You are on page 1of 98

.

.
.
.

.

.


.
" "
.


.

.

.

.


.
.

.
.
.


:
.





.

.

.

.


" ...




















) ". (16-15 :




"









) ". (71 :








.

.
.

:












"



















". ) (75 :




.

.

.

.






.


.








"


.


.



.














) ".






.





.
(7-1 :



.

.

.


.
.

.
.

.

40 .
.

.
.

.

.
.


.


.
.

.


.
"
"
.

.

. .

.

.
.

.

.



.

.

.


.



.


.


.
.

.

:


) ". (3 :







"

.
.


.

.


.
:














"



) ". :








(18

:
.



.
:





"



) ". (30 :







.

.


.

.
.

" :
" ) . .(56 :



. .

.

.


.


.
.
.

.



" :
" ) (10-9 : .

.
.
.


.
.

.

.

. .

.

.


.
.


.
.


. ""
-
- .

.


... ...

...
...


" : "


.

.
.

:
.

.
".





"









) (21-19 :
""
:

.
.







"





.
.




.










) ". (27-22 :






.
.
:

.






.
"

.

.





.






.


.


.
.









) ".







.




(20-10 :
.


.


.
" :
"
.
.

.

.



.

.
""


.
.
.


.
.
.


.


.

.


















"

) ".








(55 :




. .

.

.
.


"










) ". (28-27 :



.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.

.
.

.
.

. .
-
-
.
.
.

:

" ...














.




) ". (162-161 :





.


.


.
.
.
" :


" ) .(58 :

.

.

.

.
.

.

.
:










"

) ". (112 :












"



















) ". (11 :


.

.


.


.
.




.



.


" ) (6 :
. " :

.


.


.

.


.
.


.

.
.

.
""

.
"" .
.
.
:



"

















) ". (264 :





.
.
:














"



) ". (265 :




.

.
.
:






"


.

.




.



) ". (11-7 :





.


. :





.


.

.
.
:


"










) ". (41 :







.
.
:




"









) ". (29 :









.

.

.

.


.




.
.


.

.
.

.
.

.
.
.
:











"



) ". (171 :








.

.
.

.

.
.

.

.

.
.



.

.

.
.


.

:




















"





) ". (85 :









:



.


.



"



) ". (20-17 :
.





.
.

.

:
.


.


.
.

.
.

.

.

.


.
.
:

.

.

... .

.

.
.
.


.

.


:







"















) ". (135 :

"

) ". (90 :





.

.

.
.
.

.



. 1

.
.
.

.

.

.

.
:


".










" ...
) (283 :

.
.
:

"

.

1
".


.


...

:




"








) ". (8 :




2
" : "

.
.

.
.
:


".










"

) (72 :


:
.

.

.


. ii


.

.

.
.
.

.
.

. "".
.
"" .
.


.
.

. iii

.

.

.

.

.
.

.

.
.


.

.


.

.
.

.

.



.


.

.

.

.
.

. iv


.


.
.

.

.
" " -
.
.


.
.

.
.

.

.
.

.


.
.
: .

.

.
:
" ) .(197 :

"


. .
.
:

"


) ". (72-71 :













"









) ". (35 :














"



) ". (124 :






.
.



.

.

.

.

.
.


.
.
:
) ". (241 :









"












"


) ".













(237-236 :






"




















".















) :(7 :

.

.
.

.
.

. v


. 2800
.
.
800
. %75
) 4.03 (1991
.
.

)
( 40 . %4
3
225 .



.

.
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

" " .
.

.

.
.

.
.
.


.

.


.
.


.
.


. .

.

.
.

.


.

.
.


.
.

.


.

.


. :

.
.
.

.
.

.
.

" :



" ) (219 :

.

:


.
.

.
.


.
.

.

.
:












"


) ". (104 :

















"



".













) (112 :

.
:









"





) ". (165 :








.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.


" " .

. .

.

.

.

.

.

:




"









) ". (205 :






.

.
.

