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PHN HY RC THI HU C BNG PHNG PHP

SINH HC: TH NGHIM THNG LN MEN 10-L
H Thanh Ton1, L Phng Trm2, Nguyn Th M Din2 v Cao Ngc ip3

ABSTRACT
The organic degradation is the activities of microorganisms in carbon and nitrogen cycle.
The six best isolates composed of cellulolytic bacteria, amylolytic bacteria and
proteolytic bacteria together with mesophile and thermophile were evaluated organic
wastes degradation ability in an organic waste degrading experimental model (10
liter bioreactor). The experiment was a randomized completely design with four
replications and the experiment had eight treatments to study organic wastes degradation
ability of the isolates in 22 days; Temperature, pH, % lost waste-volume, % reduced
waste dry-weight, organic matter, N total, C/N ratio, CO2, CH4 gas and bacterial
population were recorded in the different times.
The results showed that mesophylic cellulolytic isolate [C1 treatment] reached to most
appropriate parameters as temperature, pH, C/N ratio for matured compost, high
bacterial population in comparison to control and other treatments. Furthermore, low
amounts of CO2 and CH4 gas releasing during the degradation process of these isolates
did not affect to environment; Biowaste degradation process reached to maximum at 1618 days after incubation and this isolate will be chosen to study in later experiment.
Keywords: organic wastes, organic-degrading bacteria, mesophylic bacteria,
thermophylic bacteria, composts
Title: Biological treatment of municipal solid waste: 10-litre bioreactor experimental
model
S phn hy hu c l do s hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt trong chu trnh cacbon v
nit. Su dng vi khun phn hy cellulose, tinh bt v protein gm c nhm i nhit v
bnh nhit tt nht c nh gi kh nng phn hy cht hu c trong m hnh th
nghim phn hy rc thi hu c (bnh ln men c dung tch 10 lt). Th nghim vi 8
nghim thc, lp li 4 ln v ko di trong 22 ngy. Cc ch tiu nh nhit , pH, % th
tch st gim, % trng lng kh, hm lng cht hu c, N tng s, t l C/N, hm lng
kh CO2, CH4 v mt s vi khun c ghi nhn theo tng thi im thch hp.
Kt qu cho thy nghim thc C1 (chng vi khun phn gii cellulose bnh nhit) t
c cc ch tiu ph hp nht trong x l rc thi nh nhit , pH, t l C/N lc rc
hoai, mt s ca vi khun phn hy cellulose tng ln rt cao, khc bit so vi nghim
thc i chng v cc nghim thc cn li. Hn na, nghim thc ny c lng kh CO 2,
CH4 thi ra thp, khng gy nh hng n mi trng; qu trnh phn hy rc xy ra
mnh vo 16-18 ngy sau khi v dng vi khun ny c chn cho nhng nghin
cu tip theo.
T kha: rc thi hu c, vi khun phn hy cht hu c, vi khun bnh nhit, vi
khun i nhit, phn hu c

Trng i hc Cn Th
Hc vin cao hc CNSH K14
3
Vin NC & PT Cng ngh sinh hc, Trng i hc Cn Th
1
2

