Aspects of Rock Grouting Practice on British Dams by DA. BruceAspects of Rock Grouting Practice on British Dams by D. A. Bruce ke, iD, CEng, MICE, FOS apie Dvir olcte Limited Hong Kone Fig Deal of ect danskm of deine and 3,500 tomes onal ese debe recently by Bruce and Geom nics At Riker Dam. Northumberng, (1982) bat it may be noted that very few sae Cageon wa fondue ws deemine effec the sufendy hard. mae aed competent 10 Sram grouting sd to ives te raion. erm the ater metiod nado, the sa Tes protamine wat Bit am tes have enjoyed foundation rock Ceomolton) arog ts Hout sesepane: The ptonal of there tech ature automaticly favoured dexending ‘ues wae falyeanedat amit Dam where Stags The Dink posting presoded he cr {ny pemited penal probleme wih 2 sup” Lan ach ate, tow maximum depth of Sm ‘nly retin oat cua oe hlgted The Sm sae length which was lcd iis SP ay sage “At conmoquence an iter rin practcetbough allowance fe ave oug tcholgy, Tabet Mancettequsnly made fo ices this in ate phates of ‘oppo fo decening age, was employed grouting ‘whew grout _consmpsons may be ‘mow accent 2. WIMBLEBAL DAM [Xpeted foe ower Hole dnmett fo ook ‘ies prvtng hae 9 senna nucnce oF the eitncy tthe etn ihn the nr fang diameters (40100), ad common, ‘casey {ie fam oct in 2 daep shaped vay Som i readed at the est paca a Incl imo Uppes Doonan sediments rally eeoname compromise Nid wndvonoe stoner and mudstonss Dipe Mx dese wee inlied ring eat ec: {2 fm cathe Nor Bank to 14on the on toss an anged fom w/e (OP) ration of Soo fom sic imenirtonsadey cdi apparent wicoay 18 centipoie) to 03 (37 simran parca, booby, wee Oca, {felt oftbedamand comme move teqeent 201 bo rly im pace do they enced 8: {owetdsthe South Bank altwnph extreme ver ig coer ee stage were sll mccepting tHe Sea'sudtert top varatone were fost mix ety ater ota sen jc ‘oust common feature aso those we thet of 1 000K, fine snd wat aed up fo 2 ‘Shc care are ofthe book, 117 sa by ws fo cmon. Even then, Do” 22 Design ‘ver final rowg of the sage was to ‘te by reverting to heme cetee To ‘evr sured vata ofthe rook may with Soe the at treatment ofthe fm st och olen Tor tec inty, Gown to 160s) capable of Sia ied wth Uised the ws of deceming age srouting ‘and partic (ston, 1975, Sages which Inti forte cartin The rete mers of Salmo come up to. pesre flr + tt ‘Socciiagand awning nage" poceutes ore injecton of 3,000K¢ were abandoned eas 108 wa 6 62 55 a 20 a 1 07 MAXIMUM PRESSURE. AT TOP OF HOE (FR) es 200 120 180 2 CRE RE wrANHH HOG m °o10 20 90 0 50 6 70 85 HO HOO OTRO KOO Tt DEPTH (a) MEASURED. ALONG HOLE TO BOTTOM OF STAGE: =aalon | Tile 1 Proposed rut consumption cei on fer Deve. 1975) for 24 hours porto thereupon of he neat een using veauenc as before efue presars were arflly deseo vent the pssbty of ay sacral pit ‘Scsumng dune ition sins most of The ‘outing wa conducted tar inthe co Imetsurd tthe tole paste) mere rere Sheet ren re 233 tare wok of Hoult 1977) sees ‘Gat tha approach at Winblebal may Jee Un sonsatve Fi), bt wherever thee 3's poly that Hovaontly bedded sts citar Sop, par consideration Sh auton mot Say be exec toad ‘neural movment ea, Weyerman, 1977). “ine ay tiling of ns as reve from vestry erebsles bing telat Eston nian tow 3 omen ‘Thi econ again iis