.
.

.
:

) ". :

"

(86





"

) ". (51 :


.
.

.

.


.
.

.

.
Economist
1992 3

4
.
.


.


.
.

.


.

.

.
.


.
.
. 28
1992 .
.

.
:

.
.
.
:
"

".












) (58 :


.

.
.


.

.
.
.

.

.

.

.


.

.
""
. ""
.
.

.
.
.

.
.
.
.

.
.



. %30
820 .

.

.
.

.


.

" :

"...
.


.
" "
.

.

.
.
:






"












".













) (34 :


.
:






"








." ) (275 :



) ".







"


(276 :

. .
.


.


.


.
.

.



.
.

. .
.
.
.


.
. -
-
.


.



.

.

.
1982 200.000
10.000
. 5
. :

. 30 70
5
.

. 1989
. 1993
5
. 1994
.
6
1.8 2.3.

.

.
.

:

. .
.
. .
7
.


.

.

.
.

.
.


.

.
.
.
"".


. 940 44
100
. 120
8 8.
.

.


.
9
.


.
- .
%60

. 35
. 1946
1996
10
5.5 .

.


.
:

.
.
.
.

.

.

.

.

.
.
.
.


.

.

:








"

















) ". (22 :







.

:

) ". (19 :





"




"



















) ". :











(273




.
.


.





.

.

.


.
.
.
.


.
/ 1998 300.000
.
.
/ 1990


.

.

. .


) .
" : "(.

.
.
. .

:





"











) ". (9 :


"














) ".










(8 :


.

.

.
.



.

.

.

.


.
.


"" .
.

:

"

.



.




) ". (12-10 :




.

.

.


""
.

.




. .

.

.
.
.

.

. William Provine
:

"
.
.

...

.
.
:
. .
11
"...

. .

:
) ".

"













(37 :


.
.

.
.

.


.

.


.

.
.
.

.
:





) ". (6 :




"







.



.
.

.



" " .


.
.
.
.
.

.
.

.
.

.
" "
.

.
.
.

.
: .
" :
" 12. .

.

.
.

.





"













) ". (268 :





.

.
:




"










".











) (22-21 :



...
...
,
...
.

.

.

.
.

.
:
"

".










) (23 :

.

.

.


.

.



" " "" .

.
.


.


.
" " "".

.
.

.
.



.
.
:
"










) ". (60 :



.
.
.
.

.
.

.

"













) ". (21 :




.

:

.
.
. 1992
%50
%30 .
1988 1995 57.3
13
.
.
.

.

.

.

.
.

:


) ".


"








.(44 :

.

.


.
.

.
-
.

.

.

.
.
.

.
.

:

.
.
.



.

.
.
.
%32
1.267.383
14.
.

.

.
. " " A Synopsis
9) of Current World Crisis Reports / (1998
:

"
...

.
.
.


15
".
.

:
(32




) ". :
"










"









) ". (68 :






" "
.


.

.

.
.
.
"
" ""
.
.

.
.

.
.
.

.
.

.

.
.


.

.

. :






"







.





.
.


















.
.



) ".





.







(174-165 :





.
.
.


.


.
:










" ....


) ". (7 :










.
:



"


) ".








(45 :


.
.

.
.

.



.

.

.
.


.

.

. )(
:



"
















.








) ".







(91-90 :

.



.

.


.
.

.
.
.

. "
" .
.

.
.

.
.
.
.
.


:





"









) ". (68 :






.
.

.

.

.
.
.
:











"




) ". :











(21



.

.


.

.

.
.

:



.
"

) ". :











(28-26



.
.
.
.

.
.

.


.


.
.


.
.

.

. :
"

) ".















(4 :

"



.









) ". (7-6 :



.

. .

.

.



.
.


:

"

) ". :











(42-41




.
.

.

.
.

.

.
" "
. " "

.


"".

.

.


. .
:

"


) ". (32 :






.
.

.

.

:


"






















.



) ". (14-13 :







.
.

