e dG
e GfCG je C AMEG Y a e Z EG g e jdG VdG Gg gfOQhCG
JCG dG dh ,jG Wh dG Y adG dSCG M e J G FdG
Y j d dGE hdG QfGC d jG QhO QdG GfGC H

.dG ke d j dHh dG
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j hQg
H j dG CG Vf CG j fC ,G Gg HGdG e g dSCG g e
Y jG OH fCG f CG jh .e bY S e e U LCG e
,aCGdGh IOGh MdH kUCG OLG Z gJ j CG h bY Z b
g Jh fS dG c j cdG CG g J OQGdG MdG dGh
Sh dG MH eCG d d dGh MdG De kcS G FdG dCG dG
.AT c
dG e gQU kjGC GG
jYQ cG e hCG Adolf Modeer ''QOe dhOCG'' jdG AMCG Y j
QG'' IM Y KHCG j c eY 1764 S dPh GG Y Qd jHCG
Je fCG g Jh T hCG cCG hO H Y fCG CG La ''HhQhCG
.(88) H e G j eY ST
,gQd GG jYQ Ia j b e hCG IdG J MdGh AdG ch
eL eDouglas W.Tallany / J.h.SZhO QahdG d OQj dP Sh
:JBc QdG jH eDjh GG Y Gk OSG j dGh DealawareQhjO
GG Y AdG Ajh gQU Y YaO AKCG IjY W GG H
Vh C ,QdG Y AKCG (jGh adG N) G g VGfG Y dG Y
.(89) dGh WH aG adG Sh JG e kJGSG aCG Ic OGYCH dG
CG j fCG ijh G DhdG Gg Y QdG IYO MCG J.h.SZhO jh
GJ fCG dG MGh OLG dh ,QdG jf Va M IG g VJ
Y H a QdG Y kYaO dh gZ hCG GG Y AGS IjY QHh IOLe
H e gh IdG AMCG S dG Y JBG G kjCG OQfh .kjCG QdG
UNh JdG H e Jh jeCG e HdG HG WG J dG fGdG IM
e J dG bdGh H jM Y J IG g fCGh ,d ke atsrgan
95
96
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GG Y dG
a e J dG dG IM g bdG g AGYCG dCGh .dP S H Jh

IM h ,FS d bdG IG g J .kGOMh kU jh QH dG
eN QX AeGh MH dG iS FGYCG a S CG ''fGdG''
CG e GdH AGYCG fG Ua bdG J AKCG J h .gOHEGh LYRE
kFQ kjW p dG Gg hjh Y j dG JdG bQd FdG dG AbH d
JH J CG fCG YSG GPEGh .NGO ANd jeh jW iNCG bQh EG fd
J Z jYQh SGM Jh NGO GNG dG bQdG EG gQU jW J fEa
GG g J kfMCGh .gKCG GbG fj b jdG AGYCG eCG jdG Wb bQdG
EGh kWYG dP j h iNCG jW bQh jCG EG gdG e Jbj K dG GM OW
.d C e gPJ keCG cCG bQdG H g QJ
Jbj Y adG Y GG g e kdZh
ANGh d feEGh bh bdG d aJ dh
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Jbd jM AKGC fGdG IM
.GG bH g e
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j hQg
j GG e YdG Gg
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QdG jJ
jh AGYCG N e jG EG LM QH jHCG b e jJ EG QdG j
gh AGdG e QdG LM ad dPh NBG bh CG e cCG H Jj e U GHCG
dG hR j G S a ,HG AGYCG N AQd OGSG gCG Y f bdG
j a e cCG jd j eYh ,kej YdG Ie 12 - 4 NGa jH
Y e Nh ,FdG OGaC dG AGdG kej GG e Y e GLj CG Y
Qe kdL kej Ie 900 Y EG Ojh j dG OSCG SCGdG hP FdG dP
.(93) NGa jd eRdG GG
dd fEG J QdG jJ dhDe C e kYf J FdG id jdG Yh
a ,Qd MdG bdG Qe g dG dG ad jOdG jCG e cCG jJ a
VdG Rh OGOa kej 18 - 10 e IOdG H gU VJ dG ''dG'' G S
97
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fJ G FdG GfGC e
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j fRh CG EG ,Vd dG ad kaVEG Ak GZ dhJ e ZdG a CG eCG ,IdG J

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VCG HQCG hCG KH cCG bd U dM fEGh QcdG j eY IQHh
.(95) jOdG MG e VQ jd j dG hCG MG
fEGh QcdG j e EG dN e UdG GRd eL jLCG dG HCGh
PSCG iLCG a .jdGh jYdG EG L Ga jd j eY Lh bW e QdG id
Y IjY Q JeJh Heinz Richner ''jQ jg'' Yjh eG g AMCG Y
PSCG Gg b a .dG Gg cP j dG G dhDG EG dN e GUJh W
UJh IM Y cP c dj dG OG Sb h G TYCG GdG OY H
fEa Gdh ,kYe Gk L j GdG e cCG Gk OY dG cdG CG gOe f EG
eCG %76 `H QJ GdG Ic QcdG id dG VGeCd VdG fh .kGe
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.QU J dG dj dG dGh dG ie d VJ eG g
98
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j hQg
d keW ej dG jdGh UGdG FdG

FdG Gg Tj K eCG hCG gHCG QdG PEG Qd e Y H FdG Gg j
GC jh G EG SCGQ dG j WEG j eYh ,AG QdG j d kb ML
C dG keW j d G hCG AGdG CG EG ,AGdH AG Qe e eWEG
.gQhU e f dG hCG AG e L dG jdG gQU j fCG hCG cdG
CG J ?jdG Gg U dG j GP dh .jdG e H SCH c a c jh
dG j e bh a cGj EGh JGe j QdG dhj dG jdG
fH PDJ b dG SCG hd MG iPCG e cGdG Ggh ,AeCG EG jODG
Lh hCG Ea T Hh ,JM Ia W jdG hJ QdG Jh .eH AeCGh IG
.(97) idG gCG d Qd eWEG j jdG e
AG dG Ua ,dG QU j QdG GfCG H Ea he g ch
Y J a HSCG dG jdG dh .YQH jS cH jP e dG jh
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100
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GG Y dG
Qd AGdG hQcGdG FW j dG jdG aG

