Chng 2:

Chun ho lc quan h

Php tch ( decomposition)

Cho LQH R, tp PTH F

Mt php tch trn LQH R l mt php
thay R bng mt tp cc lc R1,R2,Rn
vi Ri R,i=1..m v
Ri = R, i=1,,k
K hiu php tch = (R1, R2,...,Rn)

Php tch khng tn tht thng

tin( lossless join decomposition)
Php tch mt LQH R thnh R1, R2,...,Rn c
gi l khng tn tht (hoc khng mt mt thng
tin) i vi tp PTH F nu
r = R1( r ) R2( r ) Rn( r )
Ngc li, nu khng tn ti ng thc th ta gi l
php tch tn tht.

V d v php tch

Xt quan h :
CT ( GVCT Ngay Thang Phong Monhoc GiangVien )
A
2
1
P101 GT
X
B
2
2
P102 CTDL
Y
C
2
2
P101 CTDL
Y
D
2
1
P103 GT
X

Ta tch thnh ba quan h :

LCT ( GVCT Ngay Thang Monhoc )
A
2
1
GT
B
2
2
CTDL
C
2
2
CTDL
D
2
1
GT
CT ( Ngay Thang Phong Monhoc )
2
1
P101 GT
2
2
P102 CTDL
2
1
P103 GT
GIANGDAY(Monhoc GiangVien)
GT
X
CTDL
Y
Kt ni LCT CT GIANGDAY cha nhiu b hn quan h ban u.
Vn l tm php tch tch R thnh R1,R2, . . ., Rn khng mt mt thng
tin

Thut ton kim tra php tch khng

mt mt thng tin (1/2)

Vo: LQH R ={A1, A2, . . . , An}, tp cc PTH F v php

tch ( R1,R2, . . . , Rk)
Ra: Kt lun php tch khng mt mt thng tin.
Cc buc ca thut ton:
Thit lp mt bng vi n ct( thuc tnh) v k dng (quan
h), ct th j ng vi thuc tnh Aj, dng th i ng vi
LQH Ri .
Ti dng i v ct j , ta in k hiu aj nu thuc tinh Aj
Ri. Ngc li ta in k hiu bij.

Thut ton kim tra php tch

khng mt mt thng tin (2/2)

Xt cc ph thuc hm trong F v p dng cho bng

trn. Gi s ta c PTH XYF, xt cc dng c gi tr
bng nhau trn thuc tnh X th lm bng cc gi tr
ca chng trn Y.
Ch khi lm bng gi tr trn Y, nu mt trong hai
gi tr l aj th u tin lm bng k hiu aj. Nguc li
lm bng chng bng mt trong hai k hiu bij. Tip
tc p dng cc PTH cho bng ( k c vic lp li cc
pth p dng) cho ti khi khng cn p dng c
na.
Xem xt bng kt qu. Nu xut hin mt dng cha
ton gi tr a1, a2 , . . . , an th php tch khng
mt mt thng tin.
7

V d v php tch khng tn tht

Cho R=ABCDE
Tp PTH F={AC, B C,C D,DE C,CE A}
Php tch ={AD,AB,BE,CDE,AE}
Dng thut ton trn kim tra php tch khng mt
mt thng tin?.

Php tch bo ton ph thuc

Php tch = (R1, R2,...,Rn) trn tp thuc tnh U

c trn tp PTH F l bo ton ph thuc nu c
th suy ra c F t cc hnh chiu ca F trn
Ri(F ).
Hnh chiu ca F trn mt tp cc thuc tnh Z, k
hiu l Z(F) l tp cc PTH X Y thuc F+
sao cho XY Z ( ch X Y c th khng
thuc F m thuc F+).
Ta ni phn r bo ton ph thuc nu hp tt c
cc PTH trong Ri(F) vi i=1,,k th c th suy
dn logic cc PTH trong F.
9

Thut ton kim tra php tch

bo ton ph thuc

Vo: Php tch =(R1,R2, . . ., Rk) v tp PTH F

Ra: ng nu bo ton ph thuc v sai nu
ngc li
Gi G l hp ca cc Ri(F), i=1,,n
Dng thut ton EQUIVALENCE xem xt
G F ?

