The authors generally appears to be inductive in his reasoning, as he provides

the start of specific supports with two evidences and attempts to generalize. For
instance, claiming that large area of Bangladesh have become too salty for
agriculture. Also, the. Also, the lack of water has affected China in food
production. The author concludes that the availability of land for food production
start to decline. Paragraph 1 presents an example of inductive reasoning.
The author is trying to convince the readers to improve and instill recycling habit
as social lifestyle and develop new approach in which to put a price on recyclable
items. Thus, the author is purpose is to persuade.
The authors intended audience is Malaysian adults.
The authors tone seems to be concern in his writing, in which he states that
potential vicious cycle of depleting resources, the growing amount of wastes,
damaging pollution from such wastes and, ultimately their impact on the wellbeing society itself.
Inference can be made when the author says about recycling continue to be a
major problem as Malaysian citizens still lacks of clean, hygiene and civil
awareness. He is concluding based on the inference that Malaysian citizens still
living in current lifestyles where throwing rubbish from a car or from the house
into a drain nearby is nearly every days habit and only limited group of people
understand the real concept of recycling. This will cause the country for millions,
wasted resources also polluting consequences.
The author is in favour of putting a price on recyclable items and there are
assumption made by the author. The assumption are creating a transparent
market for discarded materials. He also assumes to publish prices on a regular
basis.
The author also said that Malaysian need more efficient ways of producing and
consuming resources. He uses examples to support his arguments such as:

Example of Japanese culture practice separating garbage at homes

for easy recycling has become cultural habit.

Example of Germany and Norwegian nation makes recycling as their
addicted daily behaviour.

In summary, the author, Dr Ibrahim present mostly opinions and it is not very
objective. On the other hand, the authors stand that many countries have

embraced the 3Rs program, he managed to show some validity by showing some
example. However, it is still weak and unsound due to not offer many facts and
strong supports to back his statements. He also offers no statistical evidence.