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Jh ,AGdG Y d d c dG Gg e GSCG
.(99)Gec 25 Y HJ jW ae
e ,QdG EG J b AGdG J hQcGdG FW e e fGG e GfCG gh
e fdG H fCG a FbdG Y FW eCG ,AG j e j dG dG FW
M'' `H j kFS eH e Ra G eCG ,Qd SO AGZ OGYE IdG SCG
cdG b e Rj fCG FdG M Y j ,gdGh JhdH kZ jh ''G
100
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j hQg
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fCG J dG MdG AdGh ,jHCG jYQ EG LG eCG IdG GdG Jh
SQdG FW QU dG Gg e jh .AGZ e GHCG d j e Jh gGaCG J
Qe IOLG AGG dG gGaCG hcj Qda ,jdG S Y ij dG
Y dG EG jHCG MCG hb Y J cH j ea ardc YY FW a eCG .CG
MG g QdG jh .H J fY CG e ZdH AGd Gk QfG YCG EG YH
QG M jh .AGdG Vh e EG J Cc QG M dG AGU Y dH je
QU b G dG Ggh ,j CG H a Y YJ SG e Ic LQO Y
J dG QdG id kUN d QdG jJ Y dH gCG d ,SMh QdG
.e M NGO TYCG
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NCGh QRCG H jRQH jAf Y G c eh QG e j Qe H j
Ggh .G dG NGO Ad Gk Qe dH jh ,dG Nj AV hCG e j
.iNCG e j EGh a dG NGO gQU EG AGgd Cd kdO j G dG
Fa .H j kFL GR e eh Gk J iJ e H CG j dG LQO Na
jedG YhCd dG aJ f dG MCG FG U Qe M e j kenevir `dG
Y J dG e cCG c EG Je Ea dG iJ GPEG eCG ,dG IOLG
jdG Hh .cCG LQH Qe M e QGMG j dG g FG da Gd .dG
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dO SQ dG cdG CGh d LQG G H edG fG Gg EG
.AT d MGh dN H a J dG G FdGh d MGh dN OLh Y VGh
.FGdG edGh fG Gg J CG J aOGh
101
102
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Page 102
GG Y dG
cc d AG Mh dG LdG
c Oe eCG G FdG a j dG dGh LQG G H fG EG
.a j ke kfe dG Ga .dG LdG g fG Gd NBG eh .AMCG
hN Yh .edG Sh e e H K j dG Se GbG Yh
fCG H ,JdG QhdG e dCj dG AGdG Y dG QdG Y hCGj dG e GdG
.cdG Y J AG L dhDeh .GdG Y gd AG Y d IQdG jd d
L EG j dG LdG cP CG EG ,gQe gQd AG j QdG GfCG Hh
MdG g f Y AGhQE AG Gg e AT EG j a dd IH ae e AG
j dG jdG CG J AG YJ jZh UN H dG Gdh .bdG jdG
Ea AG Qe EG dG j eYh .NGdG e d H e j Hh FdG QU
dG jd gdG G e d L SCH edH dG g j e hCG
khCG Y AGhQEH GC jh AG V e j K ,dG
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jh .jdG d edG L cdG
102
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dG LdG hj:YC G
d jQ j K khGC f
.QU G AG
AG dG fGC :fG
.gQU AGhQE eH
IQdG d Jh Je Jh ZdG SEG Y J M jT I dG Gg Y

.(102) Y AGhQEG fCG Y OYG Y
j dG Gg Ea ,IjY DhJ fgPCG j dG Ld jdG dG Gg EG
g ,a j dG dG hd eAeh LQG e UGN e IOSG c Gk L
ah dG Y IQdG e dG dEG dEG g dG cS Qe C dP j
.a j dG dG
103
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hGC TGdH QU dG W j
GC dh ,GG e HT e
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J K eh c IdG
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KfGE h QdG QcP J

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IjY GH Jh IHe
GC M AGdG Lh d
`H j GfC G H
kej W 1000
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GC
dG bRjh ,Gd AGZ ad JbhGC ZGC KfGE h QdG QcP j

jYQ e MGe QdG gjh , S e dG GRdG
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H Yj dG .GC
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.Gd eWGE AKGC .h
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GG Y dG
gQd jJh GG
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dG WdG QTCG IMh ,QhdG SGH G IOLG (Jbj) gQU jH J
e RdG dH Jbj J K QTCG Ib g fhM T Jbj J
Gk L U a VQCG eCG .IgG FGdG OGH ke j dG SCG EG GQhCG
LQH LhdG f a J dGh G dG H gQU J CG j fC
PEG AGc d DhYEG K khCG G H J jM Fc g NBG fL e .Ic
J m FYh kd j M VdG GQdG SGH g K G dG Y J
K ,UCG jL EG RdG J Y dG gRL J dG jG G FdG
fEa ''HQCGh HQCG CG'' eCG .gL AGZ T dG EG d dh g e IG CJ
L fL EG fCG H Jh d e jW Y QTCG Ib kbfCG
.(105) Qd Gk gL Gk AGZ d RdG J J dG jdG GfCG d
e g GG e gfcP dG eCGh ,T H Jb Rj Jh fS dG EG
gh gQc SGH GG QU Rj a ,H J dG bRj dG bG g L
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(60 /dG )
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G Y NBG EG e e J fEa Gd cG b V b QdG j keY
gQX Y gQU a ,QU f UG jW M Fc dh ,Z hCG
QdG j G L h ,ML c jh NBG dGh a Hh
Y Gk L ke j G dM QdG f dh .Sh eBG e EG jh eCe
106
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j hQg
.IQhG Y jHCG IQb e dG EG ODj c PEG UN dG LCG e dG

QdG FdG SCGh .dG Y adG GHCG j WG L e ZdHh
a AJ jCG gQU dG OhdG g dP Y G Gh ,dG Y G g
e eCH Gk L j dG C gU gh jH cG J fCa ,gQX
dH QTCH J H SMEG Yh .CG L j dG dG dG N
g NBG Gh .iNCG EG IT e J CG Jh .gX Y gdh c e ZdH
SCG j c H e c gdh dG FdG bH e fCa dG GM
j dG Gg e LhN Yh TCG N GM dG Gg dG dG jh .H
.dG Gg EG kYe Lj jZ AT hCG N CH SMEG Yh ,eCG e kjb j
e ZdG Y jdG G LQCG SGH Ye Ic GH J CG fCG Jh
. gd M
GG Gg jh .G H H e gQU fSCH a LdG dch
J Gk MGh gOhCG Jh ,G e J Lhh H fCG J eY QU
e Gk MCG CG e cCd dG G EG LJ dG Y cG Yh .jG G EG NBG
.GW Yd CG K H e J fEa GdG QU EG dHh .j FHCG
H jdG bdG f LQCG H gOhCG MS dG GC J H CG eYh
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?gQU G FdG c
e J G jW dh G Y OHE U j G FdG GfGC e

a dG dG eGC .iPGC C H J GC hO H T Ida ,NB f
dGh OdG eGC ,H QT Y SC G f SGC Qh eGC L c NGO
.gQX Y gQU a SOdGh HdGh QdGh
108
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a OhdG eGC ,kjJ S I X Y U j GdG GMh

dG fGC X eGC .gQX Y gQU eM gh iNGC GE IT e
.d keGC kfe a
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GG Y dG
gh ,GM hCG ca eEG j dG AGdG Y kH c dG J fCH aG Jh