arent it rc: ‘sth teen beg tat such tempts mercy Sait spp Hee ttc ‘rownum nil mana. “Sime uml out mines wore wed (i howe wih a try high Seed capt) de 0 the Ah ram) compte weet ‘Seded in tems of Em or ke Rearing thes former, ame, Deere dancaion UUbre iepainng cepiancein evant Tate 1 ‘Groutiog as conducted wang "Spt S536 lng ls) procures ech ccm pase ng tuto seri rer of he pee Ine one, Examination of abolte aod tne ‘hue faer formed the baa of dteminne {he intnsty of grouting” the formes, Deets recommend (1976) "Low" avers consump: iowa the target forthe st ps. whet Kotucion atin (eg, the tts of aeare Sccondry o Primary ken ine age 25:79 (Cop, 1978 were soap "Censor on the ihtaese of he 103k a any poet wet confined ith spe sae Sener fonts In peer tet permesblity ‘hurlnt to 3 Legon sequel Lage ‘ieetoin ata presre of 10 bn. ‘The dam curuin mus formed in» verte se andi nto fom ene ‘acy hls wer angled 13" to snout Inteseion of stv are ar seat oon tis oteworhy tt ince tine nove expnae tan etal dig and souk be"syectiod only on mand. reotohmcal ot “ihe da curtain war extended lateral for 270m ate Noth Wing fretted 4 dow {eam for ecase and nani ons) ad [Sm atthe South Wing extooing oot Aone ‘he dm canta) ‘lage row of clomty spaced oles was esti se ana of te Ag 2, Typed pemiabe Gro Prac for var, foumsaton ‘hao ese tow auf Pp dete paar bottom ‘Pee ou deh tere) (aie Heat. 197 "St vis ave now inva nd inh pa he Relea conversion aco ae proved th od ofthe pope for ny etreeeconed, (i) no pha of chemical teatment ste imeteton, ws futher confmed by an ae was unacceptable and» frter pas of ascovtaged scree get peomegliy, incense inlet per Buttes, tage pet fle rowing wat apo, atndig unr Spon Ui there na no eridence to suget tat the andthe wae f snd in tht ction However, nately 100m ot the Southern seston of the ‘aly orieated” lauren woul be more despite ths eat inhomogeneity tom“Low* dan. ‘ese nected by a multiple ow car. {0 *Modeely Hh” characteris special "Twas reasoned tha the high Wel and Sprig fan tan by anttesve singers in adison, naramentstion of the dam during ad'alee lowe were oocring though fares Wh {Ges was outed sos on the namo’ ami impounding conGemed the ssfoctry sponse Wereocaly org otheline othe can, ‘Sucoment and ths would fe Tensted ofthe stuctare {sd hastens ooo tough a ‘Suh the potent wid ofa muttsow Regarding the dam crtain the allen fates ng fal estes sing he ol eosin ‘Sain betiy in ming the extent of Iter wore 20km of dling 88 stages, 597 tonnes In wch cumstances, mow wlan & (Gout icv! evel” fo occu (Champuon, of comeat and 7 tonnes of sand. The putter 6b, ot experience in smi rock suggested ‘ois, | Sm upto, wih Pinay sucng that fut nr spectgs inthe ange O78 tooer B2kghn ander South Gravy Black # of 3m in an effort to farther increase th oe ogom wouldve stent to provide lar When the cvespnding seige tel kes per of inltace cf fhe carta oly, sting pee [Bvitye of surin out and eulerighiows, bute were fevewed, the deterioration wastes Were by 25%, Plows td pleomese {ower thatthe progres coud be mained ov mote acutely mated: 22/n? to 279 lees were tonfored clsly thooghout the ‘re tse phase, PvnySosondaryané tet tnadaitnn, gunn that Qute- work, wo optimie Rs conduc in tec nd ‘erayy a Pinay spacing