Chapter 1 BASIC CONCEPTS OF THERMODYNAMICS ‘Thermodynamics and Energy 1-1€ Classical thermodynamics is based on experimental observations whereas statistical thermodynamics is based on the average behavior of large groups of particles. 1-2C On a downhill road the potential energy of the bicyclist is being converted to kinetic energy, thus the bicyclist picks up speed. There is no creation of energy, and thus no violation of the conservation of energy principle. 1-3C There is no truth to his claim, It violates the second law of thermodynamics. 1-4C Water has zero calories, just like a diet drink, and there is no calorie intake associated with drinking ‘water. No one will gain weight by drinking water. Therefore, the claim is false. Mass, Force, and Acceleration 1-5C. Pound-mass is the mass unit in English system whereas pound-force is the force unit. One pound- force is the force required to accelerate a mass of 32.174 Ibm by 1 fis’. 1-6C There is no acceleration, thus the net force is zero in both cases. 1-7 A plastic tank is filled with water. The weight of the combined system is to be determined. Assumptions The density of water is constant throughout Properties The density of water is given to be p = 1000 kg/m’. Mea KO Analysis ‘The mass of the water in the tank and the total mass are = p¥ = (1000 kg/m*)(0.2 m*) = 200 kg 203 kg Dy + My = 200+: ‘Thus, IN W = mg = (203 kg)(9.807 m/s?) ———, Tkg-m/s 1-8 The interior dimensions of a room are given. ‘The mass and weight of the air in the room are to be determined. Assumptions The density of air is constant throughout the room. Properties ‘The density of air is given to be p= 1.6 kg/m’. Analysis The mass of the air in the room is m= p¥ =(1.16kg/m')(6x6%8 m*) = 334.1 kg Thus, W = mg = (634.1 kgy(9.807 m/2| —N___) - 3277 Tkg:m/s*1-9 The variation of gravitational acceleration above the sea level is given as a function of altitude. The height at which the weight of a body will decrease by 1% is to be determined. Analysis. ‘The weight of a body at the elevation z can be expressed as W = mg = m(9807 332 x10-*2) In our case, W =099W, = 099mg, = 0.99(m)(9.807) Substituting, 0.999.807) = (9.807-3.32x10~z) —> 9,539 m 1-10E. An astronaut took his scales with him to space. It is to be determined how much he will weigh on the spring and beam scales in space. Analysis (a) A spring scale measures weight, which is the local gravitational force applied on a body: Lbf W = mg =(150 Ibm)(5.48 ft/s?) ————__ meek x lean ft/s* ) ass (b) A beam scale compares masses and thus is not affected by the variations in gravitational acceleration. The beam scale will read what it reads on earth, W =150 Ibe 1-11. The acceleration of an aircraft is given in g's. The net upward force acting, on a man in the airerait is to be determined, Analysis From the Newton's second law, the force applied is IN F=ma= m(6g) = (90 kg)(6 x 9.8 m/s” } ———_ I kg-m/s1-12 A rock is thrown upward with a specified force. The acceleration of the rock is to be determined. Analysis The weight of the rock is IN __\_ago5n kg-m/s? W=mg=(5 r@o70m/e( NS Then the net force that acts on the rock is Bei = Fy ~ Fipyy = 130 -48.95 = 101.05 N net = Fay From the Newton's second law, the acceleration of the rock becomes F_1OLOSN( 1 kg-m/s? m— Skg IN J-mam/s 1-13 Gravitational acceleration g and thus the weight of bodies decreases with increasing elevation. The percent reduction in the weight of an airplane cruising at 13,000 m is to be determined. Properties The gravitational acceleration g is given to be 9.807 m/s* at sea level and 9.4175 m/s* at an altitude of 13,000 m Analysis Weigh is proportional to the gravitational acceleration g, and thus the percent reduction in weight is equivalent to the percent reduction in the gravitational acceleration, which is determined from %Reduction in weight = %Reduction in g = 28100 = es 100= 4.0% & Therefore, the airplane and the people in it will weight 4.0% less at 13,000 m altitude, Note: There is a typo in the problem statement. The gravity at 13,000 m altitude is 9.767, not 9.4175 mis*, Will be corrected in the next edition.Systems, Forms of Energy, State, Properties 1-14C As an open system since mass is crossing the boundaries of the system. 1-15C Asa closed system since no mass is crossing the boundaries of the system. 1-16C In electric heaters, electrical energy is converted to sensible internal energy. 1-17€ The forms of energy involved are electrical energy and sensible internal energy. Electrical energy is converted to sensible internal energy, which is transferred to the water. 1-18C The macroscopic forms of energy are those a system possesses as a whole with respect to some outside reference frame. The microscopic forms of energy, on the other hand, are those related to the molecular structure of a system and the degree of the molecular activity, and are independent of outside reference frames. 1-19 The sum of all forms of the energy a system possesses is called total energy. In the absence of magnetic, electrical and surface tension effects, the total energy of a system consists of the kinetic, potential, and internal energies. 1-20C The intemal energy of a system is made up of sensible, latent, chemical and nuclear energies. The sensible internal energy is due to translational, rotational, and vibrational effects. 1-21C Thermal energy is the sensible and latent forms of internal energy, and it is referred to as heat in daily life. 1-22C Intensive properties do not depend on the size (extent) of the system but extensive properties do. 1-23C For a system to be in thermodynamic equilibrium, the temperature has to be the same throughout but the pressure does not. However, there should be no unbalanced pressure forces present. The increasing pressure with depth in a fluid, for example, should be balanced by increasing weight. 1-24C A process during which a system remains almost in equilibrium at all times is called a quasi- equilibrium process. Many engineering processes can be approximated as being quasi-equilibrium. ‘The work output of a device is maximum and the work input to a device is minimum when quasi-equilibrium processes are used instead of nonquasi-equilibrium processes. 1-25C A process during which the temperature remains constant is called isothermal; a process during which the pressure remains constant is called isobaric; and a process during which the volume remains constant is called isochoric, 1-26C. The state of a simple compressible system is completely specified by two independent, intensive properties. 1-27C Yes, because temperature and pressure are two independent properties and the air in an isolated room is a simple compressible system.1-28 A 1000-MW power plant is powered by nuclear fuel, The amount of nuclear fuel consumed per year is to be determined Assumptions 1 The power plant operates continuously. 2 The conversion efficiency of the power plant remains constant, 3 The nuclear fuel is uranium. Properties The complete fission of 1 kg of uranium-235 releases 6.73x10"” ki/kg of heat (given in the text). Analysis Noting that the conversion efficiency is 30%, the amount of chemical energy consumed by the power plant is Energy consumption rate = Power productiowE ficiency = (1000 MWy0.3 = 3333 MW =3.333x10° ki/s Annual energy consumption = ( Energy consumtion rate)(I year) = (8.333 «10° kl/s\(365%24 x 3600 s/year) =1,051x10"* ki/year Noting that the complete fission of uranium-235 releases 6.7310" ky/kg of heat, the amount of uranium that needs to be supplied to the power plant per year is Annual energy consumption Heating value of fuel 6.7310) = 1562 kgiyear 1,051x10" kI/year ° kiike, Annual fuel consumption ‘Therefore, this power plant will consume about one and a half tons of nuclear fuel per year. 1-29 A 1000-MW power plant is powered by burning coal. The amount of coal consumed per year is to be determined Assumptions 1 The power plant operates continuously. 2 The conversion efficiency of the power plant remains constant Properties The heating value of the coal is 28,000 ki/ke. (given). Analysis Noting that the conversion efficiency is 30%, the amount of chemical energy consumed by the power plant is Energy consumption rate = Power production/E ficiency = (1000 MWy/0.3 = 3333 MW =3.333x10° kis Annual energy consumption = (Energy consumtion rate)(1 year) 3.333%10° kM/'s)(365x 243600 s/year) 51x10" ki/year ‘Noting that the heating value of the coal is 28,000 kivkg, the amount of coal that needs to be supplied to the power plant per year is Annual energy consumption _ 1.05110" kJ/year Heating valueof fuel ——=—-28,000ki/ke. =3.754x10" ke/year = 3,754,000 tons/year Annual fuel consumption = Therefore, this power plant will consume almost 4 millions tons of coal per year.1-30 A power plant that bums natural gas produces 0.59 kg, of carbon dioxide CO, per kWh. The amount of CO, production that is due to the refrigerators in a city is to be determined. Assumptions ‘The city uses electricity produced by a natural gas power plant. Properties (1.59 kg, of CO, is produced per kWh of electricity generated (given). Analysis Noting that there are 200,000 households in the city and each household consumes 700 kWh of clectricity for refrigeration, the total amount of CO, produced is determined to be Amount of CO} produced = (Amount of electricity consumed)(Amount of CO. per kWh) = (200,000 household)(700 kWh/household)(0.59 kg/kWh) =826x10" CO, kg/year = 82,600 CO, ton/year Therefore, the refrigerators in this city are responsible for the production of 82,600 tons of CO;, 1-31 A power plant that bums coal, produces 1.1 kg of carbon dioxide CO, per kWh. The amount of CO, production that is due to the refrigerators in a city is to be determined Assumptions: The city uses electricity produced by a coal power plant, Properties 1.1 kg of CO; is produced per kWh of electricity generated (given). Analysis Noting that there are 200,000 households in the city and each household consumes 700 kWh of electricity for refrigeration, the total amount of CO, produced is determined to be ‘Amount of CO» produced = (Amount of electricity consumed)(Amount of CO per kWh) (200,000 household)(700 k Wh/household)(1.1kg/kWh) 154x107 CO, kg/year = 154,000 CO, ton/year ‘Therefore, the refrigerators in this city are responsible for the production of 154,000 tons of CO,.1-32E A household uses fuel oil for heating and electricity for other energy needs. Now the household reduces its energy use by 20%. The reduction in the CO, production this household is responsible for is to be determined, Properties The amount of CO, produced is 1.54 Tom per kWh and 26.4 Ibm per gallon of fuel oil (given). Analysis Noting, that this household consumes 8000 kWh of electricity and 1500 gallons of fuel oil per year, the amount of CO, production this household is responsible for is Amount of CO, produced = (Amount of electricity consumed)(Amount of CO, per kWh) +(Amount of fuel oil consumed)(Amount of CO, per gallon) = (8000 kWh/yr)(1.54 Ibmv/kWh) + (1500 gal/yr)(264 Tbm/gal) 1,920 CO, kglyear Then reducing the electricity and fuel oil usage by 20% will reduce the annual amount of CO, production by this household by 20)(Current amount of CO production) = (0.20)(51,920 CO, kg/yenr) 0,384 CO, kg/year Reduction in CO, produced ‘Therefore, any measure that saves energy also reduces the amount of pollution emitted to the environment. 1-33 A household has 2 cars, a natural gas furnace for heating, and uses electricity for other energy needs. The annual amount of NO, emission to the atmosphere this household is responsible for is to be determined. Properties The amount of NO, produced is 7.1 g per kWh, 4.3 g per therm of natural gas, and 11 kg per car (given). Analysis Noting, that this household has 2 cars, consumes 1200 therms of natural gas, and 9,000 kWh of electricity per year, the amount of NO, production this household is responsible for is Amount of NO, produced = (No. of cars)(Amount of NO, produced per car) + (Amount of electricity consumed)(Amount of NO, per kWh) + (Amount of gas consumed)(Amount of NO, per gallon) = (2cars)(1 1 kg/ear) + (9000 kWh/yr)(0.007 1 kg/kWh) + (1200 therms/yr)(0.0043 kg/therm) =91.06 NO, kg/year Discussion Any measure that saves energy will also reduce the amount of pollution emitted to the atmospherePressure 1-34C. The pressure relative to the atmospheric pressure is called the gage pressure, and the pressure relative to an absolute vacuum is called absolute pressure. 1-35C. The atmospheric air pressure which is the external pressure exerted on the skin decreases with increasing elevation. Therefore, the pressure is lower at higher elevations. As a result, the difference between the blood pressure in the veins and the air pressure outside increases. This pressure imbalance ‘may cause some thin-walled veins such as the ones in the nose to burst, causing bleeding. ‘The shoriness of breath is caused by the lower air density at higher elevations, and thus lower amount of oxygen per unit volume. 1-36 ‘The vacuum pressure reading of a tank is given. The absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined. Properties The density of mercury is given to be p ~ 13,590 kg/m’, Analysis The atmospheric (or barometric) pressure can be expressed as a ‘30kPa ‘ab Pam = PBA = (13,590 kg /:m*)(9.807 m /s?)(0.775 m) a Ikg-m/s =103.3kPa ‘Then the absolute pressure in the tank becomes Pyrg = Pam ~ Prac = 103.3-30 = 733 kPa ahs = Fam ~ Pra 1-37E A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 50 psi, The absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined. © Properties The density of mercury is given to be p = 848.4 Tbm/f?. Pap | S0psia Analysis The atmospheric (or barometric) pressure can be expressed as Fam = PBR Tbe La? = (84 3 2 s ——_—— (848.4 Ibm /£3)(32. rene 8 te s | | = 14.29 psia Then the absolute pressure in the tank is Pray = Page * aage + Pam = 50-+14.29 = 64.29 psi1-38 A pressure gage connected to a tank reads 500 kPa. The absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined Analysis The absolute pressure in the tank is determined from Pag = Paags + Pom = 500+94 = 594 KPa 1-39 A mountain hiker records the barometric reading before and after a hiking trip. The vertical distance climbed is to be determined. Assumptions: The variation of air density and the gravitational acceleration with altitude is negligible. Properties The density of air is given to be p = 1,18 kg/m’. 780 Analysis Taking an air column between the top and the bottom of the mountain and writing a force balance per unit base area, we obtain Wap! A= Paton ~ Pry (28! a = Patan = Pap IN lbar 1.20 ke / m3)(9. /s?)(h)) ———— | ——_—___|_ — 0," CLatiks ero Ie lms lz (0:950—0:780) bar Ityields h= 1289 m which is also the distance climbed, 1-40 A barometer is used to measure the height of'a building by recording reading at the bottom and at the top of the building. The height of the building is to be determined Assumptions The variation of air density with altitude is negligible. Pg = 730 ming Properties The density of air is given to be p = 1.18 kg/m’. Analysis Atmospheric pressures at the top and at the bottom of the building are Foon = (PEM op he? = (13,600 kg/ m3)(9.807 m /s?}(0.730 m} a i Tkg-m/s? | 1000 N/m =97.36 kPa Foro = Pru = 755 mmbig PRAYrox0m IN LkPe 13,600 kg / m°)(9.807 m/s? )(0.755 og ait) = 100.70 kPa RNS " ‘Taking an air column between the top and the bottom of the bi base area, we obtain g and writing a force balance per unit Wain! A= Fronom ~ Bap (28h) aie = Pronaa ~ Prop IN 1kPa 3y9, hy) —1N__ J _1kPa_} _ 100.7097: (118 kg/m3X9.807 m/: vol ali GaN :} (100.70 -97.36) kPa Ityields h=288.6 m which is also the height of the building.1-41 A diver is moving at a specified depth from the water surface. The pressure exerted on the surface of the diver by water is to be determined. Assumptions ‘The variation of the density of water with depth is negligible, Properties The specific gravity of sea water is given to be p= 1.03. The density of water is 1000 kg/m? (Table A-3). ‘Analysis ‘The density of the sea water is obtained by multiplying its specifie gravity by the density of water which is taken to be 1000 kg/m’: P= (2 XPrio) = (1.03)(1000 ke! m?) = 1030 kg / ® ‘The pressure exerted on a diver at 30 m below the free surface of the sea is the absolute pressure at that location: P= Pam + PRM 101 kPa) + (1030 ke/m}(9.807 m/s2)(30 my —EAPA_ 1000 N/m? = 404.0 kPa 1-428 A submarine is cruising at a specified depth from the water surface. The pressure exerted on the surface of the submarine by water is to be determined, Assumptions The variation of the density of water with depth is negligible. Properties The specific gravity of sea water is given to be p, = 1.03. The density of water is 62.4 Tbu/ft (Table A-3E). Analysis The density of the sea water is obtained by multiplying its speeifie gravity by the density of water which is taken to be 62.4 Ibm/f” (= (PMPp,0) = (1.03)(62.4 Ibm / #3) = 64.27 Tom ft The pressure exerted on the surface of the submarine cruising 300 ft below the free surface of the sea is the absolute pressure at that location: P= Pa + PBA Libe Lf? =(147 4.27 Tom / #5)(32.174 fR/ 29300 9] —— | (UAT pata) + 64.27 Thin AYS2. LTA RE oa ae =] = 148.6 psia 1-43 A gas contained in a vertical piston-cylinder device is pressurized by a spring and by the weight of the piston. The pressure of the gas is to be determined. Analysis Drawing the free body diagram of the piston and balancing the vertical forees yield = Py AW + Paring ‘Thus, E ering a Qn misi}= bh PS (a) For mercury, 2 _80KPa (1000 ke ms? 6 Gon Pig (13600 kg/ m3(9, 807 m/s?) 1kPa (b) For water, P, ag? - = 1000 kg /m-s? 816m Puo& (000ka/m\(9.807 m/s) TKPa 4S The gas pressure in a tank is measured by an oil manometer. For a given oil-level difference between the two columns, the absolute pressure in the tank is to be determined. Properties The density of oil is given to be p = 850 kg/m’, Analysis The absolute pressure in the tank is determined from P= Pg + PBK = (98 kPa) + (850 kg /m*)(9.807m /s*}(0.4Sm)} ai 1000 N/m = 101.75 kPa 1-46 The air pressure in a duct is measured by a mercury manometer. For a given mercury-level difference between the two columns, tie absolute pressure in the duct is to be determined. Properties The density of mercury is given to be p = 13,600 kg/m’. Analysis (a) The pressure in the duct is above atmospheric pressure AIR. since the fluid column on the duct side is at a lower level (b) The absolute pressure in the duct is determined from pe P= Py + ph rea +(13,600 kg / m?)(9.807 m/s?)(0.015m —!N___LkPa__ a Tkg-m/s }\ 1000 N/m | = 102.0 kPaTemperature 1-47C The zeroth law of thermodynamics states that two bodies are in thermal equilibrium if both have the same temperature reading, even if they are not in contact. 1-48C They are Celsius(°C) and Kelvin (K) in the SI, and Fahrenheit (°F) and Rankine (R) in the English system, 1-49C Probably, but not necessarily. ‘The operation of these two thermometers is based on the thermal expansion of a fluid. If the thermal expansion coefficients of both fluids vary linearly with temperature, then both fluids will expand at the same rate with temperature, and both thermometers will always give identical readings. Otherwise, the two readings may deviate. 1-50 A temperature is given in °C. It is to be expressed in K, Analysis The Kelvin scale is related to Celsius scale by TKK) = 1(°C) +273 Thus, TK) =37°C +273 = 310K 1-51E_A temperature is given in °C. It is to be expressed in °F, K, and R. Analysis Using the conversion relations between the various temperature scales, TK) = TEC) +273 = 18°C +273 = 291 K TCE) = 187°C) + 32 = (1.818) + 32 = 64.4°F T{R) = TPF) + 460 = 64.4 + 460 = 524.4R 1-52 A temperature change is given in °C. It is to be expressed in K. Analysis This problem deals with temperature changes, which are identical in Kelvin and Celsius scales. Thus, ATK) = AT(PC) = 30K1-53E A temperature change is given in °F. Itis to be expressed in °C, K, and R. Analysis This problem deals with temperature changes, which are identical in Rankine and Fahrenheit scales, Thus, ATR) = ATCF) =27 R ‘The temperature changes in Celsius and Kelvin scales are also identical, and are related to the changes in Fahrenheit and Rankine scales by AT(K) = ATIRY1.8 =27/1.8 = 15K and ATCC) = AT(K) = 15°C 1-54 Two systems having different temperatures and energy contents are brought in contact. The direction of heat transfer is to be determined. Analysis Heat transfer occurs from warmer to cooler objects. Therefore, heat will be transferred from system B to system A until both systems reach the same temperature Biological Systems 1-5SC Metabolism refers to the chemical activity in the cells associated with the burning of foods. The basal metabolic rate is the metabolism rate of a resting person, which is 84 W for an average man. 1-56C The energy released during metabolism in humans is used to maintain the body temperature at 37°C. 1-57C The food we eat is not entirely metabolized in the human body. The fraction of metabolizable energy contents are 95,5% for carbohydrates, 77.5% for proteins, and 97.7% for fats. Therefore, the metabolizable energy content of a food is not the same as the energy released when it is burned in a bomb. calorimeter. 1-88C Yes, Each body rejects the heat generated during metabolism, and thus serves as a heat source. For an average adult male it ranges from 84 W at rest to over 1000 W during heavy physical activity. Classrooms are designed for a large number of occupants, and thus the total heat dissipated by the ‘occupants must be considered in the design of heating and cooling systems of classrooms, 1-59C 1 kg of natural fat contains almost 8 times the metabolizable energy of | kg of natural carbohydrates. ‘Therefore, a person who fills his stomach with carbohydrates will satisfy his hunger without consuming too many calories. 