HfCG kYQGRh eCG T d kSe dG TG jh ,fGW AKCG e gQU
J QdG g CG eh,QdG e HQCG hCG KK aG H h jK IH dG
. GdG J G Gg c e CG CG CG, eCG H e
G culuk FW Y VJ Ca, Jh gQU dG QdG GfCG e jdG gh
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j hQg
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adGh hdG
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17/11/02
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j hQg
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Peter ''Jjhc H'' hG QdG iLCG G S Yh ,dEG Yj dG
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jDhQ OG hdGh ,AMCG Y eY IYb Gj G OJh hda ''QdG''
.(108) AMCG S e M fOCG M
j e j CG EG ''JHhc'' `c QdG jH eDG e c e G eCG g eCG
hdG CG G dG gcS dG eCG e d S ch ,jdG g Va
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dG G eCG g gT e ch ,dG G dG IQb Y VGh dO dG
Z GM j dG SM Ye Y G bdG dG Gg e kgeh Gk FM j
Qe MHh Y G eCG g GHh GhgT jdG eh ,kjCG YG Yh bY
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113
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GG Y dG
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a dh MdG QG d kLQN cCG h ,ehb M dG d OdG
dG MdG QG j OU GZ e HbG c fC ,MGh GZ OUG
S SM jd da dGh aGQdG H kfhJ g Lhh ,e j dHh ehH
a aGQdG eCG ,V H SM He U C kb Gk QGOGQ J SGdG fGPBGh jb
e j jdG OL J eYh ,bGd Je UGc Jh jb H SM
Mh H hdG g ZCG Gh ,fb e GbG h S e h f
a ,L Y IOLG dG d X Y j dG dGh (WG) dG
dH GG GC j eYh dG Mh H J e U GNEH GC J HGbH QdG
.(109) RGgH J Qb HY cGQ fCc X Y QdG J
jC G b e Se GM bG GPGE h Fa H G ghY Jh L GE kL jC Gh MdG G b J

.dH dG QGfE H Qa e a MdG G MGC H MGC h
114
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j hQg
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ZGC J H SQGdG Yj c HQe M Fc hGC fGM
.J dG e G IOGh MdGh aGC dH AMC G
Y ggf CG d IjY eCG e j AL EG g e ''chh c'' Ggeh

J dG fGG H hdG Gd eCG j CG fEd h ,AMCG H OG hdG
.eCG g ge fEG j CG Gh ,e dH
IG g EG AL fCG Vj fCG kUN QjEGh dG GH M Fc d e g g
?G FdG Gg e e G dG Gg e bf CG d g NBG h ?aOe
jH j CG d h ,kbY kcS j CG aOe C f bY Z fC dH
h .dEG dEG gh MGh AH EG FdG d cdG CG J h ,jNBG
..e H J G FdG g CG WS dH d S eOdG eCG
115
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GG Y dG
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j hQg
OdG H dG H G FdG J
IQH adG FSh aJh OdG d dG g V dG FGa gCG e
H OdG H SMEG Y J V J dG fGG C ,Ya cCG
S Y ,dH UG jW AMCG GfCG e f dh ,IdGh dG e kH bdG
d Sc SG hdG hb Y Fb IQH djP aH ej jCGh fGQCG G
.(110) Gb T Y bQ AGOCH a dG eCG ,dG OGaCG bH
J sar? asma Qa ,G hb Y UN GUCG QGUEH a IdG QdG eCG
e dG Gg J fEG PCGh ,e UGa e dY GOOJ GP GUCG QGUEH
j Gg .(111) Qe ae Y g dG Gd Ie gCGh U T Y dG
H dG XH j dG dG e ae J IQG C ,dH G dG dd
.dG Gg ae d IQG f Jh
IM hCG JY Y J QGfEGh dG Xa Ge V J dG GG eCG
M h hdG f j ,QGfEG FGQ RJ QGfEH J dG IG CG CG.h iJ
.(112) IG eS LCG e JH J IQG IG CG CG hdG MCG
j T J c 30 J dG ceh Ic e V a jdG dG eCG
NGe Hhe SGM kFGO gh ,IG g kH H OGaCG jh ,IU
CG M GPEGh G L e dG bGe G aGWCG Y j ,IdG jG g
bH jh ,dG H T e H Qa e GC j j Gk hY iCGQ bGG MCG
G hH YG Y b J m FYh kjCG dG SGH G Gg cCH SGG
.(113) Hd OGSG Me NOh
J dCe G hb Y G FdG a ,Y cCdG j e f gh
dG eCGh ,dG H J FdG g CG dP e gCGh ,dGh gG
bH j eY g H SMEG Y jP aj dG fQCG e YCG gfOQhCG
117
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GG Y dG
hCG OHG eCG LhCG EG hj M ,SSCG Gg Y dG Me Njh fGG

e J fGG g fc CG :g gd G eCGh ,ANd g c EG j
e J a fGG J CG Lj Ga, dG hdG Y CGGQTEG g
CG e ke j CG VGaG Gg CG EG ,QGdG Gg Y JCGh dG H
dN b e b G FdG g CG g db G eCa PEG ,eh J P fEG
.LJh edEG ah Jh MGh
Mh g b e jh H SMEG Y dG j dG dH G G eCG
Z fGM J CG G Z a ,a IG j eh bY cS eeCG j ,dG
IQTEG a b fGG J Jh G hb Y fGG bH J LH bY
c :gh G IQdG H bY Z GM d MGh J eeCG Rj gh ,YSGh
dG gh gGS dN W e ,cdG CGh HdG g cG b fGG g
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.fGG bH IQe dH
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j hQg
.G hH dG OGaGC bH d Sc dGh jC G Jh J
kYL d AMC G H
H G hH dG H QGfEH Y T Y J dG fGG J
Njh GC j dG dG hCG dG IU J ,IdG QdG ke ,H kjCG QJ
dG Ggh ,G J IOLG QdG e IYG H J AKCG J h ,ce
.(114) SG QdG Od j H J dG YG
H J ke QhRQda ,ad Sh N QdG V J dG dG jh
e H e j e YS dc j kSe Gk FW GhCGQ GPEGh GdG AKCG jW ae
eCG GPEGh d dG bG feEG e j dH dG H e He ae
.(115) dG Y jh ML hH j Qh IjT ehe a dP d
,b V J fc GPEG kUN kjCG cdG g Y J fEa FdG eCG
hdG e Hg AKCG dG SGhCG f QH aj ,MdG QG dP Y eh
jaEG T Jane Goodall ''hOc L'' jdG dG Gk L SQO dG gh ,SG
b e UMh dG Y J MdG G e KK CG c JGge S a
SG fGG kLe kLGQ b e YS dH dG MCG eYh SG fGG
.(116) G e gOWh AGYCG ADg aNEG k dG h fSCGh aGH
119
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GG Y dG
bH Y ke dG YR j d Vj eY MdG G b Ea keYh
h hY EG jb cQ kLe je IQH j cdG GC jh ,HQdG QdGh fEG
.(117) J Lj MCG H
}SGdG{ OhdG ghY L Jh kjS J YL V ''dhdG'' jh
QU Y kL Gk N j YG g e SdG j eYh ,kjCG YL IQH
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hdG Gd HdG J HdG LJh ICa dG UdG J YG J m FYh
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dG ''fdG'' S YL IGRG J fCG M NBG kjZ kcS dhdG Jh
kdO dhdG hj ''fdG'' S OU Ea dG Gd ,d ke kFGZ Gk Qe J
jOdG T a j Ic M g G Adh dG e dG Gg OUG d
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GC jh ,YG OLG FdG HGdG Y j JH adG bH GC j AKCG J h
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dG Y JQb d e d H Jh dH AJ e Gk c hG g
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.(120) JdG G g e jM dch J d AG S
CG hO AGQd GN J M ,hdG H a IFGO H G GK jh
e IFGdG g NGO j jdG QdG jM g dGh ,hdG f gX
IM Y aG ddG GdG J FGdG dG GHh ,jdG G JeCG H
f EG Lj e YS hdG Gg Y IFGdG g OGaCG MCG j eYh ,IdG GdG
.(121) eCG dG j c IFGdG be
120
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j hQg
adGh jG AKCG cH T dG AKCG fGG J iNCG eCG gh