of Sin was lected. aie wereroqied ony from Buttes 13 somone frm. In ta afar 6K of ‘ASveotd ia Scab thi aut wat in south Le forfour butesiee andthe fout out ole ling, 1.887 staat, 482 wanes of {cal well founded, although the scemely South GoeityBlcks ‘inet and 95 nner of san were fled four rook encounteied under sme southern The eieny a the dam cran in oper Reduction ran of SOR droped the Tetry reer requedQuetermarytrentment to on Was confined by data provided by Car average nea keto 28kg/m wht 626 of the ‘sn deh gnng loc tal nterole grande Pcometes, Rebel Walsandstandpipes. Teta stag takes were he "Low” “Very ‘pacing of 0.3 13, ‘Fre ieconsersopstered moencnn headset Low" ‘ange The overall aa tke erage igen the cartan depth wast be gual the tact, Wl the Wels gave law flows TOkgln The effetneness of thi eaten to at eat T5U ofthe masinusn depth of he (op to? ley) excep te southern see-_ ty be examined afc te igartat ier. ‘reat wen fll and in deta th wae ariel ton (pt Oita). Te sadppes alowed vals (Fe 4). During the fst phe, mar Opes ‘Epelng ve dling rotig sod wae take the pati vrace sing and scrote carta “pocket” were ncafed ad treated, mal ‘Statins Ine onl ween of appro. tote montore the oprer‘secuone of the curtain nbd tbe ‘ne arsadoptisobvonayfacated In” Data om the North and South Wigs son- avenge ow fedution ma 3.7 tveacwork acc ty the ie of deeming sags lec Gon ths pote coninaty math thu fy. week. Over the sae etd, Wal Tow ‘hues Rury recast extended depths conguour dam cartain secons anf cn the ropped by 30%. In Fhae 3, the curtain Was Stetcoef he storage head ‘South Wine the highs india! nage takes ented by” 30m and deejened by seer ‘Cyan "Hi' of the whale progamme Were Sages ut witha avrg reduction of. Ute/ aanent {cde “The oven are “onmumption of secfweek, whist Phe 3 conasted of acl Shtgnt on the North Wing contated mith “weapat™ Toray” outing eae oe cont) conducts cximivly eure tam onthe foth Wing. "= educa 09 reef. Tun by toe ye, Ttary peta method wih wate; Team td xe of pout take couple co te eaten trough owl teen Sh‘ of a aad hydauleowsied ih he Ree Wal owt noone erated roped by actor ofthe Yo 0 es, and tack mounted es ward depend” Yat or inten addon owing be owe Wel own by the sant ta, and the peo Jag on sce sd eth comer, om he South nde, ant tee wasn ole comout showed ume ected ted etary or downdhetee Sihe apace of sts f Spies some pada scar the cota ine ania deine was peemite ely or Reet Well, Sogm oss on tha Bank. The fw the Pe 3 pot take i scolded tat sone or ani bos. Tiswierrend Sq ‘wth trot lel an ckmpouon hs renal ow’ was Scere th all se of ary prc was formerly ont Ged ta coud reach eee a alle ethan 160) o i dpe res {ie inj cotta “Aeration mes hat more tant othe amo have fret European pacts (gz Getta" 1976), tut Suey of th wm ruff cman, Teuced would ave fowler» Gl ee am ere Ck She he a tome adenine sgl male rw in oth cmp. Pae rary ding 60 10 nity of te vothen on ete dam Ths ate won conced com tec, end the fn ‘tina ore expensive than Toa Yeanty fw tothe wih Penal adn eoutng mas boned at his tosion (Decre 1976) on go mers comer ually of ow tons: wh poenilly sis Soe in oni’ enceptomal.cucustances in Senta of teal Satan” For example, 9 cetin number of Primary cra ols ay te