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Mel110 Part3 PDF
Mel110 Part3 PDF
ELLIPSE
> ; < 90
Section Plane
Through Generators
Plane axis.
Circles ???
PARABOLA
HYPERBOLA
<
0
Section Plane
Parallel to Axis.
Section Plane
Parallel
to end generator.
Open/
unbounded
Line
Assume
A
moving point
F
Fixed point
Line Fixed line
E=
V
AF
AB
HYPERBOLA
DIRECTRIX
FOCUS METHOD
A
30mm
(vertex)
F ( focus)
PARABOLA
DIRECTRIX-FOCUS METHOD
(VERTEX) V
1 2 3 4
F
( focus)
Ellipse
PROBLEM:- POINT F is 50 mm from a LINE AB. A POINT P is MOVING in a PLANE SUCH THAT
RATIO of ITS DISTANCES (E) FROM F and LINE AB REMAINS CONSTANT and EQUALS TO 2/3.
DRAW LOCUS OF POINT P.
A
STEPS:
1 .Draw a vertical line AB and point F
50 mm from it.
2 .Divide 50 mm distance in 5 parts.
3 .Name 2nd part from F as V. It is 20mm
and 30mm from F and AB line resp.
It is first point giving ratio of its
distances from F and AB 2/3 i.e 20/30
4 Form more points giving same ratio such
as 30/45, 40/60, 50/75 etc.
5.Taking 45,60 and 75mm distances from
line AB, draw three vertical lines to the
right side of it.
6. Now with 30, 40 and 50mm distances in
compass cut these lines above and below,
with F as center.
7. Join these points through V in smooth
curve.
This is required locus of P.
45mm
(vertex)
F ( focus)
Portion of
Ellipse
T1
T2
T3
T4
N
C
N1
F
R1
M
M
B
R2
A1
External tangent
Internal tangent
Arc 1
Arc radius R = 10 mm
Arc 3
Arc 4
Section of Solids
Orthographic Projections
Projection of solids
Section (Hatching)
True Shape /
Auxiliary view
Example:
For TV
SECTION
PLANE
TRUE SHAPE
Of SECTION
F
Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)
SECTIONAL T.V.
A cube of 65 mm long edges has its vertical faces equally inclined to the FP. It is cut by a section
plane, perpendicular to the FP so that the true shape of the section is a regular hexagon. Determine
the inclination of the cutting plane with the HP and draw the sectional top view and true shape of
the section
eT
PRIMARY AUXILIARY VIEW
dT
cT
Angle to be
measured
45o
d1
45o
aT
bT
a1
fT
c1
aF, dF
Section plane
cuts the Mid
points of
edges of cube
e1
f1
b1
65
fF, eF
bF, cF
Vertical Plane
T
F
Auxiliary V. P.
T
F
P.P.
cutting
plane ??
Oblique
cutting
plane
A cone, base 75 mm diameter and height 100 mm , has its base on the HP. A section plane
parallel to one of the end generators and perpendicular to the FP cuts the cone intersecting the
axis at a point 75 mm from the base. Draw the sectional Top View and the true shape of the section
T
F
T
F
100
75
75
Axis
A cone base 75 mm diameter and axis 100 m long, has its base on the HP. A section plane parallel
to one of the end generators and perpendicular to the FP cuts the cone intersecting the axis at a
point 75 mm from the base. Draw the sectional Top View and the true shape of the section
cT
aT
eT
bT
T
gT
dT
iT
fT h
T
100
75
75
Axis
PRIMARY
AUXILIARY VIEW
T
F
T
30o
Sphere 75
T
30o
Sphere 75
T
30o
Sphere 75
Section of Pyramid
d
e
o
a
m
50o
Section
plane
n
100
m
e a
d b r
50
T
F
d
e
T
F
o
a
Section
plane
c
m
50o
n
100
m
e a d b r c
50
d
c
e
Parallel
70o
o
k
j
15
l
h
100
d b c
Axis of pyramid
Section plane
l
o
y
b
o
d
e
g
True length
c
l
h j
k1
l1
k
T
70o
o
k
j
j1
15
l
h1
i1
g1
100
g, i
e
d b c
Axis of pyramid
Section plane
Section of Cylinder
Cylinder dia = 40
mm.
Height = 60mm.