10

V d php tch bo ton ph thuc

Cho R=ABCD
Tp PTH F={AB, B C,C D,D A}
Php tch ={AB,BC,CD}
Dng thut ton trn kim tra php tch bo ton ph
thuc.

11

Dng chun 1 (1NF)

Mt quan h R c gi l dng chun 1

(1NF) nu v ch nu cc gi tr ca tt c
thuc tnh trong quan h R l nguyn t
(atom).

12

V d v quan h khng phi l 1NF

CNHAN

(MACN

HOTEN

LOAINGHE

MACBPT

MANOILAM)

1235

Tran An

Dien

1311

{312,512}

1412

Le Son

Moc

1311

{312,400,435}

1311

Vo Ngoc

Dien

1311

{435}

L do l thuc tnh MANOILAM c cc gi tr khng phi l nguyn

t.

13

Dng chun 2 (2NF)

Quan h R c gi l 2NF nu v ch nu c
hai iu kin di y cng c tha:
R dng chun 1 (1NF).
Khng c thuc tnh khng kha no ph thuc
mt phn vo kha, hay ni cch khc, cc thuc
tnh khng kha trong R phi ph thuc y
vo mi kha.

i)
ii)

Ki B
Khng tn ti Ki Ki sao cho Ki B F.

Lu : 2NF c th b vi phm khi quan h c

kha gm hn mt thuc tnh.

14

Xt quan h DC2

Tm tt c cc kha K ca quan h v suy ra tp cc thuc

tnh khng kha.
Xem xt c PTH K x vi K l tp con ca kha.

V d: Cho lc quan h R = {A,B,C,D,E,G } v

F = { A BC, C DE, E G }
Ta thy {A} l kha v {A}+ = {A,B,C,D,E,G }
Cc thuc tnh khng kha l {B,C,D,E,G}.
Do kha ch c mt thuc tnh nn quan h r 2NF.

15

Dng chun 3 (3NF)

Cho LQH R, X R. A l mt thuc tnh, A R

A c gi l ph thuc bc cu vo X trn R
nu tn ti mt tp con Y R sao cho:
X Y, Y A nhng Y X vi A XY.
Mt quan h R 3NF nu cc iu kin di
y cng c tha:

R 2NF.
R khng cha cc ph thuc hm bc cu gia cc
thuc tnh khng kha vo kho ca quan h.

16

Lc quan h khng 3NF

Cho :
R=CHUYEN_BAY(MACHBAY, MAPHICONG,TENPC)
F={MACHBAY MAPHICONG,TENPC
MAPHICONGTENPC
TENPC MAPHICONG }
Ta c: MACHBAY l kha, MAPHICONG,TENPC khng phi l thuc tnh
kha. Ta c cc PTH:
MACHBAY MAPHICONG
MAPHICONGTENPC
Vy thuc tnh khng kha TENPC ph thuc bc cu vo thuc tnh kha
MACHBAY .
Nn lc quan h khng 3NF
Lu : 3NF 2NF 1NF

17

Dng chun BCNF (Boyce-Codd)

Cho LQH R v tp PTH F. Quan h R dng

chun BCNF nu khng tn ti mt ph thuc
hm X A F, A X th X phi l siu kha
({X}+ = R).
3NF, ta khng cho php cc thuc tnh khng
kha ph thuc bc cu vo kha.
Cn BCNF, ta khng cho php c cc PTH c cc
thuc tnh ph thuc vo cc thuc tnh khng
kha ca quan h.
18

V d BCNF
1) Xt lc quan h R(A,B,C,D) v tp PTH F=
{A,BC; CA,B,D}
Tp cc thuc tnh khng phi l kha ca R gm {A}, {B},
{D}, {A,D}, {B,D}.
Trong quan h trn khng c PTH no vi phm nh ngha
ca BCNF nn R BCNF.
2) Xt quan h R(CSZ) v tp PTH F = {C,SZ; ZC}
Ta nhn thy quan h ny 3NF (v d trn), tuy nhin R
khng BCNF v ph thuc hm ZC v Z khng phi
l kha ca quan h R.
19