coed To vise ‘aional protect ita Ts comer ‘Sat uch career ar often more eal Ine of mbrquen ale “proutbts tha Goat ote deiting was conducted excsvety amines Cement Mixing Unit Sand Mixing Unit Growing estes he we of et dren) Water comment sumy Water coment tury J Sand Secondary tee ial mae) ed ok | eae trough the \ psa rough rabong of sand eee eee iaaay | creut for ntl mxing ) Second drum & coment 1 Clason, 1982), Rock routing comer by Haropein erence to roe 5 plating Frese How to anit premature Bocages — “Sag from the temporary bulla of cose Dalvery (pout pars he res ("pre a D/DPSI ‘Son ihe hydra Evens pope ao pe Intel the masinum sage Ruling ese {re prem, w avoiding the poubuiy of | Water ‘clesaly cxerng ence peste I ay ‘age an xem veel stare a dam Two wey ‘poutine apliton. vale" 2.4 Growing Aatyss Trap to cote ‘scar ‘Phe tantt etme iavted over 2240 of smal stones ® | Ang, 4450 nage, 742 tonne f coment and ther foreign matter ‘65 tonne of sad, Overall el consmptons fe butte caged fom T9kei the Korth, {over Ist acer South Croity Block | * Sr thee timer the over tere Banks Sonmmpion, This evidence of matted ct tu deetoraton sutheats, meeed by Fig 3. Opting principle o Double Dum clo mixer,and tobe ald the cae of epi age {kes any tet solaced he angste Tt 048 to be thickened non gradual peat nee: ‘ey A mininam of Sma day ha be aed ‘ore growing oth to provide encom then eating the uppet layers and 1 pea [outing of the cyfockontat. Maina ‘Souling premures wre fo be a bg 3 a Ecnaten with minimum sacs dapacereat ‘Sr ptting of the ook These were rend by ‘ost fest hole no which water was pumped afscemtey her premateaag the Pee Mow reationshp sbsered. No hydioecture {fo time heretic fot overburden peste ing dad pouting ears wert con mA . ‘rainy a overdenprere pst 0 br ng see fe cmphoned ht ‘ere Bois practice r Sealiealy in const to the hydrlretare . (Ceagoae", gh presse grovtine methods {avowed by crtn eter Exsopenn couse “Pi poet ea remahabi in hat the po imeblity of the rok at elo ander {owtine was to be paged in independent watt fest hole flowing the methods of excaton tnd inerpietation proposed y Houlby 0976) 73 sec trolled underieepge arity ed the fesence of the day blanket wat held tat {he curtain ned not be nent extemal “teh standards (sx Wimbical). generat 53 Uses funy, soot sated Seco tt succes hues of outing Woot! be con has would Be met The penta rep wat {hat shough spc procedures had boot Seed, cry rts wobld bested witht 100 Soring flow (see) 40) 20 ees Sacer eet Set Soc eer ora Samore a oem io “GE ae am abo aso | (menace el eee Aare! A So oats Shem somes cero ‘ig 4 Relationship betwen Reeds Level and Ieper Serine frocaction sale Sh of lag) 0 ‘Flow. ating fet of outing ot Afro poo ‘Sse bear a conjunction ith mine al 2. KIELDER DAM 3 Gealmr Te Non He of the vay compres Fenty dining Lower Catone cient, ‘Sy none or with moasons ses tod in coal bi. The whe mas war aay 5d ant foes and expected tote hey casi Pexmeabi. The oval dam eng fata & ing tu Sy core inked oan spt lay ey y # ded Sky Blanket, 0 minnoe undereopae’ How fer, the ih permebity of the North Hl 1S Sos to sowing hgh oro ek {oul ave eatned th teat of he Ey Sr pine and aout can reo nwa 32 Design ‘The onematon of the mor dicontinis, stten