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1 T VN
Rc thi hin nay vn c xem l mt vn nan gii, kh khn v nhc nhi i
vi ton x hi, c bit l cc quc gia ang pht trin. Rc thi s gy ra nhim
mi trng khng kh, mi trng t, nc, lm mt v m quan th, gy
nhiu bnh tt, tc ng xu n sc khe con ngi, mi trng kinh t v du
lch. Thnh ph Cn Th, hin nay tnh trng nhim mi trng khu dn c
n mc bo ng trong mi ngy cng ty Cng trnh th m nhn thu gom
600 tn rc thi t 4 qun ni thnh (Ngun: http://www. Unescocep.org.vn/thong-tin/van-hoa-xa-hoi/thu-gom-rac-o-tp-can-tho-khong-le-luc-battong-tam.htm, ngy10/05/2009). Chnh v vy m nhiu tuyn knh, rch nh rch
Bn, rch Tham Tng, rch Ci Kh ngun nc chuyn sang mu en, bc
mi hi thi nhng ngi dn ang hng ngy vn phi sng chung vi mi
trng nhim ny. Tuy nhin, phn ln lng rc thi nc ta cha c x l
hoc ch c x l theo nhng cch s si nh: qung xung sng hay xung ao
t, cht thnh ng ngoi tri chng t phn hy, hoc em t, chn lp... Cc
phng php ny chng nhng khng mang li hiu qu cao m cn gy nhim
mi trng t, nc v khng kh. Phn hu c (compost) l sn phm cui cng
ca qu trnh hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy cht hu c trong c nhng
nhm vi khun, x khun v nm c th i nhit (thermophile) v bnh nhit
(mesophilic)(Nakasaki et al., 1985); ngy nay qu trnh phn hy cht hu c l
mt phng php bao trm vic x l cht thi rn (Ryckeboer et al., 2003) v
c nhiu bo co cp n s hot ng ca tp on vi sinh vt trong sut qu
trnh phn hy cht thi ny (McKinley v Vestal., 1985; Kutzner v Jager, 1994;
Beffa et al, 1996; Hermann v Shan, 1993) nhng li c t ti liu cp n cht
thi th (household wastes) nh phn tha ca tri cy, rau ci hay cn gi l
cht thi sinh hc (biowastes)(Ryckeboer et al., 2003). Mc tiu ca ti l nh
gi kh nng phn hy rc thi hu c ca vi khun phn gii cht hu c bao gm
cellulose, tinh bt, protein c thc hin trn qui m thng ln men 10-lt, t
chn ra cc dng vi khun tt nht ng dng x l rc thi hu c trong qui m
ln hn.
2 VT LIU V PHNG PHP
2.1 Vt liu
- Rc thi hu c [ c phn loi] c thu gom t ch Tn An, qun Ninh
Kiu, Thnh ph Cn Th do B phn qun l v sinh ca Ch Tn An cung
cp vi thnh phn cc cht hu c trnh by trong Bng 1 trong thnh phn
cht hu c thay i t 30,25% n 44,14% ty theo ngun rc sinh hot t cc
h kh gi n kh khn v cellulose v protein chim t l cao so vi tinh bt.
- Vi khun c phn lp v tuyn chn ti phng th nghim Vi sinh vt t,
Vin Nghin Cu v Pht Trin Cng Ngh Sinh Hc (H Thanh Ton et al.,
2008) v nhn nui theo cng thc mi trng Delafield (Ryckeboer et al,
2003).
- Thng ln men c dung tch 10-L bng nha (plastic)(Hnh 1) v c t chc
thc hin ti Vin Nghin Cu v Pht Trin Cng Ngh Sinh Hc, Trng
i hc Cn Th.
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2.2 Phng php

Th nghim gm c 8 nghim thc nh sau: DC (i chng)[khng chng vi
khun], C1 = chng vi khun phn hy cellulose bnh nhit, C2 = chng vi khun
phn hy cellulose i nhit, A1 = chng vi khun phn hy tinh bt bnh nhit, A2
= chng vi khun phn hy tinh bt i nhit, P1 = chng vi khun phn hy protein
bnh nhit, P2 = chng vi khun phn hy protein i nhit, CAP = tng hp 6
chng vi khun C1+C2+A1+A2+P1+P2. Th nghim c 4 ln lp li, tng s c 48
nghim thc, mi ln lp li b tr trong 1 thng 10-L.
Bng 1: Thnh phn ca rc thi hu c ti thnh ph Cn Th

Cht hu c trong
rc thi sinh hot*
(%)

Cellulose

Protein

Tinh
bt

30,25

39,32

45,50

15,18

38,89

52,25

33,24

14,51

Rc cc h gia nh (3)

44,14

49,11

30,18

20,17

Rc bi rc (4)

17,12

27,26

60,51

12,23

Rc ch th (5)

35,55

49,09

42,95

7,96

Trung bnh

33,19

43,41

42,47

14,12

Loi rc
Rc h gia nh tp th
(1)
Rc cc h gia nh (2)

(1) Rc Khu tp th i hc Cn Th, (2) Rc thi sinh hot t 3 hm ca phng An Hi, Q. Ninh Kiu, (3) Rc
thi sinh hot thu t 3 hm trong phng An C, Q. Ninh Kiu, (4) Rc bi rc Ci Rng, (5) Rc ch Xun
Khnh
(Ngun: Phn tch ti PTN Chuyn su, i hc Cn Th)
* thnh phn hu c so vi thnh phn chung