1-60 Six people are fast dancing in a room, and there is a resistance heater in another identical room. The room that will heat up faster is to be determined, Assumptions 1 The rooms are identical in every other aspect, 2 Half of the heat dissipated by people are in sensible form. 3 The people are of average size. Properties An average fast dancing person dissipates 600 Cal/h of energy (sensible and latent) (Table 1-4), Analysis. Three couples will dissipate E= (6 persons)(600 Cal/h.person)(4.1868 kI/Cal) =15,072 ki/h = 4190 W of energy. (About half of this is sensible heat). Therefore, the room with the people dancing will warm up much faster than the room with a 2-kW resistance heater.1-61 Two men are identical except one jogs for 30 min while the other watches TV. The weight difference between these two people in one month is to be determined. Assumptions The two people have identical metabolism rates, and are identical in every other aspect. Properties An average 68-kg person consumes 540 Cal/h while jogging, and 72. Cal/h while watching TV (Table 1-4). Analysis: Au 80-kg, person who jogs 0.5 h a day will have jogged a total of 15 ha month, and will consume 4.1868 kI 80 ke, consumed = [(S40—72) Cal /h](15 h)} = 34,578 k) AB consumed =U 1) Cal /h]C| ( TCal ee} more calories than the person watching TV. The metabolizable energy content of | kg of fat is 33,100 kJ ‘Therefore, the weight difference between these two people in 1-month will be AE, seas 34,578 kI Energy content of fat 33,100 KI /kg Ant gg = 045 kg 1-62. A classroom has 30 students, each dissipating 100 W of sensible heat, It is to be determined if it is necessary to tur the heater on in the room to avoid cooling of the room. Properties Each person is said to be losing sensible heat to the room air at a rate of 100 W. Analysis We take the room is losing heat to the outdoors at a rate of Qrose = (20,000 KI ra(sa8) =5.56kW 8 The rate of sensible heat gain from the students is eon: = (100 W / student)(30 students) = 3000 W = 3 kW which is less than the rate of heat loss from the room. Therefore, it is necessary to turn the heater on to prevent the room temperature from dropping. 1-63 A bicycling woman is to meet her entire energy needs by eating 30-2 candy bars. The number of candy bars she needs to eat to bicycle for I-h is to be determined. Assumptions The woman meets her entire calorie needs from candy bars while bicycling, Properties An average 68-kg person consumes 639 Cal/h while bicycling, and the energy content of a 20-g candy bar is 105 Cal (Tables 1-3 and 1-4). Analysis Noting that @ 20-g candy bar contains 105 Calories of metabolizable energy, a 30-g candy bar will contain 30g Ezaniy = (105 Cal) = aay = (| (3! of energy. Ifthis woman is to meet her entire energy needs by eating 30-g candy bars, she will need to eat -ts1sca 639 Cal/h 157.5 Cal ay =4 candy bars/h1-64 A 55-kg man eats I-L of ice cream. The length of time this man needs to jog to burn off these calories is to be determined. Assumptions The man meets his entire calorie needs from the ice cream while jogging. Properties An average 68-kg, person consumes 540 Cal/n while jogging, and the energy content of a 100- ml of ice cream is 110 Cal (Tables 1-3 and 1-4). Analysis ‘The rate of energy consumption of a 35-kg person while jogging is 540 Cal/ h)| 228.) 437 cal /h 68 kg Noting that a 100-ml serving of ice cream has 110 Cal of metabolizable energy, a |-liter box of ioe cream will have 1100 Calories, Therefore, it will take é conse = ( r= 1i00Cal_ 9 sy 437 Cal/h of jogging to burn off the calories from the ice cream, 1-65 A man with 20-kg of bady fat goes on a hunger strike. The number of days this man can survive on the body fat alone is to be determined. ‘Assumptions 1 The person is an average male who remains in resting position at all times. 2 The man meets his entire calorie needs from the body fat alone. Properties The metabolizable energy content of fat is 33,100 Cal/kg. An average resting person burns calories at a rate of 72 Cal/h (Table 1-4). Analysis The metabolizable energy content of 20 kg of body fat is Egy = (33,100 kJ / kg)(20 kg) = 662,000 kJ ‘The person will consume 4.1868 kl &, Cal sence = (72.Cal/ h)(24 wf } = 7235 kJ / day ‘Therefore, this person can survive = 862,000 ks 7235 kI/ day on his body fat alone. This result is not surprising since people are known to survive over 100 days without any food intake, = 91.5 days1-66 Two 50-kg women are identical except one eats her baked potato with 4 teaspoons of butter while the other eats hers plain every evening, The weight difference between these two woman in one year is to be determined. Assumptions 1 These two people have identical metabolism rates, and are identical in every other aspect. 2 All the calories from the butter are converted to body fat, Properties The metabolizable energy content of | kg of body fat is 33,100 kJ. The metabolizable energy content of | teaspoon of butter is 35 Calories (Table 1-3). Analysis A person who eats 4 teaspoons of butter a day will consume &, consumed = (35 Cal/ teaspoon)(4 teaspoons/ aay( S582) =51,100 Cal year year Therefore, the woman who eats her potato with butter will gain 51,100 Cal (oes kJ mu = 331007 ke\ 1 Cal of additional body fat that year. } 6.5 kg 1-67 A woman switches from I-L of regular cola a day to diet cola and 2 slices of apple pie. It is to be determined if she is now consuming more or less calories. Properties The metabolizable energy contents are 300 Cal for a slice of apple pie, 87 Cal for a 200-ml regular cola, and 0 for the diet drink (Table 1-3). Analysis The energy contents of 2 slices of apple pie and 1-L of cola are B pie =2 x (300 Cal) = 600 Cal =S «(87 Cal) =435Cal Ecoia ‘Therefore, the woman is now consuming more calories.1-68 A man switches from an apple a day to 200-ml of ice cream and 20-min walk every day. The amount of weight the person will gain or lose with the new diet is to be determined. Assumptions All the extra calories are converted to body fat. Properties The metabolizable energy contents are 70 Cal for aan apple and 220 Cal for a 200-ml serving of ice cream (Table 1-3). An average 68-kg man consumes 432 Cal/h while walking (Table 1-4). The metabolizable energy content of | kg of body fat is 33,100 kJ. Analysis The person who switches from the apple to ice cream increases his calorie intake by E ena =220= 10 = 150 Cal The amount of energy a 60-kg person uses during a 20-min walk is =432.ca/920 min Lb \S8)-27 0 E, 60 min 68 ke ‘consumed ‘Therefore, the man now has a net gain of 150 - 127 = 23 Cal per day, which corresponds to 23x30 = 690 Cal per month, Therefore, the man will gain 690 Cal m= 4.1868 kI ‘tnt 33,100 kI/ kg 1Cal } = 0.087 kg of body fat per month with the new diet. (Without the exercise the man would gain 0.569 kg per month). 1-69 The average body temperature of the human body rises by 2°C during strenuous exercise. The increase in the thermal energy content of the body as a resullt is to be determined. Properties The average specific heat of the human body is given to be 3.6 ki/kg.°C. Analysis The change in the sensible internal energy of the body is AU = mCAT = (80 kg)(3.6 kI/kg?C)(2°C) = 576 kI as a result of body temperature rising 2°C during strenuous exercise.1-70 An average American adult switches from drinking alcoholic beverages to drinking diet soda. The amount of weight the person will lose per year as a result of this switch is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The diet and exercise habits of the person remain the same other than switching from alcoholic beverages to diet drinks. 2 All the excess calories from alcohol is converted to body fat. Properties The metabolizable energy content of body fat is 33,100 Cal/kg (text). Analysis when the person switches to diet drinks, he will consume 210 fewer Calories a day. Then the annual reduction in the calories consumed by the person becomes Reduction in energy intake: Eyeaycay = (210 Cal /day)(365 days /year) = 76,650 Cal /year Therefore, assuming all the calories from the alcohol would be converted to body fat, the person who switches to diet drinks will lose Reduction in energy intake _ Eystuces _ 76,650 Cal/yr Reduétion in weight = °°" S SREY Ea Enegy content of fat Cig 33,100 KI kg Ase, 2) 9.70 kg lyr 1Cal or about 21 pounds of body fat that year. 1-71 A person drinks a 12-07 beer, and then exercises on a treadmill. ‘The time it will take to burn the calories from a 12-oz can of regular and light beer are to be determined, Assumptions The drinks are completely metabolized by the body. Properties The metabolizable energy contents of regular and light beer are 150 and 100 Cal, respectively. Exercising on a treadmill burns calories at an average rate of 700 Cal/h (given). Analysis The exercising time it will take to bum off beer calories is determined directly from 100 Cal Regular beer: Abo = = 0.143 1 = 8.6 mi (a) Regular beer: regular beet 99 Cal/h ‘nit 150 Cal Regular beer: An = = 0.214 h= 12.9 mi (6) Regular beer: nde 00 exe min1-72 A person has an alcoholic drink, and then exercises on a cross-country ski machine. The time it will take to burn the calories is to be determined for the cases of drinking a bloody mary and a martini. Assumptions The drinks are completely metabolized by the body. Properties The metabolizable energy contents of bloody mary and martini are 116 and 156 Cal, respectively. Exercising on a cross-country ski machine burns calories at an average rate of 600 Cal/h (given). Analysis The exercising time it will take to burn off beer calories is determined directly from (a) Bloody mary: Atiiccty itary = A 93 h=11.6 min 156 Cal (6) Martini: AL, ——— pvt martin 00 Cal/h 0.26 h = 15.6 min 1-73 A man and a woman have lunch at Burger King, and then shovel snow. The shoveling time it take to burn off the lunch calories is to be determined for both. Assumptions The food intake during lunch is completely metabolized by the body. Properties The metabolizable energy contents of different foods are as given in the problem statement. Shoveling snow burns calories at arate of 360 Cal/h for the woman and 480 Cal/h for the man (given). Analysis The total calories consumed during lunch and the time it will take to burn them are determined for both the man and woman as follows: Man: Lunch calories = 720+400+225 = 1345 Cal, 1345 Cal Shoveling time: Afy.oyeling, man = poe = 2.80 meme se 480 Cal/h Woman: Lunch calories = 330+400+0 = 730 Cal. -_ 730 Cal Shoveling time: Afjovcing, woman S=2.03h 360 Cal/h1-74 Two friends have identical metabolic rates and lead identical lives, except they have different lunches. ‘The weight difference between these two friends in a year is to be determined, Assumptions 1 The diet and exercise habits of the people remain the same other than the lunch menus. 2 All the excess calories from the lunch are converted to body fat. Properties The metabolizable energy content of body fat is 33,100 Cal/kg (text). The metabolizable energy contents of different foods are given in problem statement. ‘Analysis. ‘The person who has the double whopper sandwich consumes 1600 — 800 = $00 Cal more every day. The difference in calories consumed per year becomes Calorie consumption difference = (800 Cal/day)(365 days'yeat) = 292,000 Cal'year Therefore, assuming all the excess calories to be converted to body fat, the weight difference ‘between the two persons after 1 year will be Weight difference = Calorie intake difference _ Aipuixe _ 292,000 Cal / yr (4.1868 kJ = A oe = APSE A |= 36.9 keg ye Enegy content of fat eq «33,100 /kg (Cal or about 80 pounds of body fat per year 1-75E A person eats dinner at a fast-food restaurant. The time it will take for this person to bum off the dinner calories by climbing stairs is to be determined. ‘Assumptions ‘The food intake from dinner is completely metabolized by the body Properties The metabolizable energy contents are 270 Cal for regular roast beef, 410 Cal for big roast beef, and 150 Cal for the drink, Climbing stairs burns calories at a rate of 400 Cal/h (given). Analysis ‘The total calories consumed during dinner and the time it will take to burn them by climbing stairs are determined to be Dinner calories = 270+410+150 = 830 Cal. 830Cal__ 5 og Stair climbing time: 4¢=—————_= 2, ir climbing time: Gk 4-76 Three people have different lunches. The person who consumed the most calories from lunch is to be determined Properties ‘The metabolizable energy contents of different foods are 530 Cal for the Big Mac, 640 Cal for the whopper, 350 Cal for french fries, and 5 for each olive (given). Analysis The total calories consumed by each person during lunch are: Person 1: Lunch calories = 530 Cal Person Lunch calories = 640 Cal Person 3: Lunch calories = 350+5xS0 = 600 Cal Therefore, the person with the Whopper will consume the most calories.Review Problems 1-77 A helium balloon tied to the ground carries 2 people. The acceleration of the balloon when it is first released is to be determined. Assumptions The weight of the cage and the ropes of the balloon is negligible. Properties The density of air is given to be p = 1.16 kg/m’, The density of helium gas is 1/7th of this, Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is Voattoon = 473 13-= 42(5 m)3/3 = 523.6 m3 Fin = Peir&¥ratioon = (1.16 kg/m)(9.807 m/s?)(523.6 ms The total mass is 1.16 Me = Pre =|S* kg/m? (523.6 m!) = 86.8 ke Monat = Mfe + Mpeapte = 86.842 X70 = 226.8 kg The total weight is 2224.2 IN We= = (226.8 kg)(9.807 m /s?)} ———__ Mt = 226.8 keg)(9.807 m Ze He, Thus the net force acting on the balloon is Fes = Fy —W = 5986.5 — 2224.2 = 3732.3N Then the acceleration becomes Ft _ 3732.2.N(1kg-m/s? Mt 226.82 (IN1-78 A balloon is filled with helium gas. The maximum amount of load the balloon can carry is to be determined. Assumptions ‘The weight of the cage and the ropes of the balloon is negligible. Properties The density of air is given to be p= 1.16 kgm’. The density of helium gas is 1/7th ofthis. ‘Analysis in the limiting case, the net force acting on the balloon will be zero. That is, the buoyancy foree and the weight will balance each ather: W=mg= Fy wn, fa 59565 a7 akg ‘el "@ 9.80Tm/s) Thus, Mcaple = Marat ~ "Mie = 607-4 — 86.8 = 520.6 kp,1-79 A barometer is used to measure the altitude of a plane relative to the ground, The barometric reading, at the ground and in the plane are given, The altitude of the plane is to be determined Assumptions The variation of air density with altitude is negligible. Properties The density of air is given to be p = 1.20 kg/m’. Analysis Atmospheric pressures at the location of the plane and the ground level are Prine =(P BP) pte 690 mm a - IN LkPa = (13,600 kg / m°}(9.8 m/ $20,690 mS | ra m/s 91.96 kPa 2 he? Ferount = (PB) grout va bs 753 = (13,600 kg/m3)(9.8 m/s?(0.753 my —1N__|_1kPa__ ay Tkg-1n/ }\ 1000 N/m 100.36 kPa Taking an air column between the airplane and the ground and writing a force balance per unit base area, we obtain Wei! A= Persunit ~ Prteie (WBA)air = Fgponnd ~ Ppiene (1.20 ke /m)(9.8 m/ (S| ae) = (100.36 -91.96) kPa Tkg-m/s? Ityields h=714m which is also the altitude of the airplane.1-80 A 10-m high cylindrical container is filled with equal volumes of water and oil. The barometer is used to measure the altitude of a plane relative to the ground, The pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the container is to be determined, Properties The density of water is given to be p = 1000 kg/m’. The specific gravity of oil is given to be 0.85 Analysis The density of the oil is obtained by multiplying its specific gravity by the density of water, 2 = (Px)(Pxio) = (0.85)(1000 kg / m?) = 850 kg/m? ‘The pressure difference between the top and the bottom of the cylinder is the sum of the pressure differences across the two fluids, AP nat = APou + AP oeaer = (28M + (8M) water = [(850 kg /n* (9.807 m /s?)(5 m) + (1000 kg/m*(9.807 m/s?)(5 m)] SPE 1000 N/mm = 90.7 kPa 1-81 ‘The pressure of a gas contained in a vertical piston-cylinder device is measured to be 500 kPa. The mass of the piston is to be determined. Assumptions ‘There is no frietion between the piston and the cylinder. i Analysis Drawing the free body diagram of the piston and balancing the vertical forces yield LLL oa wg mg =(P—Pay)A P ‘m)(9.807 m/s?) = (500 - 100 kPa)(30x 10-4 m? (asin) Wane Ityields m= 122.4 kg 1-82 The gage pressure in a pressure cooker is maintained constant at 100 kPa by a petcock. The mass of the petcock is to be determined. Assumptions ‘There is no blockage of the pressure release valve. Analysis Atmospheric pressure is acting on all surfaces of the petcock, which balances itself out. Therefore, it can be disregarded in calculations if we use the gage pressure as the cooker pressure, A force balance on the petcock (2F, = 0) yields We PyageA Page _ (100 kPay(a x 10% (08 sain) g 9.807 m/s 1kPa = 0.0408 kg1-83 A glass tube open to the atmosphere is attached to a water pipe, and the pressure at the bottom of the tube is measured. It is to be determined how high the water will rise in the tube. Properties The density of water is given to be p = 1000 kg/m’, Analysis The pressure at the bottom of the tube can be expressed as P= Pin (PEM rte Cpe Solving for h, jal Pm, = (115-92) kPa Ikg-m/s? 1000 N/m’ ps (1000 kg /m3)(9.8 m/s?) IN 1kPa | =2347 m a oe —— 1-84 The average atmospheric pressure is given a Py, = 101325(1~0.022562)8256 where z is the altitude km. The atmospheric pressure at various locations are to be determined. Analysis The atmospheric pressure at various locations is obtained by substituting the altitude z values in kam into the relation Pm = 101.325(1 -0.022562)5256 Atlanta: (Z= 0.306 km): Py, = 101.325(1 - 0,02256%0,306)'2 Denver: z= 1K J: Ps = 101.325(1 - 0.02256%1.610)* ** M. City: (2= 2.309 km): Py,, = 101.325(1 - 0.02256%2.309)°* Mt. Ev.: (z= 8.848 kin): P,,, = 101.325(1 = 0.02256x8.848)'* = 31.4 kPa1-85 The gravitational acceleration changes with altitude. Accounting for this variation, the weights of a body at different locations are to be determined. Analysis The weight of an 80-kg man at various locations is obtained by substituting the altitude z (values in m) into the relation W = mg = (80 k¥)(9.807-3.32«10-%: m/s?}] —N _ 1 kg-m/s* Sea level: (z=0 m); W = 80x(9,807-3.32x10%X0) = 809,807 = 784.6 N Denver: (z= 1610 m): W = 80x(9.807-3.32x10%% 1610) = 80x9.802 Mt. Ev.: (z= 8848 m): W = 80x(9.807-3.32x10°x8848) = 809,778 = 782.2 N 1-868 The efficiency of a reftigerator increases by 3% per °C rise in the minimum temperature, This increase is to be expressed per °F, K, and R rise in the minimum temperature. Analysis The magnitudes of 1 K and 1°C are identical, so are the magnitudes of 1 R and 1°F. Also, a change of | K or 1°C in temperature corresponds to a change of 1.8 R or 1.8°F. Therefore, the increase in efficiency is (a) 3% for each K rise in temperature, and (b), (@) 3/1.8 = 1.67% for each R or °F rise in temperature. 1-87E. The boiling temperature of water decreases by 3°C for each 1000 m rise in altitude. This decrease ‘in temperature is to be expressed in °F, K, and R. Analysis The magnitudes of 1 K and 1°C are identical, so are the magnitudes of | Rand 1°F., Also, a change of 1 K or 1°C in temperature corresponds to a change of 1.8 R or 1.8°F. Therefore, the decrease in the boiling temperature is (a) 3K for each 1000 m rise in altitude, and (b), (c) 3«1.8 = 5.4°F for each 1000 m rise in altitude. L-88E. The average body temperature of a person rises by about 2°C during strenuous exercise. This increase in temperature is to be expressed in °F, K, and R. Analysis The magnitudes of 1 K and 1°C are identical, so are the magnitudes of | R and 1°F. Also, a change of 1 K or 1°C in temperature corresponds to a change of 1.8 R or 1.8°F, Therefore, the rise in the body temperature during strenuous exercise is @2K (b) 2x18 =3.6°F (©) 2x1.8=3.6R1-89E Hyperthermia of 5°C is considered fatal. This fatal level temperature change of body temperature is to be expressed in °F, K, and R. Analysis The magnitudes of | K and 1°C are identical, so are the magnitudes of 1 Rand I°F. Also, a change of 1 K or 1°C in temperature corresponds to a change of 1.8 R or 1,8°F. ‘Therefore, the fatal level of hypothermia is @) 5K (b) Sx1.8=9°F (©) 5x18=9R 1-90E. A house is losing heat at a rate of 3000 kW/h per °C temperature difference between the indoor and the outdoor temperatures. The rate of heat loss is to be expressed per °F, K, and R of temperature difference between the indoor and the outdoor temperatures. Analysis The magnitudes of | K and 1°C are identical, so are the magnitudes of | R and 1°F. Also, a change of | K or 1°C in temperature corresponds to a change of 1.8 R or 1.8°F, Therefore, the rate of heat loss from the house is (a) 3000 kJ/h per K difference in temperature, and (b), (©) 3000/1.8 = 1667 kJ/h per R or °F rise in temperature. 