ARAP TASARIM 001-013 PDF

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ARAP TASARIM 001-013 PDF

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SEL OFSET
stanbul / Turkey
Tel: (+90 212) 6290615

: dG QGO
ARATIRMA
YAYINCILIK
Merkez Mahallesi, Cumhuriyet Caddesi,
Alimanolu Merkezi, No: 40 Zemin Kat
Gneli / stanbul - Turkey
Tel: (+90 212) 511 72 30

: dG GY
KELEBEK MATBAACILIK
stanbul / Turkey
Tel: (+90 212) 5776009

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13

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22

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j hQg

J dG SSCG IOG g dG CG ,Gd dG jdG EG fG GPEG

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ARAP TASARIM 014-039

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dG dG

dG (fG) dG QW
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ARAP TASARIM 014-039

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j hQg

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2
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ARAP TASARIM 014-039

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dG dG

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29

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J dG jdG dG j
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J dG g e b ch , b c Y b 600 Qj e jh ,FdG
Y dGdG SCG HJ c H e aG HJ .kaN 390 SGH gZ e
.bGNH Y G AGd M J H jdG H dG HJ ,fL
VdG j CG Fd a ,SCG e S C H Y aG fG GPEG
.VfH hCG ,Q jH eEG jd dG
j d Gd kFGO IgLh Je f TjH j CG FdG Y
fU jdG SCG IOLG jdG IdG IOY FdG j .IG QGSG
J eY dG e J fCG c ,Jh TjQ QdG J jdG Gg SGH .TjQ
.IWG AGLCG J hCG J hCG
QG G eCG ,OQdG G dG e FdG L IQGM LQO TjdG
17
.JOhH d H TjdG a

TjdG GfGC
G Y IOLG Tjda ,FdG L Y jRJ M TjdG FXh J
ch FdG LJ Y TjH jdG j .jdGh MG Y IOLG J Y J
Ib IOjd GdG AKCG dG G SJ Y G TjQ J H ,YdG
Qhe d H e TjdG J ,SCG f e LCG aJ eY .JQG
H Y IYe TjdG J YCG f G Y LCG J eY dh ,AGdG
18
.dH AGd S
Ggh , GdG Y JQH d dG e e Ga N TjQ QdG J
.kGQa KdG hCG HG TjdG GSG j
45

:QhdG Gd G QGWC G dG cG g QJ
.dG ,dG GdG ,bE G

LC G GHGE
e Gd FQ TGC KK g
T ,dG :SC G GE YC G
.HSh ,'' V ''

GE ,fGdG UH QdG e J
a ,IMGh jH J fGC
Y Gd gD J bQN GQb
.VQC G e kGL jb ae
.FdG NH G T j

AdG jQ
jdG P G
.jdG

dG jQ

OD J
TjdG
,e IY
H U bh
kN G TjQ
a jdG eGC ,Gd
LdG Vd U
Y IYGh
.dG

.SQdG FW L

,QG AGdG e dG jh ,G kWb dG LGC IY SQdG Lj

.LC dG dG H AGdG edG e Ia QdG J GC H

dSC H jL NB H dG jQ GSH QdG J

Y '' :Y j jdG Ggh ,GfC G NH J
.IdG b J dGh ''TjdG W
SGC dG Y OLG jdG j
HWdG e QdG LC Gh Gh
Y gYJ c ,IOhdGh
J .AGdG dG
Y IOLG TjdG
G fG
YJh YdG
J Y
LQO
.IQGG

FW jQ
SdG

HGC L e jQ
jQR

G FW jQ

G AfG H
Y AGdG V j
VGC dG dG
,dG dG Y e
FdG aQ GE OD j
G c GPGE .AGdG
AGdG aJ E a ke
kGjGJ j dG Y
Ib j dG
jdG Hh ,g
IQdG fG )FdG j
.(dG SGC

.o dG FW L
dG L

.G AfG GE J AGdG G

dG dG

IFdG dB G TjQ
Yh FGg ScCH L Ohu Ro d .d N fCG QdG LCG bG j
FdG d FdG dG Jh .dG RdG e dHh G Rh e d a
.M EG dH Gk L N a TjdG eCG ,L j dG FGdG AG W Y
:iNCG J IMGdG dha FdG IG dG g e d

dG dG -1
e ZdG Y JLMGh H e fG jZ FdG L H j dG IdG EG
V S 18 dW j dG jdG dG FW j :G S Y .aG eY cJ
,QdG Y H e QdGh dGh dG Y J .jdG IQH d c 68^5 Oj
dG dP e aCG ''J'' gh
d W e

FdG aj eY Jh LG TjQ J.TjdH e FdG L

Qh.YdG J eY LG ShDhQ Y TjdG aJ. MH
.dG jh Jb FdG j TjdG a AGdG

YGO IYCG

jh
bG ShDhdG Y TjdG JJ
AGdG .YdG J eY LCd
Jb FdG jh TjdG N e
dG d

IFW L
a Y

,ke N FdG Y
fc H jb dh
AGdG Y h a
YGO b h NGO
.HU e jJ

G TjQ

YGO IYCG

jh

TjdG IYb J
jdG G H
48

j hQg

dG iNCG GG e .FdG H H J dG IdG Y gj gh ,jdG

dG dG dG e NCG fCG ` kdS fcP c ` Fd dG dG H j
,LEG fRh e % 4^4 ed dG dG Rh j :G S Y .jdG
.TjQ Rh e bCG CG a keGZ 118 (H FW) bdG FW Y Rh j H

dG dG - 2
hCG dG :SCG Id jdG Y ke H QdG Y dG RG j
cCG c J :G S Y .FdG j dG cCd WG LG EG Oj
Lj dG dG V jY FdG Lj dG
c J CG jdG Fa .fEG
FQ U dd ,QdG L dG cCG
.ke H QdG
j :G FK jdG AGdG OJ j
Y bjh GdG e T Y MQ AGdG
cCG OJ Y NCJ gh ,IU FGg ScCG
G AGdG j .fe HdG cCG Kh
FGdG dG f keh FdG kcQJ dG QG
.MW j M
QdG Y dG Ea ,dP e dG Y
QdG Fd UG dG
jh L e dG AGdG Nj M G OMCG
eYG gOGLGC Y ke k kjJ QdG
jJ aJ dG gh .iNCG L e G AGdG
Y kc je H FdG FQ J .''MGhdG''
J .jdG FQ ah J dG dB G
JLM j ,QdG Y cCH Ie
eGC ,f dG jdG e MJh AGdG jdG
LddG j .J dG IdG bdG d
.He a e jh AGdG Na QdG
jd H hG jGO e GSCG
e Ic c Fd d jdG dG Gg N
.GdG dB jQhV J dGh cC G
:j c FGdG FdG jhQGdG

49

dG dG

HfCG EG QdG Y eZdG dG GC j

dG YdG g jdG h .kGL IU
kfGQhO kef d iNCG Ie dG dG J
...MGh H FdG N AGdG a
GfCG FGdG ScCG OLh e ZdG Y
QdG Y jFdG dG CG EG ,MGhdG e e
eZdG G Lj .ke ja Y H dG dG Yh
eeCG
dG J J jQdG Y jFQ H CG
eZdG G
H de dG g CG Y IhY ,QdG
G
19
...UJ
dG G
EG'' eRCG jf'' Hc jGO Vjh
OMGC FGdG adG FGdG dG f j
:QdG jW Y G dG Gg J
q dSG
H J K AGdG dG g .G
kGe kaJ jdG g J .FdG GE e dG Gg CG jJ Gk L dG e''
Fd dG Gg N d .FdG GE dG AGd dG dG Y ke G dG
.cC G e IdG dG GE FdG LM
,QdG dG e kjQJ QJ b jQdG
Y G CG H fNCG e GPEG UN
Oj b kH c e N CG CGh ,Fd dH e hCG IM Ve dG dBG
GPEG fGdG dBG c J CG TjdG CG ch .FbO N JH
Y FGdG FdG EG dH eCG dc ,e H aG e dG HJ
j dG dG T RG j e dG RG c J CG ,FdG
jH LhCG b dG HfCd FGdG YdG J dG FGdG ScCGh
20
''.ee H dN e J CG
dG FdG C ,e eCG FGdG dG EG QdG dG e FdG QJ Ea :QNH
M dh FQ hO M Fc CG j CG PEG ,Ya FQ J CG dfG M
GW d dG je j CG G Y Lj WHh dd .FbO d
.JM J FGY
eZdG
dG Y
bhdG H G

50

j hQg

IdG dH OhdG j e J Y J FGdG FdG Fd IjdG dG EG

d H SMEG e cCG EG eCG j .fGW FdG Lj dG cCG e
CG jd kL UCG Ggh .jOGQEG Gd WYG f d Fd KG Z jdG CG
.IQdG H N dG g dG CG Y J dG FdG e NBG dO g FdG FQ

RGdG f -3
J G gh .bG bH CT fCT N CG hO J MCG QdG dG N
N MG CG j UN J QdG LCG N .UdG e J c
AKCG FdG j M N RH d nu Uo ke dG SCGQ .GdG AKCG RGdG
.a L Rh e %1 FdG SCGQ Rh j Y Hh .GdG
,FGdG ejdG e SG TjdG H ,FdG id iNCG RGdG FN e
.FdG RGJ Gk L a H LCGh jdG TjQ UNh ,TjdG J M
Y VfG AKCG ge RGH j dG dG FG g RYEG j
. !YdG c 384 YH gT Y e ja

bdGh IdG e - 4
Y J ,AjdGh AdGh AMCG Y OGG e S ah J Y c EG
H d bdG e e c Y G'' :QNH GC G Gg j .''bdG M'' GC e
.''e
.bdG M GC e Y kVGh ke FdG GW j
j fCG EG ,MQ AKCG J bdG e e c QNOG ILG QdG Y Lj
FGdG RdG W j CG a eCG j eh , Rh NCG bdG H J CG
LQO bCH ObdH MG e
J CG j ,Jje fOCG ObdG Rh j CG j M :NBG .YdG
.QdG eCG kFY J dTEG g c .Je bCG bdG