dG e jb IFGO f J M ,YL IQH dG H j da dG Y
jh ,IFGdG g IUG SCG H GC J K eh ka kT IFGdG g e Jh
EG QdG g J AG j eYh ,Y EG GdGh dG QfCG dG
ceCG hCG G AGS H a cQe hCG Me iJ CG h a jJ e
.(122) MGSG
CG j Jh aJh JJh hJ e fGG jJ dG cdG CG g
Qhj fCG CG bY Z Y dG Qhj dG PdG a ,fEG IjY SCG J
CG Vj CG bdG fEd h .gZh aO hCG GM hCG QW hCG Mh M Y
dG MdG dGh ,Yh Yh JOGQEH g hdG YCH J fGG g
CG bdG fEd
MGh dN N b EG g e Jjh dG CG :g eCG g eCG dEG Uj
Y e M NGO QdG j L GE kL G GK UGJ

GE GdG g Jh c 400 h 350 H hGj QK c Rh GC
.dM M Jh QdG j IN IN G
121
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GG Y dG
Y j b V dG GE
ej QdG C Qd eGC
c e QdG Y OhdH
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hCG IM hCG GM hCG fEG e AMCG ac N dG g dG Ggh ,JQd M jb

OQh ch ,Gh aCGdGh MdGh IQdG hP QG QdG dG gh AT c Nh f
:dG BGdG
pG hn n s dG pa Ao B jn p r p dG o ndhn
n p nd n dG
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gQeh , IQU hQCG Seh fhe YL T Y jaEG QW J
d hJ hCG gdh ,Y J dG QTCG ZCG dG cGdG e j FGdG
122
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j hQg
J IQdG ij c
Z Y jaE G QdG
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Y dhCG d ,HdG jZ ZCG b LJ dG cGdG Y dG Y

QdG L b e aGWCGh ZCG b IOLG cd UdG eEG
a Y j CG d dG G T fKh a e bCG dG b e H
.ke dP Y bGdGh G dh ,kM G e j CG dG Gd ba IdG
CG Y ke H a e fCch QTCG ZCG f jaEG QdG g J
EG bCG dG GC jh ,IdG Z Y H a UGJ M hdH cM J
a e cdG J Ggh fH dG EG dhj K eh e M NCj ,dhH cdG
DhJ g Qjh ,jdG QdG QJ dHh IdG Z Y W HCG M NBG EG
ch H a hdGh SedG Gg ah J CG fGG d eCG c Oe
dG Gg JCG jCG eh ?bdG hO Y PGSH cdG EG bCG dG j
g e MCG CG kY ?AMEG d f J QdG g H jdG fGh
OdG j Gg e IdG Z Y dG j CG fCT e kcS j QdG
dP Y IOLGh G cdG jc d IMGdG IG IdG Z Y bG
j IG g dh cdH Ae NBG Z Y bdH QdG g J dd ,dG
e jdG IQhO GC Jh cdG EG bCG VG IG cdG Y HCGh kYL cCG dG
.(123) bdGh dGdH j f ah jL
123
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GG Y dG
IOdG Y fhG fGG

gdhh CG C ,IOdG AKCG d kVJ cCG FdG kUNh fGG J
MCG jH J fGG g CG MG dh ,SG fGd FS d fj
YCG H keCG kfe fG fCG QJ G S Y ,gdh J eY dG OGaCG
f e iNCG fCG fH J H IOdG AKCG gMh J h gdh d jdG
.LG bh gYJ c dG
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c YCG EG fCH eCG aJ dd ,d AG S EG j CG Y eCG MQ e Gk J j
YG f e fCG e jh ,IOdG b cG K CG Jh ,dG j
H j QV CG IOdG CG fL JYG Jg Jh ,IOdG JY
bh CG e cCG d Veh cG K J CG CG kUN ,LG dG J
.e
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dG Y H gOGaGC Ohj e T Y dhdG j

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.gdd Vh AKGC
124
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j hQg
H V CG J dG g h ,eCG Y SH GC j kjQJh Ib IH JOh

dG j iNCG fCG NJ Gd jG ddG cM e bCJ CG J h AdG
.(124) SfCG J M Cd edG dG aJh
CG IY kehO iNCG fCG g J M ,gOhCG dG J SCG f Yh
Y J M IQe H jdG YCG NGO Uhh CG J ,IOdG AKCG
kUN We SH CG Jh ,JM W jG dG jYQ GJh IOdG
.(125) gdh fH J eY
e gZ hCG dG gJ c :ke G Gg f J IjY SCG gh
IOdG Ye GbH J hCG J c IYe J dG fCG hCG ,H e fGG
?jd
CG EG aVEG ,JG QeCG g jd Ya IOGQEG hCG Gk e kY fGG g
j AdG fh ,dG e iNCG H jCG dG f J cdG ddG dG g
Jh MGh dN b e b fc Y dO Ggh ,fGG e Z hCG dhd
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j dG U
H a eGC e jY
C G GC h dG g
.kjGC
125
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GG Y dG
gZ Qd VG fGG
V J FdG G S Y ,H a IWh HGb bY J fCH FdG R
ch ,HS GOh e KG hCG MGh Qh gUh fCGh cP e dCJ IMGh FY
d cdG fEG iMEG J kfMCGh ,QdG jM J ddG fGG
.YG OGaCG bH e dG EG hH CG J H dG W QdG MC VG
GC Jh ,OGaCG IY e e IMGdG dCJ YL V jaEG dG c J
H a HJh ,jJh QdG jH J dG fEGh QcdG H LGdG jRJ
dG g e d jM dM M H J jd gOUG Yh ,jYQ Y
.(126) Y dH Qd G aEh
M ,gOGaCG e MGh VG jYH YR j YL V kjCG ''HdG'' j
Gh Gk Qf e dH d fPCa ,jHC fGa dM Gk U ''kfHH'' j ddG CG
fc dM jdG d gU J m FY fe YG J bh ,kd gY
eCG X jh S AKCG j b dGh ,d M AKCG fRGJ V J Gk L Gk U
EG kLGQ d eCG Gd YG YR a dh ,YG Y gJ EG ODj Ggh ,kdZ
.(127) dG HdG bh c bdGh G AKCG aG GC jh CG J M
Y eCG YJ aj Jh YVdG Y YfG H M JeCG e a ihBG AHCG eCG
G OHG H e EG H gJ hCG Qd AGdG a ,jL Vd JOh
.(128) gGdG
LO e QW G H J H FTCG jYH j jdG gMh ihBG AHCG dh
.fdGh AG
hj ,dG W e QdG GhRCG H j fC NBG kT j QdG Y hdGh
.(129) IH QdG id Jge G e hdG Ggh dWCG J LhdG
YGe d jdG dOCG e J dEG OJ QU fGG jJ dG jYdG EG
126
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j hQg
G fGG S hj jdG H eDG Ea dG SCG ch ,''QdG'' IYO