1-91 The average temperature of the atmosphere is expressed as 7,,,, = 288.15 ~ 6.5z where z is altitude in km. The temperature outside an airplane cruising at 12,000 m is to be determined. Analysis Using the relation given, the average temperature of the atmosphere at an altitude of 12,000 m is determined to be = 288.15 - 6.52 288.15 - 6.5x12 = 210.15 K = - 63°C ‘ion This is the “average” temperature. The actual temperature at different times can be different.1-92 A new “Smith” absolute temperature scale is proposed, and a value of 1000 $ is assigned to the boiling point of water, The ice point on this scale, and its relation to the Kelvin scale are to be determined. Analysis All linear absolute temperature scales read zero at absolute zero pressure, and are constant multiples of each other, For example, T(R) = 1.8 T(K). That is, multiplying a temperature value in K by 1.8 will give the same temperature in R. The proposed temperature scale is an acceptable absolute temperature scale since it differs from the other absolute temperature scales by a constant only. The boiling temperature of water in the Kelvin and the Smith scales are 315.15 K and 1000 K, respectively. Therefore, these two temperature scales are related to each other by KAS 1000 373.15 1000 T(S) = ——— 1(K) = 2.6799 T(K s) 373.15, © a ‘The ice point of water on the Smith scale is T(Scz = 2.6799 T(K) ce = 2.6799%273..15 = 732.0 1-93 A man is considering buying a 12-0z steak for $3.15, or a 320-g steak for $2.80. The steak that is a better buy is to be determined. Assumptions The steaks are of identical quality. Analysis To make a comparison possible, we need to express the cost of each steak on a common basis. Let us choose | kg as the basis for comparison. Using proper conversion factors, the unit cost of each steak is determined to be $3.15) (16 02 1 lbm 12 oz) 1 Ibm / | 0.45359 kg $2.80 ) ( 1000 g — || —= | = $8.75/k; Gre kg } * ‘Therefore, the steak at the international market is a better buy. $9.26 / kg 12 ounce steak: Unit Cost 320 gram steak: Unit Cost1-94 Milk is transported from Texas to California in a cylindrical tank. The amount of milk in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions Milk is mostly water, and thus the properties of water can be used for milk. Properties ‘The density of milk is the same as that of water, p = 1000 kg/m’. Analysis Noting that the thickness of insulation is 0.05 m on all sides, the volume and mass of the milk in a full tank is determined to be Veyine = (DP /4)L; =[a(1.9 mm)? /4](69 m) = 19.56 mi aging = P¥ ine = (1000 kg, /m2)(19:56 m2) = 19,560 ke ‘The volume of the milk in gallons is Vy = (1956 ws (2etr a 1-95 The thermal conductivity of brick wall in SI units is 0.72 W/m.°C. It is to be converted to English units in Btu/h.ft°F. Analysis The conversion factors for W and m are straightforward, and are given in conversion tables to be W = 3.41214 Btu/h and 1m = 3.2808 But the conversion of °C into °F is not so simple, and it can be a source of error if one is not careful, Perhaps the first thought which comes to mind is to replace °C by (°F - 321.8 since T(°C) = [T@F) - 32)/1.8. But this will be wrong since the °C in the unit W/m.°C represents per °C change in temperature, Noting that 1°C change in temperature corresponds to 1.8°F, the proper conversion factor to be used is C=1.8°F Substituting, we get 3.41214 Btu/h (3.2808 f(1.8 °F) Lw/m.ec = 05778 Biu/b.ft.°F which is the desired conversion factor. Therefore, the thermal conductivity of the brick in English units is 172, W/m.2C = 0,72 x 0.5778 Btu/ h.ft.°F 42. Btu /h. ft. F vice1-96 An expression for the equivalent wind chill temperature is given in English units, It is to be converted to SI units, Analysis The required conversion relations are | mph = 1,609 km/h and T{°F) = 1.87(°C) + 32. The first thought that comes to mind is to replace T(°F) in the equation by its equivalent 1.87(°C) + 32, and in mph by 1.609 km/h, which is the “regular” way of converting units. However, the equation we have is not a regular dimensionally homogeneous equation, and thus the regular rules do not apply. The V in the equation is a constant whose value is equal to the numerical value of the velocity in mph. ‘Therefore, if V is given in km/h, we should divide it by 1.609 to convert it to the desired unit of mph. That is, Tesi F) = 914 [914 Trani (° FIIIOATS~0.0203(V / 1.609) +0.304V7 71,609] or (°F) = 914 [91.4 — Loajeg (© FLOATS 0001267 +0.240V¥ ] where / is in km/h. Now the problem reduces to converting a temperature in °F to a temperature in °C, using the proper convection relation: 18Toq,iy(@C)+32 = 914 [914 — (BT antic (°C) +32)][0475— 0.01267 + 0.24007 ] which simplifies to Teguiy(® ©) = 38.0 = (33.0 ~ Tayi (0.475 0.01260 + 0.2407) where the ambient air temperature is in °C. 1-97 The thrust developed by the jet engine of a Boeing 777 is given to be 85,000 pounds. This thrust is to be expressed in N and kgf Analysis Noting that 1 bf = 4.448 N and | kgf = 9.807 N, the thrust developed can be expressed in two other units as 4.A48N ibe Lket 9.807 N ‘Thrust in N: Thrust = (85,000 we ) = 378,080 N ‘Thrust in kgf Thrust = (378,080 wf Je sassa kgf1-98 A 100-kg man decides to lose 5 kg by exercising without reducing his calorie intake. The number of days it will take for this man to lose 5 kg is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The diet and exercise habits of the person remain the same other than the new daily exercise program. 2 The entire calorie deficiency is met by buming body fat. Properties The metabolizable energy content of body fat is 33,100 Cal/kg (text). Analysis. ‘The energy consumed by an average 68-kg adult during fast-swimming, fast dancing, jogging, biking, and relaxing are 860, 600, 540, 639, and 72 Cal/h, respectively. The daily energy consumption of this 100-kg man is [(860+-600+540 +639 Cal/h)(1 h) +(72 Cal /h)(20 nae } = 5999 Cal ‘Therefore, this person burns 5999-3000 = 2999 more Calories than he takes in, which corresponds to 38 ke Men _ 2999 Cal_( 4.1868 KI) _ 33,100 /kg\ 1Cal of body fat per day. Thus it will take only Ske i = ——_ = = 13.2d: 0.38 kg/ day ame for this man to lose 5 kg. 1-99 ‘The range of healthy weight for adults is usually expressed in terms of the body mass index (BMI) in W(kg) Hm)" pounds and the height in inches. Sl unitsas = BMI= This formula is to be converted to English units such that the weight is in Analysis Noting that | kg = 2.2 Ibm and | m =39.37 in, the weight in Ibm must be divided by 2.2 to convert it to kg, and the height in inches must be divided by 39.37 to convert it to m before inserting them into the formula. Therefore, wabm) HP (in?) Wks) wlbm)/2. Hom?) H*(in*)/(39.37) Every person can calculate their own BMI using either SI or English units, and determine if it is in the healthy range. BMI = 05:Chapter 2 PROPERTIES OF PURE SUBSTANCE Pure Substances, Phase Change Processes, Phase Diagrams 21C Yes. Because it has the same chemical composition throughout. 2.2€ A liquid which is about to vaporize is saturated liquid; otherwise it is compressed liquid. 2-3C A vapor which is about to condense is saturated vapor: otherwise it is compressed vapor. 2-4C No. 2-5C No. 2-6C Yes. The saturation temperature of a pure substance depends on pressure. The higher the pressure, the higher the saturation or boiling temperature. 2-7C The temperature will also increase since the boiling or saturation temperature of a pure substance depends on pressure, 2-8C Because one cannot be varied while holding the other constant. In other words, when one changes, so does the other one. 29C At critical point the saturated liquid and the saturated vapor states are identical. At triple point the three phases of a pure substance coexist in equilibrium. 2-10C Yes. 2-11C Case (c) when the pan is covered with a heavy lid. Because the heavier the lid, the greater the pressure in the pan, and thus the greater the cooking temperature 2-12C At supercritical pressures, there is no distinct phase change process. The liquid uniformly and gradually expands into a vapor. At subcritical pressures, there is always a distinct surface between the phases. Property Tables 2-13C A given volume of water will boil at a higher temperature in a tall and narrow pot since the pressure at the bottom will (and thus the corresponding saturation pressure) will be higher in that case, 2-14C A perfectly fitting pot and its lid often stick after cooking as a result of the vacuum created inside as the temperature and thus the corresponding saturation pressure inside the pan drops. An easy way of removing the lid is to reheat the food. When the temperature rises to boiling level, the pressure rises to atmospheric value and thus the lid will come right off. 2-1SC The molar mass of gasoline (CH) is 114 kg/kmol, which is much larger than the molar mass of air which is 29 kg/kmol. Therefore, the gasoline vapor will settle down instead of rising even if itis at a much higher temperature than the surrounding air. As a result, the warm mixture of air and gasoline on top of an open gasoline can will most likely settle down instead of rising in a cooler environment2-16C. Ice can be made by evacuating the air ina water tank. During evacuation, vapor is also thrown out, and thus the vapor pressure in the tank drops, causing a difference between the vapor pressures at the water surface and in the tank. This pressure difference is the driving force of vaporization, and forces the liquid to evaporate. But the liquid must absorb the heat of vaporization before it can vaporize, and it absorbs it from the liquid and the air in the neighborhood, causing the temperature in the tank to drop. The process continues until water starts freezing. The process can be made more efficient by insulating the tank well so that the entire heat of vaporization comes essentially from the water. 2-17C Yes, Otherwise we can create energy by altemately vaporizing and condensing a substance. 2-18C No. Because in the thermodynamic analysis we deal with the changes in properties; and the changes are independent of the selected reference state 2-19C The term hy represents the amount of energy needed to vaporize a unit mass of saturated liquid at a specified temperature or pressure. It can be determined from hg = hy - hy 2-20C Yes; the higher the temperature the lower the hy value. 2-21C Quality is the fraction of vapo superheated vapor region, fa saturated liquid-vapor mixture, It has no meaning, in the 2-22C Completely vaporizing | kg of saturated liquid at | atm pressure since the higher the pressure, the lower the hy, 2-23 Yes. It decresises with increasing pressure and becomes zero at the critical pressure. 2-24C No. Quality is a mass ratio, and it is not identical to the volume ratio. 2-25C The compressed liquid can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the given temperature. Thus Yep SV par 2.26 Complete the following table for H;O: Tc P, kPa vy, m/ kg Phase description 30, 12,349 416 Saturated mixture 120.23 200 0.8857. Saturated vapor 250 400 0.5951 ‘Superheated vapor 10 600 0.001052 Compressed liquid 2-276 Complete the following table for H; O: LF P, psia v, ft /Ibm Phase description 250 29.82 851 Saturated mixture 227.96 20 196.19 Saturated liquid 500 120 1174.2 Superheated vapor 400 400 374.27. Compressed liquid2-28 Complete the following table for HO: T, °C. P, kPa hy kJ/kg x Phase description 136.30 325) 1435.57 oa Saturated mixture 160 C178. 1682, 0.469 Saturated mixture 179.91 950 762.81 0.0 ‘Saturated liquid 80 500) 334.91 Compressed liquid 350 800 31617, ‘Superheated vapor 2-29 Complete the following table for Refrigeramt-134a: Te P, kPa vm / kg Phase description -12 600 0.007498 ‘Compressed liquid 20 571.60 0.022 Saturated mixture 2.48 320 0.0632 Saturated vapor 100 600 0.04790 ‘Superheated vapor 2-30 Complete the following table for Refrigeram-134a Te P, kPa uy ki kg, Phase description 30 770.06 120 Sanerated mixture 4 217.04 39.38 Saturated liquid 56.88 400 300 Superheated vapor 8 600 60.43 Compressed liquid 2-31E Complete the following table for Refrigerant-134a TF Py psi h, Btu / ibm x Phase description 58.35 70 a 0.426 Saturated mixture 20 33.137 78.549 Saturated mixture 10 70 14.66 Compressed liquid 160 180 128.77 ‘Superheated vapor He 161.04 115.96 ‘Saturated vapor 2.32 Complete the following table for HO: P, kPa vy, me / kg Phase description 2321 0.53 Saturated mixture 1000 0.001127. Saturated liquid 730 0.001003. Compressed liquid 2709 0.130 Superheated vapor2-33 Complete the following table for HO: £2 P, kPa i kd kg Phase description 136.30. 325, 2452 Saturated mixture 170 791.7 2576.35 Saturated vapor 190, 2000 806.19 Compressed liquid 466.7 4000 3040 Superheated vapor 2-34E The temperature in a pressure cooker during cooking at sea level is measured to be 250°F. The absolute pressure inside the cooker and the effect of elevation on the answer are to be determined. Assumptions Properties of pure water can be used to approximate the properties of juicy water in the cooker. Properties The saturation pressure of water at 250°F is 29.82 psia (Table A-SE). The standard atmospheric pressure at sea level is 1 atm = 14.7 psia. Analysis The absolute pressure in the cooker is simply the saturation pressure at the cooking temperature, Pygee, = 29.82 psia on 250"F 20 Itis equivalent to 20 Latm Pops = 29.82 ool The elevation has no effect on the absolute pressure inside when the temperature is maintained constant at 250°F. 2.03 atm 2-35E The local atmospheric pressure, and thus the boiling temperature, changes with the weather conditions. The change in the boiling temperature corresponding to a change of 0.3 in of mercury in atmospheric pressure is to be determined, Assumptions Properties of pure water can be used to approximate the properties of juicy water in the cooker, Properties The saturation pressures of water at 200 and 212°F are 11.529 and 14.698 psia, respectively (Table A-SE), One in, of mercury is equivalent to | inkig = 3.387 kPa = 0.491 psia (inner cover page). Analysis A change of 0.3 in of mercury in atmospheric pressure corresponds to P03 inHg 0.491 psi inky AP = (0.3 inHg) = 0.147 psia At about boiling temperature, the change in boiling temperature per | psia change in pressure is determined using data at 200 and 212°F to be AT 212-200)°F AP (14,696 ~ 11.529) psia Then the change in saturation (boiling) temperature corresponding to a change of 0.147 psia becomes 3.789 °F/psia ATreiting = (3.789 ° F /psia)AP = (3.789 °F | psia)(0.147 psia) = 0.56°F which is very small. Therefore, the effect of variation of atmosphei negligible, pressure on the boiling temperature is2.36 A person cooks a meal in a pot that is covered with a well-fiting lid, and leaves the food to cool to the room temperature. It is to be determined if the lid will open or the pan will move up together with the lid ‘when the person attempts to open the pan by lifting the lid up. Assumptions 1 The local atmospheric pressure is 1 atm = 101.325 kPa, 2 The weight of the lid is small and thus its effect on the boiling pressure and temperature is nealigible. 3 No air has leaked into the pan during cooling, Properties The saturation pressure of water at 20°C is 2.339 kPa (Table A-4). Analysis Noting that the weight of the lid is negligible, the reaction force Fon the lid after cooling. at the pan-lid interface can be determined from a force balance on the lid in the vertical direction to be PA = PawwA + F or, F = (Pay ~ P) = (AD? 14\( Pa — PY 2 = HOS 01325-2339) Pa Pp He = 6997 m*Pa=6997 N (since | Pa = | N/m?) Pan = 1 atm ‘The weight of the pan and its contents is Zl W = mg = (8 kg(9.8 mis?) =78N which is much less than the reaction force of 6997 N at the pan-lid interface. Therefore, the pan will move up together with the lid when the person attempts to open the pan by lifting the lid up. In fact, it looks like the lid will not open even if the mass of the pan and its contents is several hundred kg. 2-37 Water is boiled at sea level (1 atm pressure) in a pan placed on top of @ 3-kW electric burner that transfers 60% of the heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined. Properties The properties of water at | atm and thus at the saturation temperature of 100°C are Ag, = kikkg (Table A-4). 57 Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is Vapor Q 160 x3 KW = 18 kW Noting that it takes 2257 KI of energy to vaporize | kg of saturated liquid water, the rate of evaporation of water is determined to be Q __18kI/s gg 2257 KITKR 0.80 x 10° kg /s =2.87 kg/h Frevaporion 40%2-38 Water is boiled at 1500 m (84.5 kPa pressure) in a pan placed on top of a 3-kW electric burner that transfers 60% of the heat generated to the water. The rate of evaporation of water is to be determined, Properties ‘The properties of water at 84.5 kPa and thus at the saturation temperature of 95°C are hy, = Analysis The net rate of heat transfer to the water is, rs Q=0.60x 3 kW =1L8 kW 95°C Noting that it takes 2270.2 KJ of energy to vaporize | kg of saturated liquid water, the rate of evaporation of water is determined to be Oo LB KI /s yy 2270.2 kJ/kg m, = 0.79 «107 kg/s = 2.85 kesh evaporation 2-39 Water is boiled at | atm pressure in a pan placed on an electric burner, The water level drops by 10 em in 30 min during boiling, The rate of heat transter to the water is to be determined Properties ‘The properties of water at | atm and thus at a saturation temperature of Ty = 100°C are fig = 2257 kJ/kg and vy = 0.001044 m/kg (Table A-4). Analysis The rate of evaporation of water is Vesan — OD? (4)L _ |x(0.2 my? /41(0.10 m) Mera = 3.009 ki ea vy; 0.001044 e ta Mevag ki Iitgjgp = 3.009 ke _ 9.00167 kg/s Ar 350x608 ‘Then the rate of heat transfer to water becomes O= Mtevapht Q> Miter = (0.00167 kg/s)(2257 kJ/kg) = 3.77 kW2-40. Water is boiled at a location where the atmospheric pressure is 79.5 kPa in a pan placed on an electric burner. The water level drops by 10 em in 30 min during boiling. The rate of heat transfer to the water is to be determined. Properties The properties of water at 79.5 kPa are Ty: = 93.2°C, /iig = 2275 kikg and vj = 0.001038 m'/ke (Table A-5). Analysis The rate of evaporation of water is ¥, 2 tena (aD? AL _ | x(0 (A010) _ 5.097 ky 10 a v, 0.001038. a Gi i kPa 3 Mevay 27 ke Meoap: _ 3027 KB _ 9.00168 kg/s At 3060s Then the rate of heat transfer to water becomes Fitevaps = Fitgyag lpg = (0.00168 kg /s)(2275 KI /kg) = 3.82 kW 2-41 Saturated steam at 7; = 30°C condenses on the outer surface of a cooling tube at a rate of 45 kg/h, The rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The condensate leaves the condenser as a saturated liquid at 30°C. Properties ‘The properties of water at the saturation temperature of 30°C are fi = 2431 ki/kg. Analysis Noting that 2431 kJ of heat is released as | kg of saturated vapor at 30°C condenses, the rate of heat transfer from the steam to the cooling water in the tube is determined directly from = tinea yy = (AS ke HY2ABT KI /kg) = 109,395 kl /h= 30.4 KW 2.42 The average atmospheric pressure in Denver is 83.4 kPa. The boiling temperature of water in Denver is to be determined. Analysis The boiling temperature of water in Denver is the s atmospheric pressure in Denver which is 83.4 kPa: uration temperature corresponding to the ray; av 4 Wo = 944°C2-43 The boiling temperature of water in a 5-cm deep pan is given. ‘The boiling temperature ina 40-cm deep pan is to be determined, Assumptions Both pans are full of water. Properties The density of liquid water is approximately p~ 1000 kg/m’. Analysis The pressure at the bottom of the 5-cm pan is the saturation pressure corresponding to the boiling temperature of 98°C: P=P. are: = 94.63 kPa The pressure difference between the bottoms of two pans is 1kPa AP = pgh= (1000 kg/m'X9.8 m/s?}(0.35 m) — pah=( MeO. Siont kX ome 43 kPa Then the pressure at the bottom of the 40-cm deep pan is 4 P= 94.63 + 3.43 = 98.06 kPa 40cm ‘Then the boiling temperature becomes 5 —_ Fooitin 2-44 A cooking pan is filled with water and covered with a 4-kg lid, The boiling temperature of water is to be determined. Analysis The pressure in the pan is determined from a force balance on the lid, Pauw PA = Pail + W Pam 101 kPa maa 4 ke or m Pe Py tee am + ; i = (ii kPay + 4 B@C9-807 m/s") __1 kPa I lh (0.1m)? 1000 kg /m-s? P = 102.25 kPa ee The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure, T= Tay av02 25404 = 100.2°C2-45 A vertical piston-cylinder device is filled with water and covered with a 20-kg piston that serves as the lid, The boiling temperature of water is to be determined. Analysis The pressure in the cylinder is determined from a force balance on the piston, PA = Pay + W or, mg in P= Pei + | 2 = = (101 kPa CORBO-807 mis) aye ‘liom ) = 120.61 kPa wn oak P The boiling temperature is the saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure, wom T= Tai @iyerira = 104.6°C 2-46 A rigid tank that is filled with saturated liquid-vapor mixture is heated. ‘The temperature at which the liquid in the tank is completely vaporized is to be determined, and the 7-v diagram is to be drawn, Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = V/m = constant). and the specific volume is determined to be HO r 2 75°C Vv m: m Ske 0.5 m3/kg ‘When the liquid is completely vaporized the tank will contain saturated vapor only. ‘Thus, =0.5 m? /kg 2 Vp = Vy The temperature at this point is the temperature which corresponds to this v, value, 1 T= Tory, -asussg = 140.7°C2-47 A rigid vessel is filled with refrigerant-134a, The total volume and the total internal energy is to be determined. Properties The properties of R-134a at the given state are (Table A-13).. P= 900 kPa 4 = 288.87 I /ky Re134a T=80°C v = 0.02861 m*/kg 2kg 900 kPa Analysis The total volume and internal energy are determined from 80°C V = mv = (2 kg(0.02861 m3 /kg) = 0.05722 m* 2. kg)(288.87 kJ/kg) = 577.74 kJ U=mm 2-48E_ A rigid tank contains water at a specified pressure. The temperature, total enthalpy, and the mass of each phase are to be determined. Analysis (a) The specific volume of the water is Sift y 1.063 ibm. m= S5ibm At 20 psia, ve = 0.01683 ft'lbm and v, = 20.09 fi'/lbm. Thus the tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture since v;< v < v,. and the temperature must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure, T=T, = 227.96°F ar 20 psia (b) The quality of the water and its total enthalpy are determined from =¥y~ — 10—0.01683 x =< = 0.0490 Vj_ 20.09-0.01683 h= hy + xMy =196.26 + 0.049 x 960) = 243.3 Btu/Ibm te ce 5lbm H = mh = (5 lbm)(243.3 Biu /Ibm) = 1216.5 Btu 20 psia (c) The mass of each phase is determined from My xm, = 0.049 x5 = 0.245 Ibm 5-0.245 = 4.755 Ibm my =m, +m,2-49 A rigid vessel contains R-134a at specified temperature. The pressure, total intemal energy, and the volume of the liquid phase are to be determined Analysis (a) The specific volume of the refrigerant is 05m = 282 0.05 mike ven 10kg = At -20°C, vj = 0.0007361 mivkg and v, ~ 0.1464 m’/kg, ‘Thus the tank contains saturated liguid-vapor mixture since vj /kg) = 0.00487 m? mv 2-50 A piston-cylinder device contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water at 800 kPa pressure. The mixture is heated at constant pressure until the temperature rises to 350°C. The initial temperature, the total of water, the final volume are to be determined, and the P-v diagram is to be drawn. Analysis (a) Initially two phases coexist in equilibrium, thus we have a saturated liquid-vapor mixture. ‘Then the temperature it the tank must be the saturation temperature at the specified pressure, T=Tya@ eons =170.43 “C (Table A-5) (b) The total mass in this case can easily be determined by adding the mass of each phase, ¥, 3 my == Ol" ___99.69kg Vy 0.001115 m3 /ke 3 — 0m __ aang 0.2404 m’ /kg Mm, my + thy = 89.69 43.74 = 93.43 kg (© At the final state water is superheated vapor, and its specific volume is 800 kPa } waa ait agorc 3544 m? /kg (Table A-6) va mV = (93.43 kg)(0.3544 m> /kg) = 33.1 m32-SIE Superheated water vapor cools at constant volume until the temperature drops to 250°F. At the final state, the pressure, the quality, and the enthalpy are to be determined. Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = /m = constant), and the initial specific volume is determined to be A = 180 psia P 7, = 500°F i 3.042 £07 fim (Table A-6E) At 250°F, vy = 0.017011 ft'/lbm and v, = 13.826 ft'/lbm. Thus at the final state, the tank will contain saturated liquid-vapor mixture since ve Pig @ 2s) Which can be approximated as a saturated liquid at the specified temperature, Vy = Vy qagc: = 0.001003 m3 /kg fl Ih = hpqursee = 104.89 KS / kg, ° 2 (a) The mass is determined from 1 H,0 E 25°C 0.050 ms = =——____ = 49.85 ky Pe my; 0.001003 mi /kg 3 y Sones (b) At the final state, the cylinder contains saturated vapor and thus the final temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final pressure, T= Tye soon = 133.55°C (c) The final enthalpy is hy = hy,q sco ure ~ 2725.3 Ki/kg. Thus, AH = m(hy ~ hy) = (49.85 kg)(2725.3 — 104.89) kJ / kg = 130,627 kJ2-53 A rigid vessel that contains a saturated liquid-vapor mixture is heated until it reaches the critical state. The mass of the liquid water and the volume occupied by the liquid at the initial state are to be determined. Analysis This is a constant volume process (v= V/m = constant) to the critical state, and thus the initial specific volume will be equal to the final specific volume, which is equal to the critical specific yolume of water, ¥) = 0) = vy = 0.003155 m3 /kg (last row of Table A-4) The total mass is = 158.48 kg T & At 100°C, ve= 0.001044 m’/kg and vy, = 1.6729 m'/kg. ui ‘Then the quality of water at the initial state is ii 7 3155 — = LLL _ 0.008155 0.001044 _ 9 on 1963 Ve 1.6729 — 0.001044 v ‘Then the mass of the liquid phase and its volume at the initial state are determined from my = (1-2), = (1—0.001263)(158.48) = 158.28 kg Vy =myv, = (158.28 kg)(0.001044 m3 / kg) = 0.165 m32-54 The properties of compressed liquid water at a specified state are to be determined using the compressed liquid tables, and also by using the saturated liquid approximation, and the results are to be compared, Analysis Compressed liquid can be approximated as saturated liquid at the given temperature. Then from Table A-4, TH 100°C = v= Mp yy 0.001044 m7 / kg (0.76%error) US Upagygg¢ = 418.94 kd / kg (.01% error) h 419.04 kS/ kg (2.61%error) Fayaurc From compressed liquid table (Table A-7), y =0.0010361m>/ ky, P=ISMPa | * ‘ are | u=414.74kl/ kg n=430.28 kJ/kg ‘The percent errors involved in the saturated liquid approximation are listed above in parentheses. 2-55E A rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of R-134a. The quality and total mass of the reftigerant are to be determined. Analysis At 30 psia, ve = 0.01209 f/lbm and v, ~ 1.5408 fr'/lbm. The volume occupied by the liquid and the vapor phases are Vy = 15 8 and 13.503 R-134a ‘Thus the mass of each phase is 16 3 30 psia my — 15 tags ibm aa 0.01209 f13/ Ibm 5 ft} My 1a = 8.76 bm vy, 1.5408 #8 /Ibm Then the total mass and the quality of the refrigerant are mn, = my + mg = 124.1 +8.76 = 132,86 Ibm 6 ——_ = 0.0659 32.862-56 Superheated steam in a piston-cylinder device is cooled at constant pressure until half of the mass condenses, The final temperature and the volume change are to be determined, and the process should be shown on a 7-v diagram. Analysis (b) At the final state the cylinder contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture, and thus the final temperature must be the saturation temperature at the final pressure, r Taree atta = 179.91 C (c) The quality at the final state is specified to be 20 The specific volumes at the initial and the final states are 300°C P, =10MPa oc i= = 3 7. =300°C } ¥, =02579 m*/ kg, Vp= Vy PX Vip = 0.001127 +05 x(019444—0.001 127) = 0.0978 m*/kg OMPa \ . Thus, AV =m(v —v,)=(08 kg}(0.0978 - 0.2579) m? kg =—0.128 m* 47 The water in a rigid tank is cooled until the vapor starts condensing, The to be determined. | pressure in the tank is, vim Analysis This is a constant volume process (v the final specific volume which is constant), and the initial specific volume is equal to 3k Te pave 2019405 m3 kg, 2 300 sirice the vapor starts condensing at 180°C. HO Then from Table A-6, Ti= 300°C P=? 190 7, =300°C 2 3 P,=1.325MPa v, = 0.194005 m3 /kg 1 vVapor Pressure and Phase Equilibrium 2-58 A glass of water is left in a room. The vapor pressures at the free surface of the water and in the room far from the glass are to be determined, Assumptions ‘The water in the glass is at a uniform temperature, Properties The saturation pressure of water is 2.339 kPa at 20°C, and 1.703 kPa at 15°C (Table A-4). Analysis The vapor pressure at the water surface is the saturation pressure of water at the water temperature, ier urice = Pusey, = Peiarsee = 1-7087 kPa Noting that the air in the room is not saturated, the vapor pressure in the room far from the glass is Prat = Pranary, = PPansaoec = (0.6)(2.339 kPa) = 1.4034 kPa 2-59 The vapor pressure in the air at the beach when the air temperature is 30°C is claimed to be 5.2 kPa. The validity of this claim is to be evaluated. Properties ‘The saturation pressure of water at 30°C is 4.246 kPa (Table A-4). Analysis The maximum vapor pressure in the air is the saturation pressure of water at the given temperature, which is oF Po max = Pav ra, = Puraitec = 4246 KPa which is less than the claimed value of 5.2 kPa. Therefore, the claim is false.2-60 The temperature and relative humidity of air over a swimming pool are given. The water temperature of the swimming pool when phase equilibrium conditions are established is to be determined. Assumptions ‘The temperature and relative humidity of air over the pool remain constant. Properties ‘The saturation pressure of water at 20°C is 2.339 kPa (Table A-4). Analys! ‘The vapor pressure of air over the swimming pool is P, sic = PPaaer,, = PPamse20re = (0.42339 kPa) = 0.9356 kPa Phase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the water surface equals the vapor pressure of air far from the surface. Therefore, z sir = 0.9356 kPa ‘water surface = and sap) 9856 KP Tooter = Trove, Discussion Note that the water temperature drops to 5.8°C in an environment at 20°C when phase equilibrium is established. 2-61 Two rooms are identical except that they are maintained at different temperatures and relative humidities. The room that contains more moisture is to be determined. Properties. The saturation pressure of water is 2.339 kPa at 20°C, and 4.246 kPa at 30°C (Table A-4). Analysis The vapor pressures in the two rooms are Room 1: Py, = 4, Puror, =¢1 Pararrore = (0-4)(4.246 kPa) = 1.6984 kPa Room 2: 6373 kPa 2 Proper, = 92Praneanrc = (0.7(2.339 kPa) = Therefore, room | at 30°C and 40% relative humidity contains more moisture.2-626 A thermos bottle half-filled with water is left open to air in a room at a specified temperature and pressure, The temperature of water when phase equilibrium is established is to be determined Assumptions ‘The temperature and relative humidity of air over the bottle remain constant. Properties The saturation pressure of water at 70°F is 0.3632 psia (Table A-4E). Analysis The vapor pressure of air in the room is Poin = PPrateriy, = PPaerrooe = (0.35)(0.3632 D.1271 psia Phase equilibrium will be established when the vapor pressure at the water surface equals the vapor pressure of air far from the surface. Therefore, a, water surtace ~ 1, aie = 041271 psia and % fwater = Tane, = Tavieo201 pia = AVF Discussion Note that the water temperature drops to 41°F in an en equilibrium is established nment at 70°F when phase 2-63 A person buys a supposedly cold drink in a hot and humid summer day, yet no condensation occurs on the drink. The claim that the temperature of the drink is below 10°C is to be evaluated. Properties The saturation pressure of water at 35°C is 5.628 kPa (Table A-4), Analysis The vapor pressure of air is Prin = Prcar,, = PPavossee (0.7)(5.628 kPa) = 3.9396 kPa The saturation temperature corresponding to this pressure (called the dew-point temperature) is Tey = Ty 7 ha = wer, BPC ‘91 @3 9396 kPa That is, the vapor in the air will condense at temperatures below 28.7°C. Noting that no condensation is observed on the can, the claim that the drink is at 10°C is false.Ideal Gas 2-64C Propane (molar mass = 44.1 kg/kmol) poses a greater fire danger than methane (molar mass = 16 kg/kmol) since propane is heavier than air (molar mass = 29 kg/kmol), and it will settle near the floor. Methane, on the other hand, is Highter than air and thus it will rise and leak out. 2465C A gas can be treated as an ideal gas when it is at a high temperature or low pressure relative to its critical temperature and pressure. 2-66C R, is the universal gas constant which is the same for all gases whereas R is the specific gas constant which is different for different gases, These two are related to cach other by R = Ry /M, where M is the molar mass of the 2-67C. Mass m is simply the amount of matter; molar mass iM is the mass of one mole in grams or the mass of one kmol in kilograms. ‘These two are related to each other by m = NM, where N is the number of moles. 2-68. A balloon is filled with helium gas. The mole number and the mass of helium in the balloon are to be determined, Assumptions At specified conditions, helium behaves as an ideal gas. Properties ‘The universal gas constant is R, = 8.314 kPa,m'/kmol.K. The molar mass of helium is 4.0 kg/kmol (Table A-1). Analysis The volume of the sphere is voter Anam? =113.04 m3 3 3 Assuming ideal gas behavior, the mole numbers of He is determined from PY (200 kPa)(113.04 m3) kmol-K)(293 K) 9.28 kmol ‘Then the mass of He can be determined from m= NM = (9.28 kmol)(4.0 kg / kmol) = 37.15 kg,2-69 An automobile tire is inflated with air. The pressure rise of air in the tire when the tire is heated and the amount of air that must be bled off to reduce the temperature to the original value are to be determined. Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, 2 The volume of the tire remains constant, Properties. ‘The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPa.m’/kg.K (Table A-1). Analysis Initially, the absolute pressure in the tire is P= P+ Py =210+100=310 kPa ‘Treating air as an ideal gas and assuming the volume of the tire to remain constant, the final pressure in the tire can be determined from RY _ BY 7 Bp 323K 298K BR h "4 (310 kPa) = 336 kPa Thus the pressure rise is AP = P,P = 336-310 = 26 kPa 0.05 8 25°C ‘The amount of air that needs to be bled off to restore pressure to its original value is ae é —ai By (310 kPay(0.025 m? matt G10 KPa}0.025 mm") __ 9 9606 by RT, (0.287 kPa-m> /kg-K\(298 K) B10 25m GIO KPANO.O25 mp oga6 ag (0.287 kPa-m?/ka-K)(323 K) Am=m — my = 0.0906 —0.0836 = 0.0070 kg 2-70E An automobile tire is under inflated with air, The amount of air that needs to be added to the tire to raise its pressure to the recommended value is to be determined, Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, 2 The volume of the tire remains constant. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.3705 psia.ft'/lbm.R (Table A-1E). Analysis The initial and final absolute pressures in the tire are 4 s # P) = Py + Pai = 20 + 14.6 = 34.6 psia “denn Ps Peat Pam = 30+ 14.6 = 44.6 psia x BL= 20 py Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial mass in the tire is —AIR (34.6 psiaX0.53 £3), =e = 0,0900 Ibm RT (0.3705 psia- fi / Ibm-RY550 R) m, Noting that the temperature and the volume of the tire remain constant, the final mass in the tire becomes BY (44.6 psia(0.53f) ys 160 tom ™ = "Re > (9.3705 psla-f1¥/ Ibm-RYS50R) ‘Thus the amount of air that needs to be added is Am = nty — 1m, = 0.1160~ 0.0900 = 0,0260 Ibm2-71 The pressure and temperature of oxygen gas in a storage tank are given, The mass of oxygen in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions At specified conditions, oxygen behaves as an ideal gas Properties ‘The gas constant of oxygen is R = 0.2598 kPa.m'/kg.K (Table A-1). Analysis The absolute pressure of O; is ® P= P+ Pegg = 500 +97 = 597 kPa Treating O; as an ideal gas, the mass of Os in tank is determined to be _ PV (597 kPa)(1.2. m3) _ RT (0.2598 kPa-m3 /kg-K\297 K) m 9.28 kg 2-728, A rigid tank contains slightly pressurized air. The amount of air that needs to be added to the tank to raise its pressure to the recommended value is to be determined. Assumptions 1 At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas, 2 The volume of the tank remains constant, Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.3705 psia.ft/lbm.R (Table A-1E). Analysis Treating air as an ideal gas, the initial volume and the final mass in the tank are determined to be m RT, _ (20 bm)(0.3705 psia- {3 /Ibm-R)(530 R) ROO psia AY __@Spsiah( 105.4 Ry _ RE, (0.3705 psia- fi2 /Ibm- RY(S50 R) = 196.4 fe = 33.73 Ibm im Thus the amount of air added is ‘Aim = my ~ m, = 33.73 20.0 = 13,73 Ibm2-73. A rigid tank contains air at a specified state. The gage pressure of the gas in the tank is to be determined. Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPam'/kg.K (Table A-1E). Analysis Treating ait as an ideal gas, the absolute pressure in the tank is determined from 3 8 py = MRT. _ (0 kw)(0.287 kPa a HegK)Q98K) _ 969 1 xpa Vv 0.8m Thus the gage pressure is Py = P— Pyy = 1069.1-97 = 972.1 kPa Gm 26°C P 2-74 Two rigid tanks connected by a valve to each other contain air at specified conditions. The volume of tank and the final equilibrium temperature when the valve is opened are to be determined. Assumptions At specified conditions, air behaves as an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPam’/kg.K (Table A-1E). Analysis Let's call the first and the second tanks A and B. Treating air as an ideal gas, the volume of the second tank and the mass of air in the first tank are determined to be (5 kg)(0.287 kPa-m3 / kg-K)(08 K) _ =2.21 m3 200 kPa 3 my —__600kRal(1.0'm*) _ 5 a6 (0.287 kPa-m} /kg-K)(298 K) Thus, Va Vg+Vy =1.04221=3.21 ms m= mi) +my = 5.846 +5.0 = 10.846 kg 7 Then the final equilibrium pressure becomes sm kg. p, = MRE, _ 10.846 k)(0287 kPa! /K8-1)293 5) _ a4 1 py 3.21m3Compressibility Factor 2-75C It represent the deviation from ideal gas behavior. The further away it is from 1, the more the gas deviates from ideal gas behavior. 2-76C. All gases have the same compressibility factor Z at the same reduced temperature and pressure, 2-T71C Reduced pressure is the pressure normalized with respect to the critical pressure; and reduced temperature is the temperature normalized with respect to the critical temperature, 2-79 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the steam tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-I R= 0.4615 kPa: m/kg-K, Ty = 647.3 K, Py, = 22.09 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 4615 kPa-m' /ke RT _ {0.4615 kPa-m* he: KX673 K) _ gosi66 m3 /kg (17.6% error) P (10,000 kPa) (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), nfo its : ce oe Z=084 10 MPa 673K 400°C = 1.04 673K Thus, V = (ZV 4g) = (0.84)(0.03 106 m5 / kg) = (c) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6), P=10MPa } 1.02609 m3/ kg (12% error) 0.02640 m* /kg 00°C2-79 The specific volume of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of reftigerant-134a are, from Table A-1, R= 0.08149 kPam'/ke-K, Taq = 374.25 K, P= 4.067 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, , 9 kPa-m3 /kg- EE DE eee GTS _ ppp iseutieg (08% error) P 1,400 kPa (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), P__1AMPa R-134a Pym i od "RP, 4.067 MPa enuey 1.4 MPa , = 140°C Tye te SK Lion Ty 37A25K Thus, (22% error) ZV Vident) = (0-89)(0.02404 m’ / kg) = 0.02140 m3 / ke (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13), E we | v= 0.02189 m?/kg T=140°C2-80 The specific volume of nitrogen gas is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the compressibility chart, The errors involved in these two approaches are also to be determined. Properties ‘The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of nitrogen are, from Table Al, R = 0.2968 kPa /ke'K, Te= 126.2 K, P= 3.39 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, RT _ (0.2968 kPa-m*/kg-K)(150 K) = 0.004452 m3 / kg 86.4% Pp 10,000 kPa wes : se (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), JOMPa _ 9 MP. fo MPa Z=054 AS 150K =119 10 MPa 1262K * 150 K ‘Thus, V = (ZV pg!) = (0.54)(0.004452 m3 / ky) = 0.002404 m3 /kg. (0.7% error) 2-81 The specific volume of steam is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, ard the steam tables, The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined. Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1, R= 0.4615 kPam/keK, Ty, = 647.3 K, P., = 22.09 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, SA = 0.14364 m3 /kg (8.1% error) 20 4.6 MPa Z=0935 225°C Thus, = (ZMVjaeo)) = (0.9350. 14364 m3 / kg) = 0.13430 m3 / kg (11% error) (©) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6), 6 MPa = 228°C } v= 0.13287 m3 /kg2-82E The temperature of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined. Properties The gas constant. the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from Table A-1E. R= 0.10517 psia-ft'/Ibm-R, = 673.65 R, P., = 390 psia Analysis (3) From the ideal gas equation of state, _ Py _ (400 psia)(0.1386 f° / Ibm) =S27.2R R (010517 psia: ft? / Ibm-R) (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30a), P__ 400 psia eR, 300 psia 0.678 Maul ___—_—(0.1386 RT! Py (0.10517 p: Ibm )(590 psia) -fU" / Ibm -R)(673.65 R) Thus, T= Ty Ty, =103 x 673.65 = 693.9 R (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E), P=400 psia v= 01386 08 / Ibm \ es)2-83 The pressure of R-134a is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the compressibility chart, and the R-134a tables. The errors involved in the first two approaches are also to be determined Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of refrigerant-134a are, from ‘Table A-l, R= 0.08149 kPam*kerk, Tee= 37425 K, Pi.= 4.067 MPa Analysis The specific volume of the refrigerant is 01677 m , ya DTT eo C1GF7 Hi he R-134a m 0.01677 (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, nel 110°C Packt TREKS RT _ (0.08149 kPa-m} (kg K)VG383 K) _ 1961 keg v 0.01677 m kg (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), SE 23.023 Py =039 Thus, P= P,P, = 0.39 x 4067 = 1586 kPa (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13), t y 1o°C F P= 1600 kPa 0.01677 m' / kg 2-84 Somebody claims that oxygen gas at a specified state can be treated as an ideal gas with an error less than 10%. The validity of this claim is to be determined, Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of oxygen are, from Table A-1, T,=1848K and PB, =5.08 MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig, A-30), P __3MPa Pye = =0591 Pp, 5.08 MPa aah T _ 160K a Oe = 5 Tea 3 MPa ‘ 160K Then the error involved can be determined from error = Mutt = 1 -)-1_ 26.06% v Zz 0.79 ‘Thus the claim is false.2-85 The % error involved in treating CO; at a specified state as an ideal gas is to be determined, Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of CO; are, from Table A-1, T,=308.2K and P, =7.39 MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig. 4-30), 3MPa = 0.406 Z=080 COs 3MPa 10°C 2-86 The % error involved in treating CO, at a specified state as an ideal gas is to be determined. Properties The critical pressure, and the critical temperature of COp are, from Table A-1. Ty =304.2K and P, = 7.39 MPa Analysis From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30), - B _ SMPa P, 739MPa— T _ 350K Pe 0.677 CO Z=084 5 MPa 350 K T, 3042K Then the error involved in treating CO, as an ideal gas is = 0.190 or 19.0% error al 0.84Other Equations of State 2-87C The constant @ represents the increase in pressure as a result of intermolecular forces; the constant b represents the volume occupied by the molecules. They are determined from the requirement that the critical isotherm has an inflection point at the critical point. 