51

dG dG

jT AH j CG FdG Y c GPEa .Gd idG YdG j g hCG IG

bdG Ea Gk L dY YH j c GPEG eCG ,AGdG AdG Y d bdG SG j
S de YS Y G j fCG j Ggh .AGdG ehe Y dG J
dG d FGdG ejdG dG Y OYH .ObdG e c bCG SG
.QdG GfCG d dH de J G YdG Ea ,LCGh
pluvialis dominica fulva: OdG gdG GbdG FW Y bdG e BG d
Jg jW CG h .g AdG a d GhdG QL EG SCG e FdG Gg Lj
Ggh ,jf M MQ jGH e (c 4000 CG) e2500 b EG j fEa ,QG em N
.YS 88 J MdG g CG EG f CG H ,bJ hO L HV 250000 j
gO ( 70) e fhCG 2^5 , 200 Oj e CG fhCG 7 MQ jGH FdG j
AdG M c ` GW YS d FdG Lj dG bdG CG EG .bd Qc j
ObdG kf g CG CG ,jd fGdG YdG j Obc (82) fhCG 3 hJ `
CG b Obh hO eCG e j CG FdG Y CG j ( 12) fhCG 0^4 Oj RdG
.Ghg EG j
,H Ghg QL EG gdG FdG j ,HG g c e ZdG Yh dh
?Gg AGQh dG a ,S c OYG c e CG LGe hOh
fGW e MdG g e jW J CG N dG QdG g EG J dG MhCG
QhH dG Ggh ,S V dh FGY H QdG g J .kYah kS Gk eCG
bdG e c EG QdG dG Gg Hh "v" . M H AGdG j
(7-6) fhCG 0^2 jd jh ,bdG e %23 f aJ Ggh ,LGJ dG AGdG ehe
Gg . dH ?d e Fa IFGdG bdG g g dh .nnG eY gdG e
21
.ce FGg GQJ dG LGj eY QGdG M GSd FdG
:SCG g eeCG J gh

52

j hQg

?eRdG gdG hCG bdG c QdG J CG c

?GdG b eRdG bdG c QdG g ueDJ CG c
?d RdG ObdG ch MdG ae CG c
?SCG e aCG Ghg jG hdG CG J CG c
H J hCG ,HG g hCG ,eG g EG QdG UJ CG G e
j e c Y dJh LJ Y Ib :dEG MdG fEG .HG g Y AH dG
QdG H J iNCG jW EG gfG dG BGdG j dc .dG Gg jQGSG d
:dG dEG g CG AMG g Y OLG GQOEG Y jBG fJh ,( msaBUn )
m as B n U o r s dGh p V Qr nC Ghn
p Ghn n s dG en o nd o u n jo n dG sGnC n nJ r ndGnC }
o nJnn U n p Yn r bn w co
.41 :QdG| n on r nj n pH l p Yn odG hn on pr nJhn

| l pHn Am r n T u opH o sfGE p o M s dG sGE p s o opr jo en n rpr jn hn m as B n U o bn r an p r s dG GE Ghn jn ndhn GnC }

.19 :G

dG RG

W d .jdG MdG GSGC V dG QdG J

.bW e %23 Qj e aj GC '' V '' dG

53

Gd ,Ic Ib EG GdG j
e f cCG QdG dG
H G dG /dG jG
Sj dc .WEG Y FdG
ddG jG e jd SG
Yj kSh .dG Id
JJ eY FdG Gg Y SG
jfa 50 L IQGM LQO
.(je LQO 10)

J dG JG IQGG g .je LQO 42 M L IQGM Jh ,bdG bO 460 QhdG QdG b j

Gg jW Y FdG ej dG bdG e dY je dJ j M ,FdG Ad kGL eg ,jdG AMC d dH G
.jdG SG

LQO 42) jfa 108 ddGh ` G S Y ` Qht dG FdG IQGM LQO J

HSG dG YS ie Y ,(je LQO 43^5) 109 ddG QhdGh ,(je
dH Gk L jQhV ,iNCG AMCd dH Jb J dGh ddG IQGG g .jd
.FdG Ib e dHh bdG SG e jJ fC ,IG b Y FdG jQGS
jj :G S Y .de jH eW H bd WG LM H QdG J
f J H .dG e eGZ c 3 dhJ Y MGh GZc QG dG U Rh
dH eCG dc .dG e eGZc 10 d MGh GZc jdG IOjdG
dG j H .ddG bdG e e aGd U dG QdG Y GQhdG Rd
Qht dG FW Y bdG N 460 EG dG g JJ ,bdG N 78 dG
ILCG g c Ohj dG FdG be FGdG FdG Jh .QhdG Y 615h
.d RdG cCH AGOCG jdG
54

j hQg

J bdG SG Ic Ya J a ,Ic YH bW QdG Jh

2^5) G Qdcc 4 fdG j :G S Y .d jdG SG
.Qdcc 41 U jK GM j H ,(edG
d Mh .jdGh QdG H dG J CG Id
IW jW Y KM FG g MCG CG kL S
IMGh UN Ea ,dH e VGaG gh ,FGY
dJ dG SG EG .kT J de J
e CG j bdG e dY je Y
Gg CG Y IhY ,e FGg FQ hO
jdG f e Ife Gd j b
dG RG Y IW CGW GPEGh .cCH
FdG j CG j Ga ,iNCG ILCG b
Sh ,LM j kcCG
g c ke IQV IOjdG
c a .dG d dH eCG dc.dG
c e e HSG fh FGg FH Gk FdG
FdG Ib H a .GdG Y Gk LY a ,JLMG
d kf ICGGh dG dG H GdG VQCG
fdG W
j e J EG kjCG LCG J j .dG
.CG
J G e :IMGh f f FG g c J
e BG .QdG jf hCG OG dG N e QdG UCG
Y kc dG N :NBG H .''IMGh bO'' fG FN H No QdG GfCG
.In Mp

55

dG dG

G GdG dGB
e q fGW dBH ,dG Mh SQdG e QdG GfCG c Lh Y dG L
H QdG No a ,bdG e dG j GdG CG h .jdG e IOSG
MhCG a .eLCG Y QdG N Ie J h .N Yh Ic bh jb QU
.d eRdG bdG e J GdG e jW JG QdG e dG EG dG
j CG PEG ,UN IQ j gh ,SBGh jaEGh HQhCG e H FW SdG
SCGQ CG EG AGdG LQCj L CG eh .jdG LGe fGW AKCG HK VH SCGQ
GC G Y .Lf j b dG cG c e ZdG Y bK jDhQ d j kHK j
j dd ,QdG HG dG fRG j dG ShG RL j f
22
.''fRGG UdG SCGQ'' d SdG SCGQ Y AdG

bdG dGB
Y iJ CG SdG Qa .Fa IQ H UG dG hL QdG J
dG bh eGj .YS c OUd Jh VQCG IOY J GdGh ,GdG
J g PEa ,dG M Y cCJh QdG N a ,GdG Y e SdG Y
kahh ,eRdG bdG e J jdG g .kN kfRh d j ZQa I QdG
23
.jdG H bW e %7 f aj FdG Ea ,AdG H

56

j hQg

AGdG dG
Qda .AGdG eGSH G bdG e J e QdG J dc
M AGdG e J CG Jh ,LCG a FGdG QdG IT e jJ eY
.d dH aVEG Ie IYdG AGdG GQJ Jh .jdG GQdG
SdGh ,''dG'' fGW AKCG bdG ad FGdG GQdG FdG GSG Y j
.QdG Y dG FN e J dG feEG EG .IQG H J dG QdG MCG g
Y dG AKCG AGdG Ad eRdG bdG aj fCG hCG :SSCG JFa d
j . GdG ae IOjH Fd j fCG fdGh ,VQCG ja Y VfG hCG dG
24
.dG AKCG bW e %70 aJ e SdG

FGdG GQdG e bdG Y G

,JG b e Qj dG SdG j :jH FGdG GQdG QdG J
.QG dH Gg Yjh ,FGdG GQdG e WdG G Uj dG SdGh
J dP eh ,cdG AGdG e Le J ,JG b a jb jQ eY
GQdG g e jdG QdG e Zh WCG FW j .dG g CG QdG
GOG H gJ dG GQdG e j MCG H h ,QG dG cdG
.SdG ba j dG ,dG e
.Qd aGdG GQdG FGdG G J
jh .adGh MCG G FGdG dG H UdG dG dG g Gh
dGh G g cG .''IQG UdG'' dG SCG g Y QdG Y
e hCG QGOGdG jW Y hCG dG e eOdG FGdG GQdG H WGdG Y J e kdZ
:dG e GNBG Yf g .GSCG T Y a QJ gh jdG QdG bGe N
.ejdG dGh QGG dG

57

dG dG

Lh Y IQG QG We QGG dG IgX MJ

VQCG J ,VQCG EG dG TCG J eY .UG
bCG j AGdG j eYh .d eG AGdG j gQhH
kjCG IgdG g Me .JQH NCjh kfRh
.FGdG GQHdG hCG edG UGdG

QdG Y dG jW
LG e IOSG UN jW QdG
e VQCG e e d dG Y jQGG
Le G jQGM Le e J a . Se Y
Me a Ggh dG GW iNCG jQGM
.MGdG dG Ic
dG Y FGdG LG GC J
J eYh ,VCG GQdG ee dH khCG IdG QdG J .JQH
M dRdG GQdG g eCG H kdZ QdG J .kM cCG QdG J ,GQdG
V FGhO V QdG .FGdG QdG e YS cCG aGdG GQdG VJ
.QdG ce e J dH ZJ eYh .HPG Ibh kdY dG H RGdG eDd
GQdG g ke dG a ,IQG GQdG dG QW e iNCG kYGfCG J
jaEG EG Ljh SdG HQhCG HCG dG j .UN H IdG MQ NdG
kee Oa H Lg GPEGh .( c 7000) e 4350 a j MQ g AdG d
HCG dG CG EG ,bCG Y Ge HQCG MGSd bj CG a ,LCH aadG jW
YS 7-6 I IQG GQdG kee a HSCG KK N MQ j
.bdG c aJ EG Ljo Ggh ,dG