.
.



:
.



"















) ". (206-205 :




.

.

.

.
.
.


. :







"





) ". (42 :




.

.
.


.

" ".


:












"




















". ) (75 :


.


.

. ""

. .

.
.

.
.


.




.
.
:

.
.
.

:








"



) ". (193 :



.

.

.
:

"










) ". (18 :



.

.
.

.

.


.

.


.

.

"" :
.


.

.

.
.


.



"







) ". .(49 :










.

.
1918
.

.
.

.

.

"

. "

.


.

. 1.2

.
1996 18
.
1997
.
.2001

. 1998
.

.
1999

1500 .
1999
.
.
.

) .(%80

.1996

.
.

.

.


.



.
.

.

.


.
.
.

.



1947 1965 1971

.
.

.
.
.

.

.
.

.


.
:

" 1990
.

.
.
" ."9
214 1110
.
.

...
.

.
!
.

!

. " :
" 11 " :".....
! "



.1912
.

.

.

" "
.
.


.
/ 1992
.
.
.1995
.

.


...

_ _

.

.


210 ) .(2000
%87 300
.
.

%7 .

.

. 1953

.
.
1968
.
1998

.

.
%100

.
.
.

.
.


.
.
.

"

" .

.

. Uigur
.Xinjiang

20 30 .

.

.

.
20 40
.

.

250 .
.

. 1949
.

. 1949
.
.
... 1953 %75
.%6 1990
%53
.%40
.

.

.

.
.

.
""
.

.

:


.
.


.

.

.
.

.


1946 .

.

.
.

. 3.5

.
.
.




.

.


.

.

.


.
.

.
.

.

.
.


".

"

.1982
.
.

.

.
.

. .


!

.
. 1978
.1982
.


.

" " :

.

,

" : ".


.

.

"" .

"" .
.

.

.
:





"





".











) (13 :


.

.

. " "
.

.




.

.

" "
.
-
.
.

.
.

.
. " "

" ".

" " .1871

.
" "
""
"".
.
" " .

.
" "
.
:
" "
.
.

.

.
.
:

"


.
.
16
".
.

.
" "
.

.
.



.
.

.
" "
. " "
.
.
Heinrich von Treitcshke

.
" " .
:

"
.
...
17
"...

. ""
.

:

" ;
18
".

"" " ) (

" .



.

: Leonard Darwin
.Francis Galton
Ernst Haeckel
"" .

.


.



.
"
"

"" .

.
" "
.
.
.

.


.
.

.

.

.


.

.
:








"



) ". (105-103 :




""


.

.
.

. .1962
1972 .



.

.
.

.

.
1997
: .

1960
. 1964

.

.
%6000

.
.

.
.
"
" .
" "
:














"






".















) (26 :



.




.

.

.

.

.
19
" ".

.

.

.

-


.

.

. .
.


.
.
.

.


.


.
1924

.
.

- -
. " "


. .
%80
.

.

%20 .
.

.
.
.

.

.


.


. "" Gulag
.
.
.

.

.

.
.



.
.
1949
. 1949 1976

.

.
"
".

"

" .
.


.
" " .
" " .
"
" .
.
.
.

.



.
.

.

.

. .

.
.

.
.


. "
" .

.

.
.

.


.

.
.

.

.
.

.

" "" . "
.

" "
.
.
.

"".


.1
.

.
.
.2
.
) (.
.3 .
.
20
.
.4
.
.5 .
" ".
.6
.

.
.7
. .

.
.8 .
.
.9
.

.10
.

20 30 .
25 100
150 .

.
21
.

.11
.

.12
.
.
.13

.
/ 1918
.


22.
.


.14
.
.
.15

" " .
"
23
".

.16
.

.

.17
.
.
.
.18

.


.

.
.

.

.

.

.
.
.
. . . " :








) ". (89 :




.



.
:

.

:









"





) ".












(97-96 :

:
"
" ) (17 :




".