fh KGQdG G Y G EG J fC ffCG H J d fc Y dH
.a M LCG EG
M e FHC jYQh kegG J fGG g CG ddG eCG e JG dh
G'' Va VdG g CG CG .kUCG e L jCG fGM EGh a JL
eh .IH U Y Kh ke aCG b ''QdG'' jH eDG bS dG ''fCG
fGG g J CG b dh .M L EG JL H bY Z GM j CG G
GM ch .efdG Gd ee OLh f CG Y a G f Y Y e
H dG Ggh .OLdG Gd MGh dN EG fOj FNh FW SQfh dG aOf
.MdG MdG dG g T
GG IM IOLG dG
V HCG dGh dG e Fc J
jRJ j c fH gDhH j YLG J
gL c J IdG AMCG g .bH LGdG
e bdG eS Y G S bhh
eCJh IG eS Yh ,dG e LhN
H a H a gAGZ SJh .FGZ
J eCG bG GPEGh a LJ dG G
.gZ LCG e H
K aj J GC H M eGC e jb J fC H ihGB HG QU R
ihGB HG IQdG ijh ,ddG dG eGC Qd IL VM J
.FTC H j T
127
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GG Y dG
e MGh ch .Lh cCG Y SH e a Y Ujh j CG Y e j dGh

CG d h .jd G jdhCG e adG Ggh dG bdHh IH j
AMCG g S T H Ggh .dG ffCG Y dO CG cdG WCG V gf
.fGh dG gDe Ie V IG
dG dEG Uj dG dG ie Y Peter KropotkinJH hc H Kjh
:j c OG hdH fc j Ie dG V HCG dGh
H j dG RG S HCG dG hCG dG j dG GG fc d
W e dCJ fC JQGOEGh FH SCG GQJ cCG GG g fd fEG
d R EG aVEG a Uh LG Y Sd ICe Rh Ie
G dGh FSdG GG g Jh G Qd Meh
hd W f Gg c... adG dYh YT Gk NCGh .bdGh dG jYd
.(130) dGh G dH G JM GW fhj dG HG
.Nh dG Ie dGh hdG LhCG H cS dG Gg h
dG Ie dG e
fch HJ GPEa .AGdG cQG dG I IG G gCG e .1
e kT J FG Ea H eH kT iNCGh Y hCG FL gGMEG
jH edG dG Jh .dGh cCG cQJh Gk HCG dG OJ dG iNCG
f Y Hh gZ e c J MCG ZCG h .eH OLG AGdH bdG
.(131) AGdG CH
e Y e ODJ ch .IMGdG IG V LGdG AGOCG jRJ g .2
dhDG gh .dG SQM hCG HGdG g dG g iMEGh .UNEGh J H LGh
ShDhQ Jh Gk HCG NdH AHd j h a IG AHCG e dG NH dG Y
128
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j hQg
Jh .SCGH HGdG g J CG J H IG HGH H SQG g

Hj e hCG Ea dd (132) IG Ne SGM LGH dH dG W SQG
.SQG ADg G
bdG H J H Je dG dH JGNCG cQ dG J .3
e CG JW j dG Ggh .aOU e e E c hCG dG QOe OLh EG
IOdG jW h .IG EG OJ K e eH A J AGdG J hCGh ffCd
AfCG J H dH J h e jhc IOe cQJ H H VQCG H J
IG OGaCG bH QNE J dG gh Ge S hCG K Xe YH IG
OGaCG e jW QHW j AGdG Qe EG G dG IOY Yh .JLh dG dH
.IG
H dG W e dG SG JeY J QdG b Yj g .4
kUN aO CG Y ILY d M Y J dh .IG EG JdG bQdG AGLCG
Gg bj Jh .dG Gg SCGQ Y H HdG jh .L AHCG hCG HdG e UN f
e dG Gg e edG Jh .Je EG ODj e gh dG g e e je HdG
e g dh .JdG bQd M Y HdG Gg eCG aO hCG jM CG hO dG
XH j M IG f e dG edG b gh HdG Gg g e j
e g CG Od OGSG gCG Yh JdG bQdG a SL SGH edG SGM
.(133) HYCG Y HdG
H a Y iJ fCG dG g Sh dG Yj dG e f g .5
.jdG OGH Z GG g a Jh JdG GQhCG Y G GG
Y SCG fJh JGe EG jS a e e e dG g h
.jdG OGd c L J edG dG g e dG C .jZh
RG - hCG edG GaCG NGO dM jH jdG OGG M dG edG Jh
129
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d QU Me G e
e a ,d G GfC G
JdG GQhC G M e AeR j
AGd kf Je e j e eh
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UdG dG :IQdG YGC

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dG :IQdG Sh h
G :IQdG SGC
.bdH
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j hQg
jh fH J M dG GH fH e dG AGLCG C gQhH dGh - G

Z e aZ c edG g e Ljh .dG M H MCG H M
.e Vh adG H fS SGH e 30 h 25 H hGj OY G
Gh .jL e bdEG EG jNCG edG QJ d gGMEG VJ dh
G Se h .f dG Rh e Ge H KCG j c dG dG
- dG - AGdG e JLM NC G RG g IQjH dG bH J AdG hCG
H H INCG J m FYh G dG H a FG dG J M .edG
gQHGh RG g jH dG j CG G eh .NCG a EG IMGh Ib GNE
dG H J dG dGh dG dP EG aVEGh .f AJ eh dG jdG H
jW Ie H e FH Y ka Ge K fRh e cCG g e M G
C .gMh aOG e d dG J d kah G SCG Gg EGh .He hOh Gk L
T H Mh HS LCG Wh jL L c kM kf j CG d j g
.sLh s Y gGSh N dG dEG dEG KCJ e Gg cS CG
AYCGh QfG H dG gh kfMCG dG j IG Y ad SCG g .6
e .QfG dG Gd IjY TCG LJh .Je fU S hd FN
OLH j dG Gg a jde jG HdG j dG dG j dG SCG
L c e dG UM CG M EGh .L INDe M dG SCGQ e S IZ
dh FGYCG LH dG e a IdG g d J IH H Y H J
.(134) dH Je dG
Ia H G cda .KdG S Ic J fCG eh dG cP j .7
G Gg eYh IG AfE Se e Y a fCG eCG .hGdG e Ib
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e EG ca SGH d bdG a LJ dG dG f a edG eCG .kGQa
bG Gg e dc GM e bGh (135) cG AfG IG QN e
jZ IG j dG dh ,AGYCG QfCG Y a jh kHQg j CG dG
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g dCG dG d SG b fc fC H eCG dG dG Gg. e MGh
:j c BGdG b e Qj sLh s Y dd G FdG e dG OfG Ggh .adG
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132
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AfEG e edG jG JWf G IQGOEG Y INCGh hCG dhDG J dG