gong ed, Jed to the sleion of 2 ‘multe crn ve Primary res, aps, ‘ith the sae nial spc extended ove Tenth of 180m was forme tat a ter Inedate row of Secondary holt woul be ‘ed with any Tera etme so ee Gh ths centage. "The bole were vert, Simin in meter and fom thi to eb 3 ascending sags int ook with the option to Sepen if eceury to termite i eately Impemesbiemudsoge. Next cement out aver wih (Craton inthe ane ae 0 8.721 by weit were speci, Wh provilon or Fig 5 Major ewer of ODEN aling em Pilot bitprojet in South Wales (Patey, 1977), and again Proved extremly fective fs mre rsh {ed aplication, Sera 175 rot hoes were dia, vo lng 4330 of foe dein. 1-368 sages a (er Soe Tonnes of cement, Fall Seconiary {Menem see cried out i eps Te tires where stray Pinay hol ake (hor kg/m wore seer, alhoubh et “Ndesatey Low" naar prt m Score tly Sage feng fo be ed A few Terry te were ona oe. veal the rmay ole averaged. Ses dois ‘ign. Th svrge tel xe as Ti 34 Lage Testing [An Independent ogame of Lugeon water {er lr a lined to aes the effets of ‘be proving, items ofthe permet of {he Sra one Fp wera oles wee fe ‘Rivet onthe cee of the cura. om Jobing fur peepoulng (37 sagen ad for Fost groutt (8 sage) Fath hole was did {iu ceved ton Goenig sacs ach Hol {aby yacumatedoweetheele pk. Each {See ened ate prestes ine quence Pevod at enc peste beng corded In ths ‘ertae mot prewar (conte deepest Spc ws TO ur, th the lowes eps 8 DP fete und 07 ime ths acu spec: {hay An equhalent Lagton vale was ck ‘ited Yortach tet premure and then 8 ‘Spree tl selected for hat stage with ‘Spd to Houiy's cha (Fp 6) tased on Infered yp fhow regie. ‘Roaming the presouing tess,» wile scat of ates war obtained aging fom ‘yermebl ates 0 oer 10 inspec iy ncn sandstone Although 49% were BU or ise 29% ware above 20L, and thee ‘hg ke the vey et es, tended to core fies dninct pockets The postseutng ‘icy di ange t"2 281 maximum, bot 70 (Were Sov estan trey St were above 20, ‘Saming the eects ofthe growing 3 oly (1976) noes hat got ators ech we touphen, regen. nent a yeomety sont niece Nw though ThurrOne comsquence a conigerble ‘triton uatsrom oven eighty les Im appuremyanform zeus On tee grounds ‘Son hw colon may not be expect omcen water tot reread caer or sabe {hton of the fst hale and adjacent grout hole SiS, ena he neo {0 Eren hen water ts oles area low us 1'Sm To goat holes, te coveation of it nate ay a) Mow wutertake witindcate a sabequen ibw mut consumption bu + high water {Ske wil nat mecenany be folowed by 2 "he fame mage of Laon va ro cern othe mapa eae 12 shut) ofthe stecqurt pos ake (oy Whenan ars outed fo refs ind {Sts by comet commons. may Jind nadernet gh Lageon ates -rhe ecpantion or those conion i sshted tothe parce mature” of cement {Hout (tay te amamed ht he mou ‘tue with whcan be eb eed with (OFC Type 16 (Lion, 1979), Sige wes one ch fase, wale Lugs fae of 1d: Convey stare wth Oe 1008 Tower wi’ ‘ges vale of TOL. Thun, ‘Mthough the in she wal be gout, te ‘econd wil nota m apstgroutie Loweon {So mar the at stage el show th ror. (Thess one er sheen wal Sow TL 1s sgniicant ttf the 31 postaouting Stages armen 10Lr es, 71 exible {heLaminar® ow characters, compa ‘Nan se “hse tests convumed, therefore hat oy ‘the ie fsres remanent