58

j hQg

g Ggh ,QdG a NdG GQdG J dd ,VQCG e bCG YH AG j

QWh dG j .jW MQ J eY QdG a LJ QdG j dG dG
eh dG VGQCG eEG ,jaEG EG Jg jW J CG HQhCG SGhCG J iNCG
.QW L e a jjEG IjG hCG ,QSdG
GQdG iNCG jH QWh SdGh WCGh ,SQdG j ,iNCG L e
IhQP Y IOLG aGdG GQdG e QdG g J .ddG LG J dG FGdG
EG dH Ja jdG LGjh j FGdG GQdG SQdG AKCGh .GeCG
AGdG Gk e 15-10 JQG H Hh ,YCG

dG dG
G SCGdG hP dG

jZ f

EG SG dG j
dG b G
dG

''jdG'' f YGC G G Qj .IQG GdG dGB H dG ae b FGZ GE QdG J GC

dG ddG YdG e ZdG Yh .dGh SGC dG G dG e c fG YSG L Y VfG hj dG
L GE dG j GC .SG bdG G GE Ud J fGC GE ,S/c 40 J dGh dG H R
.S/c 70 YH FbO K N SGC dG G dG dGE j H ,bO 4^25 N c 3^5 J

.jdG gG J e bdG Y QdG .dG jh jL e gG j

GQJ SQdG LGj dG Gdh .AG S eJ eY YS FGdG GQdG J
kHe jL e Qd Oj ,SG YdG j CG Hh ,dG VhdG ibCG
.dG S e
QdG e jdGh ` MG jW H FW gh ` AG L j
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KK W Y G jdG MH SQdG FW j
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60

J H GdQ
H e

JQG
Y
GeCG

Je GW
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nnJd
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AGdG cM Y j QG dG
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AG S e kGL kjb GdG e e j jH U a ML
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.dG j ja GC d Qe

Je NS AGg
VQCG H G FGdG QdG
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GdGF

j QGG d eGhdG M P
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FGhO V JQG

jG QdG f QGfG

G dG ac J .ec 8 JQG M RhE G FW j

JQG Gg Yh ,%65`H dG S e bGC c 5 JQG Y
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a OdG QGG dG P
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L AdG Y a UdG dG
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dG

GG GE dH G Qf j GC
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dG QdG J .dGh jhD dG g QdG kGQJ SGG cGC

dG J H ,IQe jhD Q SH QdG eW OJ
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G jhD dG GE fC G dG e a ,dG
hGC G jhD dG GC e ZdG Yh .edG jhD dG e cGC
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.fE G Y jhD dG e ,kGcJ
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Y-iNG AMG e e- QdG LL

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ond p sdG pd o r nG }
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| Qo ondG oMp s dG n go hn

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S 55 H dG LCH dG edG J
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j hQg

FdG H dG
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69

FGg Ga
bdG dG e LQG dG

QhdG dG

c R

%16 fG Ia N dG J
H .Ae QH T Y FG gG e
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GHJ
UCG G
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j M d dH QhV dG
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TdG UdG
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dG e
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f M de hX X %20 EG 15 H e FG dG f J ,dP Y IhY
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BG

a eJ dGh ''dG S'' j e GdG

Jh ke dG b J dG g .dG e d
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70

I G j j b dG Z
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jM

dG

QU
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rRn ndG

J Yf Ib fE GRMGC
G .jdG dG GdG
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GE bJ dh dh , kGL Lf J dP Y fh
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fG e j dG J
edG MG ,IQGGh AGdGh AG :a VJ dG hdH J dG fe EG
.VG dGdG Rhh LQG
dG dG dG N bh ,fe cCG d U VdG CG jdG dG j
J H ,fhe bCGh bCG IOY J IdG QdG a . H dG dGh
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f bdG ,H a J eY J fCG EG ,Uh Sb LLdG VH J
VH Ibh HH IdG QdG VH fc d .dG e dG IdG g
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.ed
71

Je

cCG

Ae

IdG
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Je

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cdG je
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.AGh cCGh
c djc W
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IdG
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LQG IdG AZ

NGdG IdG AZ

NGdG IdG AZ

.WQ W H qdG H Ib YCG dG j

dG ''jYdG GdG W'' YJ H Ie IdG
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j .Ijeh hX X QdG VH J
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.jdG GdC H QdG e dG VH J

gh ULE G T q dG H J
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dG jdG j EG gGJ H ,dG jM Y d fG dG IFa J

jdG K a EG SdGh dG IdG e S dG UdG j .a J
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25
.dG T Y J dGh b T Y J
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Ib
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LQG IdG AZ
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73

H j
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ddG dG

fGC h JG
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e S N e acG idG jW Y ag j Y TG IQe EG
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d G dG Y G c S
26
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aZ TG J QdG g hCG
jGhR iMEG HHP Vhh ,ke e
d Gec Vh .d jc adG
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G jH TG M GdH
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.dG
74

j hQg

ij G Gg CG CG ?dG SH bY d g GQOEG SM g :GdAJ dh

adG jGhR e jhGR Yhjo GVa ,iNCG HH Geb dP Y HLEd ?dG
Yho dG dGh dG aQ kbh r p jo TG WCG eYh ,H gZh f
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TN nVp ho M ,jW gO IjL HH Gea ,TG Y HQ AdG HJ
GQG e Iee LGM Vh .iNCG jhGdG TGdG e Yh jGhdG iMEG
J dG g dh e TG Qh j c K Y e c j ,fG
CG TG Y Lj fCG CG ,NBG Y j LM c IOLe fc H ,be
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TG Uh eY .dG QdG gdG Gg TG GhQM M bGG AdG CGH
.HU TCG dG bH e eCG j h ,dH dG RLG e hCG LG EG
eHh ,kjCG dG e j e H ,a LG j e TG j Ggh
.dG H Je Ce b TG c NCG dG RLG
GQOEG SM ie Gd INCG H e G GhQa ,hgT AdG U
VH G Gg Y G GQOEG OhM ae HdG g e dG c .TG Y
J e 0^6 e c b j jPa SCH e jW f iNCG Ie .cCG
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e ZdG Y FGdG g e kjCG j CG hO MQ TG HJ ,gdG e jh
GQOEG Y Ie IQb TG id CG HdG g J dG HCG XCG bh .dBV
N e a Lj dG dG WQN j e TG j ,jd idG j H J
Gg 27.J CG jdG PCd dGh ATCG Y QJ dG JdG SfG
f j .dEG e fG dG GUCG H c HHdH TG SMEG CG j
idG e UCG GUCG Qjh IQOdG GUCG f c TG Y idG
Y kbO kJ OQGdG idG SGh QOdG dG dJ H UdG bdG j .FdG
TG a Lh dG HdG :G S Y .dGh TG H UdG aG
dY HHP QGUEH adG Th Yho dG OLh TG QOCG ,VQCG Y Yho dG

75

dG dG

TG Qb Ggh ,GUCG VQCG Y ;Y G GQTEG Jh dG e

TG EG bCG fc YhodG Ea ,dP e dG Yh .VQCG Hh H UdG aG
H .G GOOdG e j QhH Ggh ,N cM c fCG c ,S 0^5 GH
JU IFGO 20000 GM TG Qj .VQCG Y Yho dG OLH TG Y jdG
gh aj TG Ea ,dP Y IhY ,G GUCG c j CG h ,fdG
.FdG Gd G dG J FG g c Y fCe If .G H j
e gY QGOGdG f CG g TG QW H J dG gG iNCG UG
,kGL V bG d dG GOOdG W EG M ,JU iS J H
Qe e c c GPEG fCG j HhdG KCJh .HhdG KCJ H Ic e d j
76

j hQg

dG M GQG MG dG ae dS H j TG GC QdG KGC

.dN e GdG j fGB h,eGdG

GPEG dh ,QG gQj dG f GOOdG j G Ea ,kf kHK Gh dG

gQj dG J Y J G J dG GOOdG Ea kce gMCG c
dG OOJ aHhO IgX M fC Td dH e e g J Gd.QG
OOJ Ca Y Ie HHP Y JU Le j eY fCa Gd S e L e G
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LG jH j fCG g H d G g e TG j Gg c eh
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77

dG dG

AG G LG J dHh ,IG HHdG EG JdG LG YCG TG Sj

. JdG HHdGh GOOdG W e TG j dG
?JdG GOOdG jH TG j c dh
hCG :QfdG fCH J dG dG jG e Yf TG eO Lj
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Gk QGfEG j G GQTEG kH kaGfG EG M e eGH jG g J
Y idG LQO J Ggh .idG OOJ e Zj dG AGdG Gk OOJ djh iNCd
.AGOCG aCG Y d G e aGdH TG
EG .aOG jW Y dGh QdG jf GC e Y gGdG g J G e
OLda ,FGdG ''IdG'' GC e Y h Gk L e TG id QfdG f
TG e J .FGOC dH kjM j ee H dG Gg f eGG

c ,kGe 3050 Y M TG Gg j .jeGC Jh e 50 GE fS OY j dG Td Ie cGC

28
GQG QGOGQ j GC H kGL c fGC

78

j hQg

IQhGh G GQTEG e EG dP iJ H ,GUCG e dY LQO WEG Y

.MGh bh dP c H UG QfdG GUCG jJh
AT Y EG j Gg EG H ,dG aOG GC e AV Y dP T ,dH
.FdG Gg N dEG RYEG :MGh
dj e cG c Yh ,TG N IjL Ge Y AdG HCG c
EG IjG HCG UJ a .dG dG Gg Y dBG ah c cCG NGO
e Y bGe GhOGQCG jdG AdG e OY b 29.TG Y Gk L Ie acG
QdG g CG Md .YG AYCG H Y SQEG ILCG cH ,dG MCG aG
g Y e H MdG MG .dG b OJh nJor b d dG e dG J
70-50 H e hGJ ae EG MQ j YG g AYCG H CG GhLh .MdG
.kTgOEG MGG cCG fc H dG hH b TG gDhj dG IOdG MQ CG EG.c
gb dG aG fc e e GLN dG dG EG jFY kL TG OGaCG j
dG GDdGh .dEG GUh dG Gh
G TG j c :f j
c Y H Oj ch a j dG
aG Ie
?e N dG
j c f f BG M
ie AdG j .IOdG Md TG
dG
MQ Y TG id dG dG KCJ
ij TG CG fcJ GPEGh .IOdG
e jG bj AdG Ea ,ke AdG
dG Gg d j dG BLG
WG e OY j TG GC o cG dhj AdG GR e ,QNH .G
e ke kjW j Oj eY fGC GE ,G
jdG dGReh .dG GE a c dG G dG Gg Y fj dG cG
!dG
.VGh Z IOdG MQ fGW j dG
79

dG dG

FHdG dG
G S Y YdG bdG
J .hReCG f kjJ je dG e j dG FHdG G j
.FHc U 6000 EG 5000 H e gh dG g L K FHdG AYCG
g J .eCG 2 d da 500 QG FHc T dJ CG FdG g
.FHdG dH ja J a ,dGh adG Vd FHdG UG dG
g dJ CG .je ae e IH d dG g J dG FHdG dG J
.fdG e 1000 /3-2 EG J YH T FHdG dBG
dG jZ dBG .JGP M Ie J dG g H J dG IdG IdG g
CG FHdG dG C ,''IN IG'' QdG CGe N e WH MT h
H LhCG b dG Gg CG j ,Jee eH j GPEG IFa jCG G Gd j
.MGh bh ee