AYGh ,QcdGh G jJh ,G eCGh ,eCGh GG afh ,dG dG
,eY hCG cP hCG e e dG e j dG dG f M dG AfEGh bdH
,d eRdG HWdGh AdG aJ EG aVEG ,Jh ,Se IQH dG g Jh
}QgRCG MH hG dG Yh,G AGdG{ LG M bd AGdG aJh
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edG dG ah edG dG H dG JG QGWCG hCG MGG Jf CG h
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.bdG YJ gh edG dG - 1
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Y eh ,c hCG J hO jEG edEGh MdG IYO j dG dG Y j MdG
:JBG fBGdG jBd HSG WdG G g eCG j CG EG fEG
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n pdPn pa sGE p p S s pd Al B n p T ppa o ofG n rdGnC
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I FGQ d kS SQG RJ ,jdG hdG V a c SdG gHEG SQG
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135
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GG Y dG
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He ShDhQ Y SdG dG IHEG C ,QfG H J G Y adG e EG
Yh dH jZ L gRZ H JHEG J CG d h ,dG GTCG e
L EG dG dH VJh }hdG{ GG L IRhe IHEG J GdG dh
dG dGh dG RJ dG OdG LJ M ,G Mf e Y T EG H VJ f
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j hQg
d IN Ie hCG IG e GC j M Fc S f CG d c ,VGSG Gg H
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g S M ,VH eeCG RJ Gh ,dG je eh VQCG IdG Y Lh
- Og IQS .d sLh s Y dG dEG KCJ e JH IdGh H IdG FdG
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GG Y dG
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? cS kWCG G FdG cEG Y IQG AGLCG
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dGh MdH G AMCG g S CG gh dc WS eeCG Gh
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J dG IQbh MQh Ib Y dO dG Gg gfOQhCG dG IOhG eCG CGh
Y aGj dG GdG hCG da ,e KGh G dG Gg J FdG g L Y
Gg j fC H dP c j keBG kS d Gk gL jh Y Ohjh U
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T ATCG Qeh UCG jh hj jda ,kjCG c dG h fEG
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Y VQJ dG jOG eCG ,IgH N Y EG j dG AGLCG e AL a dP Y
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e AMCG N KEG H kY SaEG K b jdG g C ,''jhQGdG'' hCG ''QdG''
"Hugh ROSSShQ g'' ceCG dG jh ,Jh fS dG b e M Z OGe
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dh ,RCG e dG OLh Y J WN Va G jdG dG Mh Y edG
dG Ggh dG N AGQh edG dG eCG Ld Lh Vh dG QfG jf
.(139) IG V eh AT c AGQh g
a ,VQCGh GhdG Wa dG g a Ich IU c Qbh dG N da
G a Gd.''QdG'' jf YJ c aOG AGL e AMCG N j CG G
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G Z dG a ,dG U dP Y K c
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Gk eh ke kJJ JJ YCG GQdG g dh cGh
JhdG cJh d G FdG LCG keh
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JQd OGQhj
C N KCG b jG dBG IGh bdG edG gh
143
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GG Y dG
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J CG jCGQ ,bh dhf Gf h c H dH G g dhJ d
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Y db V J dh jZEG EG jQJ Ljh Gk L b jdG g J
jhQGO dQJ b e ''GfCG UCG'' c fh dCJ N e ,Y SdG dG EG
dG b e VQCG IOLG AMCG N Ia Gg Hc jhQGO VQY ,1859 S
H a YJh MGh Lh MGh UCG e Cf AMCG CG jCGQ Mh ,Jh fS
.edG Qh
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CH jhQGO a j ''jdG HU'' GY jd e H Y dG jh
c dG dG jhQGO eCj ch Y HLEG jdG Y IjY SCG g
jJ Q dOCG g CGh dd G dOCG OjEGh G SCG Y OhOQ OjE d
KCGh NBG J Gk MGh YGe ah eCG N b dG dG CG EG ,Uh Ib jf
.jf H
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j hQg
gRhJ dGh jdG eGC FdG dG :IG UGC

N eh VQCd hCG OdG S Qe 3^8 b Cf IG CG ''QdG'' jf YJ
QJ dGh IjdG GfCG Af c SCGQ Y SCG X AYOG Gg Hh IMGh M
dG GG Gk MGh kdO GP kU VdG Gg c dh IMGh N e jH
G G J X c VG Gg FdG DhdG dh ,jG Ff J
?OLdG EG hCG
CG aGQ gMh aOG f OLdG EG X G g Ea jdG g Mh
OGe e M IOe ICf YJ jdG CG CG ,G Id VQeh dG a LQN MG
.AMCG Y jd e AYOG Gg dh ,M Z
IG e C J IG
fc MG J IFdG IdG C ,kGHCG IG UCG Y Hc jhQGO j
SdG hdG e IJGG jdGh ,H FH GMh e G FdG J M
G Z OGG CG hCG ''kFJ TdG G'' `H Jh AdG Y Y cM fc
hCG dG CG M ,M Fc e Cfh
GG CG j c jG ZCG
a hCG cCG a e CJ
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Yf e jZ Q jLCGh
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GG Y dG
dEG SG dG NBG ddGh .OLdG EG IjL Ga hN EG ODj kb QfGh Fe

dh ,G dG hj OhdG jDhQ G Z e G AdG Id jJ hG
dG HdG SGH dG EG j H f AJ e j OhdG Gg CG H a JG
.IOG dH iJ dG OhdG Gg bj e keM dG Y j
IFS Ia g fc a jhQGd ''GfCG UCG'' c a X dG IdG eCG
.M Z OGe e C J jdG CH J AdG ShCG
,OYG Gg H QSH jd fdG FdG KCG S H dG f Hh
H cCdH K'' :j e de Hh IjY Q H QG MdG Gg c a
.(140) ''G Z OGG e AMCG AH FdG jdG
dG J edG Qhh ,jW I QSH HCG Ff ''QdG'' jH eDG gfh
AJ e C J CG d Ieh IjY J hP ce AH GP G CG KCGh Gk c
.kGHCG JGP
kf jdG dG W dhG OG
dG IG UCG b hJ e hCG jQHhCG QdG ShdG AMCG Y c
G G Af j CG KdG jQHhCG hMh jdG
.IjY Q AGLEG jW Y aOe
j CG VGh dH AH c QdG g dh
f j G G UCG EG jdG SCd'' :kFb jdG
.(141) ''UJ aH jdG J AGOS
H Geb jdGh jdG H eDG e AdG CGOh
QdG Q fG g TCGh ,IG Qe KE QdG AGLEG Y jQHhCG
e C e d gGLGC dG jQHhGC
S e fS ceCG dG b e jLCG dG g QdG
.jQdG dH QdG jf Qe
NJ dGh eCG VMCG H SG M ,1953
146
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j hQg
fc fCG VaG dG GRdG e FHc T AYEG jW Y JhdG cJ