2-88 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas, van der Waals, and Beattie-Bridgeman equations. ‘The error involved in each case is to be determined. Properties The ges constant, molar mass, critical pressure, and critical temperature of nitrogen are (Table Al) R= 0.2968 kPam'kg:K, -M=28.013 ke/kmol, = 126.2 K, P= 33.90 MPa Analysis The specific volume of nitrogen is Vv _327m* 3 sae = 0.0327 m* /k; m 100kg & Sa 0.0327 m°/kg (a) From the ideal gas equation of state. 225K RT _ (0.2968 kPa-m* /kg-K)(225 K) ; = 2042 KPa (2.1% error) v 0.0327 m3 /kg. (b) The van der Waals constants for nitrogen are determined from _ 27R Tes _ (27)40.2968 kPa-m? /kg-K)?(126.2 K) OAR, (6413390 kPa) RT, _ (0.2968 kPa: 8A, 8x 3390 kPa 0.175 m® -kPa/ke? */kg-K)(126.2 K) _ .00138 m* kg Then, RT a __0.2968x225 0.175 — = 1969 KPa (1.6% error) vb vy? 0.0327-0.00138 (0.0327) (c) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are determined ftom Table A-29a to be A=A,| 1-2) =136.2315| 1 \- V 0.9160 oat) 0.05084 =a, vos e=4.2x104 mK" /kmol since ¥ = Mv = (28.013 kg/kmol)(0.0327 m4 /kg) = 0.9160 nr /kmol . Substituting, RT, ¢ \ 4 P 1 T+B ( md. ) 5 2x10" 32.33 = 83104235); __ 42x10" _ lo sico+0 82399 _ 1989 kPa (06% error) (0.9160 ( 0.9160% 225 (0.9160)2-89 The temperature of steam in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, van der Waals equation, and the steam tables. The error involved in the first two cases is to be determined. Properties The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of steam are (Table A-1) R= 04615 PamkeK, T= 647.3 K, = 22.09 MPa Analysis The specific volume of steam is si : 1m” _..9.3520'm? /kg Ha mm 2841 kg im < nies 2 2.841 kg (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, Sah (>) The van der Waals constants for steam are determined from 272 5 kPa-m? /kg+K)* ga ZIRT _ 710.4615 Pam” /kg-K) (647-3 6) _ 1 394 99 -kPa lke? AP, (64)(22,090 kPa) Pasm? /kg- p — Rls. _ (0.4615 kPa-m? /kg-KV6473 K) _ 9 99169 m3 /kg BP. 090 kPa ‘Then, aes Rov? to 352 — 0.00169) = 465.9 K (e) From the superheated steam table (Tables A-6), P=0.6 MPa 52m? kg } T=200°C (473K)2.90E The temperature of R-134a in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the van der Waals equation, and the refrigerant tables, The error involved in the first two cases is to be determined, Properties The gas constant, critical pressure, and critical temperature of R-134a are (Table A-1) R=0.1052 psia ft’ Ibm-R, Te = 673.65 R, Pe. = 590 psia Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, Py _ (100 psia)(0.4761 £0 /Tom) T= : R 0.1052 psia- lt? /Ibm-R = 452.6R (b) The van der Waals constants for the refrigerant are determined from Eq. 2-24 to be 27R'T2 _ (270.1052 psia-ft? /Ibm-R)26 589 f° -psia/ Ibm? on, (64)(590 psia) ).1052 psia-ft* + RY(673.65 (0.1052 psia tt? Albom RX673.65 8) _ 9 6159 03 /tbm 8 x 590 psia Then, i \e-o= 1/109 +228? _ |o.4761-0.0150) = 507.7 0.1052 (0.4761)? (c) From the superheated refrigerant table (Table A-13E), P = 100 psia 88 Riba } T=120°F (580 R)2-91 The pressure of nitrogen in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation and the Beattie-Bridgeman equation. The error involved in each case is to be determined. Properties The gas constant and molar mass of nitrogen are (Table A-1) R= 0.2968 kPam'/kg:K and M= 28,013 ke/kmol ‘Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, 50 K) 1063 kPa (6.3% error) 0.041884 m3 /kg (b) The constants in the Beattie-Bridgeman equation are determined from Table A-29a to be a= at 2) =162319{1 222817) 123.188 1.1733 Ne p= a{1-2) = 0.05046 1°" | - 05076 GngiBes. V 1.1733 mlkg ¢=4.2«104 m-K?/kmol eo since V = Mv = (28.013 kg/ kmol)(0.041884 m3 / kg) = 1.1733 m? |kmol . Substituting, __ 42x04 1.1733 «150° Jos + 0.05076) ~ ; (1.1733) © (1.1733)? =1000.4kPa (negligible error)Review Problems 2-92 A smoking lounge that can accommodate 15 smokers is considered. The required minimum flow rate of ait that needs to be supplied to the lounge is to be determined. Assumptions. Infiltration of air into the smoking lounge is negligible. Properties The minimum fresh air requirements for a smoking lounge is given to be 30 L/s per person. Analysis The required minimum flow rate of air that needs to be supplied to the lounge is determined directly from b ‘i ex peson (NO. of persons) 30 L/s:person)(15 persons) = 450 L/s= 0.45 m?/s 2-93 The minimum fresh air requirements of a residential building is specified to be 0.35 air changes per hour. The size of the fan that needs to be installed and the diameter of the duct are to be determined. Analysis. ‘The volume of the building and the required minimum volume flow rate of fresh air is Ting = 7220. 4H = 21S 830g 44,1) 172.8 tom Vroom 12.5ft/Ibm dry air Vir per person The volume flow rate of fresh air can be expressed as (No. of persons) = (30 L./s-person)(15 persons) = 450 L/s= 0.45 m*/s A= V(aD? 14) Solving for the diameter D and substituting, ay fa _ [av _ [4089/3600 m°/8) _ 6 196 my ™ a(6 m/s) Therefore, the diameter of the fresh air duct should be at least 10.6 cm if the velocity of air is not to exceed 6 mis. D2-94 The pressure in an automobile tire increases during a trip while its volume remains constant. The percent increase in the absolute temperature of the air in the tire is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The volume of the tire remains constant. 2 Air is an ideal gas. Properties The local atmospheric pressure is 90 kPa. Analysis The absolute pressures in the tire before and afer the trip are F; = Page) + Pay = 200 +90 = 290 kPa Py = Paagea + Pay = 220 +90 = 310 KPa feaze.d * Ean = Noting that air is an ideal gas and the volume is constant, the ratio of absolute temperatures after and before the trip are AM q t,_P,_ 310kPa >») ba. aS = 1.069 7, PB 290kPa Therefore, the absolute temperature of air in the tire will increase by 6.9% during this trip.2-95 A hot air balloon with 3 people in its cage is hanging still in the air, air in the balloon for two environment temperatures is to be determined, Assumptions Air is an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa 2K. Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is, Veaitoon = 447 /3=42e(10 my* /3 = 4189. m* ‘The average temperature of the Pew are -. ee ——— = 1.089 kg/m* RT (0.287 kPa-m* /kg- K)(288 K) Fir = Prvotanr Vrain N = (1.089 kg/m? \(9.8 m/s" (4189 m? } ——— | = 44,700 N Tkg-m/s The vertical force balance on the balloon gives Fa = Who ar + Weage + W pope = UM yey car + Meage + peop te VR Substituting, IN 44,700 N = (0h yor ave +80 KE +195 KQVO.8 m s{ Lkg-m/s' which gives Mac cnr = ADBT kg ‘Therefore, the average temperature of the air in the balloon is, mid (20 KPay(4189 m*) pat __SO NG 2) _ mR (4287 ke)(0.287 kPa-m? /kg-K) = 306.5 K Repeating the solution above for an atmospheric air temperature of 30°C gives 323.6 K for the average air temperature in the balloon.2-96 A hot ait balloon with 2 people in its cage is about to take off. The average temperature of the air in the balloon for two environment temperatures is to be determined, Assumptions Air is an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPa.m'/kg.K. Analysis The buoyancy force acting on the balloon is Voatinn = 400? [3 =422(9 m)? /3 = 3054 m* P 93 kPa a oY 137 kg/m? RT (0.287 kPa-m* /kg: K)(285 K) Proot aie = IN ——,, | = 34.025 N Lkg-m/s 1.137 kg/m? )(9.8 m/s?)(3054 m7) = Proved ir @V battens [ ‘The vertical force balance on the balloon gives Fig = Wri air * Wenge + Wrap = (Myo air + Magee + peapte Substituting, 34.025 N= On op +120 kg +140 kgy(9.8 m/s? IN Ikg-m/s? Maga = DADKS Nee which gives Therefore, the average temperature of the air in the balloon is Py (93 kPa}(3054 m*) mR (3212 kg)(0.287 kPa-m? /ke-K) = 308K Repeating the solution above for an atmospheric air temperature of 25°C gives 323 K for the average air temperature in the balloon,2-978 Water in a pressure cooker boils at 250°F. The absolute pressure in the pressure cooker is to be determined. Analysis The absolute pressure in the pressure cooker is the saturation pressure that corresponds to the boiling temperature, P= Pa syyyp = 29-82 posit 2-98 The reftigerant in a rigid tank is allowed to cool, The pressure at which the refrigerant starts condensing is to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram. Analysis This is a constant volume process ( volume is determined to be Vin = constant), and the specific R134a 3 400 kPa =f Wm" “aging m ikg ‘When the refrigerant starts condensing, the tank will contain saturated vapor only, Thus, 1 v2 = ¥y = 0.07 m3 /kg The pressure at this point is the pressure which corresponds to this vg value, =P, coring 70-29 MPa FP2.99 The rigid tank contains saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water. The mixture is heated until it exists in a single phase. For a given tank volume, it is to be determined if the final phase is a liquid or a vapor. Analysis This is a constant volume process (v = 7m = constant), and thus the final specific volume will be equal to the initial specific volume. =H The critical specific volume of water is 0.003155 m/kg. Thus if the final specific volume is smaller than this value, the water will exist asa liquid, otherwise as a vapor. ‘Thus, liquid. ‘Thus, vapor. 2-100 Superheated reftigerant-134a is cooled at constant pressure until it exists as a compressed liquid. The changes in total volume and internal energy are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on & T-v diagram. Analysis The refrigerant is a compressed liquid at the initial state and a superheated vapor at the final state. From Tables A-I1 and A-13, + A=O8MPa | w =252.13K/ke 7, =40°C -y, = 0.02691 m*/kg, } ke R-434a eo 40°C Thus, 0.8 MPa AV = (v5 —v,) = (10 &g)(0.0008157 - 0.0269 1)m? /kg = -0.261 m? and AU = mi{uy ~ 4) = (10 £g)(76.80 = 252.13) kg = 1753.3 kT2-101 Two rigid tanks that contain hydrogen at two different states are connected to each other. Now a valve is opened, and the two gases are allowed to mix while achieving thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. The final pressure in the tanks is to be determined. Analysis Let's call the first and the second tanks A and B. Treating H, as an ideal gas, the total volume and the total mass of H are 4+ Fy =05405=10m) -(28) (600 6PaK03 0) bate RT, , 124 kPa m* {kg-K)(293 K). =, Ri (150 kPa)(0.5 m) | =f] = —_ COS Wo. 060 kg RT), (4.124 Pam? /kg-K)(303 K) m= m1, + my = 0.248 + 0,060 = 0.308 kg Then the final pressure can be determined from ).3¢ 2)(4.12: Pa-m?/] 28 2, _ 0208 ug a4 eg TION p59 ug 2-102 A large tank contains nitrogen at a specified temperature and pressure, Now some nitrogen is allowed to escape, and the temperature and pressure of nitrogen drop to new values. The amount of nitrogen that has escaped is to be determined Analysis Treating N> as an ideal gas, the al and the final masses in the tank are determined to be se ‘ oy = _—_ Nt) __sapovy } RT, (0.2968 kPa-m’ /kg- K)(298 K) i v 3 No ny = BY. _{600 Pa) 20:m) = lig gettes RP, (0.2968 kPa-m? /kgK)(293 K) 25°, 20m? Thus the amount of N; that escaped is Am = my ~ ry =180.9- 138.0 = 42.9 kg2-103 The temperature of steam in a tank at a specified state is to be determined using the ideal gas relation, the generalized chart, and the steam tables, Properties The gas constant, the critical pressure, and the critical temperature of water are, from Table A-1, R=04615kPa-m*/kge-K, 7, =647.3K, PR, = 22.09 MPa Analysis (a) From the ideal gas equation of state, = 15,529 kPa (b) From the compressibility chart (Fig. A-30a), 673 K —— = 1.040 647.3 K He 5 0.02 mikg 5 Vactuat (0.02 m* /kg)(2% 090 kPa) =148 400°C * RT, 1B, (OA615 kPa-m? /kg-K)(647.3 K) ‘Thus, P= PpP,, = 057 «22,000 = 12,591 kPa (c) From the superheated steam table (Table A-6), T= 400°C P= 12,500 kP: 0.02 m? /ke } - 2-104 One section of a tank is filled with saturated liquid R-134a while the other side is evacuated. The partition is remoyed, and the temperature and pressure in the tank are measured. The volume of the tank is to be determined. Analysis The mass of the refrigerant contained in the tank is 3 m 0.0008454 m4 /kg = 1183 kg since ¥, =Vpe@ogmna = 0.0008454 m? /kg At the final state (Table A-13), - Evacuated P,=200KPa | 5 Sy F =25°C vy = 0.11625 m? /kg ‘Thus, mys = (11.83 kg)(0. 11625 m? /kg) = 1.375 m?2-105 A propane tank contains 5 L. of liquid propane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops at the top of the tank and propane starts to leak out. The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to | atm and the amount of heat transferred to the tank by the time the entire propane in the tank is vaporized are to be determined. Properties The properties of propane at I atm are Ty, = -42.1°C, p= S81 kg/m? , and he = 427.8 kik (Table A-3) Analysis The temperature of propane when the pressure drops to 1 atm is simply the saturation pressure at that temperature, T= Toga gm = ALC ‘The initial mass of liquid propane is in = pV’ = (581 kg/m? )(0.005 m>) = 2.905 kg. The amount of heat absorbed is simply the total heat of vaporization, Qurwrned = Milt = (2.905 kg\(427.8 kI/kg) = 1243 kb 2-106 An isobutane tank contains 5 L of liquid isobutane at the ambient temperature. Now a leak develops atthe top of the tank and isobutane starts to leak out. The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 1 atm and the amount of heat transferred to the tank by the time the entire isobutane in the tank is vaporized are to be determined. Properties The properties of isobutane at 1 atm are Tyy = -11.7°C, p= 5938 kg/m? , and hy = 367.1 Ki/kg (Table A-3), Analysis The temperature of isobutane when the pressure drops to 1 aim is simply the saturation pressure at that temperature, TeT, et atm = ~L1T°C The initial mass of liquid isobutane is, m= p¥ = (593.8 kg/m*)(0,005 m*) = 2.969 kg The amount of heat absorbed is simply the total heat of vaporization, Onrrorved = Milt, = (2.969 ky)(367.1 kJ/kg) = 1090 ki2-407 ......2-121 Computer, Design, and Essay Problems 2-108 A claim that fruits and vegetables are cooled by 6°C for each percentage point of weight loss as moisture during vacuum cooling is to be evaluated. Analysis Assuming the fruits and vegetables are cooled from 30°C and 0°C, the average heat of vaporization ean be taken to be 2466 kJ/kg, which is the value at 15°C, and the specific heat of products can be taken to be 4 kI/kg.°C. Then the vaporization of 0.01 kg water will lower the temperature of 1 kg of produce by 24.06/4 = 6°C. Therefore, the vacuum cooled produets will lose 1 percent moisture for each 6°C drop in temperature. Thus the claim is reasonable 2-110 It is helium.Chapter 3 THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS - CLOSED SYSTEMS Heat Transfer and Work 3-1C Energy can cross the boundaries of a closed system in two forms: heat and work. 3-2C The form of energy that crosses the boundary of a closed system because of a temperature difference is heat; all other forms are work 3-3C Adiabatic process is a process during which there is no heat transfer. A system that does not exchange any heat with its surroundings is an adiabatic system, 3-4C Itis a work interaction. 3-5C_ It is.a work interaction since the electrons are crossing the system boundary, thus doing electrical work. 3-6€ It is a heat interaction since it is due to the temperature difference between the sun and the room, 3-1C This is neither a heat nor a work interaction since no energy is crossing the system boundary. ‘This is simply the conversion of one form of internal energy (chemical energy) to another form (sensible energy). 3-8C Point functions depend on the state only whereas the path functions depend on the path followed during a process. Properties of substances are point functions, heat and work are path functions. 3-9C The three mechanisms of heat transfer are conduction, convection, and radiation. 3-10C The caloric theory is based on the assumption that heat is a fluidlike substance called the "caloric" which is a massless, colorless, odorless substance. It was abandoned in the middle of the nineteenth century after it was shown that there is no such thing as the caloric. 3-11€ No. It is purely by radiation 3-12C Diamond has a higher thermal conductivity than silver, and thus diamond is a better conductor of heat, 3+13C In forced convection, the fluid is forced to move by external means such as a fan, pump, or the wind, The fluid motion in natural convection is due to buoyancy effects only 3414 Emissivity is the ratio of the radiation emitted by a surface to the radiation emitted by a blackbody atthe same temperature. Absorptivity is the fraction of radiation incident on a surface which is absorbed by the surface, The Kirchhoff’s law of radiation states that the emissivity and the absorptivity of a surface are equal at the same temperature and wavelength, 315C A blackbody is an idealized body that emits the maximum amount of radiation at a given temperature, and that absorbs all the radiation incident on it. Real bodies emit and absorb less radiation than a blackbody at the same temperature3-16 The inner and outer surfaces of a brick wall are maintained at specified temperatures. The rate of heat transfer through the wall is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating, conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain constant at the specified values. 2 Thermal properties of the wall are constant. Properties The thermal conductivity of the wall is given to be k= 0.69 W/m:*C, Analysis Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through the wall is eona = met = (0.69 W/ me C56 m2) SO= SVE 035 W 03m 208 — sc 3-17 The inner and outer surfaces of a window glass are maintained at specified temperatures. The amount of heat transferred through the glass in 5h is to be determined. Assumptions | Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the glass rem at the specified values. 2 Thermal properties of the glass are constant. constant Properties The thermal conductivity of the glass is given to be k = 0.78 Wim-*C, Analysis Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through the glass by conduction i Ges ony = ANE = (0.78 Wi m2 C2 x2 m2) LOE 4368 W a 0.005 m ‘Then the amount of heat transferred over a period of 5h becomes = Oyu = (4.368 kd /8)(5 x 3600 5) = 78,624 kd 10° _# If the thickness of the glass doubled to | cm, then the amount of heat transferred will — 05cm go down by half to 39,312 kJ. 3-18 Heat is transferred steadily to boiling water in the pan through its bottom. The inner surface temperature of the bottom of the pan is given. The temperature of the outer surface is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the pan remain constant at the specified values. 2 Thermal properties of the aluminum pan are constant. Properties The thermal conductivity of the aluminum is given to be k= 237 Wim-*C. Analysis The heat transfer surface area is A= ar?= (0.1 m= 0.0314 m? Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through the bottom of the pan by conduction is gene? Substituting, 500 W = (237 W/m°C)(0.0314 m? 0.004 mi which gives T, = 105.27 °C3-19 A person is standing in a room at a specified temperature. The rate of heat transfer between a person and the surrounding air by convection is to be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist, 2 Heat transfer by radiation is not considered. 3 The environment is at a uniform temperature Analysis The heat transfer surface area of the person is A= (nD)h = n(0.3 m)(1.70 m) = 1.60 Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer by convection is Qaw (15 W/m?"C)(1.60 m?}(34 = 20)°C = 336 W haaT 3-20 A spherical ball whose surface is maintained at a temperature of 70°C is suspended in the middle of a room at 20°C. The total rate of heat transfer from the ball is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the ball surface and the surrounding air and surfaces remain at constant temperatures. 2 The thermal properties of the ball and the convection heat transfer coefficient are constant and uniform, Properties The emissivity of the ball surface is given to be = 0.8. dy Analysis The heat transfer surface area is 20°C A= nD? = 3.14x(0.05 m)? = 0.007854 m* Under steady conditions, the rates of convection and radiation heat transfer are Qorny = HAAT = (15 Wim?“ C)(0.007854 ni naa = 80ACT; -T,') = 0,8(0.07854 m? (5.67 x10 * W/m? -K*)[(343 K)* —(293 K)*]= Therefore, Quyat = sev + Quay = 5.89231 = 8.20 W3-21 Hot air is blown over a flat surface at a specified temperature. The rate of heat transfer from the air to the plate is to be determined. Assumptions | Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer by radiation is not considered. 3 The convection heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the surface. Analysis Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer by convection is Quyy = RAAT = (55 W/ m?-"C\(2 x 4 m2)(80 ~ 30)°C = 22,000 W 3-22 A 1000-W iron is left on the iron board with its base exposed to the air at 20°C. The temperature of the base of the iron is to be determined in steady operation. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist. 2 The thermal properties of the iron base and the convection heat transfer coefficient are constant and uniform. 3 The temperature of the surrounding surfaces is the same as the temperature of the surrounding air. Properties The emissivity of the base surface is given to be €~ 0.6. Analysis At steady conditions, the 1000 W of energy supplied to the iron will be dissipated to the surroundings by convection and radiation heat transfer. Therefore, erat = Goan + Qa = 1000 W where ln on sane = MAT = (35 Wim? -K)(0.02 m?)