FHdG G SGH ''iJ'' dG dG

FHc T dJ iNCG S g ,FHdG dH G dG Y Gk H
ad FHdG dG J dG g dh .da 3-2 H e hGJ H
? PEG eJ GPa ,dGh
LCG kM kef J dG N .M c dG GQTEG g dG J
30
.GQTEG g jh Qj CG dG
e FHdG HHdG QJh ,jP Lj UN Y FHdG GQGUEG dJ
gh ,dM kFHc kM QdG Y dJ GQTEG T Y gX IOLG eG BG
CG AHd bf g g ,G Gg V j AT CG Yfh M j e dG J
J CG FHc e dG L Y Lj .cM O CG c ?
.ke QGOGdG j c G
80

j hQg

bf Z IOe

FHdG IQdG

FHdG dG
bdG IOG

dG GG jh FHdG GQTEG dEG j Gk QGOGQ dG g ,QNH

UCG eYh .H L dG GQTEG g J dG OGG H G NGO
.dG d G G cG fEG id kahe QGOGdG

e e
J HGG a .G e GfCG SCG g LCG Lj
g .GG bj hCG SCG Y QJ dG G OOdG GP FHdG HHdG
CG c ,VQCd WG G J fCG LQd SG IjT G
. SGh jdG Y eG
,dG gQJ dG dG OOdG GP GQTEG HGG G J CG
Jh JGP dG a J SG g .HfCG H We G a
H QJh H a SCG UGJ CG jdG H .a LGJ dG G SQ Y
.Gh Gh dGh GfCG M eG OJ fCG c ,G QNCG e
81

dG dG

G H aNG J dG GQTE G
OLh Y IhY ,Ija FHc GQTEG SCG g GfCG e f c j
H UdG H J .HK J edG dG CG EG ,MGdG dG OGaCG H aNG
.eG d kah Jh G aJ cdG fH fCG ea ,OGaCG

dG GQTGE
dG jM SCa .dG Y Y ee FHdG GQTEG
JHHP dG SCG Jh ,dG SCG dG J Y J GQTEG
dG d K JHHP J gY ,Id LhN e Y HGdG dG M UG
jW a ,IG IHCGh eeCG bY Gk c Gk QhO J UG g .dG SCG
.kS ihCG EG H Ojh U Y dGdG j
82

j hQg

GQTE G Y J dG fC G
GfCG c .Gh dG ee Y J ee kjCG SCG J CG
S J :G S Y .jj SQ FHdG GQTEG J FHdG SCG
dGh ,fdG HHP 10 CG Jg 10 OOH FHc GQTEG Mormydae GeQG
G jH cdG Mormydae dG g J .Jg 120-100 H e EG d JOjR
MCG e .dG AH b dG MEG J dBG g .Y S dG dG e
WEG Y jdG bJ cG AfG H .jdG Y G AbEH jdG Gg j
dGh , cS cG e J dG dG J .bO 30 I FHdG GQTEG
J fCG PEG ,kfK H G ATCG h ,khCG HU cCG Y QdG L g dP AGQh
.FHdG dG H ke AY

d UN f
FHdG GVG
e S HbG d j GPe BGh
FHdG GQdG J gh iNCG
e QGOGdG GQT NGJ CG ?f
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j .GVG Gg W YaO dBH
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S LGJ eY JAR . Gk QNG ''MORd
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iNGC S e FHdG dG O
.FHdG GQTE G jW Y

83

dG dG

g J .He GQTGE dG f OGaGC j .LG g N e FHc Le SJ dG SC G J

dG feGE j ,GVG d dG f e iNC H J eY FHdG GOOdG T e SC G
.IH dh He GQTGE Y

dG g fCG T dSH ''GfCG UCG'' Hc jhQGO YG .''QdG'' AV Y

jhQGO eh .31''jdG LGJ dG HdG'' GY j a jdG g Y AH
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H dG OLh Y dJ bG e gc gh ,Lh Y dG N e SCG g
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84

j hQg
YGfGC M FHdG SG j dG GQT G GfGC

Gymnarchus nilotikus

Gnathonemus pertersii

Gnathonemus moori

Mormyrus rume

Gnathonemus moori

Mormyrops deliciosus

NGB f J GC FHdG d
.FHdG GQdG N e SC G e

ddG L NGO QfdG

H Yh eGO X AG OdG e b H ddG CG
CG hO dP fEG , ?aG g e ddG S iJ a ,(kGec 3) e
dG idG j f SGH bdG jdG GH J CG .GJ
Hh YSh , Mh ,T Y e ee H d j dGh ,L
.AdG
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ddG adG QJ.dG S h ja HJ Gk L jbh Je LQH
e e JdG LG g ddG Qj hCG Jg 000.02 fEG j kJGUCG
a Zj dG G G LG g LJ ddG jh fG .SCGQ ee
L CH g QfdG Le eUCG Ca.G J f SCGQ jH dPh
gO IO IA ZGa NGdG P Gh S G dG H Lj. LJh J
eG J K .NGdG P G G LG g f Xhh (d) SG e
gH j dG edG EG dG
f He gO IOe LJ .h
GUCG J PEG , G id QfdG
gO OGe Y JdG a LG
g J CG j . Hh
dH Ve G gdG OGG
f e J M SG dGh

86

fE d Ye Z kJGUGC ddG adG QJ

IOLe e e e GUC G g J .a a Jg
''G fG'' YJ SGC dG ee
ZQ M LG g LJ GC ad
QfdG Le J .SGC Q jH
dG j .FY C H J eY ITe
dG PC G GE GQTE G j xnnonc dG
.gJh H d edG GE gQhH eG LJ

(20.000 Hz.)

dG
fCG

dG G fG
fCG
JU a Le

idG
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,OdG G gO Y jh JGP H ja gdG e f c .JdG LG

d .G fCG e OY EG Ie Fc Y N e jh
g CG gh H d QdG jf YJ c ,jQdH Qj CG ddG Y Gg QfdG
FdG Vhh T J e ddG Y G gQhO ODJ CG IG gdG
ceh NGdG PCG ,dG e IYG fCG J CG j ,eCG dc .Gg
,''F Ie H '' g idG j f EG .FdG H edG GUCG
.p G dG N e fEG .ke Gk eCG QGWCG J CGe N e gJ hj dHh

87

dG dG

JGC b
dG KOG g CG J a,d jU Hh Y a J dG dG cj c
?Ieh jW jH IA Ib GC
e ZdG Yh ,MGh e GYe jU L eCG iMEG fCG Vd
jU H gMCG dG .H NBG OLH j e kjCG CG EG G bGdG bY
L e G AdG Nj :FdG dG e S GC J gh ,H dG
Gg K ,fdG (FdG jG) Ja jJ IY YH dG SY EG jU
e e f dG .dG EG dG Ic C dG FdGh SdG Y AdG
jQG eCGh ,dG Y AdG a dG eCG ,''dG'' h ''jQG'' Y j N
.GdCG a
.dG Y G FdG LG J ,kLQN IOLG ATCG Y OYH
b H J .jU iCGQ dG g fMCG CG Vfh jdG e EG Od

MdGh fdG
W gh ,d SSC G HQC G fG iMGE g fdG
gY QhH Ad fdG J .dG ee fe aT
j GC aOe d .dH IadG LR j c ke
G G c e d Lj dG dG g Ve
a MdG eGC .dG e eeC G dG GC ,ke SG
c MdG J . ke fdG N IOLe gh fd d
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115

dG dG

qdG
AGdG Ib i
V
V
fG IM
Gb

B
G G

eCG
ja
dG

fG IM

IYdG
IcdG

A: 860F (300C) 2.7% CO2

B: 770F (250C) 2.7% CO2
C: 750F (240C) 0.8% CO2

dG Y ee fGC LJ
jdG fGC ,dG e HC G
VoJ dP Y IhY .WdGh
AGLGC IQGM LQO
LQO J .Y G jh G
HdG cGC K fh IQGG
.40 G NGO G M

IG VJ eY .dG cBGh dG g HCG dG Ge AGYCG NCG EG

ge Je HCG jaEG dG .UN jQfG SCG J jhdG jg MCG g EG
.ATCG EG hdG L j CG IdG T d SCH j
dG H e c fCG LQG dGh HCG dG Y H IMdG JG Sh
dG Y j dG SQG .''jJ'' EG j fCG g Y QhG CG EG ,IMGdG
SCGQ ODj CG .FGQ jW Y CG fS e dG EG NGdG c GPEG e dH
g EG VdG M a,ke G ihJ dG ,fCG g e C AdG QhO dG
.a ShDhQ H LQG aG Jh dG dG dG J