.hCG eRCG VQCd G dG LJ
J G dG fe J J GRdG g CG MdG GdG Kh
e HdG g S dHh dG VaG dG dH J NBG hCG IHdG eRCG
jc Ib gdh fc CG H AdG egG
.(142) jdG U KE
CH f e YG IdH d U Ia Hh
GRdG J HdG eSG dG GRdG
.(143) GfBG IOLG
UCG J hCG KE QdG IYO Q L AHh
ch .jdG dG GS W jQdG dH IG
AdG Y MdG Jeffrey BADA GOH L
jd IUG jG dG QOG J
ke jS jO S e j dGh LdG
Ic e j IG UGC C H QdG
.d M QdG jd Gk e J dG ''Earth - VQCG''
G g Y a j 1998 S G jQJh
f LGf dR e jdG dG J bh, fh''
c :gh ihL hO dh GL Y j GDS e dG Gg jGH LGh e
?(144) ''?VQCG cc Y IG Cf
kLM kbRCe QdG jf LG FdG dG G FdG HC G cdG j
YGNG L e Gk J cCG G FdG Nh .JVa ah WEG Y d M
GYSG dG GG MCG AdG cPCG dh .fEG dEG UJ dG dG
.M Z OGe e M OGe fEG
e M CH aOG EG gOSEG OLdG EG M N QX LJ dG hdGh
g a G cd RdG JhdG Ad e MG f g CG Va dh GMCG
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GG Y dG
jCG CH kY .950 IdG EG Yae 10 EG 1 QG eCG eM 500 e j Jhd f

EG Gk OSG e f CG GU J 50 IdG EG Yae 10 EG 1 e bCG MG f
.VjdG Oe
hdG eG jL hCG DNA `dG Y gQhH dG IGdG Y G Gh
Hc dhM dh .d dH eG H J jG gh RjGdG chCG O
900 jhJ EG je fCG fLd fEG H UG DNA `dG IOLG eG
.U 500 e dCj ch
CG he g a :iNCG e e jdG LGJ GdH dG g h
g AH h .(fCG) UN JhH OLH EG Yj CG DNA eG
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e aJ G gh .MGh BG h ke gOLH DNA hdG eG Gd a NBH
.f AJ e OLdG EG IG QX jQS Va
Y d e fQdH ZJ S c MdG LESLIE ORGEL QahdG ch
Scientific American jeCG dG G U
:G g Y 1994 S HcCG jQH
Y jL g dGh) JhdG OLh Va CG
-jhdG VMCGh RNA h (dG e dY LQO
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ke kJJ Je FL HQGC e dC j eG Ga ,G IGf
G e kH eG Gg j dd KGQdG IdG M
eG c dh .G FdH UG eG ac Y jh
900 Y fE H UG DNA j dG UG
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j hQg
Gd .G e kjCG NBG OjEG Ea gMCG Lj d Mh .ke kMG

.(145)jhdG YdG f J IG CG j CG fEG a dG
H N Ia PEG .dG eGdG H IG Af dSG e CG KCG eO eh
Ia VQJ dG QdG jf YGe J GdH G gh .QN Hh OY Z
.G
QdG jd dG dB G
M GQhj ee J jdG g H KEG gS dG fdG dG
. jdG Y IQb CG j eG jg CG K bh QdG dBG Ve
fCG M FSG gCG gYCGh dG fG dBG EG jf L jhQGO LQCG a
.UCd AdG EG G Gg jh ''dG fG jW Y GfCG UCG'' :Hc S
CG CG dG hdG e kHh j dG G Fd AdG GC e G VdG g Jh
Se GM Og d dP eh .IG j CG j dG g dG Y ibCG
j dG GHh .IG b Y AdG j dG g e H SCa dG e b
Fc EG dG g dBG g dh .AjbCGh jdG AYCG e ke dG
jhQGOh .jdG Y IQb CG dG fG dBG CG CG .ke c NBG M
LJ '' GfCG UCG Hc j CG EG VGh dG IdG g OLH j c f
.''HjEG GJ jCG j W dG fG IFa jCG
hM ? CG HjEG GdG d c c LAMARCK : Qe KC J
EG kYLQ bdG dP IFS fc dG FGdG dG IdG EG Gk OSG HLEG jhQGO
gGODe Ia j ch jhQGO b TY AMCG Y fa MH gh LAMARCK QaCG
CGh MdG LCG EG dG g QJh JM AKCG e d VJ AMCG CG
G S Yh .AMCG e IjL GfCG QX EG ODj NB L e dG g cGJ
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GG Y dG
QTCG GQhCG Y dG h fc Z Cf aGQdG Ea Qe a M

.g dh f L G L e dW bYCG Gh jdG
dG HdG g G UCG CG Gk cGP GfCG UCG Hc He eCG jhQGO YCGh
,(147) M EG edG Qh dh dG Y kH AG EG J fc
f Ib cG dG KGQdG fGd e cH dG Ie J GC W dh
EG QJ G FG CG dG j Kh jdG dG G Y QX
dBc gM Nj dG jdG hCG O AGS dG fG H Ggh .M LCG
.da Z
KGQdG GdGh jG jhQGdG

SH IjL jf W Y KdG jf e Gk QYG RCG Gg LG jhQGdG b
Va G Jh ,jG jhQGdG hCG jhQGOdG SH YTh ''jG cdG jdG''
GdG YJh Ie J b GdG gh AMCd G AdG GJ hM
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CG eY IQH jdG g YJh ,VdG g Y dG fc Y jhQGdG a
M OH QdG IYO e AdG b
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j hQg
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LCGh PCGh dGh fCc ke kT NCG edG Qhh FdG g LCG Y
QX EG ODJ fCG gh G eCG ILY VdG g X dh ,AYCG e gZh
hP DNA CG gh :jd H dP Sh .IQV GJ J dG H IjL GfCG
LQN KCd VJ dM L QGVC VJ hdG eG Gg Fa ,G cdG
.. BG RAGANATHAN ceCG MdG dH eCG Gg jh ,WYG hG
:kFb G Y e gh KcGQ
KhM Gk L QOdG eh IUh IQVh FGY GJ Y IQY KGQdG GdG EG
QhO d feEG Y J KdG FG gh ,da Z J GMCG MCG h
G GfC G e Gda , ke dP Y KGC GG dh ,jQdG QdH H Y C f GfC G GC QdG jf YJ

fc dG dG ie Qj YGC dGh ,S e 530 b GC H dG edG dG jGH IC a X G G Fd
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151
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GG Y dG
ee M Fc Y CGJ KGQh IW jCG J CG jdG eh .VG QdG c