"




) (32 :

.1 .6309
.2 4264
UNESCO the COURIER, March 1999, p. 22.

3.

.3 / 1999 .22
The Economist, 8 February 1997.

4.

.4 8 / .1997
http://www.uia.org/uiademo/pro/ d5980.htm

5.

http://www.uia.org/uiademo/pro/ d4966.htm

6.

.7 17
.
Time, April 15 1996, pp. 36-39.

8.

.39 36 1996 / 15 .8
9.

Time, April 15 1996, p. 36-39.

.39 36 1996 / 15 .9
10.

Nando Times, 1 July 1998.

.1998 / 1 .10
11.

Philip Johnson, Darwin on Trial, 2.b. Illinois: Intervarsity Press, 1993, p. 126.

: .11
.126 1993
. .12
13.

http://www.nida.nih.gov/Infofax/costs. html

14.

http://www.thewinds.org/arc_editorials/government/world_crisis08-98.html

15.

http://www.thewinds.org/arc_editorials/government/world_crisis08-98.html

16.

Charles Darwin, The Descent of Man, 2 nd edition, New York, A L. Burt Co.,
1874, p. 178.

. .16
.178 1874 .
17.

Alaeddin enel, Irk ve Irklk Dncesi (The Idea of Race and Racism),
Ankara; Bilim ve Sanat Yaynlar, 1993. pp. 62-6.

: .17
.6 62 1993
18.

Carl Cohen, Communism, Fascism and Democracy, New York: Random


House Publishing, 1972, p. 408.

: .18
.408 1972
.6248 .19
20.

Ali Bulac, ada Kavramlar ve Dzenler (Contemporary Concepts and


Orders), p. 108.

.108 .20
21.

Mahmud Ahmet, Islam Iktisadi (Islamic Economy), p. 80.

.80 .21
22.

Alija Ali Izetbegovic, Islam Between East and West, p. 102.

.22
.102
Ali Bulac, ada Kavramlar ve Dzenler (Contemporary Concepts and
Orders), p. 114.

23.

.23 .114
Hugh Ross, The Fingerprint of God, p. 50.

24.

.24 .50
Sidney Fox, Klaus Dose, Molecular Evolution and the Origin of Life, New
York: Marcel Dekker, 1977, p. 2.

25.

.25
: 1977 .2
Alexander I. Oparin, Origin of Life, (1936) New York, Dover Publications,
1953 (Reprint), p. 196.

26.

.26 . (1936)
) 1953 ( .196
New Evidence on Evolution of Early Atmosphere and Life, Bulletin of the
American Meteorological Society, Vol. 63, November 1982, pp. 1328-1330.

27.

" .27 "


63 /
1982 .1330-1328
Stanley Miller, Molecular Evolution of Life: Current Status of the Prebiotic
Synthesis of Small Molecules, 1986, p. 7.

28.

.28 :
1986 .7
Jeffrey Bada, Earth, February 1998. p. 40.

29.

.29 / 1998 .40


Leslie E. Orgel, The Origin of Life on Earth, Scientific American, Vol. 271,
October 1994, p. 78.

30.

.30 ." "


271 / 1994
.78
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition,
Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 189.

31.

.31 :
1964 .189

Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition,


Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 184.

32.

.32 :
1964
.184
B. G. Ranganathan, Origins?, Pennsylvania: The Banner of Truth Trust, 1988.

33.

.33 . . : .1988
Charles Darwin, The Origin of Species: A Facsimile of the First Edition,
Harvard University Press, 1964, p. 179.

34.

.34 :
1964
.179
Derek A. Ager, The Nature of the Fossil Record, Proceedings of the British
Geological Association, Vol. 87, 1976. p. 133.

35.

" "
.35 .
1976 87
.133
Douglas J. Futuyma, Science on Trial, New York: Pantheon Books, 1983, p.
197.

36.

.36 . :
1983 .197
Solly Zuckerman, Beyond the Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications,
1970, pp. 75-94; Charles E. Oxnard, The Place of Australopithecines in
Human Evolution: Grounds for Doubt, Nature, Vol. 258, p. 389.