in the 20 tthe cian ad thatthe gest majority of the wier ses encountered had teen fe {hay sed They ao ighlhted the pow Ie of considering outa walt test. dat {peter whe attempting Co ay the tts ‘fue pouting roe ‘cena Sik he ncrporation of the existing 23m hich Carts dan igo the upeveam shout hee suctare, goat can wat 10 be Toumed in the poetic at rset tenet the wf the cay core om the eastern ie of {he valley. The cy ore was to be cae oly {0 tned depths blow existing ground lee ‘Caso senditons beneath he west ‘ft aly were mca to eer 3 rout Sivan cso there" On the enter ie ‘the ay the bedrock compredalterating Catvonierous sandstones (or tsar) and Shan or madstones) with ocasonal ir: ‘de ‘coal sume whch had teen work ‘any pee previously. Th seuance, rey ‘Kcalingeneonetd sass (or mdse. ‘The st ipped eee nan seat {incon a tal ange, ad the sandstones nur mar exter sh Joe ‘fn lid "ockr were oven by» ae Uiknes of tpedical depos hang fom he wont, of sagem end of te cara (Cin 00), to vitally tro stress on te Neher ground ofthe canter ally sd yond {hr900) "The putpom of the cortaln was 10 Some pti eae oa he Up Ines 10?) prema inthe wet ab met of the dans nd sagt ha ‘ould denon frminate inetd per Tele shi tor mdstone) at 2 mam Ecpimot asm 42 deen Wpeietow of 45 Primary and 45 Secondary ert ole Was pamed cri. gig = {ou curtain ne of 280m. Asi, descend low stare mechs were adopted. efleting he ‘Speed tre of the rock and standard ‘lent pout kes and pres were ‘Sroyed ts at Keer he crea een of ‘niremay igh depee of effec or relate permet sine se cy Bakeune was ts tbe placa hin the seo bai A ened tse fear of boot TOL was again ‘Somer segue 443 Rents are comventional rotary perce dsiling ‘und ella! grouting Pas, an iene it phase woe executed, The Very Rh” mary and Seconda fakes requtd the Slaton of further 8! Terthry bles, cated {Gt to the deen of dy tm major Ea) {n't second rom, 015m peer of the Fst Shae of tow Tertas wee foal nines 1°30 to cine f fete {fetal tes ar at Wimbiball Oval Sram of pout hles wee delle, sed 1397 tonnes of tes nected at ante of Sg on 225g ‘Altough stititory redutlon ratios of sx 0% ha boc ended, the Terry aera srs sal 35She/m (urea les) oF 133k Tinea fe) tao, ce breakout tga was noted even af lowest peers, nd thre "wee ntaner of apes Collapsing ‘ror postin oul sommence Simp are ‘ter tes poined to rao ma values afte Sentry grouting {hven fll wale vert Lageom est ols ‘ere thon nad, at an aver sac of Sm done te be of the grouting. a ts ress preptatd the decom tocando © ‘Seon major pase of frente, oft To Suef the oni “hes holes ps evidence fom further cre tok contumod the Wabi of decedine age tsoutne nthe caster 1b The cath {Inthe sabquene rotten ofthat ae Pocceded wit the tune methods sb befor Nir the phase postaroutine Lareon vale, re come below TOL. However, the ‘Se somerset the western of The oni curtain in at compre a aor ‘poi amponty, possi inthe fr of + five sdstone and ale sump, tunately [cs nthe clays) overburden ad resin (Seca teeropenety Is femeant high 4d ‘inble presi, and he een obs rl to hole bly, descending te outing war feckoned ao 10 be the most Swope atom. Am altrative technology Wi form ef Tabet Manchete® wos eed Since ur obviwaly coasted aad Canes inetd, as dscidd to