Axis is vertical.
Section plane
perpendicular to VP,
but inclined to 45
degree to the HP and
intersecting the axis
32 mm above the
base.
30
20
10
B
10 20 30
10
O1
20
30
O2
30
Generator lines
C
30
20
10
10 20 30
10
O1
20
30
F
C
B
z
O2
T
F
7
2
T
F
6
3
41
7
2
T
F
6
3
42
F
T
ENGINEERING CURVES
Point undergoing two types of displacements
INVOLUTE: Locus of a free end of a string when it is
wound round a (circular) pole
INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
Problem:
Draw Involute of
a circle. String
length is equal to
the
circumference of
circle.
P3
P1
4 to p
P4
2
6
7
P5
P6
1
A
8
P8
P7
P
1
4
D
INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
String length MORE than D
P2
P3
P4
P1
4 to p
2
6
7
P5
1
8
p8
1
P7
P6
165 mm
(more than D)
D
INVOLUTE OF A CIRCLE
String length LESS than D
P2
P3
P1
4 to p
P4
2
6
7
P5
P6
P7
1
P
8
1
4
150 mm
(Less than D)
D
INVOLUTE OF A PENTAGON
l
5l
Thread should be taut
48
INVOLUTE OF
COMPOSIT SHAPED POLE
Calculate perimeter length
P1
P
1 to P
P2
P3
3 to P
3
2
1
A
3
D/2
P4
P5
P6
DEFINITIONS
CYCLOID:
SUPERIOR TROCHOID:
INFERIOR TROCHOID.:
If it is inside the circle
EPI-CYCLOID
HYPO-CYCLOID.
4
3
p3
5
C
p2
C1
p5
C2
C3
C4
p1
1
CYCLOID
C5
C6
C7
p6 C
8
p7
p8
P
D
Point C (zero radius) will not rotate and it will traverse on straight line.
4
p3
p5
p2
C1
C
6 2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7
C8 p6
p7
1
p1
7
P
p8
p4
4
3
5
C
p
p2
C1
6
p5
C2
C3
C4
p1
INFERIOR
TROCHOID
C5
C6
C7p6
C8
p7
7
P
p8
CYCLOID
SUPERIOR TROCHOID
INFERIOR
TROCHOID
54
EPI CYCLOID :
PROBLEM: Draw
Solution Steps:
EPI CYCLOID
Generating/
Rolling Circle
C2
6
EPI-CYCLOID
r = CP
Directing Circle
= r 3600
R
O
PROBLEM : Draw
HYPO CYCLOID
P
P1
6
P2
P3
2
3
P4
P5
r
3600
R
P8
P6
P7
CYCLOID
SUPERIOR TROCHOID
INFERIOR
TROCHOID
58
Interpenetration of Solids /
Intersection of Surfaces /
Lines & Curves of Intersection
More points common to both the solids
Basic required knowledge:
~ Projections of Solid
~ Section of Solid
59
Section of Solid
For TV
SECTION
PLANE
Interpenetration
of Solids
Lines & Curves
of Intersection
Intersection
of Surfaces
Apparent Shape
of section
SECTION LINES
(450 to XY)
SECTIONAL T.V.
61
Square Pipes.
Circular Pipes.
Square Pipes.
Curves of Intersections.
Circular Pipes.
62
T
F
T
F
75
63
75
Guidelines
Interpenetration of solids produce closed loops
which may be made straight lines or curves.
Two lines intersect at a point common to both the lines.
Two surfaces intersect along a line/curve common to both
surfaces.
What is expected?
Projection of solid 1.
Projection of solid 2 with given position w.r.t.
solid.
Finding common points on solid 1 and solid 2.
Joining common points in proper sequence to get
desired line/curve of intersection.
Correcting/finalizing the orthographic projections.
65
66
Problem:
13
c
X
Projections
of
Find lines ofof
Solid
1. critical
Solid2.
Missing
intersection
points at which
Y curve changes
direction.
67
2
Problem. SQ.PRISM (30 mm base sides and 70mm axis ) STANDING & SQ.PRISM (25
mm sides and 70 mm axis) PENETRATING. Both axes intersects & bisect each other. All
faces of prisms are equally inclined to Vp. Draw projections showing curves of
intersections.