37.

.37 :
1970 94-75 .
" " "Australopithecines :
" "" )( 258
.389
J. Rennie, Darwins Current Bulldog: Ernst Mayr, Scientific American,
December 1992.

38.

.38 ." : "


/ .1992
Alan Walker, Science, Vol. 207, 1980, p. 1103; A. J. Kelso, Physical
Anthropology, 1st ed., New York: J. B. Lipincott Co., 1970, p. 221; M. D.
Leakey, Olduvai Gorge, Vol. 3, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1971, p. 272.

39.

.39 " " )( 1980 207


1103 . .

: . . 1970
221 . . :
1971 .272
Time, November 1996.

40.

.40 / .1996
S. J. Gould, Natural History, Vol. 85, 1976, p. 30.

41.

.41 . . 1976 85
.30
Solly Zuckerman, Beyond the Ivory Tower, New York: Toplinger Publications,
1970, p. 19.

42.

.42 :
1970 .19

:
8












"




















". ) (75 :




12


) ". (3 :







"
18

.
.






"





.
.




.










) ". (27-22 :





20

"



.



.



.


) ".









.










(17-13 :
21

.

.
22



.


.



"



) ". (20-17 :
.





25

.
.
26
















" ...












.




) ". (162-161 :



27

.
.
32


.

.
34


.
.
" : ".
36





"





) ". (90 :





39


.
43

.
45

.

.
46













"












) ". (71 :









50
14 .
51


.
.
52


.

.
"...











) ". (141 :



53

.
54







"







) ".















(215 :

56


"








) ". (205 :





62


) ".







"


(276 :
64

"





























) ". (34 :





65

.
68












"















) ". (22 :




70
.
71



"...





" ...







) (220 :
72
.
.
.
73


) ".





"







(26 :
.
.
" : "

74
.
.
75

.
76

.
78
.

. .
81
.

.
.
82





"

















) ". (20 :







84


85

.
93

.

1979
.

95

.
97

.
98





"









) ". (68 :





101

.

.
102



"
















) ". (90 :






103



.

.
.

.

:

.
.
104






"









) ". (68 :





106
.
107

.
.
108

.
109

.
.
.
.
110





"






) ". (208 :



113

.
114

.
116

.

.
117








"





) ". (34 :






.
.
119

.
120
.
121
.
123
.

.
124

3265 5000
/
.
128

.
.
130
%90 - -
. %12 .
1989
.
. / )
(1999/
.
131


/ .1999
.

,
.

.
.

.
) (SHAPE
960.000 .

400.000
.
40.000
.
132

.
%90
.
.

.
.


.
133
/ 1999
.

.
.


...
.


.
.
100.000 .
.
20
250 300
.
134

.
.
.
135

.
.
.
.
.

.
.
136

.
.
.
.
.
137


"

) ". (124-123 :





138

1968
.

.
141

.
.
. 4 7 / 1997
3500
. 1997 .
:


.
142
) ( .
143
) ( .
) . (
.
145

.

.

.
.
146


.
1915 .1934


. 1957 1986
.
Duvalier
- .
.
.
the Leopards

Tontons Mavoutes
.
.

.1994
: ...
147


%20
) (%74 .
1980
.
.
148











"



















) ". (26 :




151


.

.
153
" "

.



.
.
.
.
155
.

" :
".
""
.
156

.


.
.
157





.
.

.
- .


" "
.
.


.
.
.

.











"

) ". (17 :


) .
( .
159
12.000
8 .
5.000.000 .
160

.
.

.

.
.

.

.
161
.
.

.

1994
.
. 1996

.
.
162

"










) .

















(61 :
164

165

.

.
166

.

.

.
167

.
169

.
170

.
171


.
174



) ( . " " )
( . )
( . ) .
(.
175


.

.
.
176
) ". (17 :

"

178

.
180







"











) ". (3 :

You might also like