hCG gj eEa ,gQJ EG ODj j Y GC j J CG ke ,da Z hCG IQV eEG AYCG
(148) .gej H je Qj GddGh ,GMCG MCG j
VdG Gg e jh .G Fd e L J hCG KGQh IW CG gJ ej EGh
J G g Qd UN dBG hCG c jdG b e S dG KGQdG GdG CG
cJ dG ddG KCGh) ,ddG be cj G FdG OLCG Y jJ HW hP
jdG dBG g eh .(WdG V HUEG g fEG L Y KGQdG GdG
a H jhQGO YG a dG fG eCG ,jd dBG J CG d
dh ,dG Qd dBG jCG OLh Y d J G gh dH KCJ GP j CG Md
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NOTES
1. Cemal Yldrm, Evrim Kuram ve Banazlk, Bilgi Yaynlar,
p.47
2. John Sparks, The Discovery of Animal Behavior, Little
Brown and Company, Boston 1982, p.114-117
3. Hoimar Von Ditfurth, Dinozorlarn Sessiz Gecesi 1, Alan
Yaynclk, Kasm 1996, stanbul, p. 12-19)
4. Gordon R. Taylor, The Great Evolution Mystery, Harper &
Row Publishers 1983, p. 222
5. Hoimar Von Ditfurth, Dinozorlarn Sessiz Gecesi 1, Alan
Yaynclk, Kasm 1996, stanbul, p. 12-19
6. Charles Darwin, Trlerin Kkeni, Onur Yaynlar, Beinci
Bask, Ankara 1996, p. 273
7. Francis Darwin, The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, Cilt
I, New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1888, p.374
8. Charles Darwin, Trlerin Kkeni, p. 310
9. Cemal Yldrm, Evrim Kuram ve Banazlk, p. 185
10. Gordon Taylor, The Great Evolution Mystery, p. 221
14. Charles Darwin, Trlerin Kkeni, p.186
15. Charles Darwin, Trlerin Kkeni, p.302
17. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, 1902,
I. Blm, (http://www.etext.org/Polit i c s / S p u n k / l i b r a r
y / w r i t e r s / k r o p o t - ki/sp001503/index.html)
18. Bilim ve Teknik, say 190, p. 4
19. Peter Kropotkin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, 1902,
II. Blm,
20. John Maynard Smith, The Evolution of Behavior, Scientific
American, Dec 1978, vol 239, no.3, p. 176
21. Gordon Taylor, The Great Evolution Mystery, p. 223
22. Essentials of Biology, Janet L. Hopson ve Norman K.
Wessells, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company 1990, Part 45, p.
837-839
23. Scientific American, vol. 229, Sep 1978, p.3
24. Russell Freedman, How Animals Defend Their Young,
E.P. Dutton New York, 1978, p. 4
E.P. Dutton New York, 1978, p.4
26. Peter JB Slater, The Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior,
Facts On File Publications, New York 1987, p. 87
27. Glenn Oeland, "Emperors of the Ice", National
Geographic, vol. 189, no.3, Mar 1996, p. 64
28. Giovanni G. Bellani, Quand L'oiseau Fait Son Nid,
Arthaud 1996, p.16
29. Giovanni G. Bellani, Quand L'oiseau Fait Son Nid, p. 85
E.P. Dutton New York1978, pp. 13-14
31. Giovanni G. Bellani, Quand L'oiseau Fait Son Nid, p.24,
90
32. Giovanni G. Bellani, Quand L'oiseau Fait Son Nid, p.86
33. David Attenborough, The Life of Birds, Princeton, New
Jersey 1998, pp. 233- 234
E.P. Dutton New York 1978, p. 47
p.42 and David Attenborough, Life of Birds, p. 234-235
37. Giovanni G.Bellani, Quand L'oiseau Fait Son Nid, p.88
38. David Attenborough, Life of Birds, p.225
39. Russell Freedman, How Animals Defend Their Young, p.
14
pp.13-14
41. David Attenborough, Life of Birds, pp. 149-151
42. The Marvels of Animal Behavior, National Geographic
Society, 1972 pp.301 and David Attenborough, Life of Birds,
p. 228
43. C.Koswing, Genel Zooloji, stanbul 1945, pp.145-148,
44. Thor Larsen, Polar Bear:Lonely Nomad of the North,
National Geographic, Apr 1971, p.574
45. International Wildlife, November- December 94, p.15
15
16
17
6
50. Tony Seddon, Animal Parenting , p. 27
51. Russel Freedman, How Animals Defend Their Young, p.
19
52. Yaadmz Dnya, David Attenborough, pp. 105-106
53. Tony Seddon, Animal Parenting, Facts On File
Publications, New York 1989, p. 31
54. David Attenborough, Yaadmz Dnya, Trkesi Nejat
Ebciolu, nklap Yaynevi, stanbul 1985, pp. 104-105
55. Tony Seddon, Animal Parenting, Facts On File
Publications, New York 1989, p. 19
57. Giovanni G. Bellani, Quand L'oiseau Fait Son Nid , p. 72
58. Roger B. Hirschland, How Animals Care For Their Babies,
National Geographic Society, p. 6
59. Jacques Cousteau, The Ocean World of Jacques
Cousteau, The Adventure of Life, World Publishing, New York
1973, p.44
61. Giovanni G. Bellani, Quand L'oiseau Fait Son Nid, pp.
104-105
62. David Attenborough, Life of Birds, pp. 288-292
63. A.Vincent, The Improbable Seahorse, National
Geographic, Ekim 1994 ve Bilim ve Teknik, no 356, Temmuz
1997, pp.34-40
64. Hayvanlar Ansiklopedisi, C.B.P.C. Publishing Ltd.,
Phoebus Publishing Company, p. 92
Cousteau, Quest for food, p.32
70. Tony Seddon, Animal Parenting, p. 26
72. David Attenborough, Life of Birds, p. 26
Phoebus Publishing Company, pp. 246-247
75. Douglas W. Tallany, Scientific American, Jan 1999, vol
280, n. 1, p.53-54
76. Douglas W. Tallany, Scientific American, Jan 1999, vol
280, n. 1, p.55
E.P. Dutton New York, 1978, pp.43-45
78. Peter JB Slater, The Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, p.
88
159
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GG Y dG
88. Douglas W. Tallany, Scientific American, Ocak 1999, cilt
280, n. 1, p.52
280, n. 1, pp.52-53
280, n. 1, pp.51-52
280, n. 1, p. 53
280, n. 1, p.52
94. Peter JB Slater, The Encyclopedia of Animal Behavior, p.
86
96. Bilim ve Teknik, Nisan 1998, no. 365, p.12 ve Science et
Vie, Feb 1998.
99. Giovanni G. Bellani, Quand L'oiseau Fait Son Nid , pp.
123-124
105. Douglas W. Tallany, Scientific American, Ocak 1999, vol
280, n. 1, p. 53
106. Tony Seddon, Animal Parenting, p.34
pp.36-42
108. Peter Kropoktin, Mutual Aid: A Factor of Evolution, 1902,
First Chapter
109. Cemal Yldrm, Evrim Kuram ve Banazlk, pp. 48- 49
110. Tony Seddon, Animal Parenting, p.42
p.114
112. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis,
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, England
1975, p. 123
113. David Attenborough, Yaadmz Dnya, nklap
Kitabevi 1985, p.178
114. Edward O. Wilson, Sociobiology: The New Synthesis,
The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, England
1975, p.123
69
pp.66-67
117. David Attenborough, Yaadmz Dnya, p. 185
pp.66-67
p.77
120. Hayvanlar Ansiklopedisi, p.105
75
123. Bilim ve Teknik, Eyll 1992, p.58

124. Hayvanlar Ansiklopedisi, (Memeliler), p.29
125. Hayvanlar Ansiklopedisi, (Memeliler), p. 80
p.69
p.72
128. John Sparks, The Discovery of Animal Behavior, p. 264
First Chapter
First Chapter
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133. National Geographic, July 1995, p. 100
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43
136. Hayvanlar Ansiklopedisi, Bcekler, pp. 97-98
22-23
63
139 Hugh Ross, The Fingerprint of God, p. 50
140 Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose. Molecular Evolution and The
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141 Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) New- York,
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142 New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and
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143 Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status
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144 Jeffrey Bada, Earth, Feb 1998, p. 40
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150 Derek A. Ager, The Nature of the Fossil Record",
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151 Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York:
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155 Time, November 1996
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160

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