(7, ~293 K) = 0.7(7, -293 K) W008 W Mit and Ong = 20A(T,' - T;') = 0.6(0.02 m? (5.67 «10°S W/m? K*)[T! — (293 K)*] = 0.06804 x 10-*| 74 — (293 K)*] W Substituting, 1000 W =0.7(7, —293 K) +0.06804x10*[73 —(293 K)*] Solving by trial and esror gives T, =947 K =674°C issipate all the energy it receives by convection and radiation when Discussion We note that the iron wil its surface temperature reaches 947 K.3-23 The backside of the thin metal plate is insulated and the front side is exposed to solar radiation. The surface temperature of the plate is to be determined when it stabilizes. Assumptions I Steady operating conditions exist. 2 Heat transfer through the insulated side of the plate is negligible. 3 The heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the plate, 4 Radiation heat transfer is negligible, Properties The solar absorptivity of the plate is given to be a= 0.6. Analysis When the heat loss from the plate by convection equals the solar radiation absorbed, the surface temperature of the plate can be determined from Ee ( — 500 w/e* estar atsrsed = Joon Que = HAT, ~T,) 0.6 x Ax 700 W/m? = 50 W/m? C)A(T, -25) Canceling the surface area A and solving for T, gives 33.4°C 3-24 A hot water pipe at 80°C is losing heat to the surrounding air at 5°C by natural convection with a heat transfer coefficient of 25 W/m’.°C. The rate of heat loss trom the pipe by convection is to be determined Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist, 2 Heat iransfer by radiation is not considered. 3 The convection heat transfer coefficient is constant and uniform over the surface. Analysis The heat transfer surface area is 7— 0c A= (mD)L = 3.14x(0.05 m)(10 m) = 1.871 m2 Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer by convection is Quy = HAT = (25 W/m?" C)(1.571 m?\(80-5)°C = 2945 W3-25 A spacectaft in space absorbs solar radiation while losing heat to deep space by thermal radiation. The surface temperature of the spacecrait is to be determined when steady conditions are reached Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain constant at the specified values. 2 Thermal properties of the wall are constant. Properties The outer surface of a spacecraft has an emissivity of 0.8 and an absorptivity of 0.3. Analysis When the heat loss from the outer surface of the spacecraft by radiation equals the solar radiation absorbed, the surface temperature can be determined from @ asics ~ Ont I otag = OAT Teaco) “o0owrm* 03x 4x (1000 W/m?) = 0.8% Ax (5.67 x10 W/m?-K YT! -@K)'] Canceling the surface area 4 and solving for T. gives @=03 Fi Be =08 > 3-26 A hollow spherical iron container is filled with iced water at 0°C. The rate of heat loss from the sphere and the rate at which ice melts in the container are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the wall remain constant at the specified values. 2 Heat transfer through the shell is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal properties of the iron shell are constant, 4 The inner surface of the shell is at the same temperature as the iced water, 0°C. Properties The thermal conductivity of iron is given to be & = 80.2 W/m-°C (Table A-3). The heat of fusion of water is given to be 333.7 ki/kg. Analysis This spherical shell can be approximated as a plate of thickness 0.4 em and surface area = aD? =3.14x(0.2 my = 0.126 m? ‘Then the rate of heat transfer through the shell by conduction is rH Be ‘ AT. i 2,6-0°C ang = KAS = (80.2 W/m" C)(0.126 m?) = —_— = 12,632 W Qeoma ZL mC) mw) 9004 m Considering that it takes 333.7 kJ of energy to melt | kg of ice at 0°C, the rate at which ice melts in the container can be determined from 12.632 kJ /s. 0.038 ke/s Discussion We should point out that this result is slightly in error for approximating a curved wall as a plain wall. The error in this case is very small because of the large diameter to thickness ratio, For better accuracy, we could use the inner surface area (D = 19.2 em) or the mean surface area (D = 19.6 cm) in the calculations.3:27 The inner and outer glasses of a double pane window with a I-om air space are at specified temperatures. The rate of heat transfer through the window is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the surface temperatures of the glass remain constant at the specified values, 2 Heat transfer through the window is one-dimensional. 3 Thermal properties of the ait are constant. 4 The air trapped between the two glasses is still, and thus heat transfer is by conduction only. Properties The thermal conductivity of air at room temperature is 4 = 0.026 W/m.°C (Table 3-1), Analysis Under steady conditions, the rate of heat transfer through the window by conduction is ~ f ise T= (0.026 W/m Dang = tA 124.6 W 3-28 Two surfaces of a flat plate are maintained at specified temperatures. and the rate of heat transfer through the plate is measured. The thermal conductivity of the plate material is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Steady operating conditions exist since the at the specified values. 2 Heat transier through the plate plate are constant. face temperatures of the plate remain constant one-dimensional. 3 Thermal properties of the Analysis The thermal conductivity is determined directly from the steady one-dimensional heat conduction relation to be Pinte oi 2em (FA)L _ (500 Wim V002 m) _ 9 Wim oc stam] T-T (100-0)°C 100" — oe a 00 W/m? Boundary Work 3.29€ It represents the boundary work for quasi-equilibrium processes. 3-30C Yes. 3-31C The area under the process curve, and thus the boundary work done, is greater in the constant pressure case, 3-32C UkPa-m? =1k(N/m?)-m? = 1 kN-m=1KI3-33 Saturated water vapor in a cylinder is heated at constant pressure until its temperature rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Properties Noting that the pressure remains constant during this process, the specific volumes at the initial and the final states are (Table A-4 through A-6) A=200kPa 200 kPa : site | vy = 1.3162 m*/kg at ee Attalysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be 1) = Po. Wray = j °P di’ =P(Vs— = (5 kg)(200 kPa)(1.3162 ~ 0.8857)? / ke —1E! } TkPa-m| = 430.5 kd Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (swork output). 3-34 Refrigerant-134a in a cylinder is heated at constant pressure until its temperature rises (o a specified value. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium, Properties Noting that the pressure remains constant during this process, the specific volumes at the initial and the final states are (Table A-I1 through A-13) A =800 kPa , : ‘ean xpi = 0.0008454 m*/ kg. p Sat. liquid 5 P= 800 kPa . vy = 0.02846 m' /kg j , oe : . 800 Analysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be in 0.2m* y 1-__P2m __436 6 kg ‘ y%; 0.0008454 m° / kg and Jean = Po, )=mPo—m) ) = (236.6 ke (800 kPay(0.02846 ~0.0008454)m* / kg) —LEt__ TkPa-nv 5227 kd Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output).3.35. Superheated water vapor in a cylinder is cooled at constant pressure until 70% of it condenses, The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium Properties Noting that the pressure remains constant during this process, the specific volumes at the initial and the final states are (Table A-4E through A-6E) P= 60 psia \ P . y, = 9.399 f° Ibm (psia 7, =500°F 2, = 60 psia att 1 = 0.017378 + 0.3(7.177 — 0.017378) = 2.165 ft* / Ibm a Analysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be M, al? dV = Pz, =mP(; — v1) 3 1 Btu =(12 Ibm)(60 psia)(2.165—9.399)ft* / Ibm} ————— Aa Nee hee0 pial ? | eee psia- ft ) = 963.8 Btu Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input)3:36 Air ina cylinder is compressed at constant temperature until its pressure rises to a specified value. ‘The boundary work done during this process is to be determined, Assumptions 1 The process is quasi-equilibrium. 2 Air is an ideal gas. Properties The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kI/kg.K (Table A-1) Analysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be 7 Wao = fp Pav = Bn 150 kPa = (1.2 kg)(0.287 kJ / kg: K)285 K) In (1.2 kg)(0.287 kJ / kg: BRS 16) In pa =-136.1 kd Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input). 3-37 Nitrogen gas in a cylinder is compressed at constant temperature until its pressure rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The process is quasi quilibrium., 2 Nitrogen is an ideal gas. Analysis The boundary work is determined from its definition to be Pp wy # Fram = J Pav = RR In = RY nt - T=300K = (150 kPay(0.2 m?)| tn 30KPa y_ 1d , 800 kPa \ 1 kPa-m = 50.2 kd Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input).3-38 A gas in a cylinder is compressed to a specified volume in a process during which the pressure changes linearly with volume. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined by plotting the process on a P-V diagram and also by integration. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis. (a) The pressure of the gas changes linearly with volume, and thus the process curve on a P-V diagram will be a straight line. The boundary work during this process is simply the area under the process curve, which is a trapezoidal. Thus, P =a¥, +b =(-1200 kPa/m?)(0.42 m*)+(600 kPa) =96 kPa P P, = aV’y + b= (1200 kPa/m')(0.12 m*)+(600 kPa)=456 kPa (KPA) and P Whaat = Area= SEV, Ki) _ (96 +456)kPa - 2 (0.12-0.42)m') 1, 1 kPa-m: = -82.8kI (6) The boundary work can also be determined by integration to be 2 pay = flav royav ‘ Wrau =| Pav = [(a¥ bya =a SE +N) 2 yapBaa 1200 kPa m* O42 =9AZ I (600 kPaN0.12 0.42)m> =-82.8 kd Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input),3.39. A gas in a cylinder is heated and is allowed to expand to a specified pressure in a process during which the pressure changes linearly with volume. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis (a) The pressure of the gas changes linearly with volume, and thus the process curve on a P-V diagram will be a straight line. ‘The boundary work during this process is simply the area under the process curve, which is a trapezoidal. Thus, At state 1 P B=ali+b pata 15 psia = (5 psia/ 3 )(7 ft") +b 100. b=-20psia Atstate 2: 16 Py=aa+b 100 psia = (5 psia / ft Py + (-20 psia) 2a? and, Whoug = Area = LPs y, yy = WOO+15) vila 94 yp 1Bu : 2% 5.4039 psia-ft = 180.9 Btu Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output), 3-40 A gas in a cylinder expands polytropically to a specified volume. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis The boundaty work for this polytropic process can be determined directly from ye sAi3 =r 4 ) =csor{ O08 x } =12.74 kPa Pp % 02m (KPa) and. sof 4 gy aA In 02.74 «0.2 ~150 x 0.03)kPa =| Lk } 1-13 Wo ce py" = const. 1kPa‘m oy 003 0. my =651 Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output).3-41 Nitrogen gas in a cylinder is compressed polytropically until the temperature rises to a specified value. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. ‘Assumptions 1 The process is quasi-equilibrium. 2 Nitrogen is an ideal gas P Analysis The boundary work for this polytropic process can be determined from Wroue = ii pit BAM eR I) mae a dt I-n l-n __ (2. kg)(0.2968 ki / kg K\360— 300)K 1-14 = -89.0 kJ Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input) 3-42 A gas whose equation of state is 7(P+10/¥?) = R,7 expands in a cylinder isothermally to a specified volume, The unit of the quantity 10 and the boundary work done during this process are to be determined. Assumptions: The process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis (a) The term 10/¥? must have pressure units since it is added to P. Thus the quantity 10 must have the unit kPa-m°/kmol P (b) The boundary work for this process can be determined from 10 EN, and Vv f west 10N?\,., hey ¥ 3 T=300K Woot 4 = (0.5 kmol)(8.3 14 I /kmol -K)(300 Kyln- a + (10 kPa-m® /kmol?)(0.5 kmol) ( 1 5) ae ;} = 863.8 kd 4m? 2m? | kPasm Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output).3-43 CO, gas in a cylinder is compressed until the volume drops to a specitied value. The pressure changes during the process with volume as P=al’-?. ‘The boundary work done during this process is to be determined. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium, Analysis The boundary work done during this process is determined from an 0. tm) Discussion The negative sign indicates that work is done on the system (work input). 3-44 Hydrogen gas in a cylinder equipped with a spring is heated. The gas expands and compresses the spring until its volume doubles. The final pressure, the boundary work done by the gas, and the work done against the spring are to be determined, and a P-V diagram is to be drawn, Assumptions 1 The process is quasi-equilibrium, 2 Hydrogen is an ideal gas. Analysis (a) When the volume doubles, the spring force and the final pressure of Hz becomes 1st 15,000 Ibf 3? 2 (147 psiay 4 GONE _LAR? )_ sap spcta an? (i44 (b) The pressure of M2 changes linearly with volume during this process, and thus the process curve on a P-V diagram will be a straight line. ‘Then the boundary work during this process is simply the area under the process curve, which is a trapezoid. Thus, Ath Wann = Area = (y-M) _ (883 on rsye 1 Btw — SY | 081.7 Btu 5.4039 ps a (c) If there were no spring, we would have a constant pressure process at P = 14.7 psia. The work done during this process would be % Ke Wut sperms =|? d¥ = PV, -K) = (14.7 psiay(30—15)ft 1B __) _ 40.8 Btu 5.4039 pia Thus, Wome = Ws Wiasoong = 2817-408 = 240.9 Btw Discussion The positive sign for boundary work indicates that work is done by the system (work output),3-45 Water in a cylinder equipped with a spring is heated and evaporated. The vapor expands until it compresses the spring 20 cm. The final pressure and temperature, and the boundary work done are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-V diagram, Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis (a) The final pressure is determined from 350 kPa nanan LkPa } E kx Py = Py += P+ = (150 kPa) + ; on = 0.1m? TkN/m? ‘The specific and total volumes at the three states are Haas °C } PB 3 ye pao = 0.001003 m*/kg A= "a ra \ 50 kg)(0.001003 m3 /kg) = 0.05 m? Vy = Va + xasdy = (0.2 m?) + (0.2 my(O.1 m?) = 0.22 m 3 _ Vy _ 022m? im 50kg 0044 m? /kg. ‘At 350 kPa, vj=0.0010 m'/kg and vy = 0.5243 m'/kg. Noting that vy< v3 < vz, the final state is a saturated ‘mixture and thus the final temperature is 38.88 °C Ty = Taressonra (b) The pressure remains constant during process 1-2 and changes linearly (a straight line) during process 2- 3. Then the boundary work during this process is simply the total area under the process curve, Ws = Area = RU ~ H+ 2B “(Wy— Fa) (150+ O)KPa 1 aes (0.22 -0.2)m* ; ( im: I («so kPay(0.2 -0.05)m? + 7.5 KS Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output).3-46 Reftigerant-134a in a cylinder equipped with a set of stops is heated and evaporated. The vapor expands until the piston hits the stops. The final temperature, and the boundary work done are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P- diagram. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis (a) This a constant pressure process. Initially the system contains a saturated mixture, and thus the pressure is =P. it 21704 kPa ‘The specific volume of the refrigerant at the final state is _0Am = 0.04 m! /k, m lke a % At 217.04 kPa (or -8 °C), v= 0.0007569 m'/kg and v, = 0.0919 m*/kg. Noting that vy < vp. the final state is a saturated mixture and thus the final temperature is ra 217.04 ke = 8° (b) The total initial volume is % 0.0007569 +2 x 0.0919 = 0.19 m> Ve = mvp my Thus, P dV =P(Y,—V;) = (217.04 kPay(0.4—0.19)m = 45.6 kJ Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output).3-47 Saturated refrigerant-I34a vapor in a cylinder is allowed to expand isothermally by gradually decreasing the pressure inside to 500 kPa. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined by using property data from the refrigerant tables, and by treating the refrigerant vapor as an ideal gos. Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium: Analysis From the refrigerant tables, the specific volume of the refrigerant at various pressures at 50°C are determined to be P, MPa ym / kg PR 1.320 0.01503 (pa) 1.200 0.01712 122 10 0.02171 09 0.02472 08 0.02846 rm 07 0.03324 0.6 0.03 05 0.04842 Plotting these on a P-V diagram and finding the area under the process curve, the boundary work during this isothermal process is determined to be W, = 262.9 kd (b) Treating the refrigerant as an ideal gas, the boundary work for this isothermal process can be determined from Eq. 3-11, Wrava ¥ R d¥=RK Ine = mRT In 1320 kPa 500 kPa (10 kg)(0.08149 kJ/kg K)(323 K) In which is sufficiently close to the experimental value. Discussion The positive sign indicates that work is done by the system (work output), 3-48 Several sets of pressure and volume data are taken as @ gas expands. The boundary work done during this process is to be determined using the experimental data Assumptions The process is quasi-equilibrium: Analysis Plotting the given data on a P-V diagram on a graph paper and evaluating the area under the process curve, the work done is determined to be 0.25 kJ.Other Forms of Work 3-49C The work done is the same, but the power is different. 3-50C The work done is the same, but the power is different. 3-51 A car is accelerated from rest to 100 knW/h. The work needed to achieve this is to be determined, Analysis The accclerational work is determined directly from I 100,000 m J" 1 =+(800 kg) [OO ™ | 9 __B 2 ol 3600's ) ere = 308.6 kJ 3-52 A car is accelerated from 20 to 70 km/h on an uphill road. The work needed to achieve this is to be determined. Analysis The total work required is the sum of the gravitational and the accelerational works, 70,000m\"_(20,000m’ ik 3000 36008 J }1000 kg-m?/s: ~ (1000 ky) 3! ) and, id 1000 kg-m?/s” W., = mal 392.3 KI (1000 kg)(9.807 m/s” )(40 ml Thus, Pouay = Wey + Wy = 173.6 + 392.3 = 565.9 kJ 3-53E. A engine of a car develops 450 hp at 3000 rpm. The torque transmitted through the shaft is to be determined. Analysis The torque is determined from354 A linear spring is elongated by 20 cm from its rest position. The work done is to be determined. Analysis ‘The spring work can be determined from Ww, =5H{s2 -32) = $00 KN /m)(0.2? ~0)m? = 2.8 KN-m =2.8 kJ ‘nn 3-55 The engine of a car develops 75 kW of power. The acceleration time of this car from rest to 85 km/h ‘on a level road is to be determined. Analysis The accelerational work required is 1 2 =m(V¥3-VP 2 ( t 1000 kg-m?/s? J-s1s1 0 a Keath —15 ‘Thus the time required is kw This answer is not realistic because part of the power will be used against the air drag, friction, and rolling resistance,3-58 A ski lift is operating steadily at 10 km/h. The power required to operate and also to accelerate this ski lift from rest to the operating speed are to be determined. Assumptions 1 Air drag and friction are negligible. 2 The average mass of each loaded chair is 250 kg. 3 ‘The mass of chairs is small relative to the mass of people, and thus the contribution of returning empty chairs to the motion is disregarded (this provides a safety factor). Analysis The lift is 1000 m long and the chairs are spaced 20 m apart. Thus at any given time there are 1000/20 = 50 chairs being lifted. Considering that the mass of each chair is 250 kg, the load of the lift at any given time is, Load = (50 chairs)(250 kg/chair) = 12,500 kg Neglecting the gravitational work done on the system by the returning empty chairs, the gravitational work needed to raise this mass by 200 m is Wi = mez — = (12,500 kg)(9.6 m/s”)(200 m)} _—__e 1000 At 10 km/h, it will take distance __1km velocity 10 km/h 0.1h=360s to do this gravitational work. Thus the power needed is We. _ 24,000 k. At 360s W, = 66.7 kW During acceleration, the aecelerational power needed will be 2 2 2 A k. wi, = Ln(v3 - V2)/ar = 4 42,500 ke) 10.000 mY" _g/__18 __ lis 3) =9.6 kw 2 2 3600 s 1000 kg-m? /s: ‘Assuming the power applied is constant, the acceleration a will also be constant and the vertical distance traveled during acceleration will be LAV, 2 200m 2A 1000m h = Fant sina = =F 00m/s16 s)(0.2)=5m and ik 1000 kg-m? /s 120 kW. 2 )/ar 2510491961528 mf Jos Thus, Wout = W, + W, =9.6 +120 = 129.6 kW387 A car isto climb a hill in 10s. The power needed is to be determined for three different cases. Assumptions Air drag, friction, and rolling resistance are negligible. Analysis The total power required for each case is the sum of the gravitational and the accelerational powers. That is, W, euat = Wa + We (a) W, =0 since the velocity is constant. Also, the vertical rise is h~ (100 m)(sin 30° males 50m. Thus, m/s 21) /At = (2000 kgy(9.8 m/s?)(50 of Jiao 8) = 98.07 kW and W, W, + Wy = 0+98,07 = 98.07 kW (b) The accelerational power is W, (10 s)=90 kW in(v2 -ve)iar = 5 (2000 kg)((30 m/s)" -0f and Woy = W,, + W, = 90 + 98.07 = 188.07 kW (¢) The accelerational power is /10 8) =-120 kW =5m(v ~vz)rar= +2000 kay((5 m/s)? —(35 mis be 1000 kg: m? /s and Wigaay = Wy + Wy = -1204-98.07 = 21.93 kW Thus the driver needs to apply on the brakes in this case.3-57 A damaged car is being towed by a truck. The extra power needed is to be determined for three different cases. Assumptions Air drag, friction, and rolling resistance are negligible. ‘Analysis The total power required for each case is the sum of the gravitational and the accelerational powers. That is, Wat = Wa + We (a) Zero. (b) W, =0. Thus, az Wrorgy = We = mglen —2))/ At = mes mgV. meV sin 30° | eae \0.5) = 81.7 kW 1000 m? /s? 000 mm 3600.8 = (1200 kg)(98 misrl (©) W, =0. Thus, Wasa = Wy =Enlve -vP)/ar = 14200 be) ( 20000) 9 | 1H As — |i 12.9)= 31.25 kw 2 3600s 1000 m? fs?Closed System Energy Analysis: General Systems 3-59C No. Thi the case for adiabatic systems only. 3-60€ Under the conditions of closed systems undergoing a quasi-equilibrium constant pressure process. 