Cc ph phm, rc thi ch bao gm: rau ci, v khm, rau mung, c ci, v
khoai, u c,em v c ct nh, trn u ngu nhin. Rc thi c phun vi
khun vi tng nghim thc trn vi t l 1% (v/w) v rc c cho vo thng
nha c dung tch 10 lt, nht v nn cht (cn trng lng ti trc tng
thng) dng tm kim loi nn v dn cho cht, y np thng nha; bn di
y thng c 1 l nh cho nc chy vo bnh sau dng nc ny ri hay
phun li m (Hnh 1). Sau ly mu theo di ch tiu trong vng 22 ngy nh
nhit (hng ngy), pH, % th tch st gim, trng lng kh, hm lng cht
hu c, N tng s, t l C/N, c bit kh carbonic (CO2) v methane (CH4) c
thit k ng thot kh ly kh nh k (Hnh 1) v mt s vi khun [m sng
theo phng php nh git (Drop Plate Count)] tng ng trong mi nghim thc
ca tng th nghim ring bit.

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Hnh 1: M hnh thng x l rc thi hu c c dung tch 10-L vi l thot nc r rc ly

kh t bnh ln men 10-L

S liu c x l thng k bng phn mm Excel Microsoft XP, cc tr trung

bnh c so snh bng LSD hay kim nh Duncan.
3 KT QU V THO LUN
Kt qu t hnh 2 cho thy nhit trong thng rc thi hu c dao ng t
29,7oC n 34,5oC v t mc cao nht (34,5oC) vo ngy 11 v 12 v thp nht
(29,7oC) vo ngy 16 sau gim dn, iu c bit l cc nghim thc c chng
nhm vi khun i nhit lun lun c nhit cao nhm bnh nhit. Tuy nhin,
nhit khng cao c l thng ln men nh (10-L) v lun c nc ng li d t
nn nhit khng th ln cao nh cc th nghim c m vi th tch ln hn
(100-L)(Ryckyboer et al., 2003), nhng th nghim trc y ca H Thanh Ton
et al. (2010)(ang in) cho thy c hai nhm vi khun phn hy tinh bt v
cellulose u c nhit khng cao hn 40oC.
0

35
34

33
32

31
30
C

29

C1

C2

A1

A2

P1

P2

CAP

28
1

10

11
12
Ngy

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

Hnh 2: nh hng ca vi khun phn hy cht hu c trn s bin ng nhit ca m

rc thi hu c

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Theo Ryckeboer et al. (2003) trong qu trnh phn hu cht hu c trong iu kin
bn k kh hay hiu kh khng hon ton th trong ngy 2 hay 3 sau khi nhit
ca m t t 45 n 55oC v ngy th 9 nhit ln n trn 70oC v ko di
n ngy th 15, sau nhit h dn n 30oC vo ngy th 22; giai on sau
nhit ln xung khng ng k v ko di n ngy 38 th nhit trn di
20oC cho n ngy th 84 v nhit cao trong giai on u ny rt quan trng v
y l iu kin tt kh trng cc vi sinh vt gy hi (Nakasaki et al., 1985b)
T hnh 3 cho thy pH ca m rc thi hu c u trung tnh (>7) trong sut thi
gian th nghim ch tr 2 nghim thc A1 v A2 (vi khun phn hy tinh bt) c
pH gim vo cui giai on th nghim; pH ca m rc thi hu c cng thun
li cho s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Kt qu ny cho thy qu trnh phn hy hu
c phng thch ra mt lng ammonia (Zorpas, 1999) nn pH ca m rc trung
tnh v chnh lng ammonia ny cn hin din trong nc r rc, gy nn hin
tng nhim amoni trong nc r rc.
pH 9.0

8.5

8.0

7.5

7.0

6.5

DC

C1

C2

A1

A2

P1

P2

CAP

6.0

10

13

16

19

22

Ngy

Hnh 3: nh hng ca vi khun phn hy cht hu c trn thay i pH ca m rc thi

hu c

Kt qu t hnh 4 cho thy % th tch rc st gim ca 2 nghim thc C1 v P2 cao

nht so vi cc nghim thc cn li vo ngy th 20 v c hai khng khc bit
thng k.