Cc nh l
nh l Delobel (1973)
Cho lc quan h R gm cc thuc tnh A,B,C v tp pth
F.
Nu A B F+ th tch R={R1,R2} sao cho R1 = AB (R)
v R2=AC (R)

nh l Risanen (1977)
Cho (R1,R2) l mt php tch ca R,F thnh hai lc
R1,R2.
Php phn r l php tch khng tn tht nu v ch nu
c PTH :
R1 R2 R1 \ R2 hoc R2 R1 R2 \ R1

20

Chun ha

Thut ng chun ha (c E. F. Codd a ra

nm 1971) dng m t qu trnh tng bc v
c th o ngc, trong , 1 tp cc quan h s
c thay th bng mt tp cc quan h khc c
dng n gin v cu trc cn bng hn.
V y l mt qu trnh c th o ngc nn tp
quan h gc ban u c th c khi phc li
m khng lm mt thng tin.

21

Quan h c chun ha

Quan h c chun ha l quan h m trong

min gi tr ca cc thuc tnh tng ng trong
quan h ch cha cc gi tr nguyn t.
Quan h cha cc min gi tr ca cc thuc tnh
l khng nguyn t th c gi l quan h khng
chun ha.
Khi mt quan h khng tho iu kin ca mt
dng chun no , n phi c tch thnh mt
quan h nh hn tha iu kin ang kim tra.
22

Mc ch ca chun ha

Tn dng c sc mnh ca cc thut

ton quan h da trn cc php ton quan
h c bn.
gii phng quan h khi cc thao tc
chn, cp nht v xa d liu sai.

23

Thut ton tch mt lc quan h

thnh cc lc con 3NF (1/2)

Vo: Lc quan h R, tp cc pth F, ( F

l ph ti tiu).
Ra: Php phn r khng mt mt thng tin
v bo ton PTH trn R sao cho cc lc
con 3NF.

24

Thut ton tch mt lc quan h

thnh cc lc con 3NF (2/2)

Bc 1: Nu c 1 PTH no ca F m lin quan n tt c cc thuc

tnh ca R th kt qu chnh l R. Chm dt thut ton
Bc 2: FD:= F
Trong khi FD thc hin
-Nu c PTH XA FD tm tt c cc PTH c v tri l X
(v d XA1, XA2 , , XAn) th to ra cc lc con RX(X,A1, A2,, An)
-Loi b cc PTH XAi , i,,n) khi FD
FD:= FD \ {XAi , i,,n }

Bc 3: Gi RF l tp cc thuc tnh khng tham gia vo cc PTH

trong F, xy dng lc RK(K,RF) ( K l mt kha ca S=<R,F>)
( RX1(),RX2(),,RXm(),RK(K,RF), K) l php tch cn tm

25

V d:
Cho R(ABSC)
F={AB S, S B, S C}
Theo thut ton trn ta c kt qu:
R1(ABS)
R2(SBC)
R3(AB)

26

Thut ton tch lc quan h

thnh BCNF
Vo: LQH R v tp pth F.
Ra: Php tch ca R khng mt mt thng tin sao cho mi
LQH trong php tch u BCNF i vi php chiu
ca F trn lc .
Cc buc ca thut ton:
Ban u php tch ch bao gm R.
Cc bc tip: Nu S l mt lc thuc v S cha
BCNF th chn PTH X A tha trong S, trong X
khng cha kha ca S v A X. //PTH vi phm nh
ngha BCNF.