HC G dG J
H dG Je Y adG HCG dG j dG iNCG dG e
j jQfG G g J CG EG ,AGYCH FG EGh eS Y G S
FGSG HdG j dG HCG dG N hJ :G S Y .NBG EG f e
M ''VQCG Y J Hb'' fCch GG g J M .UN H Ie jde
j L NGO kUN kc a ,cSh H
116

j hQg

GE M ,Y adG HC G dG N OGaGC fj .dG cGB h dG :FGYGC dGC V e ce HC G dG jj

NJ bh IQdG edG dG hj .AGYC G Y dGh OG IY cG H j YC G edG dG
.IdG ShhD H jG OG Yd cG

eYh AGYCG b e g EG VJ Y Gk LY ghY j Fc ce Y

jhdG fCG jh H Y H HCG dG j b hdG j
Lh jaEG L HCG dG j .S S UCG FH hdG J EG ODj
QGVCH J Gg cH AdG dG C ,kjQfG dG Gg jh .kHe kf jeCG
.ILh IH dP H Je EG ODj NGdG JLC dH
.OG IY dG M Nj ,WdG eM cG fc GPEG
YGG HCG dG id dG GC eh G dG e fhG dG g MJ
Ia J eCG g CG Y IhY .''UG j c'' :J dG jhQGdG
c dh ?kjL J CG ke AdG dG ZJ GPa , ge IjH J b Y
d c d ?gZ hO dH dG e Jh KCG J CG QJ GPa QG d
H J CG QNG fCG kL S d .kJ bCGh G SCG QN QJ CG
117

dG dG

(eSe Z fG IOQhCG ) G IOQhCG

ddG SCGQ
G SCGd S e

dG dG
d
G SCGQ

edG SCGQ

ddG SCGQ

e LCG EG QfG dG Gg QJ CG G e a ,IG Y adG

CG j CG h YCG edG HCG dG . dG G jW Y JOGQEH gH
.JOGQEH M LCG
,IG g fRGeh e IM j CG j e g a HCG dG dN
dEG dG H MhCG dG LGdH j HCG dG EG .IO dhDe GP kba jh
p GB n go sGE p msHGB On pe ne...} :dG BGdG J j .OLGh H
.56 :Og |.. n pnp U npH l N

dG e fGC
jdG dG XJ L NGO IOLe UN fCG HCG dG j
hG NGO eS Fc OGe H GfCG H J :G S Y .KQGG YadGh
dG J M ''ITdG'' dBG iNCG lGfCG J H .J eY gAGYCG H J dG
.ITc dG dG k ee YJh LG L Y
g J .fEG JY Y jaEG HCG dG Y dG Y adG dhDe J
` kM cCG fj IOYh ` G SGG eCG .kf IU OL gh AY fEG
M .G G NO e NO CG h, G hdGh bdH AYH ea
.dG JJh dG L dG QdG OG Yj
118

j hQg

HCG dG j
d M Je Y adG
hj .JM dP c
HCG dG OGaCG MCG IQdG
dG Y kLd kFS Rj gh
.LG

Idc IOM kcah ,ShdG J kShDhQ OGaCG PEG ;d G SG No

S e FdG Gg jh ,fRh e %10 j SQG L FS Lj .ad I
SQG j ScCG FdG Gg j (alkenes and alkanes). Me JGQgHc
d gS dG AGYCG hL NGO FdG Gg H G SG j .L ee
.ca GSH
.GDdG Gg Y HLEG GaY eY AdG U ?hdG Y FdG Gg KCJ g e
,"haemolymph" Y j dG LCG FS Lj .dG d fe iS FdG Gg j
d dG J Y dH IjL Fc IOe GC J ,dG oJ eY .dG Y j
.IG IOG g Y j HCG dG Rj dG FdG .G
RYEG j h .JGP H e eCG IdG bG g NGO J f OLh EG
H J dG AYCG EG Gj H ,d fG IOG g RGaEG Y HCG dG
119

dG dG

cCdH HCG da ,aOG jH j CG Gc SJ cCdH .ddG IQdG

Gd G IOG OGYEH dP Y AH jh ,dG Y dG J dBG j kFc kY d
.MCG MGdG dG N bG g CG dG dEG bj NBG dO Gg .dG

HC G dG SGC
dG e OG j .HCG d G G Y Ic FO fMCG j CG
IU kca Go pgho G g REh .gOLCG H cj dG dH gAGYCG HCG
. jM Ge jJh cH J CG kjCG OG d .ITdc jY kgTh
j Ggh ,fRh e %35 EG J YaO FGS J CG LPdG AdG IG
.dG e BG d
dBG Prohinotermes GjQa HCG dG
Fc dG Gg j .dH YdG
iNCG GfCG e dG .eS IOc "nitroalkane"
NG g VG gG CG EG ,dG j
:G S Y .dG g d FdG cGdG
kS Schedorhinotermes jaEG HCG dG j
dG j H , "vinylketones" FdG IOG e
dG TYGC eGC j OG MGC
f e Sh d FS TH jh
"B- ketoaldehydes". IOe c HCG
.FdG SC G
dG ''j HCG dG e NBG f g
''cdG'' hCG ''SEG'' YJ Fch ,c
o jG
.G EG ODJh jdG jG e QdG Y YJ dG g c .UN SCc
WGG J GAf Nasutitermitinae HCG dG ISCG AYCG L Y Lj
hdG H WGG g AdG dG OJ G dM .NGO UN ScCG Y
41
.FdG chRdG c ke j dG Gg .dG FdG Jh

120

j hQg

gh ,Fc SCG hO Lh b ''FGdG AdG dG'' Ea ,QdG jf M

.H G EG VGaG Gg CG EG .QdG LQO M H a Lh SCG
c J CG j H ,da GP dG dG j d FdG IOG aJh OLh j
g J CG j ,iNCG L e .eG ddG e fL Y d G AYCG
AYCd dH eCG dc ,a dG j d G AGLCG bH Y dhe AYCG
fe f EG adG fCG j .kjCG dheh JEH e J CG j YRG
,edG Y QdG jW Y J CG AYCG g d .e Y YJ e
EG ODj Ggh ,IFdG Y c dG Gg S dG g e IMGh M Ga C
No b g ''FdG SCG fCG'' CG g MdG dG Ea dd .IG VGfG
dG N d .''r nG'' g Gk Oe Gk HJ dP AGQh CG j Ggh ,IMGh tc
g LCG dG fE Gk ce dG N d .IMGh bG e c HCG
:dG JjBG Gg dG Uh .eGS dG aCG dEG MhCGh ,bG
p G hn n s dG en o nd o u njo n roG Ao n rSnC G o nd Qo u noG
n go hn p VQr nC Gh
o Qp n dG o dp nG o dG n go }
p nG o j p n dG
.24 :G IQS | o

121

SOdG dG

FdG :dG
Id gGdG
d edG FXdG
j a GQhdG FdG Gg SG Wh .IG eLCG d dG N FS dG
hDG fEG .edG OGG e G H eRdG jG eDjh AGdGh IOhdGh AdG
GQ eRdG edH j fCG EG aVEG ,G NGO JG Y kjJ MdG
.QGSH dG Oj Ggh jedG YhCG
dH QhJ dG e Gd 5 Qj e c 60 j dG dG fEG L j
f Ea VjdG jQdG hCG cdG SQ dM dh ,IMGh bO N G AfCG
QhL e AGHG G e e c dG Qhj .aVCG N EG JJ g GQhdG
H e JEH U H J MCG YhCG NGO GbCG HUCG Mh dG
IQGG e Ije c G dG Gg j c ,SdG hCG FGdG H J
.AGdGh

cC G eM
jd QhV Y cCa .d dH IG ee gCG g f dG AGdG
jG EG FdG e cCG f IQhV S g Ggh ,bdG fE RdG dG
.VdG Gg j ,HfCG e Ie T j dG ,GQhdG RLh
122

.57 :bGdG| nbo u n oJ nr nan r co n r nNn o r nf }

dG dG
(jT)

Yf K Y
dG
LQG

SdG dG
Yf bQ Y

AH d fCG
fe

(e jN) NGdG fdG

U
(jQh)

jf

G jG e IOe W

WGC
fC ,gGbGC g jGdG
GE cC H dG dG jRJ Y hD e
AYGC e dG f Y dhD a IOQhC G eGC ,G AfGC
Y dhD G jdG YhC G dE G IQdG Jh .dG GE G
.G IdG ceC G GE dG jGE

(T AYh)

N ch ,cCG AGG jedG jG NGO IOLG dG N jL

N) HZg AL e 300 f UdG T J dG AGG dG jN e
Q H a cCG a ,dG e ke kef AGG dG jN J .(dG
AGG dG jN J dG dG jN :dP Y e ,kjQhV dP c c kjCG
EG H IFY dG GMG Y j dG HdG cCG K h ,fCG EG cCG
.fCG EG NCJh cCH jL e WJQG J dP H .g cJh FdG

124

j hQg

kFS dG d kGOLe dG j d
.d e kLd

dG fRGe FS
(NO). LhdG cCG OMCG RZ cCG EG aVEG dG N jL

kjCG dG N j .QGSH Gk e S dG V Ea dG RdG Gg aj GPEG

Gg Qe CG gdG j e .LhdG cCG OMCG SGH fCG EG UGdG dG c
Gh Y h eO h d YCG GQdG e Y :CG jG e Gk OY EG d ''dG''
G dEG G jBG EG g e eLCG GQdG e Y OJ dG dG Gg .j
.JEG GH eLCG N dG dd

Y
Y
.jedG YhC G dG fC G e W J
e jj ,VGC AYdG j dG J eY
jT e ke dG GE dG Qj .dG V
M Lj .kLhe NGdG S hj M e
.(QRGC ) YGC h (MGC ) Y QJhGC jdG AYdG
125

dG dG

e H jN
Y cdG dG O j .jedG jG e dG ddG AGG dG jN J
d J dG g jG g h ,b Ic e C d J c gh ,AGM N H 30
. Gh dG
YhCG NGO J CG FdG fhe Hh , UGbCG e AGG jG hJ
e W S fEa IdG fhG H J GPEG eCG .bdG dGh jdG
) ehe 7^5 AGG G b j H ,ehe 5 f dG AYdG b j .G
.(G e dCG e 1 hj ehG
H dG Ve MdG YCG ?fhG H AGG jG J d j GPe
g .fhe dG Ve Y AGG dG jN J M ,GDdG Gg Y HLEG
b Ggh dG fCG e bdG fCG jedG GdG h UdG J dG
.dG EG ODj