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%
50

45

40

35

30

25

C1

C2

A1

A2

P1

P2

CAP

20

15

10
5

10

15

20

Ngy

Hnh 4: nh hng ca vi khun phn hy cht hu c trn st gim ca th tch (%) m

rc thi hu c

Sau 22 ngy , trng lng kh ca rc thi hu c trong nghim thc C2 mt i

nhiu nht (Hnh 5) k n l nghim thc C1, v trng lng kh mt i t nht
nghim thc i chng, A2 v CAP; iu ny cho thy vi khun phn hy
cellulose i nhit phn hy sinh khi nhiu nht nhng khng khc bit ngha vi
cc nghim thc C1, A1, P1 v P2.
45.86

LSD.01 = 8,29
CV = 8,59%
41.14

40.62

39.72

40.80
36.92

33.79

33.10

DC

C1

C2

A1

A2

P1

P2

CAP

Nghim thc

Hnh 5: nh hng ca vi khun phn hy cht hu c trn trng lng kh (%) mt i

ca m rc thi hu c

Nghim thc C1 (vi khun phn hy cellulose bnh nhit) c tng lng kh CO2
thi ra thp nht nhng khng bit ngha vi 2 nghim thc A2 v P2; nghim
thc CAP (tng hp 6 dng vi khun phn hy hu c) c tng lng kh CO 2 cao
nht.

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mg/m3
2000

CO2

CH4

1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0

DC

C1

C2

A1
A2
Nghim thc

P1

P2

CAP

Hnh 6: nh hng ca vi khun phn hy cht hu c trn tng lng kh CO2 v CH4
(mg/m3) ca 3 ln thu mu kh t rc thi hu c

Ngoi ra, nghim thc C1 cng c tng lng kh CH4 thi ra t nht, nu nh
chn cc dng vi khun c lng kh thi thp nht khng nh hng n bu kh
quyn (gin tip nh hng s thay i kh hu ton cu) v nghim thc C1 cng
c trng lng kh gim kh (ch sau nghim thc C2).
Bng 2: nh hng ca vi khun phn hy hu c trn lng C hu c, N tng s v t l
C/N ca rc thi hu c vo ngy 18 sau khi

Nghim thc

C hu c (%)

N tng s (%)

T l C/N

i chng
C1
C2
A1
A2
P1
P2
CAP
LSD.01
C.V

29,23
28,43
27,23
26,83
29,73
26,63
29,03
27,33
1,17
1,87%

2,48
2,85
2,68
2,53
2,91
2,94
3,26
3,14
0,14
2,51%

11,82
9,97
10,16
10,60
10,24
9,08
8,91
8,72
0,72
2,66%

Ch thch: C-Khng chng vi khun; C1-Chng vi khun phn hy cellulose bnh nhit; C2- chng vi khun phn
hy cellulose i nhit; A1-Chng vi khun phn hy tinh bt bnh nhit; A2- chng vi khun phn hy tinh bt i
nhit; P1-chng vi khun phn hy protein bnh nhit; P2- Chng vi khun phn hy protein i nhit; CAPC1+C2+A1+A2+P1+P2.

Kt qu t bng 2 cho thy t l C/N ca cc nghim thc C1, P1, P2 v CAP nh

hn 10 vo ngy th 18 sau khi . Hu ht cc lng C hu c v N tng s trong
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cht thi hu c c phn hy thnh kh CO2 v ammonia trong sut qu trnh

phn hy; t l C/N c dng nh ch tiu xc nh qu trnh chn ca m
hu c sau 75 ngy (Zorpas v Loizidou, 2008) v th nghim ca h cho thy t l
C/N dao ng t 14 n 17 ty vo lng rc thi hu c ny giu carbohydrat hay
giu protein vo ngy 23 sau khi ; trong th nghim chng ti t l C/N bin thin
t 8,72 n 11,72 do s hot ng ca nhm vi khun phn hy loi no hu hiu
nht trong qu trnh rc hu c. Iglesias- Jimnez v Prez-Garca (1992) cho rng
t l C/N nh hn 12 th hin chn ph hp trong vic phn nn vic b sung
vo t nhng loi phn c hoai mc tt (C/N <12) l ph hp v n s khng
lm thay i s cn bng ca h vi sinh trong t (Allison, 1973). Tuy nhin, t l
C/N gia 9 v 10 c xem l phn hu c bn hy (hemi-compost)(Zorpas et al.,
1999; Bernal et al., 1998).
Nhn xt v ch tiu gim trng lng kh v tng lng kh CO2 v CH4, cho
thy dng vi khun phn hy cellulose bnh nhit (nghim thc C1) phn hy
cellulose bng con ng vi hiu kh hiu qu cao v chng lm gim trng lng
kh nhanh v lng kh thi ra thp, kt qu t Hnh 7 cho thy mt s vi khun
phn hy cellulose ni chung v vi khun phn hy cellulose bnh nhit cao trong
cc nghim thc.
Nh vy, qu trnh phn hy vo ngy 16 hay 18 sau khi c xem l hon tt
ca qu trnh v nghim thc C1 (vi khun phn hy cellulose bnh nhit) c
nh gi l t cc ch tiu ca m hu c v pH=7,5, % trng lng kh m
rc hu c ch cn 55% so vi lc ban u v t l C/N l 10,08 ngy th 18; c
bit nghim thc C1 phn hy hu c tch cc v thi ra lng kh CO 2 v CH4
thp nht, kt qu ny cng ph hp vi kt qu ca Ryckeboer et al., (2003),
11
chng t hiu qu phn hy rc ca nghim thc ny rt tt.
10.5