24
a
b
d
13
a
d
b
d
Y
4
68
Problem: A vertical cone, base diameter 75 mm and axis 100 mm long, is completely
penetrated by a cylinder of 45 mm diameter and axis 100 mm long. The axis of the cylinder is
parallel to Hp and Vp and intersects axis of the cone at a point 28 mm above the base. Draw
projections showing curves of intersection in FV & TV. in I angle projection system
o
1
2
8,2
3
7,
a bh
cg
2
3
7
64
df e
fh
ae
bd
28
c
g
h
Mistakes !!
a
d
c
69
Problem: Vertical cylinder (80 mm diameter & 100 mm height) is completely penetrated by a
horizontal cone (80 mm diameter and 120 mm height). Both axes intersect & bisect each other.
Draw FV & TV projections showing curve of intersections in I angle projection system.
7
6 8
1 5
2 4
3
Y
1
28
37
Intersection of a
curve with
another !!!!
Generator lines..
46
5
70
Problem. SQ.PRISM (30 mm base sides and 70mm axis; faces equally inclined to VP )
STANDING & SQ.PRISM (25 mm sides and 70 mm axis) PENETRATING. Both axes
Intersect & bisect each other. Two faces of penetrating prism are 300 inclined to Hp. Draw
projections showing curves of intersections in I angle projection system.
24
13
a
f
f
e
b
c
300
d"
b"
71
Problem: A vertical cylinder 50mm dia. and 70mm axis is completely penetrated by
a horizontal triangular prism of 45 mm sides and 70 mm axis. One flat face of
prism is parallel to Vp and Contains axis of cylinder. Draw projections showing
curves of intersections in I angle projection system.
24
13
a
b
c
d
e
e
f
Y
4
72
Problem: CONE (cone70 mm base diameter and 90 mm axis ) STANDING & SQ.PRISM PENETRATING
(BOTH AXES VERTICAL)
2
1
3
5
4
6
a bh
cg
df
g
8
h
9
10
e
2
5
3
4
c
5 mm OFF-SET
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
A1 B1 =20= C1 D1 = E1 F1
Front view
may be
utilized for
development
83
50
k
i
h
a
T
f
d
45o
a'
Cylinder cut by
three planes
b'
e'
d'
g'
f'
E
A B
15o
I
J
100
21
11
31
41
1 71
51 6
x50
10
11 12
84
A Rectangle
D
H= Height D= base diameter
Prisms:
No.of Rectangles
H= Height
S = Edge of base
85
Ex:
Development by Faces:
Front (Rear)
Right (Left..Symmetry)
Top (Bottom..
Symmetry)
Complete development.
DOTTED LINES are never
shown on development
86
Parallel-line development
2.
L= Slant edge.
S = Edge of base
87
88
FRUSTUMS
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF CONE
DEVELOPMENT OF
FRUSTUM OF SQUARE PYRAMID
Base side
Top side
R 3600
L
Important points.
If the slant height of a cone is equal to its diameter of base then its development is
a semicircle of radius equal to the slant height.
90
Ex:
91
4, d
2, b
92
4, d
2, b
93
Intersection of
Plane & Pyramid.
Development of
resulting lateral
truncated Pyramid
2
4
D
C
BT
1T
Develop
1-D-A-2-1
2-A-B-3-2
3-B-C-4-3
1-D-C-4-1
BB
4
A D
o
3
94
2
95
g
h
f
Oblique prism
c
j
a
a'
b
b
Parallel
c'
a
g' h
i'
j'
g
i
g
96
Draw the development of an oblique circular cylinder with base diameter 30 mm and
axis inclined at 75o with the base. Height of the cylinder is 50 mm
Divide the surface of the cylinder into equal parts as shown, with
the generator lines parallel to the end generators
30
g
G
F
T
F
a
E
D C
A
B
A A
50
G
75o
a' a
A1
A1
g
a
A1
97
Oblique Cone
98
3.
99
Transition
Pieces
Triangulation Method:
A
L= Slant edge.
S = Edge of base
F
T
b
a
O
101
2, 8 1
a, b
c
1/8 of
circumference
b
3
2
1
5
8
7
d
8 1
B
I angle projection
103
R 3600
L
104
Development of
Sphere/Hemisphere
using Lune Method
50% circumference
25% circumference
105