Est cope 002674 FORM TP 22200 . MAY/JUNE 2002 CARIBBEAN EXAMINATIONS COUNCIL ADVANCED PROFICIENCY EXAMINATION CHEMISTRY UNIT 2 - PAPER 01 I hour 45 minutes Candidates are advised to use the first 15 minutes for reading through this paper carefully. READ THE FOLLOWING INSTRUCTIONS CAREFULLY 1. This paper consists of NINE questions. 2. There are THREE questions from each Module. Answer ALL questions. 3. Write answers in this booklet. 4. ALL working must be shown in this booklet. 5. The use of non-programmable calculators is permitted. 6. A Data Booklet is provided. Copyright © 2001 Caribbean Examinations Council All rights,reserved (002674/CAPE/F 2002-2- MODULE 1 Answer ALL questions. Ll (a) (i) Use the Bronsted-Lowry model to explain the difference between a ‘weak base” and a ‘strong base’. (2 marks] (ii) In water, ammonia forms a weak basic solution. Write an equation to represent the reaction between ammonia and water. [1 mark } Gi) Write the equilibrium constant expression for this reaction. [I mark ] (b) — @)_ Define the term ‘pH’. | [1 mark ] (ii) Calculate the pH of a 0.100 mol dm-3 aqueous solution of ammonia. (K, NH, = 1.8 x 10° at the experimental temperature) {2 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002(©) @ Define the term ‘pK,” (1 mark ) (ii) Table 1 below gives pK, values for three bases including ammonia. TABLE 1. pK, VALUES Base NH; CH,NH, C,H;NH, pK, 4.75 3.43 3.37 Account for the variation in the given values. 002674/CAPE/F 2002 [2 marks] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE-4- 2. (a) Define the term ‘buffer solution’. [1 mark ] (b) The blood is a buffered system, as its pH must be maintained very close to 7.35 if its oxygen-carrying capacity is to be maintained. @ Name the components of the buffer system in the blood. (ii) Use an equation to show how this system operates to maintain the pH of the blood when a) acid is added b) base is added. [3 marks] (c) Calculate the jw number of mol of H* ions in 1 cm} of a 1 mol dm- solution of HCI (assume 100% dissocation) [1 mark ] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002-5- (ii) pH of the solution formed when 1 cm? of this solution is added to 1 dm? of distilled water (you may assume a total volume of 1 dm} after mixing) (1 mark ] (ii) pH of a buffer system which contains 8.20 g of sodium ethanoate in 1. dm? of a 1 mol dm ethanoic acid solution (Ka of ethanoic acid = 1.8 x 10°] [2 marks] (iv) pH of the solution formed when 1 cm? of the HCI solution from (c) (i) on page 4 is added to 1 dm} of the buffer solution from (c) (iii) (you may assume a total volume of 1 dm} after mixing). (2 marks] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002-6- 3. (a) @)_ Using lead iodide, Pbl,, as an example, explain the meaning of the term ‘solubility product, Ksp,’ of a sparingly soluble salt. [2 marks] Gi) Determine the units of the Ksp of Pbl,. [1 mark ] (iii) Given that the numerical value of the Ksp of Pbl, at 298 K is 1.39 x Op calculate the solubility (in mol dm-3) of Pbl, at 298 K. [2 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002-T- (b) —_Ba?*is toxic. However, because the solubility of barium sulphate at 298 K is very low (100 cm? of water dissolving 2.2 x 10~* g of BaSO,), a suspension of BaSO, made with a radioactive barium isotope can be swallowed as a ‘barium meal’ when investigation of the upper alimentary tract is necessary. Calculate the (i) molar solubility of BaSO, at 298 K (1 mark } Gi) Kgp of BaSO, at 298 K. [1 mark ] (c) In what way, if at all, will the values calculated in (b) above change, if some sodium sulphate is dissolved in the water before the BaSO, is added? Explain your answers. The solubility of BaSO, The Ks, of BaSO, (3 marks} Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002-8- MODULE 2 Answer ALL questions. 4. Describe the reaction of sulphur with @ (i) oxygen [2 marks] Gi) water. [1 mark ] (b) Write the chemical equations for the reactions in (a) above. (©) Sulphur dioxide is an acidic gas that dissolves in water to form sulphurous acid. Moist sulphur dioxide (HSO3) can act as a strong reducing agent and as a bleaching agent. @ Write an ionic equation to illustrate the action of the sulphite ion as a reducing agent. [2 marks] (ii) Write the equation for the reaction between sulphur dioxide and sodium oxide. [2 marks] (iii) Suggest the chemistry involved in the action of the sulphur dioxide as a bleaching agent. [1 mark ] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPEJ/F 2002-9- 5. (a) (i) Explain the trend in volatility of the elements of Group 7. [2 marks] ii) Explain the trend in stability of the hydrides of the elements of Group 7. [2 marks] (b) A sample, P, consisting of two compounds was treated with concentrated sulphuric acid and warmed. A purple coloured gas evolved: To an aqueous solution of P was added aqueous silver nitrate. A cream coloured precipitate was formed. When dilute ammonia was added to this precipitate, part of it dissolved leaving a yellow precipitate. Deduce the ions present in P, giving reasons for your answer. {2 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 002674/CAPE/F 2002-10- (©) When brown bromine is added to cold aqueous sodium hydroxide, a colourless solution, F, is formed. The equation below represents this disproportionation reaction. When excess Ag* ions are added to solution F, a