FORM TP 20234 TEST CODE 002674 MAY 2000 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION CHEMISTRY UNIT 2- PAPER 01 2 hours ion to the 2 hours, candidates are allowed a reading time of 15 minutes. Writing may begin during the 15-minute period. READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY ‘This paper consists of TWELVE questions. ‘There are FOUR questions from each Module. Candidates must attempt ALL, questions. Candidates MUST write answers in this answer booklet. ALL working must be shown in this answer booklet. A Data Booklet is provided. 002674/CAPE/F/2000 Copyright © 1999 Caribbean Examinations Council All rights reserved.1 (a) oO Gi) -2- MODULE 1 Attempt ALL questions. Use the Bronsted-Lowry theory to explain the meaning of the terms ‘acid’ and “base’. { 1mark} HCl is said to be a ‘strong acid’ and HCN a ‘weak acid’. Using these examples and the Bronsted-Lowry theory, explain the difference between the terms ‘strong acid’ and ‘weak acid’. { 2 marks) (6) The H,PO,; ion is amphiprotic (amphoteric). Write the formulae of the (@ conjugate base of the acid HPO { 1mark} Gi) conjugate acid of the base HPO,” - [ dmark] © @ _ Write the expression for the acid dissociation constant, K,, of the weak acid 002674/CAPE/F/2000 chloroethanoic acid (CH, CICOOH} {1 mark} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEi) © Gi) 2 @ ) @ 002674/CAPE/F/2000 If the pH of 2 0.10 mol dn solution of chloroethanoic acid is 1.96 at a given temperature, calculate the values at that temperature for @ «, [ 2marks] ©) RK, [1 mark Comment on the position of equilibrium in the dissociation process if the K, value of the acid increases as the temperature rises. [mark] ‘Total 10 marks Define the term ‘buffer solution’. {1 mark} The blood is a buffered system, as its pH must be maintained very close to 7.35 if its ‘caygen-carrying capacity is to be maintained. ‘State the components of ihe buffer system in the blood, [ 2marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEae Gi)" Use equations to show how this system operates to maintain the pH of the blood when a) acid is added b) base is added. . [ 2marks} © Calculate: (The number of mol of H* ions in 1 cm? of a1 mol dm” solution of HCl. (Assume 100% dissociation.) ( dmark } (ii) The pH of the solution formed when 1 cm? of this solution is added to 1 dm? of distilled water. (You may assume a total volume of 1 dm? after mixing.) { Imark] Gii) The pH of a buffer system which contains 8.20 g of sodium ethanoate in 1 dm’ of 0.1 mol dm” ethanoic acid solution (The K, of ethanoic acid = 1.8 x 10°), { 3 marks} Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE&) (002674/CAPE/F/2000 (Explain the meaning of the phrase ‘solubility product, K,,, of a sparingly soluble salt’, using lead iodide, PbI,, as an example. 7 { 2marks] Gi) { 1 mark} (ii) Given that the numerical value of the K,, of Pbl; at 298 Kis 1.39 x 10°, calculate the solubility (in mol dm”*) of PBI, at 298 K. [ 2marks] 4 Ba’* is toxic. However; because the solubility of barium sulphate at 298 K is very low (100 cm’ of water dissolving 2.2 x 10“ g of BaSO,), a suspension of BaSO, made with a radioactive barium isotope is swallowed as a ‘barium meal’ when investigation of the upper alimentary tract is necessary. (Molar Mass of BaSO, = 233.34 g-mol?) Calculate the @ molar solubility of BaSO, at 298 K { 1 mark] Gi) K,, of BaSO, at 298 K. aS [1 mark} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE©) was 007674/(CAPEVE/2000 -6 In what way, if at all, will the values calculated in (b) on page 5 change if some sodium _ sulphate is dissolved in the water before the BaSO, is added? Explain your answers. ‘The solubility of BaSO, The K,,, of BaSO, : i { 3 marks] Total 10 marks (Define the term ‘rate of reaction’ (a “ Ca ee (i mark (i) List TWO examples of reactions whose rates are affected by light. / / [ 2 marks] (ii) On the axes given below, sketch 2 graph of reaction rate vs temperature to show an | explosive reaction. Reaction = ; —> Temperature | [mark } | GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE(b) Two gases, A and B, react at 800 °C according to the equation 2Aq + 2B > 2Cey + Dia Information obtained concerning the rate of reaction between A and B at 800 °C is shown, in Table 1 below. TABLE 1: RATE OF REACTION BETWEEN A and B ‘Expt. Initial Cone. Initial Cone. Initial Rate of ‘Number of A (mol dm”) of B (mol dm™) Production of D (mol dm 5“) 1 0.005 0.03 15x 107 2 0.01 0.03 3x10? 3 os 0.03 45x10? 4 0.03 | 0.005 0.25 x 107 5 0.03 0.010 1x10? 