27

Thut ton tch lc quan h

thnh cc lc BCNF(tt)

Thay th S trong bi S1 v S2 vi
S1 = XA , S2 = S \ A.
Theo nh l Risanen, php tch S thnh S1 v S2
l php tch khng mt thng tin i vi tp PTH
trn S v
S1 S2 =X, X S1 \ S2 = A (PTH XA)
Qu trnh tip tc cho n khi tt c cc lc
u BCNF
28

V d: Cho lc R(CTHRSG)
Trong C: course ;T: teacher; H:hour; R: room; S:student;
G:group ).
Ta c tp pth F:
C T : Mi course c mt thy (teacher) duy nht.
HR C : Ti mt thi im ( hour) ti phng hc (room) ch
c mt course duy nht.
HT R : Ti mt thi im ( hour) v mt teacher ch mt
room duy nht
CS G : Mt sinh vin hc mt course th ch mt lp duy
nht.
HS R: Mt sinh vin, mt thi im nht nh ch trong
mt phng duy nht.
Kha ca R l HS.
Tch lc R thnh cc lc con dng BCNF.
29

Biu din qu trnh tch BCNF

30

Chun ha qua php tng hp

iu khc bit gia php tng hp v php

tch l trong php tng hp thng tin ban
u gm mt tp cc thuc tnh v tp cc
PTH, cn trong php tch, thng tin ban u
l tp cc lc c th.
Php tng hp cho kt qu l mt tp cc
lc 3NF.
31

Thut ton tng hp thnh 3NF

Vo: Tp cc thuc tnh {A1, A2, . . . , An} v tp
PTH F.
Ra: Tp cc lc dng chun 3.
Cc buc ca thut ton:
Tm ph khng d H ca F ngha l loi khi F
cc PTH d tha
Chia tp H thnh cc nhm con, sao cho cc PTH
trong cng mt nhm l c cng v tri.

32

Thut ton tng hp thnh 3NF (tt)

Mi cp nhm,v d H1 v H2 c v tri l X v Y
v tn ti cc PTH XY v YX th ha hai
nhm li vi nhau.
Vi mi AY v nu XAH th loi b n
khi H tng t vi YBH vi BX
mi nhm s thu c cu trc cc lc
quan h bao gm cc thuc tnh xut hin trong
trong nhm . Mi tp thuc tnh xut hin v
tri ca tp PTH trong nhm l mt kha ca lc
quan h.
Cc kha tm c gi l kha tng hp
33

V d: Cho tp cc thuc tnh

{A,B,C,D,E,G,H,I,J,K,L} v tp PTH F.
F={ f1:AB , C, D, E, G, H, I,J, K, L
f2:B,C,DA, E,G,H,J,K,L
f3:B,C,EA, D, G, H,I,J,K
f4:H I,J,K
f5:D, GL
f6:E ,G L
f7:I:,J K
f8:J, K I
f9:I,J K
}

R rng F l ti tiu nhng d tha. Gi H l mt ph

khng d tha ca F
Cn ch ra rng ZAi xut hin trong H l d tha.
lm iu ny cn ch ra c ZX v XAi
34

Vi tp PTH F trn ta c:
a) PTH f4:H I,J,K l d tha v ta c H I,J ( lut
phn r ) v I,J K do vy HK ( lut bc cu) ngoi
ra H I,J v HK , lut hp cho H I,J,K.
b) PTH f2:B,C,DA, E,G,H,J,K,L l d tha v ta c
B,C,DA v AE,G,H,J,K,L ( lut tch t f1) v
B,C,DE,G,H,J,K,L ( lut bc cu).
Ngoi ra ta c B,C,DA v B,C,DE,G,H,J,K,L nn ta
c f2:B,C,DA, E,G,H,J,K,L ( lut hp).

35

Tm li ta c cc PTH khng d tha sau:

F={AB , C, D, E, G, H
B,C,DA
B,C,EA
H I,J
D, GL
E ,G L
I,J K
J, K I
I,K J
}
36

Thit lp cc lc vi kha nh sau:

R1 = (A, B , C, D, E, G, H ) vi kha {A, BCD,
BCE}
R2 = (H, I,J) vi kha (H)
R3 = (D, G, L) vi kha (D,G)
R4= (E ,G , L) vi kha (E,G)
R5 = (I,J , K) vi kha (I J,JK,KI)
y l cc lc con 3NF.
37