3-61C Warmer. Because energy is added to the room air in the form of electrical work. 3-62C Warmer. If we take the room which contains the refrigerator as our system, we will see that clectrical work is supplied to this room to run the refrigerator, which is eventually dissipated to the room as waste heat. 3-63C No. The potential energy of the can is converted to kinetic energy during the fall, not to internal energy, 3-64 Water is heated in a pan on top of a range while being stirred. The energy of the water at the end of the process is to be determined. Assumptions ‘The pan is stationary and thus the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible. Analysis We take the water in the pan as our system, This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Applying, the energy balance on this system gives Eq ~E, EBs sk oybent wounds | Cages ima Qn + Wn ~ Oot = AU =U; ~U, 30 +05 KI-SKI=U, -10 Uy = 38.5 kd eS Therefore, the final internal energy of the system is 35.5 kl. ere 3-65E Water is heated in a cylinder on top of a range. The change in the energy of the water during this process is to be determined, Assumptions The pan is stationary and thus the changes in kinetic and potential energies are negligible. Analysis We take the water in the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Applying the energy balance on this system gives En Emm = AE systeiu Net energy transfer Change in jer, kinetic, by heat werk, and mans porenta Qn — Wana — Gow = AU =U ~U, 50 Btu —5 Buu ~8 Btu = AU AU =U, -U, =37 Btu ‘Therefore, the energy content of the system increases by 37 Btu during this process.3.66 ‘The missing data for each of the following processes of a closed system between states | and 2 are to be filled in (Everything is in kJ). ee Qin Woot Ey Ey AE. (@) 18 6 23 35 2 (b) 10 -25 19 4 “15 © 44 12 3 35 32 @) 25 15 4 24 10 dy) 25S 3.67 ‘The missing data for each of the following processes of a closed system between states | and 2 are to be filled in (Everything is in kJ), — Di Wour Ey E, AE @ 38 18 6 26 20 (b) 3 =30, 20 55 35 © 25 io 25 40 15 @) 9 ~24 27 12 -15 SC) a 3.68E A closed system undergoes a cycle that consists of 2 processes. The heat transfer during the second process, the net heat transfer, and the net work done during the eycle are to be determined. Analysis (a) The heat rejected is determined from an energy balance for the cycle to be AE system =0 “if P (Change nite. Krai. rei ee energies a 0 2 ae = Eos B ont + Woe a (b) Net heat transfer and the net work done during this cycle are Quorn = Qn ~ Qa = 40-25 = 15 Btu Wrcrout = Woy — Wj = 90-15 = 15 Btu Inet out ‘ni3-69 A closed system undergoes a cycle that consists of 3 processes. The heat transfer during the last process and the net work done during the cycle are to be determined. Analysis (a) The heat rejected is determined from an energy balance for the cycle to be = =0 suns Coase En — Eng =9 (50-0) + (200-0) + (Q,, —90) = 0 Q,=-160Bu > Q,, =160 Btu (b) The net work done during this cycle is Wecrour = Woutsoral ~ W, ‘nota = 50+0+90 = 40 kd 3-70 A classroom is to be air-conditioned using window air-conditioning units. The cooling load is due to people. lights, and heat transfer through the walls and the windows. The number of 5-kW window air conditioning units required is to be determined. Assumptions There are no heat dissipating equipment (such as computers, TVs, or ranges) in the room. Analysis The total cooling load of the room is determined from Qeoctine = Digs + Qpeope +O where Ohanas = 10% 100 W = 1 kW Qheople = 40 * 360 kJ /h=4kW Room heat gain = 15,000 kh = 4.17 kW 15,000 kI/h #0 people Queot Substituting, 10 bulbs Qvocling = 144 44.17 = 9.AT KW ‘Thus the number of air-conditioning units required is 9.17 KW —=|,83 ——» 2units Skw/unit3-71 An industrial facility is to replace its 40-W standard fluorescent lamps by their 34-W high efficiency counterparts. The amount of energy and money that will be saved a year as well as the simple payback period are to be determined Analysis The reduction in the total electric power consumed by the lighting as a result of switching to the high efficiency fluorescent is Wattage reduction = (Wattage reduction per lamp)(Number of lamps) = (40 - 34 W/lamp700 lamps) = 4200 W ‘Then using the relations given earlier, the energy and cost savings associated with the replacement of the high efficiency fluorescent lamps are determined to be Energy Savings = (Total wattage reduction)(Ballast factor)(Operating hours) .2. KW)(I.1}(2800 h/year) = 12,936 kWh/year Cost Savings = (Energy savings)(Unit electricity cost) = (12,936 kWh/year)($0.08/kWh) = $1035 The implementation cost of this measure is simply the extra cost of the energy efficient fluarescent bulbs relative to standard ones, and is determined to be Implementation Cost = (Cost difference of lamps)(Number of lamps) = [($2.26-$1.77)/lamp](700 lamps) = $343 This gives a simple payback period of Implementation cost___$343 Simple payback period = a, mle payback perioe~ anual cost savings $1035/ yeur =0.33 year (4.0 months) Discussion Note that if all the lamps were burned out today and are replaced by high-efficiency lamps instead of the conventional ones, the savings from electricity cost would pay for the cost differential in about 4 months, The electricity saved will also help the environment by reducing the amount of CO,, CO, NO,, ete, associated with the generation of electricity in a power plant.3-72 The lighting energy consumption of a storage room is to be reduced by installing motion sensors, The amount of energy and money that will be saved as well as the simple payback period are to be determined. Assumptions The electrical energy consumed by the ballasts is negligible. Analysis The plant operates 12 hours a day, and thus currently the lights are on for the entire 12 hour period, The motion sensors installed will keep the lights on for 3 hours, and off for the remaining 9 hours every day. This corresponds to a total of 9x365 = 3285 off hours per year. Disregarding the ballast factor, the annual energy and cost savings become Energy Saving: Number of lamps)(Lamp wattage\(Reduction of annual operating hours) = (24 lamps)(60 W/lamp )(3285 hours/year) = 4730 kWhiyear (Energy Savings)(Unit cost of energy) = (5,203 kWhyyear)($0.08/kWh) = S378/year The implementation cost of this measure is the sum of the purchase price of the sensor plus the labor, Implementation Cost = Material + Labor = $32 + $40 = $72 This gives a simple payback period of Implementation cost___$72 ‘Annual cost savings $378/ year Simple payback period = 0.19 year (2.3 months) ‘Therefore, the motion sensor will pay for itself in about 2 months. 3-73 The classrooms and faculty offices of @ university campus are not occupied an average of 4 hours @ day, but the lights are kept on. The amounts of electricity and money the campus will save per year if the lights are tured off during unoccupied periods are to be determined, Analysis"The total electri power consumed by the lights in the classrooms and faculty offices is Even. caswoon = (Power consumed per jamp)x(No. of lamps) = (20012110 W) = 264,000 = 264 kW Power consumed per lamp)x (No.of lamps) = (4006x110 W) = 264,000 = 264 kW. ving assroom * Erigiing, otters = 264 + 264 = 528 kW Fighing, fies = Eneing, tl = Noting that the campus is open 240 days a year, the total number of unoccupied work hours per year is Unoccupied hours = (4 hours/day)(240 days/year) = 960 h/yr Then the amount of electrical energy consumed per year during unoccupied work period and its cast are Energy savings = (Byyivng, cassoam (Unoceupied hours) 528 kW)(960 h/yr) = 506,880 kWh 506,880 kWh)($0.075/kWh) = $38,016/yr Cost savings = (Energy savings)(Unit cost of energy’ Discussion Note that simple conservation measures can result in significant energy and cost savings.Closed System Energy Analysis: Saturation, Compressed Liquid, Superheat Data 3-74 The radiator of a steam heating system is initially filled with superheated steam. The valves are closed, and steam is allowed to cool until the pressure drops to a specified value by transferring heat to the room. The amount of heat transfer is to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram. Assumptions 1 The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 There are no work interactions, Analysis We take the radiator as the system, This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Noting that the volume of the system is constant and thus there is no boundary work, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as En =F, = AB sysiem flee tl et ereray transfer. Change in iter ny eat war and mess poten a eet —Qyy, =AU = met, -u) (since W = KE= PE =0) Qin = MHth — Ug) Using data from the steam tables (Tables A-4 through A-6), some properties are determined to be }00kPa |v, =0.7964 m? /ke 50°C uy = 2728.7 KI /kg v, = 0.001043, v uy =4ITAG, the = 1.6940 m9 /kg 1088.7 KI /kg P; =100kPa > Noting that » "> and vy < v2 < vp, the mass and the final internal energy becomes 202 = 0.0251 kg F ¥ 0.7964 m3 /ke Y2=¥y _ 0.7964 0.001043 ae" 1.6940 —0.001043 tty = Uy + pg, = 41746 + (0.470 x 2088.7) = 1399.1 KI kg Substituting, Qu = Im; =43) (0.0251 kg)(2728.7 - 1399.1) ki /ke 3.4 kd3-75 A rigid tank is initially filled with superheated R-134a, Heat is transferred to the tank until the pressure inside rises to a specified value. The mass of the refrigerant and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram, Assumptions 1 The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero, 2 There are no work interactions. Analysis: (a) We take the tank as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Noting that the volume of the system is constant and thus there is no boundary work, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as Ey ~Eny = BE sysein Ear Foi, Netonerayitnefer Change in nism, Knee, by beak Work, ard mass enti ee energios Op, = AU = mlz -m) (since WW = KE= PE =0) Using data from the refrigerant tables (Tables A-11 through A-13), the properties of R-134a are determined to be F=200kPa |v, = 0.007532, vy, = 0.0993 m* /kg 4 uy, = 3669, u, = 221 AB KI/ke x by = vp +) = 0.0007532 + [0.4 x (0.0993 - 0.0007532)] = 0.04017 m? /ke U, = ty + Xp, = 36.69 + [04 x (221.43 — 36.69)] = 110.59 KI /kg } ty = 363.09 kI/kg — (Superheated vapor) Then the mass of the refrigerant is determined to be Ky 05 m pot i _— Sa __. vy 0.04017 nt fg = 12.45 kg (6) Then the heat transfer to the tank becomes Q = mr, —m) = (12.45 kg)(363.09 -110.59) kJ /kg =3144 kd3-76R, A rigid tank is initially filled with saturated R-134a vapor. Heat is transferred from the refrigerant until the pressure inside drops to a specified value. The final temperature, the mass of the refrigerant that has condensed, and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined. Also, the process is to be shown on a P-» diagram. Assumptions 1 ‘The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero, 2 There are no work interactions. Analysis. (a) We take the tank as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Noting that the volume of the system is constant and thus there is no boundary work, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as Em Fa = AE sy teen Netieny wander) al, kinetic, ty heat works and mass potenal ete energies =Oyy = AU = ml —1,) (since W = KE = PE =0) Qouy = Meh ty) Using data from the reftigerant tables (Tables A-I| through A-13), the properties of R-134a are determined to be FP, =120 psia | ¥ = Yperr20 psia = 0.394110 /bm sat. vapor 100 pia = 105.06 Beer Ibm P,=30psia | vp = 0.01209, vy, =1.5408 f° /Tbm R-134a Oy=%) uy =1624, uy = 95.40 Buu /Ibm i20;psla 2 Sat. vapor ‘The final state is saturated mixture, Thus, Ty = Tsar go 30 psia 38 °F (6) The total mass and the amount of refrigerant that has condensed are 2067 mati" ___ 503 16m vy 0.394110 bm P 1 my = (1—x5)m = (1 ~0.250)(50.8 tm) = 38.1 Ibm Also, 2 ty = Uy + pty, = 16.24 + [0.250 x (95.40-1624)] = 36.03 Btu/ Ibm (c) Substituting, Qyyy = tmCaey thy) = (508 tbm)(105.06 — 36.03) Btu /1bm = 3507 Btu3.77 An insulated rigid tank is initially filled with a saturated liquid-vapor mixture of water. An electric heater in the tank is tuned on, and the entire liquid in the tank is vaporized. The length of time the heater \was kept on is to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram, Assumptions 1 The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero, 2 The device is well-insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 3 The energy stored in the resistance wires, and the heat transferred to the tank itself is negligible. Analysis We take the contents of the tank as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Noting that the volume of the system is constant and thus there is no boundary work, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as Ey = Bom = AE system Not energy wanstec Taveral, kinetic, by hea werk and ast Woy = AU = mnt, — i) (Since Q= KE = PE=0) VIAt = m(u, — 14) Poul ee eis ‘The properties of water are (Tables A-4 through A-6) F=100kPa | v,=0.001043,v, =1.6940 m3 /kg x) =028 Hy =41736, aj = 2088.7 KI / kg Wap tx\v_ = .001043 +.[0.25 x (1.6940 - 0.001043)] = 0.42428 m? / kg iy + Xl = 417.36 + (0.25 2088.7) = 939.5 kI / ke 4 vy =, = 0.42428 m5 / kg _ _ . ie Mo = My @ozareni'ing = 2556.7 Kd ke Substituting, (110 V)(B AAP = (5 ke)(2556.7 -939.5)kI / a is At =9189s = 153.2 min3-78 One part of an insulated tank contains compressed liquid while the other side is evacuated. The partition is then removed, and water is allowed to expand into the entire tank. The final temperature and the volume of the tank are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The tank is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 The tank is insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 3 There are no work interactions. Analysis We take the entire contents of the tank as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Noting that the volume of the system is constant and thus there is no boundary work, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as En -E, = iiyihe, wens uliaaes, CHmBgt ere eg, Evacuated 0=AU =m —1,) (since W=Q=KE=PE=0) creation n= % The properties of water are (Tables A-4 through A-6) FR = 600 kPa 7 =60°C =0.001017 m*/ kg SLL KI / ke root 10° We now assume the final state in the tank is saturated liquid-vapor mixture and determine quality. This assumption will be verified if we get a quality between 0 and 1. R=10kPa | vy = 0.00101, v, =14.67 m>/kg. uy =19182, uy, = 2246.1 KI / kg 25111-19182 = 0.0264 22461 Thus, ‘a @ Wyre = 45.81 °C Vy = Vy +2QV ye = 0.0010 + [0.0264 x (14.67 -0,00101)] = 0.388 m* / kg and, V = mv; “(2.5 kg) 0.388 m'fkg) = 0.97 mé3-79 A cylinder is initially filled with R-134a at a specified state. The refrigerant is cooled at constant pressure, The amount of heat loss is to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a 7-v diagram. Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 ‘There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as = AE gece ee Ste Capeeiieel ee Reid4a 72 Oyu — Wrong =AU = luz) (since KE= PE = 0) 800 kPa = (ln, hy) since AU + 1, ~ AM during a constant pressure T quasi-equilibrium process. The properties of R-134a are ‘ (Tables A-11 through A-13) P= 800 kPa 3 hy, = 294.98 kI ke 7 =60°C FeO IL pe a 7726 K3 ks . hy =" gaye = 17.26 KI (kg 7 =20°C b= heme Substituting, Ong = ~ (5 kg)(77.26 ~ 294.98) kIke = 1089 kJ3-80E A cylinder contains water initially at a specified state. The water is heated at constant pressure. The final temperature of the water is to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a T-v diagram. Assumptions \ The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 3 The compression or expansion process is quasi- equilibrium Analysis. We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. ‘The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as ~Ewy = AE y xem Neteoray transfer infernal, kinete, wAerSaLs SERIE ee Qn — Whom =AU = muy 1%) (since KE = PE =0) 120 psia Op, = iby —y) : since AU + , = AH during a constant pressure uasi-equilibrium process. The properties of water are T (Tables A-11 through A-13) 2 vy + 1, ja Er ne m Tom A, y, =4ft /[bm 20 psia fy =1216.9 Bu /Ibm » Substituting, 180 kJ = (0.5 Ibm)(/y ~1216.9)Btu /Tbm fy = 1616.9 Buu Ibm ‘Then, P, = 120 psia h=1614 °F Jy = 1616.9 Btu ‘Ibm \ 3381 A cylinder is initially filled with saturated liquid water at a specified pressure. The water is heated electrically as it ig stirred by a paddle-whcel at constant pressure. The voltage of the current source is to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram. Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed 9% (Change i interne, kinetic, yteat work, and mass “foc te energies Wan + Wein ~ Woo = AU (since = KE = PE=0) Hoon + Wrsan = mln — hy) (VIA) + Wry gy = (leg =) since AU + W, = AH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. The properties of water are (Tables A-4 through A-6) FR =150 kPa Jy = Ityeisoxpa = 467-1 WI kg Vy =Vyarsoxpa = 0.010528 m? /kg sat ligutid R= AP. a } Ig = hy + Xahtyq = 467+ (0.5 x 2226.5) = 0,005 m* vy 0.0010528 m3 /kg Substituting, 475 kg VISt + (300 kJ) = (4.75 kg)(1580.36 ~ 467.1 Dk /kg VIAI = 4988 KI 49881 (1000.VA *(BAMAS er IkI/s } - 230.9 V3-82 A cylinder is initially filled with steam at a specified state, The steam is cooled at constant pressure. ‘The mass of the steam, the final temperature, and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a 7-v diagram. Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero, 2 There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium, Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. ‘This is a closed s leaves, The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as tem since no mass enters or Ein Enum = AE y sem a nae hy hen NRL pdms Chane etal 1,0 12 -Oou ~ Whom = SU = m(uy—u,) (since KE= PE =0) ee 350°C Qo = {lg =I) since AU + IW, = AH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. The properties of water are (Tables A-4 through A-6) + R=1MPa | y, = 0.2825 m5 /kg F, =350 °C] hy =31S7.7kI/kg / 2 (b) The final temperature is determined from @imiy = 199L"C ts@1 MPs = 2778.1 KI kg MPa | sat.vapor J hy (c) Substituting, the energy balance gives Qou. = ~ (5.31 kg)(2778.1 - 3157.7) kivkg = 2016 kJ3-83 A cylinder equipped with an external spring is initially filled with steam at a specified state, Heat is transferred to the steam, and both the temperature and pressure rise, ‘The final temperature, the boundary work done by the steam, and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram. Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 3 The compression or expansion process is quasi- equilibrium. 4 The spring is a linear spring. Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. Noting that the spring is not part of the system (it is external), the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as En = Eom = AE Sytem Q eter eanser Ching nner, sti HO. by est work.amd mass Dorin ate enettes 200 kPa Qh — Whaat =SU = miluy—%4) (since KE = PE 200°C Dp = Gay =H) + ony The properties of steam are (Tables A-4 through A-6) Pp A =200kKPa | y, =1.0803 m4 /kg Zw ; 7, =200°C uy, =2654.4 kJ/kg 1 3 Osim _ _ wastes 0803 m/kg 3 v y= 08 _; 996 m3 fig m 0.463 kg h=1131 °C vy, =1.296m/kg | wy =4321.9KI/kg (O) The pressure of the gas changes linearly with volume, and thus the process curve on a P-V diagram will bea straight line. The boundary work during this process is simply the area under the process curve, which is a trapezoidal, Thus, _R+R _ (200 +500) kPa 7 aha 06-05) W, = Area : (c) From the energy balance we have Orn = (0.463 kg}(4321.9 - 2654.4)kI/kg + 35 KI = 807 KI3-84 A cylinder equipped with a set of stops for the piston to rest on is initially filled with saturated water vapor at a specified pressure. Heat is transferred to water until the volume doubles. The final temperature, the boundary work done by the steam, and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram. Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium. Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves, The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as En Eo = pes 300 kPa Neteneray iransfer Change in imemal. kine by hea, work, and mass" pasa te energies > rs Oy — Wg =AU = mile ~1,) (Since KE = PE = 0) HO Qa — Wy my 200 kPa Qyy = (ety =) + Wh ong Sat, Vapor The properties of steam are (Tables A-4 through A-6) F = 200 kPa | VE =Ve@ 200 ura = 0.8857 m3 / kg, (e@200 Kea ~ 2529.5 KI / kg sat, vapor 0.5m —_— = 0.5645 kg 0.8857 m*/ kg ; Vy; 1m? 3 == _=1,7715 m3/kg 3 in 0.5645 ke es P,=300 kPa T, = 878.9 °C wy =17715m3/kg | y= 3813.8kI/kg (6) The work done during process 1-2 is zero (since = const) and the work done during the constant pressure process 2-3 is Wt -{P dV = PV, Vy) = 300 kPay0.6-0.5) m5 9} _ sous zi . LkPa-m: (c) Heat transfer is determined from the energy balance, Qin = (0.5645 kg)(3813.8 - 2529.5) ki/kg + 150 kK = 875.0 kd3-85E A cylinder equipped with a set of stops for the piston to rest on is initially filled with saturated liquid water at a specified pressure. Heat is transferred to water until the pressure doubles. The amount of liquid at the final state, the final temperature, the boundary work done, and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined, and the process is to be shown on a P-v diagram. Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium, Analysis We take the contents of the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this stationary closed system ean be expressed as = AE yan ay rasfer Change i ternal, inti tybeatwak ands “pe ents Oh, — Woy =AU = muy 2) (Since KE = PE = 0) Dy) = mat, = 14) + Won ‘The properties of steam are (Tables A-4 through A-6) R=2Wpsia | y sat liguid y @ appan = 0-01683 10 Tom 1) =) pps = 196.19 Btu / Ibm 3.60 / bm v, =0017146, vy =10.501 40 /Ibm 1; = 23603, — tq = 856.3 Btu /Tbm 03-0017146 Vj. 10501—0.017146 1 =x, )m= (1-0.027)(5 Ibm) = 4.865 Ibm = 0.0270 Also, ty = try + Xyltyg = 236.03 + (0.027 x 856.3) = 259.15 Btu / Ibm (b) The final state is a saturated liquid-vapor mixture, and thus the final temperature is Ts = Tose @ 40 pia = 267.26 °F (¢) The work done during process 2-3 is zero (since V = const) and the work done during the constant pressure process 1-2 is Ww = [PAY = PUP H)= MPC 9) = (5 lbm)(20 psia)(0.3 -0.01683) R° / tn 5 La 24 Bu 5.4039 psia- ft Heat transfer is determined from the energy balance to be Qn = (5 lbm)(259.15 - 196.19) Btwlbm + 5.24 Bru = 320 Btu3-86 Two rigid tanks that contain water at different states are connected by a valve. The valve is opened and the two tanks come to the same state at the temperature of the surroundings. The final pressure and the ‘amount of heat transfer are to be determined. Assumptions 1 The tanks are stationary and thus the Kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 The tank is insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. 3 There are no work interactions. Analysis. We take the entire contents of the tank as the system. This is closed system since no mass enters (oF leaves, Noting that the volume of the system is constant and thus there is no boundary work, the energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as = AB ysen by beat ek ands SNe te ny = AU = (AV), +AU) y 0. 200 KPa Ws 4 Ura Yaad Asty Cm) CH] Q : Qua The properties of water in each tank are (Tables A-4 through A-6) Tank A: R=400kPa | vy, =0.001084, v, =0.4625m*/kg. ty = 60431, yy =1949.3KI ke 0.001084 + [0.8 x (0.4625 ~0,001084)] = 0.3702 m* / kg, fe +X tly, = 60431 + (08 x19493) = 2163.75 kl / ke Tank B: F=200kPa | y= 1.1988 m"/ ke T,=250°C } y= 2712 KI (ke - 02m Lo saokg via 03702m*/ke Vy 0.5m 417 ke m4, Oo vy E1988 m7 kg. im, = mh, +My = 0540 +0417 = 0.957 kg . o7m* 2m, (09ST kg 25°C ¥ 0731m'/kg | Thus at the final state the system will be a saturated liquid-vapor mixture since vy < vp “vp. Then the final pressure must be 0.731 m3 /kg 43.36 m3 /kg. 301.9 KI /ke Par aasic = 3.169 kPa Also, S731- 0.001 99168 Ve 4336-0.001 Uy = Uy +t ye = 104.88 + (0.0168 x 2304.9) = 143.60 KI / kg, Substituting, ou {(0.957)(143.6) - (0.540)(2163.75) = (0.417)(2731.2)] = 2170 klSpecific Heats, Au and Ah of Ideal Gases 3-87C It can be used for any kind of process of an ideal gas 3-88C It can be used for any kind of process of an ideal gas 3.89C The desired result is obtained by multiplying the first relation by the molar mass M, MC, = MC, + MR +R, or 3.90C Very close, but no, Because the heat transfer during this process is Q = mC,AT, and C, varies with temperature. 3-91C It can be either. The difference in temperature in both the K and °C scales is the same. 3-92C The energy required is mC,A7, which will be the same in both cases. This is because the C, of an ideal gas does not vary with pressure. 3-93C The energy required is mC,AT, which will be the same in both cases. This is because the C, of an ideal gas does not vary with volume. 3-04C For the constant pressure case. This is because the heat transfer to an ideal gas is mC,A7 at constant pressure, mCyAT at constant volume, and C, is always greater than C,.3-95 The enthalpy change of nitrogen gas during a heating process is to be determined using enthalpy data, an empirical specific heat relation, constant specific heat at average temperature, and constant specific heat at room temperature. Analysis (a) At specified conditions nitrogen can be treated as an ideal gas, and its enthalpy depends on temperature only. Using data from Table A-20, coo x = 17,563 KI /kmol iio0k = 30,129 kJ / kmol Thus, hy _ G0.129-17,563) kt / kmol M 28.013 kg/ kmol (b) Using the empirical relation for C,,(7) from Table A-2c, Ah = 448.6 kJ/kg C, =a+bT +l? +dT? where a = 28.90, b = -0.157110°, ¢ = 0.8081x10°, and d =-2.873x10°. From Eq. 3-40, TS a 2 - 2 a Pp? 73 an=f Geran = [ [arorset? +ar"|ar Say T)+ PAE +1 +507 -T) +a ~T') = 28.90(1000 — 600)—1 (0.1571 x10"? }(1000" — 600") ++(0.8081 x 10° )(1000° — 600°) 4 (2873 x 10" )(1000% — 600°) = 12,544 ki /kmol i / km aA 12544 id hmol saris (0:2%error) M ~ 28.013kg/kmol (c) Using the constant C, value from Table A-2b at the average temperature of 800 K, Crave = Cp@sing =1-121KI ke: K Mh= Cp, aol Te —T,) = (1.121 KI / kg KY(1000— 600)K = 448.4 kI/kg (0.04% error) pave! (d) Using the constant C, value from Table A-2a at room temperature, Chase = Ep @at0x = 1.039 kd /kg-K Mh= Cy aye Ty T= (1.039 kd /kg-K)(1000-600)K = 415.6 kd /kg (74% error)3-96E The enthalpy change of oxygen gas during a heating process is to be determined using enthalpy data, an empirical specific heat relation, constant specific heat at average temperature, and constant specific heat at room temperature. Analysis (a) At specified conditions, oxygen can be treated as an ideal gas, and its enthalpy depends on temperature only. Using data from Table A-19E, A Fy = hay soo = 1,017.1 Btu / Ibmol ra xov = 5602.0 Btu /Ibmol ‘Thus. (11,017,1-5602) Btu / Ibmol 31,999 Ibm / Ibmol (0) Using the empirical relation for C,(7) from Table A-2Ee, = 162.9 Btu/Ibm CG, =a+6T+er +ar? where a= 6.085, b = 0.201710", 0527510", and d = 0.05372x 10°. From Eq. 3-40, Ah= f GAT) arf [avorser? 4ar')ar = A(T -T)+hAT +7))+ 4H) - 1) +h act ~ 7") = 6.085(1500 ~800) +4(0.2017 x 10-*)(1 500° —8007) ~ 4 (0.05275 x 10 *)(1500* — 800") +4(0.05372 x10-° )(15004 —800*) = 5442.3 Btu / lbmol AR _ 54423 Bu / 191 199 1 eu ym M = — 31,999 Ibm/ Ibme] (6) Using the constant C, value from Table A-2Eb at the average temperature of 1150 R, Crave = Cpa ii00% = 0.255 Btu /Ibm-R Ah= Cy, auu(Ts ~H) = (0.255 Btu/ Ibm R)(1500—800)R = 178.5 Btu /Ibm (@) Using the constant C, value from Table A-2Ea at room temperature, Chore = Cy@sa7r = 0-219 Btu /Ibm-R Ah=Cy aye Ty ~T) = (0.219 Btu / Ibm - RY(1500 - 800)R = 153.3 Btu / Ibm3-97 The internal energy change of hydrogen gas during a heating process is to be determined using enthalpy data, an empirical specific heat relation, constant specific heat at average temperature, and constant specific heat at room temperature, Analysis (a) At specified conditions, hydrogen can be treated as an ideal gas, and its intemal energy depends on temperature only. Using data from Table A-22, Thus, Ty _ (20,839 ~8,100) kI/kmol M 2.016 kg/ kmol (b) Using the empirical relation for C,(7) from Table A-2c and relating it to C,(7). Au= = 6318.9 kJ/kg CAT) R, =(a-R,)+bT + eT? +a? where a= 29.11, b =-0.1916%107, ¢ = 0.4003x10%, and d = -0.8704x10". From Eq. 3-40, : carnar= f° [lq Ror eer? +ar]ar a RMT TS OTE ET + beTP 1) + fdTy —T') 291)1-8314)(1000—400)—4(0.1961 x 10 (1000? 4007) + 4(0.4003*)(1000° - 400°) ~ (08704 x 10"? (1000* — 400%) 2,691 kI/kmol Ai _ 12,691 kJ / kmol M 2.016 kg/kmol Au = 6295.3 kJ /kg (0.4% error) (c) Using a constant C, value from Table A-2b at the average temperature of 700 K, OA8 ki /kg-K 1) = (10.48 kJ / kg K)(1000 — 400)K = 6288 kJ / kg (05% error) Crave = Cra 700 Au= Cy ave(Ty (d) Using a constant C, value from Table A-2a at room temperature, Cy.ave = Cv@a00k = 10.183 kJ /kg-K Au = Cy ayo(Ty ~T}) = (10.183 kd / kg-K)(1000-400)K = 6100kJ /kg (35% error)Closed System Energy Analysis: Ideal Gases 3-98C No, it isn't. This is because the first law relation Q - W = AU reduces to W = 0 in this case since the system is adiabatic (Q = 0) and AU ~ 0 for the isothermal processes of ideal gases. Therefore, this, adiabatic system cannot receive any net work at constant temperature. 3.99E The air in a rigid tank is heated until its pressure doubles. The volume of the tank and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined, Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its eritical point values of -141°C and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ‘Ape = Ake = 0. 3 Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results innegligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications. is R = 0.3705 psia.ft'/lbm.R (Table A- Properties The gas constant of 18). Analysis (a) The volume of the tank can be determined from the ideal 5 relation, mRT, _ (20 Ibm)(0.3705 psia-f /Ibm-R\S40 R) R 50 psia 80.0 8° (b) We take the air in the tank as our system. The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as En Ena = AE ysem Netneyavafer Change in ntl, Kinet, by heat, work, and mass “ote et. enetuies Q;, = AU Diy = mle, 4) nC (Ty ~%) The final temperature of air is AY _ AV i ot j, = 2.x (540 R)= 1080 R The internal energies are (Table A-17E) = He sion = 92.04 Btu / bom ty = tg og0 n = 186.93 Buu / bm Substituting, Qq,= (20 Ibm)(186.93 - 92.04)Bru/lbm = 1898 Btu Alternative solutions The specitic heat of air at the average temperature of 7... = (540+1080)/2= 810 R = 350°F is, from Table A-2Eb, C,q,¢= 0.175 Brw/lbm.R. Substituting, Q,, = (20 Ibm)( 0.175 Btu/Ibm.R)(1080 - 540) R = 1890 Bea Discussion Both approaches resulted in almost the same solution in this case.3-100 The hydrogen gas in a rigid tank is cooled until its temperature drops to 300 K. The final pressure in the tank and the amount of heat transfer are to be determined Assumptions 1 Hydrogen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -240°C and 1.30 MPa. 2 The tank is stationary, and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Ake = Ape =0. Properties The gas constant of hydrogen is R = 4.124 kPa.m/kg.K (Table A-1). The constant volume specific heat of hydrogen at the average temperature of 450 K is , C,4,.= 10.389 ki/kg.K (Table A-2E) Analysis (a) The final pressure of hydrogen can be determined from the ideal gas relation, FR gy pe Bye S osourg=ts0ura R % 2A} 500K (b) We take the hydrogen in the tank as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as E; E, ‘au, ‘Net energy transfor boy, work and mass Onn = H ak 250 KP; Quy =~ AU = may ~ ty) = mC, (F; ~ Ts) Le where _ AY (250 kPa)(1.0 m3) - Q mats = 0.1212 kg RT (4.124 kPa-m? /kg-K)(S00 K) Substituting into the energy balance, Qu = (0.1212 kg)(10.389 ki/kg:K)\(500 - 300)K = 251.8 kd3-101 A resistance heater is to raise the air temperature in the room from 7 to 25°C within 20 min, The required power rating of the resistance heater is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -141°C and 3.77 MPa. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ‘Ake = Ape = 0. 3 Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications. 4 Heat losses from the room are negligible. 5 The room is air-tight so that no air leaks in and out during the process. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.m'/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, C= 1.005 kiikg.K for air at room temperature (Table A-2). Analysis We take the air in the room to be the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system boundary. The energy balance for this stationary constant-volume closed system can be expressed as En ~ Eom = AE ys Pr aeyee cy “Cegeenet lee Woy =AU =MC, yelTy—T) (since Q= KE = PE=0) or, Wy At = mC, gue(Ty HY 4x5x6 m! The mass of air is 7C V =4x5x6=120 m3 We = AIR AV ___(O00kPay(120m?)_ —<— sts = 149.3 kg, "RT (0.287 kPa: im . 1 kg- K)(280 K) Substituting, the power rating of the heater becomes W, , = (149.3 kg)(0.718 kJ / kg” C25—7)°C / (15% 60s) = 1.91 KW Discussion In practice, the pressure in the room will remain constant during this process rather than the volume, and some air will leak out as the air expands. As a result, the air in the room will undergo a constant pressure expansion process. Therefore, it is more proper to be conservative and to use AM instead of using AU in heating and air-conditioning applications,3-102 A room is heated by a radiator, and the warm air is distributed by a fan, Heat is lost from the room. The time it takes for the air temperature to rise to 20°C is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -141°C and 3.77 MPa, 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, ‘Ake = Ape =O. 3 Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications. 4 The local atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. 5 The room is air-tight so that no air leaks in and out during the process. = 0.287 kPa.m’/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, C, = 1.005 ki/kg.K for air Properties The gas constant of ai at room temperature (Table A-2). Analysis We take the air in the room to be the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the system boundary. The energy balance for this stationary constant-volume closed system can be expressed as 5,000 KI AE sain A Mn Changs nto, te, penta, fe energies ROOM $+ Wann ~ Qous = AU = MC, goed Ty ~ Tj) (Since KE = PE = 0) hn + ssn ~ Qui avelT 4m x Sm x 7m or, (Gy, + Wy ~ Que = Cy, ye T2 Ti) Sag The mass of air is - { 000 kh Wye APF 10,000 ki V=4x5x7=140 mt mal (100 kPay(140 my _ ~ RT (0.287 kPa-m} /kg-K)(283 K) e— 172A ke Using the C,, value at room temperature, [10.000 ~ 3,000) ’3600 ks /s+ 0.1 ky /s]Ar = (172.4 g)(0,718 kJ / ka" C20—10°C It yields At= 831 Discussion In practice, the pressure in the room will remain constant during this process rather than the volume, and some air will leak out as the air expands. As a result, the air in the room will undergo a constant pressure expansion process. Therefore, it is more proper to be conservative and to using AW instead of use AU in heating and air-conditioning applications.3-103 A student living in a room turns her 150-W fan on in the morning. ‘The temperature in the room when she comes back 10 h later is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Air is an idea} gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -141°C and 3.77 MPa, 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Ake = Ape =0. 3 Constant specific heats at room temperature can be used for air. This assumption results in negligible error in heating and air-conditioning applications, 4 All the doors and windows are tightly closed, and heat transfer through the walls and the windows is disregarded. Properties The gas constant of air is R= 0.287 kPa.m'/kg.K (Table A-1). Also, Cy ~ 1.005 ki/kg.K and C, = 0,718 ki/kg, K for air at room temperature (Table A-2), Analysis We take the room as the system. This is a closed system since the doors and the windows are said to be tightly closed, and thus no mass crosses the system boundary during the process. The energy balance for this system can be expressed as En = Eau = ae, ROOM s msfer Change eal. Ki, by heat, work, and mass —~ povennal, ete energies Am x 6m x 6m, Woy = SU Woy = Mtg ~ 4) = mC, (T -T) ‘The mass of air is V24x6x6=144 m3 Al (100 kPa)(144 m5) “RR (0.287 kPa-m'/kg-K\288 K) The electrical work done by the fan is m 74.2 kg =(0.15 kJ / 510 x 3600 s) = 5400 kJ. Substituting and u 5400 kJ = (174.2 kgy(0.718 kI/kg?Cy( 72 - 15)°C Ty = 58.2°C the C, value at roorn temperature,3-104E A paddle wheel in an oxygen tank is rotated until the pressure inside rises to 20 psia while some heat is lost to the surroundings. ‘The paddle whee! work done is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Oxygen is an ideal gas since it is at a high temperature and low pressure relative to its critical point values of -181°F and 736 psia. 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Ake = Ape =0. 3 The energy stored in the paddle wheel is negligible. 4 This is a rigid tank and thus its volume remains constant. Properties The gas constant and molar mass of oxygen are R = (Table A-1B). .3353 psia.f'/Ibm.R and M= 32 Ibmv/Ibmol Analysis We take the oxygen in the tank as our system, This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves, The energy balance for this system can be expressed as E,,-E, = AL, in ony system Not neray anafer_ Change nial, Kneti, Oo by heat, work, andi mass potential, ete energies 14.7 psia Wow,in ~ Qo = AU 80°F 20 Buu 1 Im(2y — 1) = Days + my 7G) MP ar Qaus + CTs — Fi) The final temperature and the number of moles of oxygen are _ 20 psia Ro! 14.7 psia aes (14.7 psiay(10 3) RA, (0.3353 psia- ft9/Ibmol- R)(540 R) The internal energios of oxygen are (Table A-19E) fa 540 =2673.8 Buw/ Ibmol fa7sse = 3669.2 Btu / Ibmol Ha2y ($40 R) = 735 R = 0.812 bm i= My = Substituting, Woein = (20 Btu) + (0.812 Ibm)[(3669.2 - 2673.8)/32] Btu/bm = 45.3 Btu Alternative solution The specific heat of oxygen at the average temperature Of T,y. = (735+540)/2= 638 R Cyaye = 0.160 Buu/lbm.R. Substituting, Wowia = (20 Biu) + (0.812 Ibm)(0160 Btu/Ibm.R)(735 - $40) Btu/Ibmol = 45.3 Btu Discussion Note that a “cooling” fan actually causes the internal temperature of a confined space to rise. In fact, a 100-W fan supplies a room with as much energy as a 100-W resistance heater.3-105 One part of an insulated rigid tank contains an ideal gas while the other side is evacuated. The final temperature and pressure in the tank are to be determined when the partition is removed. Assumptions 1 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Ake = Ape =0. 2 The tank is insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible. Analysis We take the entire tank as the system. This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundaries ofthe system. The energy balance for this system can be expressed as Eu & = Net onergy transfer inatic, bby eat work, and mass potential, ete eneruies O=AU = my — 1) Wy = - Evacuated Therefore, T= T= 50°C Since w= u(7) for an ideal gas. Then, YAM 4 goo kPa) = 400 kPa3-106 A cylinder equipped with a set of stops for the piston to rest on is initially filled with helium gas ata specified state, The amount of heat that must be transferred to raise the piston is to be determined, Assumptions 1 Helium is an ideal gas with constant specific heats, 2 The kinetic and potential energy changes are negligible, Ake = Ape = 0). 3 There are no work interactions involved. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible Properties The specific heat of helium at room temperature is C, = 3.1156 kI/kg.K (Table A-2). Analysis We take the helium gas in the cylinder as the system, This is a closed system since no mass crosses the boundary of the system. The energy balance for this constant volume closed system can be expressed as Ey~Emy = Net enerzy trmsfer_ Change in iniemal, kinetic, ‘by heat, work, anc'mass "peters ete ener 500 kPa Q,, = AU = mu, —0,) be _ ‘= mC, = He jy = mtg 14) = MCT, ~T) ies The final temperature of helium can be determined from the ideal gas relation to be 259°C (Pv § BRL RE gy ofa, 2 S00 KPH 9g 1c) = 1490K TT Rh 100. kPa Substituting into the energy balance relation gives Oj, = (0.5 kg)(3.1 156 ki/kg-K)(1490 - 298)K = 1857 kd3-107 An insulated cylinder is initially filled with air at a specified state. A paddle-whee! in the cylinder stirs the air at constant pressure. The final temperature of air is to be determined. Assumptions 1 Air is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. 2 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 3 There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work. 4 The cylinder is well-insulated and thus heat transfer is negligible, 5 ‘The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself and the paddle-wheel is negligible. 6 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium. Properties The gas constant of air is R = 0.287 kPa.’ /kg.K (Table A-1). Also, C= 1.005 ki/kg.K for air at room temperature (Table A-2). The enthalpy of air at the initial temperature is, hy = hasan. = 298.18 ki/kg, Analysis. We take the air in the cylinder as the system. This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this stationary closed system can be expressed as Newry wanser_— Chinge ara iti yen toe. gee uri Wein ~Wrow = SU " Al Wooran = (Eg =I) s P=const since AU + 1%,= AH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process. The mass of air is ak (400 kPa)(0.1 m= = —_ OE _- 0.468 kg RT, (0.287 kPa-m* /kg- K)(298 K) Substituting into the energy balance, 15 kJ ~ (0.468 kg)(/hp - 298.18 ki/kg) 330.23 kivkg From Table A-17, 29.9 K Alternative solution Using specific heats at room temperature, C, = .005 ki/kg.°C, the final temperature is determined to be Wren = (Ig hy) = mC, Ty — 1) 15 kd = (0,468 kg)(1.005 ki/kg.2C)(T> - 25)°C which gives 56.°C3+108E A cylinder is initially filled with nitrogen gas at a specified state. The gas is cooled by transferring heat from it. The amount of heat transfer is to be determined. Assumptions 1 The cylinder is stationary and thus the kinetic and potential energy changes are zero. 2 There are no work interactions involved other than the boundary work. 3 The thermal energy stored in the cylinder itself is negligible. 4 The compression or expansion process is quasi-equilibrium. 5 Nitrogen is an ideal gas with variable specific heats. Properties ‘The initial and final enthalpies of nitrogen are (Table A-18E) i = Ray1oo = 8129.0 Btu /Ibmol hy, Jy, = heseen = 4167.9 Bu/Ibmol Analysis. We take the nitrogen gas in the cylinder as the system, This is a closed system since no mass enters or leaves. The energy balance for this closed system can be expressed as = AE, system ‘Net energy transfer ty heat work and mass) TaShan te energies No ~Qans — Was = AU = ity 1) fore Ld ~Qay = M(t = hy) = Ny hy) since AU + Wi, = AH during a constant pressure quasi-equilibrium process The number of moles of nitrogen is _ ar (50 psiay(25 ft RF (10.73 psia- ft? /Ibmol «R)(1160 R) Substituting, 3 = 0.1004 Ibmol Qour= {0.1004 lbmol)(4 167.9 - 8129.0)Btu/lbmol = 398 Btu Alternative solution The mass of nitrogen is _ AV (50 psiay(25 ft") ma = y_ RF, (0.3830 psia- ft® / tbm-R)(1160 R) = 2814 bm ‘The specific heat of nitrogen at the average temperature of Tye = (700+ 140)/2 = 420°F, from Table A-2Eb, Cyave = 0.252 Btu/Ibm.°F. Substituting, =O = ny fy) = mC, (Ty —T) Qo: = (0.252 tbm)(0.252 Bru/Ibm.°F)(700 - 140)°F = 397 Btu