6 0.03 o.01s 2.25 x 107 @ Calculate the order of reaction with respect to a oA 3 ! ' OB [ 2marks] Gi) Deduce the a) rate law for the reaction . . b) _ overall order of the reaction. [ 2marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPEVF/2000© ® 0) © 002674/CAPE/F/2000 . ee ‘Use the data of Experiment 4 from Table 1 on page 7.to calculate the rate constant for the reaction, stating the units (2 marks] Total 10 marks MODULE 2 Attempt ALL questions. In Table 2 below, give the formulae of the oxides of the elements of Period 3, other than chlorine and argon. TABLE 2: OXIDES OF ELEMENTS OF PERIOD 3 T Element { Na Mg Al Si P Ss a [ Ar } | | Formulaof | { c1,0, = oxide _t [ 2 marks] Write the equation for the reaction between the oxide of phosphorus and cold water. ' = { 1 mark} Describe, using equations, the acid/base behaviour of the oxide of aluminium. { 3 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE=o) (a) With reference to the bonding present in the oxides of sodium, aluminium and chlorine, explain the trend in acid/base behaviour. (No equations are required.) { 4 marks] ‘Total 10 marks (a) Explain the trend in atomic radii of the elements of Group 2. ‘ { 2 marks} (b) Describe the reactions of magnesium and calcium with oxygen.’(At least one equation is required.) [ 3 marks] (©) Radium is the final member of Group 2. (Predict its reaction with cold water. ( 1mark] (i) Write the equation for this reaction. Include the state symbols. { 1 mark] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F/2000@ © () 002674/CAPE/F/2000 + 10-- Comment on the solubility of its sulphate. { 1mark} State ONE use of a named compound of: @) Magnesium ‘Name of compound ‘Use { Fmark } Gi) Caleium Name of compound Use (1 mark } ‘Total 10 marks List. THREE sources of production of sulphur dioxide for use in the Contact Process. [ marks] ‘There are four reactions that take place during the Contact Process. The first two reactions are represented by their equations below. @ Gi) S@+00 > SO, I 280,@+0,@ > 280, Write the equations for the other TWO reactions. ( 2 marks} State the reason for the fact that sulphur trioxide is not directly dissolved in water during the process, [ 1mark } GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE-l- (©) Describe the function of sulphuric acid in the manufacture of detergents. [ 1 mark} (@) Discuss the use of sulphur dioxide as a preservative of pears and peaches. (Include an i advantage and a disadvantage.) [ 4 marks] ‘Total 10 marks I 8 (@)_Explain the trend in volatility of the elements as Group 7 is descended. | { 2 marks} (b) — Assample, P, consisting of two compounds, was,treated with concentrated sulphuric acid i and warmed. A purple-coloured gas evolved. To an aqueous soliition of P was added | aqueous silver nitrate. A cream precipitate was fofmed. When dilute ammonia was added i to this precipitate, parf of it dissolved leaving a yellow precipitate. Deduce the anicns present in P, giving ONE reason for EACH anion identified. [ 2 marks} GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F/2000-12- (©) When bromine is added to cold aqueous sodium hydroxide, bromine is decolourised leaving colourless solution, F. The equation below represents this disproportionation reaction. ‘When the solution, F-Has-excess-Ag*-ions-addedito-it, @-suspension.is-formed:Wwhich is filtered. On heating the colourless filtrate, a cream precipitate is formed. (Note silver(I) salts of bromate ions are soluble in water.) = OH”, Br@) + 2OHGq) Br (aq) + BrO™ (aq) + H,0@® ae (@) Use the equation to explain the term*disproportionation’ Explain the formation of Gi) (a) ~ the suspension from F when excess Ag” ions are added { 1mark] (b) the cream precipitate from the filtrate when it is heated. oe : [ 2marks} () 002674/CAPE/F/2000-13- @) Which of the halogens bring abot sulp ‘the maximum change in oxidation number of { Imark] Gi) Write ONE full ionic equation to represent this change, [ Lmark } Total 10 marks MODULE 3 Attempt ALL questions. 9% (a) State THREE sources of anthropogenic (man-made) pollution of the aquatic environment. [ 3marks} (©) _List TWO uses of chlorine in the area of water pollution managerhent. { 2 marks] (©) Use Figure 1 on page 14, which is a schematic representation of the,changes.in.a river below a discharge of an organic effluent, to answer the following What are the observed trends in the nutrients (NH,*, NO,” and PO") ? (1 mark ] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F/2000000C/H/AdVI/PL9700 SOVd LXIN JHL OL NO 09 Figure 1. Schematic rep n of the changes in water quality ina river below a discharge of an organic effluent =p. 715 - Gi) Explain | 2) __the.variation between the observed ammonium and nitrate concentration ; { 2 marks} b) "the shape of the phosphate (PO, ion curve { mark } c) the similarity between the phosphate ion