suspension is formed which is filtered. On heating the colourless filtrate, a cream coloured precipitate is formed. (Note silver (D salts of bromate ions are soluble in water.) OH” Br,(l) + 20H (aq) Br (aq) + BrO- (aq) + H,O() 2 — i (i) Use the equation to explain the term ‘disproportionation’. [2 marks} (i) Explain what happened to solution F after excess silver (I) ions are added and the filtrate from the suspension heated. [2 marks] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002-ll- 6. Transition metals find use in many industrial applications as catalysts, oxidising agents and structural materials. (a) Catalytic converters assist in decreasing the levels of harmful gases emitted in vehicular exhaust. The converters are outfitted with ceramic beads coated with the metals rhodium, palladium and platinum. Carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide are two harmful gases that are converted into carbon dioxide and nitrogen by the action of the catalytic converter. (i) Write a balanced equation for the conversion of these gases. (1 mark ] (ii) What is the advantage of having the beaded catalytic surface? U1 mark J (iii) Suggest, with an illustration, how the molecules of carbon monoxide and nitrogen monoxide react on the surface of the catalyst. [2 marks] (iv) What property of the transition metals is employed in this application? (1 mark } GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002-12- (b) The manganate (VII) and dichromate (V1) ions are two powerful oxidants used in synthesis of organic compounds. Another chromium containing oxidising agent employed in the conversion of organic compounds is pyridinium chlorochromate, PCC, of formula Py.CrO;.HCI. A milder oxidising agent is PCC. The electrode potentials for two of these agents are as follows: EW MnO, (aq) + 8H*(aq) + Se- > Mn?+(aq) + 4H,O(I) + 1.52 Cr,0,"(aq) + 14H" (aq) + 6e~ > 2Cr?*(aq) + 7TH,O(I) + 1.36 @ Gi) (ii) 002674/CAPE/F 2002 Use the electrode potentials given to explain any difference in oxidising power of MnO, and Cr,0,7". [2 marks] Compare the relative stabililty of the lower oxidation states of the metals. {1 mark ] Areagent was required to convert the compound A into B. Suggest which ONE of the three agents mentioned above would be most suitable. Explain your reasoning. NO, CH,OH) —> CHO [2 marks] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.(a) ) aise MODULE 3 Answer ALL questions. State ONE use of chlorine or a named chlorine compound in EACH of the fields given below: @ Agriculture (i) Industry (ii) Health care [3 marks] Chlorine is manufactured on an industrial scale by the electrolysis of a concentrated solution of aqueous sodium chloride using flowing mercury cells. In the flowing mercury cell, a Na/Hg amalgam is formed at the cathode and chlorine is produced at the graphite anode. The Na/Hg amalgam flows from the electrolytic cell to the soda cell where the sodium reacts with water to form sodium hydroxide. (i) Write an overall equation for the process described. {2 marks] (ii) Give ONE advantage and ONE disadvantage of the process as indicated by the equation given in (b) (i) above. Advantage Disadvantage [2 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002,t -14- (iii) Give ONE use of the compound formed as a by-product of the process indicated in (b) (i) on page 13. (mark ] (©) During a peak industrial period, 2.5 x 107 tonnes of chlorine were produced worldwide i in one year. Use the equation in (b) (i) on page 13 to calculate the mass, in kg, of NaC] required for the production of 2.5 x 10’ tonnes of chlorine. (tonne = 1000 kg) [2 marks] Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE ‘ 002674/CAPE/F 20028. (a) (b) -15- List FOUR factors that would influence the location of a cement plant. a Gi) (iii) dv) 7 [4 marks] Cement manufacture involves the roasting of a mixture of calcium carbonate, silica, clay and iron oxide at temperatures of 870 °C. Many environmentalists protest against the establishment of a cement plant. They complain that the chemical processes involved in the manufacture of cement lead to the greenhouse effect, global warming, depletion of petroleum reserves and respiratory ailments. Discuss how, in the establishment of the plant, the following concerns of the environmentalists may be justified. (i) Greenhouse effect [2 marks] (ii) Global warming [mark ] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. 002674/CAPE/F 2002-16- ; | (iii) Depletion of petroleum reserves L ie [2 marks] f (iv) Respiratory ailments (1 mark ] I i Total 10 marks GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002-17- 9. (a) Aluminium is used in the manufacture of alloys, cooking utensils and overhead electric cables. In EACH situation below, explain the use of aluminium in relation to its, physical and chemical properties. @ Alloys (2 marks] Gi) Cooking utensils [2 marks] (ii) Overhead electric cables : [2 marks] GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE 002674/CAPE/F 2002-18- (b) The manufacture of aluminium from bauxite (Al,0;) involves several chemical prin- ciples. Discuss the principles underlying the (i) removal of the impurity — Fe,03. Include a balanced equation for any reactions occurring. (2 marks] | (ii) __use of cryolite [Na;AIF,] in the extraction of Al from Al,03. [2 marks] {! ‘Total 10 marks (iD OF TEST 002674/CAPE/F 2002