JeJhC G QGdG f
J dG Gg .dG jW Y J gHh kej 120 AGG jedG G IM J
AGM N e 2^5 fEG j jOY hX .IjL j G fEH fRGe
jHhjQEG Y j eg j .dP IQhdG bG PEG jj CG bdG Ggh ,fdG
YQ hCG OM OG dG c jJ j M ,fEG ie ''erythropoietin''
Y :G S a .AGdG cCG e f GPEG fEG e OGOj dc .G
bCH OLG cCG e IOSd kJeJhCG AGLEG Gg G j ,G J
.JQG OGORG c J cCG f C ,OhM

G dG f
FS g eRdG .jedG jG IOLG iNCG OGG e Gk c Gk OY eRdG
126

j hQg

.OdG G Rh e %5 j ,f UCG
LGOdG jQdG
fRh e %90 j dG FdG Gg j Gdj GdJ
jFdG YhCG
HCG SdG
gOh jSh Oeh eCG Y ,Ae
dG
dG jdG
JhH H .G JhdG GfCG e eh LCG jQdG
h gdG HH J bf JhH g dG HCG
jdGh jdG YhCG
dG RG YhCGh
H gdG JhdG GPEG .fG EG
bG jGdGh YhCG
c FGY H J S fEa ,jdG
IOQhCG
.kMe G VGeCG eCG jdG d e
jGdGh
jdG
eG QhO eRdG fedG ODJ
AYCG H JG H J gh .UG
jGdGh YhCG
jdG
.FdG FSdG jW Y jGh
g eRdG keMORG fedG cCG
e edG Gg Jj .bf eg gh ,edCG
jJ G e N c GQhdG dG j
,HhdG ,fedG ,hddG e gdG
IQdG .dG G J dG N
j .dG e jhOCGh ,edG AGdG dG
dG Y dd AGG YhC G J YGC
OGG NCjh dG edG OGG edG Gg
Y dd QRC G dG j H ,cD G
.L dG eCG EG FGdG
.cD G Z dG
e j ,ATCG g c eCf eY
H dG Y MGdG JhdG IQe EG.ge UH N b G CG jd VGdG
IQTEG d J j CG j dG dGh G jh jhOCGh fedGh gdG
UCG e GY EG g e gG eCG g EG .dG Gd G dG Y VGh
fH J jG e fdJ ;G dG FcdG OGG e BG
MQ J IMGh N e AL e jG g J bGdG .eLCG NGO ge
fEG N dG dG Y Y dO dG G dG Gg CG VGdG e .CG
.AG e f e
127

dG dG

UN dGB

IG J GPGE
IOQhC G jedG
SGh cE G
GE a ,SdH
J .(YGC ) b eRGC
H dG fC G
JQG H MC G
e dG aj .dG
e j fC ch dG

jGdG e AGdG j CG VG e
GNG e j M ,jdG QGG Y
IOLG eG CG e .dG fCG
fCG EG ,kGL IU jdG QGL Y
.f AJ e dEG NJ CG IOe C
.NdG Gg j dG g dG V EG
EG J dG FGdG jG J dP e
.(SGC ) WN
kJ RdG e cCG H fCG
Y d UN dBG LJ Gd .fCG
e cCG a ''edCG'' dhDe g .dG EG jL e FdG Sh ,dG V RGJ
j GPEG .SEG e dG e AG Ue j jdG QGL Y IOLG eG
.AG YG aG AdUdG c a G edCG g
EG j CG NO C G Z a .cdG g Y J QeCG CG EG
jd Gk c Gk QV J NO GPEG H ZG Z OGG C ,HbQ hO ZedG fCG
W J M ,QdG H J b dG MG c e edG Ea dd .dG
J e J fCch eG g e jQhdG OGG c J .eG dG G
.G SM cCG dG EG FGdG OGd RGe aJ j ,eCG

G SeJ
IQGG dG j ,iNCG OGGh edGh AGG dG jNh q dG
t Y Gk H
IQGM LQO e aGdH G IQGM fRGeh jRJ EG .jG bd Ide iNCG OGeh
fd ,eLCG IQGG jRd f g j a .gCG e Ic LQO Y eCG G
Gk c Gk QV j ,kGOQH L bH j H ,f eY jjCG IQGM jT JQH
RGh G AfCG L Y he H IQGG jRJ j Gd .SG Y
128

AGG dG jN

eRdG

jedG dG

dG RG j .eCG Gg q j dG g GQhdG
eY da cCG H
J c ,Y H G IQGM LQO JJ
IFGdG IQGG aH d G jedG YhCG
cCG Lh j dG Gd .LQG G EG
.Y Y Wf SQ hCG cf eY Gk QGMG
G jedG YhCG a OQdG G eCG
TCG G EG aG dG c UfEG gj
Jje fOCG G IOhH J Ggh kIQGM
OQdG G HCG LdG d AGQh dG EG .G
.kJeJhCG G gj dG WMG g
e ,GQhdG RG fe NCj M c
AT c .dG jZ Y bGdG g ,bO H
j dG RGdG eCG ,UdG UCG M JEH N
,a N CG ODj CG PEG bdG e a ah dG
N d 42.IN Ye EG ,dBV H e
g dG Gg ,IMGh H Jee H dG dG
n pS hn n go sGE p n ndGE p B p sdG o dG o oo ndGE p n sfGE p } .Lh Y dG
.98 :W | k rYp Am r n T
s co

129

AH O jN jeO YhCG

eOCG
G

eOCG

d M

fe W

dH G GC j eY :dG J dGB
Q dG SHehdG fGC Jj
ddG e jPC G fC G jN
ch .dG OLG ehJhdGh
G T J FdG Yd
dG .bGdG dG d jedG
.IG d Jh jG e dG
dH IG IjG jG GC J
J jPC G jG c OJ eYh
.IG

:dG J RL
N C a e RL
pf hCG ,L CG hM Y jdG bj dG CG j c
HU e jJ jeO IN J f j eY .b L CG
IgdG g J b .SG bdG FSG e q Jh G
d Gc jG AdG MdG CG EG ,d dH jOYh H
kH c e N C a e dG jZ Y Y dG
.MGe e Me CG
a edG dG eCG ,Gh edG gGr Ho d Y dG J
FdG j M Gk L b bH dG hM H IG J
Y IG g J a G dG eCGh .a dG e dG G
G FdG O j M dG Y gQbGh G S ec
HKh e JJ ah UJ OCH dG g J.kjCG a c
.j
,dG bdG fG a jedG jG L J
g .gCG e iG H IG jG hCG ,''jedG FdG''
JhH j .dG J Y AGQh J dG FdG UdG g jG
g J CG Y dG UGG dG N e Von Willbrand
dG g eJ eY .HUEG M EG jW dG
d M Gk OY dN e YJ IOe RJ ,HUEG e jedG

.G S Y jdG jG g J .G EG iNCG dG e
AL EG ge g Jh ,G G e Y EG H dG
.dG Y e
JhdG Gg dj M ,dG H ehdG Yj NBG JhH gj
dG Y j h RGaEG jj CG QhdG eh ,a G e
kL 20 e cCG Lj c .OG bdG b bj hCG GC j h ,jQhdG
J CG eEG fCG g .ehdG dJ gJ dG fCG gh kFc
Y EG dP j PEG JhdG Gg dJ Y eCG g .J hCG RGaEG
SG iG EG d fdG fCG J Mh .M L hM
e Y J b bh Nh ,JhdG ejW dG J G
dG J M ,RdG dG e VJ dG dG H dCG
dG dG g IH Yj e EG .a cGdGh G EG hdG dG
.cGdG g Y C j
.IG J ke G j eYh
dfG eRh YJGh gGe Qjh ,IG H j dG dG EG
43
.F Ie H j CG H
.UJ UCG M bH dG Gg j
S Y ?bdG dG Gg NGO IU e M d j GPe
Y IG dG e c GPEG hCG ,L hO dG J M d :G
cC Id gGdG dG CG g :DhdG Gg Y MdG GG ?G
ODS ,GH ke S FdGh edGh dG e SM AYCG
.G jf G EG

YGd e PEG ,G G Y kdO dG Gg j iNCG Ie

Gg CG T .''jQdG QdH'' J dGh QdG jf VJ dG
dG jBG e jBG bdG jZ je Y FdG ZG SdG dG
dG Gg d N dG g cdG Gg Y N dG dG .VQCG
.JM LGf dG WG e j dG gG
bdG EG gGJ H , IgdG hG Y dG J gCG J
f g .G NGO QGSH dG jdG YhCG J dG
hCG dG aOH YGQP j eY .Gf fCG e G NGO e
Gg bj .J jdG YhCG e G Ea ,be jH
Vh EG jdG YhCG OJh dG f H G dG
,cCG j NGdG jdG Ea IjT edG fc GPEG ..dG
eY Ga e j dG fEG Y .''MCG'' dG edG j
j Gg .kH c e HUEG GfCG e f C Vj CG dG
dhCG eCG .jd dG f Veh e e fj jdG UTCG
EG M ;kjW hj a ee QGWCH gY VG Gg j jdG
Yh .kNGO jdG c dh ,JH Oj CG fG hCG dR fOCG
CG Yh s Ln dG jh N dG e c j CG j eG g AV
N f CG h dG jEG gh G Gg .J MCG N
:d b fEG dG WN eY .jN e IMGh
.57 :bGdG| n bo u n oJ nr nan
r co n r nNn o r nf }

dG J dGB
f IG .dG J dGB 44fOGC VG SdG Vj
h ,e JH OGG e jdG H J Fc Yd
.He Ie H gG iNGC YJ NC J IG