test iseffeny In {hemos weeny fond poote) ara, extent 1% fra eh of apron im, The IS supe eet wa to proceed simultaneous tri farther descending sores Dut wi “te cafuy suena 8) Lapgon tt ‘Thve ws tus te pom of acting Tbe 8 anche or thi mae ection a 44 Tube Manet SAT QSSMEENES we we ofa plastic me (ig By ein oupe of hoes ele a eae neat slong te egth posted y rubber ‘Seve (onan Ts tobe xed the found wi eve™ rout a weak claych fin Noval the ground I too unable «> ‘ah duling to perm ube stall Shi teehee a a ‘shat stable prio, pouting he sou (then sonducied vin sole puke ower fSvouth the tobe to nolatecuceve location Intute aoa forces the wbber sve ope, fo iow hy de ot ab hen {io the rounding pound Upon ceva pouting te ese Ses, prevent iow of ited rout The stem permit ‘testo evinced i toque. and with = ‘using the it pase of deze sage) outings he ween aon fa 16 ols exch ‘th the to Ge Sm tages eammenin om Bism teow the sifce the a neprted fotk heed). Oneal the vera nel ake ab ‘o9ham fost oui Lasso et cones ‘rattle oer of hgh pees, with the [pet marty of ts sae nine aes above So: In aon, analy ofthe test care Cente inated "Wes peso ‘Goulty, Coup "D" Fi. "in of 40 arta Tebe & Manet oles ws hen cael tm uptaam of te nin, Sih tnt spacing o Sm, Sleres were Tete onthe tun 0 tuber at 800mm ‘a aera andthe semble tstalld in ‘ODEX tas i of Same ameter Aer ‘cout of compontun (oy weg) Beaton ‘Grewatee 10:20 sae woe nt an ares onsumption of keh of tebe saul Tis inn ghee 8 ay song in the gn of TiNimm Alternative bee wee dana ‘amary aed Secondary the ever neck hows, "The permed the props of the Ato known at *Skewd Pipe” 2 Rey ashe)GROUP A -LAMINAR FLOW GROUP B -TURBULENT FLOW e-E GROUP C -DILATION ~ ‘naucen se Sanon a) GROUP D -WASH-OUT. crc GROUP E -VOID FILLING ‘Pi. The icerrtain of acon Tet Rene ter Howey, 1978) in al nt or iil pes snout inte tough ach nove wait io'ine tach (Le 280g OPC. 5 bentonite by tht of wat), provided te iin a eat, or tnt depth adv, had ot been tebe the mn nn the Scene eo Ine the approainatly overburden presure) tates maguire» Wake nll pee {up to 10 at o open the and ire the Steve out, 'ehough sme tees one ths “aghine of the dcent pound ely {scopy gout ata The arostng of exh ‘eve commenced witha mix of we ae (by ‘Soh 41 thckenne so -1 a incton See) Tose sects Which had asoped the ‘htm fe ath ice were ater select Torreon ores tp to ths father 1NO13 ete wore iced owing the ita hue tet. ‘Overall 142 Tonnes of coment, 14 omnes of bentonite and 1386. sleow ction ee flied tavrage 14h). Repading {he four ‘ope ot te iu pas of eo (Average dee sakes dessa prgier fhe (235° to aig) and tory (Gededon rion 63 3) (a) The "percntage of nina atch” Steve deerme (42 110), and those Saat wae comedy “igh need (iy The ate of gout acceptance decreed ftom abou 890kg/hour fo 310k /hou (The coment bentonite aio (9) wet) ‘crened ten fom 1241071 mor. ine the fac that fewer det ook tefl fre batches (ending in cemontsch mits) Afterall sees hal been sbsoquenty ‘Slowed twats in ‘sak conta to the pre touting value: 4 alma save of SL wth NIC IE of fey. i adton, wo Bale sabe ‘roblens were record dering the copen le” {geen ttn. further ondening he ee Uren of he ete method Nesmith acon ars, $8 ae sional bees Rad boon rowed a