and the ammonium ion profile as the distance downstream increases. ) 1 . | [mark] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F/2000-16- 10, Table 3 below displays percentages of air pollutants discharged during the year 1982. The pefcentages were calculated relative to the emissions for 1970, the year of the passage of the Clean Air Act ‘TABLE 3: PERCENTAGES OF AIR POLLUTANTS Air Pollutant Percentage Relative | to the Year 1970 | Carbon monoxide 84.5 Nitrogen dioxide 110 Sulphur dioxide 9 Hydrocarbons 82 ‘ Particulates » 46 (a) Suggest a reason for the significant decrease in the emission of particulates. i { mark] (0) The fitting of catalytic converters to vehicles has assisted in lowering the levels of some of these emissions State the @ principle involved in the operation of catalytic converters [ 1mark } Gi) name of the resulting emission product. [ Imark] (© Sulphur dioxide is considered as a major pollutant. (State THREE ways in which sulphur dioxide is harmful to the environment. [ 3marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F/2000@ (@) Aerosol Ato Several efficient methods are available to trap SO,. One method involves the use of limestone. The limestone is heated to produce lime, CaO, which then reacts with the SO, to form a salt which can be removed from an exhaust stack by an electrostatic precipitator. Write the equation for the reaction involved in the removal of SO, by this method [ 1mark} propellants such as,Freon-11, CCIF, are also of major concern because of their photochemical reaction with ozone/O,. Ultraviolet radiation in the stratosphere produces chlorine radicals, which then react with ozone producing oxygen. @ Gi) 002674/CAPE/F/2000 ‘Write a balanced equation for the a) photochemical decomposition of Freon-11 b) _radical reaction for the production of oxygen from ozone. [ 2marks] ‘Suggest ONE reason why the reactions in d (i) above are‘of more significance in the stratosphere than at lower levels. { Lmark] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGEnu. _ 002674/CAPEVF/2000- -18- Figure 2 below shows a flow chart for the Haber Process used in the manufacture of ammonia, 'N;, gas from N, gas, methane from air SS ae N, and H, mixture Tone N, and H, dry mixture | Heaters N, and H, hot and dry Catalytic surface 450 - 850°C ‘NE, gas 3 Jone : NH, : ligula Figure 2 See — (a) _ Staié ONE reason for the use of EACH of the following components in'the process: @ Soda time chamber { mark] Gi) Heaters { Limark} (ii) Catalytic surface { 1 mark] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE-19- (©) One operating condition essential for a profitable yield of ammonia from its gaseous, reactants is not highlighted in this flow char. State (the operating condition [ 1 mark } Gi) the principle underlying its use. ({ 1mark } (©) One of the major sources of hydrogen for the Haber Process is hydrocarbons. Alkanes from natural gas or naphtha are reacted with steam in the presence of a catalyst or are partially oxidized with oxygen. Naphtha is a mixture of C-§ to C-9 hydrocarbons. (@) Write the equation for the partial oxidation of hexane, C,H,,. [mark] (ii) Calculate the volume of hydrogen which can be obtained from 1000 kg of hexane measured at rt.p. conditions. (Molar volume = 24 dm’ at rtp.) [ 3 marks] (iii) Deduce ONE disadvantage of using this method for the generation of hydrogen. [ dmark] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F/2000fog 12. Ethanol can be produced by the fermentation of sugars from many different sources such as corn, wheat, rye and barley. Industrial ethanol is synthesized directly by the gas-phase reaction of water with ethene (a) Write the equation for the overall reaction occurring during the fermentation process. 5) EA mark } (©) The alcoholic solution that results from fermentation contains 12% to 15% ethanol. State ()__areason for the low percentage of ethanol produced { 1mark} (ithe process used to obtain ethanol of concentrations above 95% from a fermentation batch [ 1 mark] (iii) TWO uses of alcohol produced in (b) (ii) above. [ 2 marks} (©) Suggest THREE conditions that would promote the production of ethanol from the gas- phase reaction between ethene and water. Give ONE reason for EACH condition chosen. [ 3 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPEJF/2000-21- (6) Caribbean countries are facing the following dilemma. The production of alcohol is a ‘major contributor to their economies. However, the number of road accidents arising from ! the effects of drunken driving is on the increase. Discnss stopping the production of alcohol as a solution to the dilemma above. { 2 marks} ‘Total 10 marks END OF TEST 002674/CAPE/F/2000