G S

Prekallikrein

Kallikrein

Hageman

Hageman*
HMK
PTA

PTA*
Convertin
Konvertin

Christmas
Chrismas

Antihemophilic
Antihemofilli

Preconvertin
Prekonvertin

Christmas*
Chrismas*

dGDoku
eY

Antihemophilic*
Antiherrofilli*

faktr
Stuart

Stuart
Proaccelerin
Proakselerin

Accelerin
Prothrombin

Thrombin
Trombin

Fibrinjen
Fibrinogen

Thrombomodulin
FSF

Antithrombin
Antitrombin

(Fibrin)
(Yumuak
dGPht)
IG

FSF*

ProteinC*
C*
Protein

(Fibrin)
Sert
dG
IG
Pht

Protein C

Plasmin
a2-antiplasmin
a2
antiplazm

t-PA
Plasminogen

dG dH J dG JhdG

Jh dG J dG JhdG
dG dGRCGh jdG be

dG dG

HdG dG

dG
Gh
M G BGQe c jh .QdG Y SQh PdG H G j
j CG H e C .j dG Yh SSCG IdG ,dH YhT
g a e a ,dM dG e Yhe GAjEG j a ,JM aj hCG j kT
JGH H Fb J
IOe khCG G Qj :jL P J G j dG jdG EG b Y d
dHh G Gg LMh dG Gd G G Oj K ,e jdGh dG
.dG je
,dG AKCG OGd keGSG bCG dG G c H e YdG G j b
, jfdG UdG hCG cdG QaCG GNG J dG g N hCG LG C dP
J AKCGh ,bh AH bQh e cC jGdG G j .OG dG fL EG
.Pd HdG eCG LG j d
g LGe J K ,kGQT a dG j G GQG e e G j
Gd SG fEG UJ SQoJ K ,LfEG d kLh IFa gcCG AfG jh QaCG
.dG
134

o sd onJ r ndhn l ndhn o nd oojn sfnCGp VQr nCGhn pGhn n dG

s o jpHn }
o dG o opdPn @ l p Y Am r Tn u opH n go hn Am r Tn s co n nNn hn l n Mp Un
u co nYn n go hn o ho o Yr na Am r Tn u co o pdNn n go sEGp n ndEGp B r oHt Qn
.102-101 :fCG | l pchn Am r Tn

QaCG EG jdG GP QaCG Lj dG gh ,d Qe U P khCG Vj

b .d G H P cJ dG e jG AGLEG Hh .OHCG KK
KE Ge IY PdG H J IG g N .dG e GS dG g J
.d dH JOL
a dG EG jL J Nj eY
:G b e khCG e J j CG jdG
.DhGOCGh da kfKh ...fdh ,T
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IdG fc ''GfCG UCG'' Hc jhQGO dN dCG dG IdG h .dG Y j dGh Jbd
e a GS N H dG GQdG KCG dh ,M Z OGe e C J fCG jdG Y IFdG
jd fdG AMCG Y gGLCG dG HCG jW Y dPh ,a AL e U Y dG dCJ
CG J G Z OGG CH FdG AYOG UCG d'' :j c KHCG Ff QSH jh ,QSH
58
.''`jdG e IG J
dh ,QSH dEG UJ dG dG dOCG V jW I aj QdG jf Y aGG Xh
Gg e QX dSG dHh ,G cJ H j dG dG KCG edG Y QH dG
. f AJ e G cdG

jdG dG dG hG
IG UCG Ve hJ e hCG jQHhCG QdCG AMCG Y ShdG UNG c d
J G Z OGG CG KE jdG dG qKK IjY kKHCG iLCGh ,jdG dG
kFb IQG j CG G VGh jQdG dH AH KHCG dh ,aOG jW Y M OGe OjEG
59
.'' eH QdG jf J AGOS f t n jo G UCG qEG'' :
KHCG GhLCGh jQHhCG S dG f jdG GhSGh ,QdG IYO e AdG bH SCj h
M 1953 S e fS jeCG FdG b e LCG H TCGh .IG UCG EG Ud
GRdG g Vhh ,dG VG G dG e GRZ GP OGe OLh VaG
cJ NJ dG eCG VMG H Y j CG SGh ,bdH gLh MGh e
. JhdG
OGG C ;a K e YS dh ,eCG EG e IN GdG
q J HdG g soYh
K dG Ggh ,dG VG IOLe fc dG OGG M J HdG eG
60
.MdG GdG cCdH
J HdG AGLEG eSG dG OGG CH j CG f e VG jW U Ia Hh
61
.edG dS G dG LJ fc dG OGG M
182

j hQg

dhJ G gh ,jdG dG GW jhQGdG gGLCG dG QdG c dH AHh

S f e V HS jO S dG G LdG AdG UNG GOH L
: j e G ALh , jhQGdG LdG GP ''VQCG'' U Y 1998
CGH c :gh ;HLEG d e LGf jGH c c dRe h jdG dG Of f ''
62
? IG

Id IG dG
IG UC dG VG Gg CG gG g QJ QdG jf L idG FdG dG
.Y bj H dG G Fd M ,jd e
h VG bh fEG U dG LddG e L e H YCG G FdG N EG
.dG IQG eG cCG M Z OGe H IMGh N fEG
aOG Y OSH MT fCG LQd ,kGL Ic M N jd eRdG hdG EG
dMG :G S Y) d SSCG M g dG Jhd paOJ jJ MG CG Z ,kbWEG
.bGdG VQCG Y ke J 1 / 10950 g eCG M e N d Se JhH jJ
e QJ ed Fg kH j G IGf G eG j dG DNA `dG sEG
e N JU OY ch , e J Y J e fQJ eG a,a
.U
EG fJ DNA dG jdG CG gh dG g jZ iNCG LGhORG kjCG gh
IOLG eG M j fCG g fEG dh ,UG ( fCG) JhdG H
a ,LGhORG J d f bdG ke gOLh e H a ,H KdG WJQ a DNA
G H jh ,JGP e Lh b IG EG :J dG IdG RCe bdG EG ODj
63
.''LQhCG d '' hG jhQGdG
jJ j dG jZ fe dG RNA DNA h jhdG VGh JhdG EG
CG hO gMCG fEG a ,ke Vae aOe jJ MGh ,f Gh f bdG
IG QX dSG gh f G UdG EG kGe fEG j dch ,kGOLe NBG j
. Fc H
g ,d QN H IG H f CG a ke aOG jH IG QX c EG
183

dG dG

.G QfEG SSCG Y jdG Jee c H dG QdG jf J G

QdG jd dG dB G
AYOG Ga '' QdG dBG '' M QhJ fc jhQGO jf f kS fc dG fdG dG
AYOG Mh .G jdG Hb Y FGMG dh kY U d dG fO e CG j
Gg qGE M ,AYOG Gd FSG gCG YCGh ''dG fG'' f M QdG qEa jhQGO
. '' dG fG jW Y GfCG UCG'' SCG dG dG SG e j b e gG
hdG eAeh Ib J dG G FdG AH GC e EG j dG fG e qEG
hdG SCG jCG Ea SG fGG b e jG e b Ou go d :G S a ,dG
dBG g dh .hdG jS AjbCG jjCG e kdCe dG j Ggh ,IG b Y AdG j
fG'' J dG
q Gd .ke N EG d Cc ,NBG EG T e jjCG QJ CG J
'' GfCG UCG '' Hc V H cPh dP j c f jhQGO M h ,Qd Sc ''dG
64
.''G VdH j dG fG Ea HjEG GJ J W'' :j

Qe KC J
Y jhQGO LCGh ? HjEG GdG g S fc c :f j dG GDdGh
TY fa AMCG Y Qe h ,Qe e Y LQ e S e QaCG EG kGOSG GDdG Gg
,MdG LCG EG KQJ e GJ J AMCG CG Yj c GH jhQGO b eh
aGQqdG qE a FYOG Mh ,IjL GfCG QX EG qOGC L H kL GdG g cGJ ch
jhQGO YCGh .jW MCG Y ddG QTCG GQhCG Y d Jh f dG e Cf
Y iJ fc dG HdG e Ob UCG G CG YqOG a ''GfCG UCG'' Hc He eCG
cG dG KGQdG fGb CG EG .65NBGh G H AG EG hdG EG Ie fch FG FdG
fH FdG IQSCG jf EG iOq GC jdG dG G Y Y GC W dG QdGh e
e KCJ hCG IFa GP Z dBG ''dG fG dBG '' X Ggh ,NBG EG L e G dG
.jG dG f Lh

184

j hQg

KGQdG GdGh jG jhQGdG

dG KK kUN gLGh dG jdG G eCG gOL H jhQGqdG b
,'' jG jhQGdG''`H Y e hCG ''jG dG
q jf''`H gSCG IjL jf GbSh jdG
j edG Ggh ,dG fG fL EG QJ KCJ d NBG eY g jdG g Mh
GdG gh ,HG HjEG GdG J h kS J L hCG KGQh GW M
. d KGQdG SG C N f hCG YTEd VdG H eq EG
jdG g YsJh ,jG jhQGdG SG AMCG id QdG Y aGJ dGRe jdG gh
dG hCG PCGh dc cdG IGh AMCG id IOLG G cGdGh AYCG CG
,G cJ GJ hM hCG KGQh GW hM KCH EG J hCG J dEG ... Gh
AMCG Y QV eY J kFGO KGQdG GdG CG gh ;kM kY kqe LGj AYOG Gg dh
.jCG e j IFa GP J h
e FGY jL J CGh ,jd cdG Ie DNA`dG jL Ea kGL VGh dP Sh
jeCG KffGQ.. Y j dG G gh ,S KCG d j CG e H kW c
h ,QdGh FGdGh dH J KGQdG GdG qGE '' :j c G Y UNG
GdG qCG VJ dG edG FG g qEG .GMCG MCG KCJ GP Z Jh kGQOf EG
qeEG j CG d qH G G FGY J qGC qCG kUN ,QdG GMEG kGQhO J CG
EG ODj CG cCG Ma ,gjJ EG ODj dG YS FGY J
q GC ka ,KDe Z hCG kGQV
66
.'' IH qKDe Z j CG hCG H QdG EG
.G Fd G dG EG qOD J KGQh IW OLh dG EG j qfC ;ka M e Ggh
kS L dG GdG g qGC j Ggh ,UG GdG L QV KCG dG gGdGh
ZCG be cJ H ,AMCG Y KCdG jJ Sh jG jhQGdG b e AMCG Qd
h (WdG V HUEG g fEG UG KGQdG Id e aCGh ) MCG
.Qq dG Y d Y Ie dBG QdG KCdG GP KGQdG GdG J CG dc Gh
jhQGO aGYG M a gMd IKDe J CG gQhH a dG fG dBG eq CG
.dG AMCG id QdG Y qGE CG ,''QdG''`H Yj e Lj CG dHh ,f