10

Log10/g

9.5

8.5

C1

C2

A1

A2

P1

P2

CAP

7.5
1

10

13

16

19
22
Ngy sau khi

Hnh 7: Mt s chung vi khun phn hy cellulose (log10/g cht kh)[bnh nhit v i nhit]

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4 KT LUN
- Dng vi khun phn hy cellulose bnh nhit t nhng thng s yu cu ca
th nghim: pH, t l C/N, % trng lng kh mt i cao nht, lng kh thi
thp nht.
- Qu trnh rc thi hu c di tc ng ca cc vi khun phn hy hu c c
th t yu cu vo ngy 16 n 18 thay v ngy 22.
TI LIU THAM KHO
Allison, F.E. 1973. Soil organic matter and its role in crop production. Elsevier, New York.
Beffa, T., Blane, M., Lyon, P.-F, Vogt, G., Marchiana, M., Ficher, J. L. and Arangno. 1996.
Isolation of Thermus strains from hot compost (60-800C). Applied Environmental
Microbiology, 62: 1723-1727.
Bernal, M.P., C. Paredes, M.A. Sanchez-Mondero and J. Cegarra. 1998. Maturity and
Stability parameters of composts prepared with a range of organic wastes. Bioresourse
Technology 63(1), 91-99.
H Thanh Ton, Cao Ngc ip, Bi Th Vinh, Mai Thu Tho, Nguyn Thu Phng, v Trn
L Kim Ngn. 2008. Phn lp vi khun phn gii cellulose, tinh bt v protein trong nc
r t bi rc Thnh ph Cn Th. Tp ch khoa hc 2008:10. Trng i hc Cn Th.
H Thanh Ton, Trng Th Nht Tm v Cao Ngc ip. 2010. Kh nng phn hy rc thi
hu c ca vi khun phn gii cellulose (cellulolytic bacteria). Tp ch Khoa hc, Trng
i hc Cn Th.(ang in)
Hermann, H.F. and J.R. Shann. 1993. Enzyme activities as indacators of municipal solid
compost maturity, Compost Sci. Util. 1(4): 54-63.
Kutzner G.J and T. Jager. 1994. Kompostieng aus mikrobioloiescher Scht-ein Assay. Forum
Stadte-Hygienne 45: 375-385.
Iglesias- Jmnez., E. and V. Prez-Garcia. 1992. Determination of maturity indices for city
refuse composts. Agricultural Ecosystem Environment 38: 331-343.
McKinley, V.L., and J.R. Vestal. 1985. Physical and chemical correlates of microbial activity
and biomass in composting municipal sewage sludge. Applied and Environ. Microb, 50:
1395-1403.
Nakasaki, K., Shoda, M. and Kubota, H. 1985. Effect of temperature on composting of
sewage sludge. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 50: 1526-1530.
Ryckeboer, J., J. Meraert, J. Coosemans, K. Deprins and J. Swings. 2003. Microbiological
aspects of biowaste during composting in a monitored compost bin. Journal of Applied
Microbiology 94:127-137 .
Zorpas, A.A. 1999. Development of methodology for the composting of sewage sludge using
natural zeolite. Ph.D thesis. National Tech. Uni. Of Athens, Greece.
Zorpas, A.A., G.V. Apostolos and M. Loizidou. 1999. Dewater anaerobically stabilized
primary sewage sludge composting. Metal leachability and uptake by natural
clinoptilolite. Commun. Soil. Sci. Plan. 30: 113-119.
Zorpas, A.A., and M. Loizidou. 2008. Sawdust and natural zeolite as a bulking agent from
anaerobically stabilizied sewage sludge. Bioresource Technology 99: 7816-7824.

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