hee. pes ft descending stage wos itenpened ih Lagoon toning" Alshough ashe Improvement in erat adhe way sto ahived,parclny by the It paw of Ine hosts stages of up to HL were "Hl eovonntered. Thee deceaing sags ta ‘nents ad ive of ding an over 10 omnes of materi (vege smaumpnOo 0 0 0 {ig 7- Operating principle of Tube Manche rting system 174m). These dats, pus the notable aces of Tube Macho ath sae le othe ‘option ofthe erate teshnaaey ths Sepending on Sr tho Ung deed ethos andro Sige towed at “aoe of, No olnps of holes was encour ‘5, SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Frincpally eo the quaty of the tedock, Sekai dom gros projets oe) aways feature Seung se routine tue rth bay vary aepedingom cconome amd tech Sat Consestios, bt aay 3m Groat Toes te died ourypetcanive, wth water fay Sn ane a reo Cement sowie Somber Ines est commonly inthe ange 1 108-1 orl, ee 2 de in he case of rz aks, smal po ions of bentonite maybe incorporatd fae characte, Refusal sures at messed tthe tp ole packer, ie generally consent by European sa fins, though ta are often conduct to Spumin pouting procedure “Spit Saree” ‘Someta eye th de id ‘td fin phase aenge consumption. Heh (Slob wee aug neers a) be ding “psd aout miner inked o acting prea ‘im pans roto, Grstag electives ie"venenly reece in Relet Wel owe Perometer reading and simple stage Water {ess Moe seen th worth of independent [geo ts ole themes been lay tated. Where the sound i fee dexending nage oct, Tobe f Manche fies te ODEX ned of yoo pwnd oo untae ee Mesure st Metse Unt teeth nm 0394, tm Sain! itm g2 nue ‘ one 1M) 038408 Volume te 0220 UK. Prema Nn? oessa0%iat .20kthew aso. Raymon wien wee wle, aon ys An 2, Feariedpponimatdy 1439018 SP oztstine ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS nem 2 South Won Nate: Author the Enact Rote, Kensar&. Lapworth, ood the Mats (Conractor Bo Cul Enpnering Lil. At CSE sh Glew rs Nera Wate [Nehority the Emo! Babe, Shae & Morton, {hn the hain Contactor, Halfue Best Fa ‘iSogh Kiet Vontre Limit. Av Ga ‘tort, the Cea war the Yorkie Wate: TRuthxiye we Enver Raf, Renae & ap ‘orth the Maia Contac Si Aled McAlpine 12'S Monte) Limited. The Autor gt fly ackowedae persion to ff to ese projste and addr ht theconcabs preted {nthe gape ae not ecesaly those of the slovementona bie, iareances i te DA 8 Game CRE {1s nace Wanna an, Sohena Gestetntye pero ay coe Gari Dain Grostng. Coment & Conerete ‘Cette Sea Fo ees tuna nto © gets Cerpondence to: Guten, ese 56) dang on Rak Fowndsom Smet an iMag eoaio hae yess 6 bone {6 ny Easing Pasion Sovtae ne Cy, Bonn Capt eta, OE Reo ne cate Ci) Farniaion Gone, Br Re Grae seca ewe, Ct Stace nee cn Goma, seb Gon, SSE caine Pat Sd coupe SSE cettited Eee Sy fot (0 twig twoucaton of te Uegom is et SHE 9 hp. On i AC SPIRE of Goat Cae co Shepp «1 ate. USS) tie ware hows or Rsk ste aed Ei, Soest ya Bi (57 Simin Ot ne, Nokes Meh Sams Emig Peg cay Rata {918 Cangas on 8. Geter ‘Sis Coa a Ftc oa s (3) Rig. UF Emagen iS Going Pacis ‘soma, Caria Mach 1731, 9p (44 Weyerman, Ws. {U9 Roce Conditions improved hough ‘rome Grouting. fost En. es. Four {ston Kollranmer "Rodi Zusih, pas p202 ‘Reprinted fom Proceedings ofthe Conference "Grown" Geoecnial” Ener ‘tect Now Oton.ousona, Feb 1013, te