SdG d KGC : GG S
,QdG jf YqJ dG gjQdG e CG hM Y Y dO aCG GqG S tno
185

dG dG

FdG e e a ,NBG H e H Cf GfCG qG FdG qCG YqJ jdG a

,AMCG e G GfCG X SdG Hh ,edG Qh NBG f EG j CG G e G
j AYOG Gg G kGOSGh .dG e jG e SG YdG dG Gg qE a jdG Mh
. AMCG YdG dG M Ia GW ( dfG) Sh M OLh
jGdG fC ;SCGh MGhdG e ce U Fc OLh j :G S Y
U GP Fc OLh Vj hCG ,MGhR EG jQdH dh AG J Fe b fc
bG g dh ,QW EG d K MGhR fc jGdG fC ;MGhdGh QdG e ce
jh ,e J
q hCG bYEH He hCG N Qb GP J CG Ha Ia TY b VGaG
.'' dfGG TCG'' SG dfG FdG g Y QdG IYO
OGYCH Lh fCG H a ,jQdG G ka TY b '' dG TCG'' g CG VaG dh
jh ,G GG V kGKCG J CG H ch ,GQH H jH QJ Ic GfCGh Ic
b dG G FdG g J CG H a jf U GPEG'' :Hc G g Y jhQGO
V Ge cG g gOLh Y dO MCGh ...VQCG S Y e Ie TY
67
.''jG

jhQGO eGB N
CG Y j dh ,BG Mh Y SdG dG e e kGL Ic Jh jM jLCG
c e Y jG f Y G dG GG KCG bh ,'' dfG TCG '' d KCG
. IQU cCG Yh ICa OLdG EG X b YGfCG AMCG L CG e ;jhQGdG bj
Y jdG UNG jGh jjO gh qjhQGdG IZ MCG G H YG bh
ie Y fcCG AGS ,ec M Fc Y dM g G e qEG'' :kFb GG
KCG qGC Y QdG hO kehO LGh dG gh ,G Gd J Y UCG CG GfCG
OLh CG hO ICa ac AMCG QX d J GG EG CG .68 ''kjQJ IQG bG d
G FdG g c Y J Ggh ,jhQGO dEG gP e Y kW Ggh ,kjf dfG TCd
gh ,kb j CG g e L d j CG hO ICa M Fc Qd MdG dG C ;b
:Ja SZhO e Qe AMCG Y b b G
Lh eq EG AMCa ,AMCG OLh d dG fO GFS GJ hCG ee QdGh G qEG''
186

j hQg

OGLCG hCG GfCG Y gQJ f X fCG CG ,dc J hCG IQU cCG Y dG Lh Y ICa
Yh d M Ib e Ha jdGh dG ec IQHh ICa X b fc EGh ,OLdG S
69
.''G FdG g e OjEG dJ AT H
:CG ,jJh T MCG Yh VQCG Lh Y ICa X b G FdG CG J Ga
. jhQGO j c c QdG dh G g GfCG UCG EG

fE G Qq J IQSGC
OdG Gg h ,fEG UCG TH g QdG jf V Td MhG YVG gCG e qEG
,dG VG TY OdH T M Fc e kGQe Cf G fEG CH jhQGdG YJ
IdG N dfG TCG H OLh jdG YJh ,S je 5-4 b CGH QdG Iah
: gh fEG QJ Y V FQ Y HQCG g G AYOG Gg Mh ,IQcG
Australopithecus SHdGShCG-1
Homo habilis Hg eg-2
Homo erectus SjQEG eg-3
Homo sapiens HS eg-4
g dh ,G Ob hCG '' SHdGShCG '' SG G fEd YCG G Y QdG IYO j
e qc gGLCG dG HCG KCG bh ,G OhdG GfCG e V`e f iS d bG
jdG AY TCG e gch eNGR dS OQdG jdGh OQchCG dQJ QahdG jeCG
70
.fEH ke d bY h OhdG e Ve f iS d G FdG Gg qGC G Ob Y
G MGe ac h ,fEG hCG ''eg'' SG jhQGdG b e Y j G Ob J dG MGh
UG GG VH jhQGdG jh ,G Ob e kGQJ cCG G FdG UCG ''eg''
,G QdG hG Gg e OLh Y kGcCJh jf U Y dc VG GfCG H
dG dG g h .G GfCG g H QJ HGQ CG OLh BG EG j fC ;N :fh
eg EG IG dG qEG'' :kFb je fQBG gh jdG dG QdG jf IYO MCG H YG
71
.''IOe H G e HS
eg (SHdGShCG) G Ob e J U KEG jhGQdG hj S gh
gLh dG acG dh ,j qd kGL j ebCG EG CG HS eg ` SjQEG eg ` Hg
187

dG dG
ceCG GhLh b SjQEG eg h Hg eg h G Ob CG KCG GG AY
Ga M TY b SjQEG eg e GfCG OLh g dP e HCGh .72f edG IdG h
73
. (G fEG) HSeg h dJQff HS eg e L EG kL Lhh kf jM
dG jdG G g eCG h ,NBd kGL gMCG c U Y KCG acG gh
GG Y UNG dc L S gh JYO MCG j QdG jhQGO jf LGh
: j e OQaQg eL
UCG Id M GPe PEG ,f edG G TY b fEH T GfCG KK fc GPEG''
H H fQe AGLEG Y dP e gOCG h ,NBd kGL j H e MCG fCG VGdG ?fEG
74
.''H a jQJ bY jCG EG dN e UdG j Hh
jhdGh kJh keYEG Y cCdGh fEG QJ Y dN b NG EG :IQdG jHh
.Y dO CG EG j Y g fEG NBG fh Ob f G FdG e Ve d
UGe S 15 I G Ob Ge Y KHCG jdG eNGR dS OQdG iLCG bh
H e S jCG OLh Y EG UJ bh ,GG Y UNc dG ce d CG kY
. dG jhQGO fc e ZdG Y dG H YGh fEG Hh OdH dG FdG
QeC bGe Vh H j dG dG hdH UN hL dCH b iNCG L e dh
g jOe dOCG G J dGh dG hdG J eNGR hL Mh ,dG f Y LQN
ha JCJ ` hG aM CG ` kGNCGh YLG da AMCG Y jh AjdGh AdG Y
,SOdG SGh ,WGG OJ Y hG e AG Gg Vhh ,dG f Y LQG aG
INCG IOG g Y kJ eNGR jh .fEG QJ kGNCGh ,FdG dG hCG QdGh
:j c hG
,H Y QSG hCG FdG AMCG Y EG H dG hdG EG jOq G dG e dfG Y ''
AG EG dH kUN h FL AT c qGC ,GG SGH fEG jQJ SG Mh
75
.''MGh BG HQG hCG IOG VdG j CG j fEG M ,QdG jH eDG
UC G Z jhCdH SdG H b e YCG kfEG fEG Qd G dG qEG :PEG
. G GG H

188

j hQg

jOe IY
bJ ieh ,dG gGdGh dOCG e bJ ieh ,QdH UG jdG VSG d
dBG ad QdG KCdG GfG c kjCG VSGh ,dG YGdG e IG UCH G ga
Y Id dfCG TCG OLh J G QKBG jCG OLh GfGh ,jdG g dEG YJ dG QdG
dG YGb e be J dG jdH dG Y dG IQhV EG Uf dG Gd ,jQdG
ce VQCG CG H YOG dGh jQdG Y iNCG jf fG c J CG Hh ,dGh
H gh ,dG GMCG LGh jdG g AH Y kY kGQGUEG g dh .dG
. AdGh dG Y g fCH jd f CG jh eJ iOj
G gh ,dG d Sc eGSGh jdG d G H J j dGh
N jhQGdG Jh YCG kJG OG dH e g H ,jOG SQG e Hf fCH gJ j
. dG OG ga jhd d a Pe
,G Y MdG TCG fd OQjQ j c ,HdG
q H G g J kfMCGh
:Oe Y LQ f jh QdG jf Y SdG aGG e g h ,OQaQg eL j dGh
jOe GJ Lf j dG g EG Ggh ,kS H sn oe ATCH eDfh ,jOH eDf f''
HCG d OhdG YO S g jOH G fEGh ,FOeh dG YGb dh jfdG gGd
a kbWEG U jOG dh ,Y LJ dG ac gGd jOe GJ OjE jQG
76
.''GMCG LGh EG J CG q dEG Gd f CG kGHCG
ka kHGJ HGe fc O jhQGdG H J dG dG ie J dG g EG
Z OGG CH eDj dG Gdh ,IOG a AT CG jdG g UCG IZ jh ,jOG jdH
QdGh aGQdGh ASCGh Qdc G GfCG e jG EG CG ,G OGG OLh S g G
Y GC W dG NGdG d kLf EG d fEG Mh Gh QgdGh QTCGh GGh
.YGdGh YdGh G c IOG
Y aGj GdGRe q jhQGdG qGC EG ,dGh dG YGb e ke VQj OYG Gg CG bGdGh
.'' GMCG LGh EG J CG dEG Gd f CG kGHCG '' aGgC eN FGQBG
WdG G ij CG d H jOe Z f Lh e AMCG UCG b EG j fEG qc h
dN b e npoN :CG ;d M Yh ge Ib KCH npLho b G FdG ac qGE ,dc
. a c :d bh dG e AT c N dG jdG dG dG g dG Ggh ,d

189

e
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